The The CrusadesCrusades During the late During the late 1000s1000s, the , the

Seljuq TurksSeljuq Turks, a Muslim people , a Muslim people from Central Asia gained control from Central Asia gained control of Palestine, the Christians of Palestine, the Christians ““Holy LandHoly Land””

Turks continued their conquests Turks continued their conquests and threatened the capital city and threatened the capital city of of ConstantinopleConstantinople

The Byzantine emperor The Byzantine emperor called on Pope called on Pope Urban IIUrban II in Rome for helpin Rome for help

The CrusadesThe Crusades The pope was eager to regain The pope was eager to regain

the the Holy LandHoly Land from the Turksfrom the Turks Pope Urban met with feudal Pope Urban met with feudal

lordslords and asked them to quit and asked them to quit fighting with one another and fighting with one another and fight to regain the fight to regain the Holy LandHoly Land

They would “They would “wear the cross wear the cross of Christ on their right shoulder of Christ on their right shoulder or back, and with one voice…or back, and with one voice…cry out: “God wills itcry out: “God wills it””

This began the This began the CrusadesCrusades, , a series of military expeditions a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Landto regain the Holy Land

The CrusadesThe Crusades At least At least 10,00010,000 Europeans Europeans

took up the cause, sewing took up the cause, sewing a cross on their clothes and a cross on their clothes and were called crusaderswere called crusaders

Some Some crusaderscrusaders believed believed dying in the cause would dying in the cause would send them straight to heavensend them straight to heaven

Some crusaders wanted to gain Some crusaders wanted to gain landland and and wealthwealth in Palestine in Palestine

Thus the crusaders appealed Thus the crusaders appealed to a love of adventure and the to a love of adventure and the promise of rewards, both promise of rewards, both spiritualspiritual and and materialmaterial

The CrusadesThe Crusades

TheThe FirstFirst CrusadeCrusade This lasted from This lasted from

10961096 to to 10991099 FrenchFrench and and ItalianItalian lords lords

led several armies of led several armies of crusaders from Europe crusaders from Europe to Constantinopleto Constantinople

From Constantinople they From Constantinople they continued to continued to PalestinePalestine

They suffered much from They suffered much from heat and lack of heat and lack of suppliessupplies

FirstFirst CrusadeCrusade The crusaders continued to The crusaders continued to

the holy city of the holy city of JerusalemJerusalem They surrounded the city and They surrounded the city and

after a series of vicious after a series of vicious battles the battles the crusaders captured crusaders captured JerusalemJerusalem

In the terrible massacre, In the terrible massacre, they slaughtered its they slaughtered its Muslim Muslim and Jewish inhabitantsand Jewish inhabitants

They introduced European They introduced European feudalismfeudalism and subdivided and subdivided the land into fiefs with lords the land into fiefs with lords and vassalsand vassals

Christians and Christians and MuslimsMuslims lived lived alongside each other and grew alongside each other and grew to respect each otherto respect each other

Other Major Other Major CrusadesCrusades For almost For almost 100 years100 years, ,

European Christians held European Christians held onto Palestineonto Palestine

Little by little the Little by little the TurksTurks won won back their lost landsback their lost lands

Popes and European Popes and European leaders tried to stop leaders tried to stop this from this from happening with happening with threethree major crusades major crusades

SecondSecond CrusadeCrusade By By 11461146 the Turks the Turks

had gathered their had gathered their forces and started to regain forces and started to regain land taken from them during land taken from them during the first crusadethe first crusade

11471147 the the secondsecond crusade began crusade began Louis VIILouis VII of France and of France and

Conrad IIIConrad III from Germany united from Germany united at the city of Damascus and tried at the city of Damascus and tried to gain back the to gain back the Holy LandHoly Land

These combined forces These combined forces failedfailed to to recapture the city and in recapture the city and in 1149 1149 turned back to Europe in disgraceturned back to Europe in disgrace

TheThe ThirdThird CrusadeCrusade

In In 11871187 the Muslim leader the Muslim leader SaladinSaladin gained control of Jerusalemgained control of Jerusalem

Three European leaders then Three European leaders then led separate armies in the led separate armies in the ThirdThird Crusade Crusade King King Philip II Philip II of Franceof France King King Richard IRichard I of England of England Holy Roman Emperor Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick BarbarossaFrederick Barbarossa The crusade lasted for three The crusade lasted for three

years, it also years, it also failedfailed King Richard did lead his force King Richard did lead his force

in the Holy Land and made in the Holy Land and made a truce with Saladin a truce with Saladin

King Richard received some towns King Richard received some towns along Palestine and Christians were along Palestine and Christians were allowed to enter Jerusalem freelyallowed to enter Jerusalem freely

TheThe FourthFourth CrusadeCrusade

Pope Pope Innocent IIIInnocent III gathered gathered a group of French knights a group of French knights for the for the fourthfourth crusade crusade

They traveled in They traveled in 12021202 in ships in ships provided by the Italian city-state provided by the Italian city-state of Venice of Venice

Venetians persuaded the Venetians persuaded the crusaders to attack crusaders to attack ZadarZadar, , a trade rival to Venice a trade rival to Venice

This was a Christian city, This was a Christian city, however, the crusaders were later however, the crusaders were later excommunicatedexcommunicated by Innocent III by Innocent III

In In 12041204 the crusaders attacked the crusaders attacked and looted and looted ConstantinopleConstantinople another Christian cityanother Christian city

The Venetians gained control The Venetians gained control of Byzantine of Byzantine tradetrade

Children’s CrusadeChildren’s Crusade In In 12121212 the short-lived and the short-lived and

unfortunate unfortunate Children’s Children’s Crusade Crusade took placetook place

Young people from across Young people from across Europe decided to march to the Europe decided to march to the Holy LandHoly Land and regain if and regain if for Christian Europefor Christian Europe Youth lacked training, Youth lacked training,

equipment, and suppliesequipment, and supplies Some were tricked into boarding Some were tricked into boarding

ships in France that led them ships in France that led them off into slaveryoff into slavery

Many youth were Many youth were lostlost in the in the course of this tragedycourse of this tragedy

End of the CrusadesEnd of the Crusades For many years, European For many years, European

crusaders tried to recapture crusaders tried to recapture the the Holy LandHoly Land

This continued until This continued until 12911291, , when the Muslims captured when the Muslims captured the city of Acrethe city of Acre This was the last Christian This was the last Christian

stronghold in the Holy Landstronghold in the Holy Land With this defeat the With this defeat the

Crusades endedCrusades ended

Results of the CrusadesResults of the Crusades The goal of the Crusades The goal of the Crusades

was to take the Holy Land was to take the Holy Land from the from the TurksTurks

All the Crusades All the Crusades except the first except the first failedfailed to reach that goalto reach that goal

The Crusades, The Crusades, however, helped however, helped bring bring about many about many changeschanges in Europe in Europe

Weapons and warfareWeapons and warfare During the Crusades the During the Crusades the

weapon of choice was the weapon of choice was the crossbowcrossbow

This could penetrate chain This could penetrate chain mail and plate armormail and plate armor

From the Byzantines and From the Byzantines and MuslimsMuslims they learned new they learned new ideas for waging ideas for waging warwar

How to undermine walls and How to undermine walls and use catapults to throw rocksuse catapults to throw rocks

May have learned about May have learned about gunpowdergunpowder from Muslims from Muslims

Political ChangesPolitical Changes Many lords had to sell their Many lords had to sell their

landslands to raise money for the to raise money for the crusadescrusades

Without land they had NO Without land they had NO powerpower

Also many lords Also many lords dieddied in in battle during the crusadesbattle during the crusades

With fewer lords European With fewer lords European kingskings grew stronger grew stronger

This helped to bring to This helped to bring to the end of the end of feudalismfeudalism

During the crusades During the crusades the Christian the Christian churchchurch became more powerful alsobecame more powerful also

Ideas and Ideas and TradeTrade Thousands of crusaders traveled Thousands of crusaders traveled

through the Holy Land exchanging through the Holy Land exchanging ideasideas with other crusaders from other with other crusaders from other parts of Europeparts of Europe

They also gained They also gained knowledgeknowledge from the Byzantines and Muslims from the Byzantines and Muslims whom they met whom they met These ideas helped to enrich These ideas helped to enrich

European cultureEuropean culture Italian cities became major Italian cities became major

tradingtrading centers centers There ships from the crusades There ships from the crusades

brought back many goods brought back many goods from southwest Asiafrom southwest Asia

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The Revival of TradeThe Revival of Trade With the rise of the Middle With the rise of the Middle

Ages, manors grew or made Ages, manors grew or made nearly everything they needednearly everything they needed

Towns and cities, which Towns and cities, which depended on trade and depended on trade and manufacturing shrank in manufacturing shrank in populationpopulation

Because of the Crusades, Because of the Crusades, tradetrade began to grow again in Europebegan to grow again in Europe

Italy was the earliest site of this Italy was the earliest site of this trade revivaltrade revival

Trade in ItalyTrade in Italy

Northern Europeans wanted Northern Europeans wanted AsianAsian goods, and those goods goods, and those goods could be bought in southwest could be bought in southwest AsiaAsia

The Italian city-states of The Italian city-states of Genoa, Pisa, and Genoa, Pisa, and VeniceVenice became important trading became important trading centerscenters

Italian ships took Italian ships took crusaderscrusaders to Palestine and on the way to Palestine and on the way back brought back brought goodsgoods from Asia from Asia

This overland trade route in Italy This overland trade route in Italy led to the growth and increasing led to the growth and increasing wealth of wealth of citiescities along its path along its path

Trade in Northern EuropeTrade in Northern Europe KievKiev, in what is now Ukraine, , in what is now Ukraine,

became a trading centerbecame a trading center VikingViking traders from Kiev traveled traders from Kiev traveled

to Constantinople bringing back to Constantinople bringing back with them goods from with them goods from AsiaAsia

FlandersFlanders became another became another important northern trading centerimportant northern trading center Now a part of Belgium, France, Now a part of Belgium, France,

and the Netherlandsand the Netherlands Was the meeting point of several Was the meeting point of several

trade routestrade routes People from England, France, People from England, France,

and Germany were eager to buy and Germany were eager to buy the fine woolen cloth made therethe fine woolen cloth made there

The Hanseatic The Hanseatic LeagueLeague

GermanGerman cities on the Baltic and cities on the Baltic and North Seas also became important North Seas also became important trading centerstrading centers Most important were Bremen, Most important were Bremen,

Hamburg, and LubeckHamburg, and Lubeck Germany’s weak central Germany’s weak central

governmentgovernment could not control trade could not control trade The German trading cities joined The German trading cities joined

together to form the together to form the HanseaticHanseatic League League 100100 cities were members of the league cities were members of the league They set up trading posts in England, They set up trading posts in England,

Flanders, Russia, and ScandinaviaFlanders, Russia, and Scandinavia The league set up strict The league set up strict

rulesrules, if broken member , if broken member cities lost their cities lost their tradingtrading rights rights

Trade Goods and MarketsTrade Goods and Markets The Crusades had increased Europeans’ The Crusades had increased Europeans’

demand for goods from demand for goods from AsiaAsia European Merchants made their highest European Merchants made their highest

profits off profits off luxuryluxury goods goods Dyes, medicines, silk, and Dyes, medicines, silk, and spicesspices

Europeans also wanted Europeans also wanted manufacturedmanufactured goods goods Cotton cloth, linen, and art objectsCotton cloth, linen, and art objects

Asia supplied Europe with fruit, Asia supplied Europe with fruit, grain, and rugsgrain, and rugs

In exchange Europe offered In exchange Europe offered its own its own goodsgoods and products and products Fish, fur, timber, leather, oil, Fish, fur, timber, leather, oil,

soap, wine, soap, wine, glasswareglassware, , and fine woolen clothand fine woolen cloth

Trade Goods and MarketsTrade Goods and Markets As As tradetrade grew, merchants grew, merchants

needed places where they needed places where they could exchange could exchange goodsgoods Many villages held weekly Many villages held weekly

marketmarket days days Didn’t draw large crowdsDidn’t draw large crowds

Merchants started selling Merchants started selling goods during church goods during church festivalsfestivals

Local leaders allowed Local leaders allowed fairsfairs for for the sale of imported goodsthe sale of imported goods Placed a Placed a taxtax on each item that on each item that

was sold was sold Local rulers offered protection Local rulers offered protection

from robbery from robbery

Trade Goods and MarketsTrade Goods and Markets The most important and best-known The most important and best-known

fairs were held in fairs were held in ChampagneChampagne Northeastern France was on Northeastern France was on

the trade route from Italythe trade route from Italy At different times each year, At different times each year,

four towns in Champagne held four towns in Champagne held six fairs, each lasted six fairs, each lasted 49 days49 days

At first, business at fairs was done At first, business at fairs was done through a simple through a simple barter economybarter economy Goods and services were Goods and services were

exchangedexchanged for other goods and for other goods and services without using services without using moneymoney

As fairs grew a fixed As fairs grew a fixed valuevalue was placed on goodswas placed on goods

Could be in terms of goods, Could be in terms of goods, service, or moneyservice, or money

Trade Goods and MarketTrade Goods and Market Local rulers each issued Local rulers each issued

their own their own coinscoins MoneychangersMoneychangers placed a value on placed a value on

currencies from one region in relation currencies from one region in relation to currencies from another regionto currencies from another region

Buyers and sellers started thinking of Buyers and sellers started thinking of the value of goods in terms of the value of goods in terms of moneymoney

Although the major purpose of Although the major purpose of fairsfairs was the buying and selling of goods, was the buying and selling of goods, they became important they became important socialsocial events events as wellas well Provided entertainment with Provided entertainment with

clowns, jugglers, and musiciansclowns, jugglers, and musicians Fairs helped people broaden Fairs helped people broaden

their outlook on the worldtheir outlook on the world

Manufacturing, Banking, Manufacturing, Banking, and Investmentand Investment

The revival of The revival of tradetrade in Europe during in Europe during the Middle Ages led to three important the Middle Ages led to three important business developmentsbusiness developments 1. new system of 1. new system of manufacturingmanufacturing 2. a 2. a bankingbanking system developed system developed 3. the practice of 3. the practice of investinginvesting wealth started wealth started

Each of which greatly affected Each of which greatly affected economic life and progress down economic life and progress down to the present day to the present day

ManufacturingManufacturing The system of manufacturing that The system of manufacturing that

developed during the Middle Ages developed during the Middle Ages was called the was called the domestic systemdomestic system

Manufacturing took place in workers’ Manufacturing took place in workers’ homeshomes rather than in a shop or rather than in a shop or factoryfactory

Example is the woolen industry, Example is the woolen industry, Individual would buy wool and Individual would buy wool and then hand it out to several workersthen hand it out to several workers

Each worker completed a different Each worker completed a different task, such as spinning, weaving task, such as spinning, weaving and dyeingand dyeing

The owner than collected The owner than collected the products and sold it the products and sold it at the highest possible priceat the highest possible price

BankingBanking MoneychangersMoneychangers were the were the

first bankersfirst bankers Besides exchanging currencies Besides exchanging currencies

at fairs, moneychangers provided at fairs, moneychangers provided other servicesother services

LendingLending money was the most money was the most important serviceimportant service

During the early Middle Ages During the early Middle Ages JewsJews became the main moneylendersbecame the main moneylenders

The Christian church did not allow The Christian church did not allow usuryusury, or charging interest , or charging interest on loanson loans

Later most law codes allowed the Later most law codes allowed the collection of collection of interestinterest on loans for on loans for business mattersbusiness matters

BankingBanking

Bankers also made it easier to Bankers also made it easier to movemove money from one place to anothermoney from one place to another

They developed special They developed special notes called notes called bills of exchangebills of exchange

These notes were used These notes were used in place of in place of moneymoney Like a present day Like a present day

checking accountchecking account

InvestingInvesting In the latter Middle Ages, Europeans In the latter Middle Ages, Europeans

began began investinginvesting capital capital CapitalCapital is wealth that is earned, is wealth that is earned,

saved, and invested to make saved, and invested to make profitsprofits Sometimes several investors Sometimes several investors

formed a partnershipformed a partnership Pay for the businessPay for the business Shared the costsShared the costs Partner received part of the profitsPartner received part of the profits

Manufacturing, banking, and investing Manufacturing, banking, and investing capital were the first steps towards capital were the first steps towards the creating of a the creating of a market economymarket economy Land, labor, and capital are controlled Land, labor, and capital are controlled

by by individualindividual persons persons The medieval market economy formed The medieval market economy formed

the basis for our modern the basis for our modern capitalistcapitalist system system