the dead sea shrinkage and formation of thousand collapse
TRANSCRIPT
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Collapse of the Dead Sea coaMore than 1000 sinkholes
Y. Yechieli, M. Abelson, A. BeinV. Shtivelman, G. Baer, D. Wachs
O. Crouvi, R. Calvo
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Florida
Russia
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Thailand
After the Tsunami
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Dead Sea sinkholes – Regional-scale observations
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Sinkholes in mud flatsShalem-2 site (Mineral Beach)
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Neve Zohar
Hever south
Sinkholes in alluvial fans
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Sinkhole collapse beneath a borehole
Hever-south site
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~1.5 m
… a week later
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Ein Gedi Camp site
Ein Gedi date plantation
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Sinkhole sites along
The Dead Sea coast
sinkhole site
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In the last 4 years: Growth rate of 150-200 sinkholesper year in the northern basinSo far, ~1000 sinkholes were identified
Growth rate of sinkholes along the Dead Sea coast
Acceleration
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areaIncrease in total sinkhole
numberIncrease in sinkhole
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Formation mechanism
Dissolution of soluble rock
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Winter Park, Florida (1981)
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Hever-2
(south of Heverfan)
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Salt from Neve-Zohar sinkhole site
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Retreat of Dead Sea coastline&
formation sinkholes
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En Gedi
Na/Cl=0.55
Na/Cl=0.33
Cl=220 g/l(Dead Sea
water)
Cl=15 g/l(Fresh water)
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Mineral-2 borhole
Photograph ofcavity wall
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Penetration of under saturated ground
water through aquiclude layers
Sinkholes on
faults
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Hever-2
(south of Heverfan)
Aquicludic layers coating
the salt layer
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Shtivelman (2002)
Intactblock
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Risk zonation
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Ein-Gedi
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Based on data from boreholes, the westernmost sinkhole sites trace the
western boundary of salt layer
En GediShalem-2
DargaNeve Zohar
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The western boundary of salt layer distribution
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Development of sinkhole sites vs. altitude
Date of sinkhole site first appearance01/1978 01/1980 01/1982 01/1984 01/1986 01/1988 01/1990 01/1992 01/1994 01/1996 01/1998 01/2000 01/2002
Ele
vatio
n of
sin
khol
e si
te c
entro
id (m
)
-415
-410
-405
-400
-395
-390
-385
-380
Sinkhole site average heightDead sea level
Hever fan 3
ArugotNewe Zohar
Hever southYeelim
Lintch
Mor
Lisan channel
Hever northMishmar
Asael
Zeelim 1 Shalem 2
Zeelim 4
Zeelim 3
YeshaSamar
Kane north
Zeruya
Zeelim 2
Kane 3, Shalem 3
Avnat, Shalem 4Shalem 1, Zukim
Mazor
Dragot south
Kane 2
Hever fan 2
Zeelim fan 1-2
Kane1,Avenat south
Ein Bokek
Alluvial fans
-400 m
Dead Sea level
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-400 m
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Western margin crosses alluvial fan
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En Gedi area
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Darga-Hatsatsonalluvial fan
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Hever alluvial fan
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Hever fan
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מניפת חבר�אזור סיכון
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Future perspective
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●More than 1000 Sinkholes in a narrow strip, 60 km long & <1km width, along the Dead Sea coast, clustered in ~40 sinkhole sites
Summary
● Sinkholes form due to dissolution of salt layer triggered by the shrinkage of the Dead Sea, attested by findings of cavities in salt layer & undersaturated groundwater below it
● Sinkholes develop above concealed faults
● Early sinkhole sites trace the westernmost boundary of salt layer, in level of -400 m, assisting in definition of risk zonation.
● Sinkhole development may cease when groundwater level will decline below the salt layer, assuming no deeper salt layers
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Thank you