the demand for leisure - websites.uwlax.eduwebsites.uwlax.edu/kincman/376 paperwork/feb 1 the demand...
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The Demand for Leisure
A view of the 20th century
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What is leisure?
• Entertainment
• Recreation
• “free time”
• Is there a consistent definition?
– Is yard work a leisure activity?
– Can free time be stressful?
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The labor-leisure tradeoff
24 hours per day
labor leisure
Quantity:
Leisure = 24 - labor
Quality:
Leisure = (Y, labor)
Y = wage x labor
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The various uses of time
24 hours per day
labor leisure
Fre
e tim
eC
hore
sN
ecessitie
s
entertainment
recreation
cooking
sleeping
housework
yardwork
eating
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When wages go up and hours go
down more leisure is available24 hours per day
labor leisureF
ree tim
eC
hore
sN
ecessitie
s
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What do we do with leisure time?
• One choice is entertainment
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The market for entertainment
in the 20th century . . .
Per capita entertainment spending
$-
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
no
min
al
do
llars
7
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. . . And beyond
8
$-
$5.00
$10.00
$15.00
$20.00
$25.00
$30.00
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
bill
ions o
f re
al dolla
rs
Axis Title
Real personal consumption expenditures: admissions to live entertainment (excluding sports)
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What caused this increase?
• Simple supply and demand explanation
– Increases in demand
– Increases in quantity demanded
• Price decrease due to increase in supply
9
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The changing entertainment market
10
D1
D2
S2
S1
Qty of entertainment
Price/u
nit o
f ente
rtain
ment
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An example of increased supplynumber of professional sports franchises
11
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
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12
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Average Game Attendance in Four Major Team Sports
MLB NHL
NFL NBA
The Demand for Major League Sports
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What determines the demand for
entertainment?
• Income
• Number of consumers
• Price of related goods
– leisure time
– transportation
• preferences
• expectations
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How have things changed over time?
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real disposable personal income (bil)
$-
$1,000.00
$2,000.00
$3,000.00
$4,000.00
$5,000.00
$6,000.00
$7,000.00
$8,000.00
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
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U.S. Population 1890-2000 (000s)
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
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Percent U.S. population urban
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
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Leisure time
• Length of work week
• Technology
– Productivity
– Household chores
• Real wage
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The growth of leisure time
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
weekly
ho
urs
wo
rked
real
wag
e
Avg real wage
Avg weekly hours worked
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Changing preferences and
expectations
• How have preferences for leisure
changed?
• What determines those preferences?
– Society
– Household makeup
– Expectations about what I deserve
– Technology
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How does technology affect
preferences?
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Changing pattern of expenditures
Personal consumer spending 1910
food
clothing
housing
medical
traspo
recreation
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Changing pattern of expenditures
Personal consumer spending 1940
food
clothing
housing
medical
traspo
recreation
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Changing pattern of expenditures
Personal consumer spending 1970
food
clothing
housing
medical
traspo
recreation
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Changing pattern of expenditures
Personal consumer spending 2000
food
clothing
housing
medical
traspo
recreation
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personal consumer spending 2010
food
clothing
housing
medical
transpo
recreation
Changing pattern of expenditures
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How important is the entertainment
industry?
• Small compared to the total economy
• Disproportionate media coverage
• Total spending on the arts, entertainment
and recreation less than 10% of total
personal consumption spending
• Approximately 6% of total GDP
• Spectator sports spending: 0.1% of GDP
27
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U.S. Employment in Selected Occupations
Category 000s of employees
Theater 63.4
Athletes, coaches, etc. 215
Musicians, singers, etc. 179
Registered nurses 2449
Chefs and head cooks 281
Hairdressers 718
K-8 teachers 2557
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The market for actors
#
employed
workers
(000s)
Avg
annual
salary
Bot 10% Top 10%
Actor 44.9 $47,820 $15,420 $116,540
Teacher 555.5 $37,840 $16,900 $67,690
All jobs 107,339 $34,750 $9500 $113,799
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And the top .0002%?
• They earned an average of $75 million
each in 2018
• The top paid actor hauled in $239 million
And he didn’t even
make a movie in
2018 . . .
. . . His earnings
came from the sale
of his share of his
tequila company
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Summary
• Leisure time has increased as work week
decreased
• Demand for leisure increased as income,
urban population increased
• Supply of leisure activities has increased
• Technology has impacted both supply and
demand of leisure
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Questions?
Dwayne “The
Rock” Johnson
was the second
highest paid actor
in the world in
2018He earned
$124 million -
almost all from
acting