the dental laboratory

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The Dental Laboratory What is the Dental Laboratory ?

The dental laboratory is the place where dental technicians work. The

dental laboratory is the environment in which the dental techniciansapply their knowledge and skills to carry out dental laboratoryprocedures.

Aim of the Dental Laboratory

The aim of the dental laboratory is to have all of the things the dental

technicians need to work safely. The aim of the dental laboratory is tosupply all of the facilities the dental technicians require to carry outdental laboratory procedures safely.

What is dental technology?

Dental technology is the practice of preparing; fabricating and

reparing the prosthesis appliances and related items required for

restoring ' correcting the function and aesthetics of the mandible 'maxilla and face of the patient .

Requirements of the Dental Laboratory

a. Area

The area for the dental laboratory needs to be large enough for :

- All of the facilities required for dental technicians to carry out dental



laboratory procedures safely.

- All facilities required to be organized correctly, so they can be usedsafely and easily.

- All personnel to be able to move around safely and easily.

b. Illumination ( Lighting )

c. Ventilation Ventilation is important to keep the air of the dental laboratory clean

and cool.Some dental laboratory procedures produce dust, fumes or heat, which

need to be removed from the dental laboratory.

Air extraction is a part of ventilation. There are 3 common types:1. Environmental extraction.

2. Work area extraction.

3. Equipment extraction.



The Dental Laboratory

d. Services The dental laboratory requires 4 services:

1. Electricity (110v and 220v)Required for electrical equipment.



2. Gas.

Required for gas equipment.



3. Water (cold, hot and waste)

4. Compressed air.

e. Materials and equipment

The dental laboratory requires the materials and equipment, which the dentaltechnician requires to do his work.

Material is the thing of which something is made.Equipment is the thing used to manipulate and process the material.

f. First-Aid and Fire



First-aid kit:- To be able to treat minor wounds quickly.- Must be available at all times.

Fire fighting equipment:

- To extinguish a small fire or to protect life in a large fire until the emergency servicesarrive.

Emergency Exits.

- To be able to exit quickly in an emergency.

- Must be clearly visible.- Must be easily opened and have a clear path with no obstructions.

Medical and fire emergency procedures.- To be able to act quickly and effectively in an emergency.

- Must be presented to all personnel.- Must be posted clearly for everyone to see.


Organization of the Dental Laboratory

a. Technician Work Stations The technician work stations include the facilities required by the dental technician to do

the procedures wich are:

- Detailed.

- Sensitive .The technician work stations are separated from the ather areas so they are:

- quiet .

- clean .



- safe ( away from unnecessary hazardous facilities ) .

Each technician work station includes an adjustable chair to ensure a correct andcomfortable seating position.

b. Wet area

The wet area includes the facilities required by the dental technician to do the

procedures which require water and gypsum:- Pouring, trimming, articulating casts.

- Flasking.

- Duplicating- Investing.

c. Machinery AreaThe machinery area includes the facilities required by the dental technician to

do the procedures:

- Processing heat cured acrylic resin.- Trimming.

- Polishing.- Cleaning.





d. Casting Area The casting area includes the facilities required by the dental technician

To do the procedures:

- Casting alloys.

- Soldering alloys.



e. StorageStorage areas are required to store the materials and equipment used in the

dental laboratory .



d. Casting Area

The casting area includes the facilities required by the dental technician

To do the procedures:

- Casting alloys.- Soldering alloys.



e. StorageStorage areas are required to store the materials and equipment used in the

dental laboratory .



Common Dental Terminology

What is Dental Terminology?

Dental terminology is the language of dentistry. All dental professionals use it so they can

communicate clearly with each other, in Saudi Arabia and around the world.This lesson will introduce some common dental terms, which will be practiced and built uponduring future lessons of this course.

Oral Anatomy

Oral anatomy : parts of the mouth



Posterior : Toward the back of the mouth

Anterior : Toward the front of the mouth



Occlusion : Any contact between the teeth of the upper arch and lower arch.

Dentate : With all teeth.



Common Dental Terminology Edentulous : Without teeth.

Partially edentulous : With 1 tooth or some teeth missing.



An Impression : An imprint of some anatomy.

A Cast : A gypsum reproduction of some anatomy.



A Prosthesis : An artificial body part


Procedures

A procedure : The way to do a task



To Pour : To add a liquid material

To Adapt : To fit a material to an object

To trim : To remove unwanted material from an object.



To polish : To make the material of an object smooth and shine.

To fabricate : To make.




Removable Prosthodontic Technology

Removable prosthodntics : The practice of replacing missing oral anatomywith a removable prosthesis .

A removable prosthesis : Artificial oral anatomy which the patient canremove easily.

A complete denture : A removable prosthesis which replaces all teeth. (For an

edentulous arch)

A removable partial denture A removable prosthesis



RPD which replaces 1 or more teeth.( For a partially edentulous arch)

Fixed Prosthodontic Technology

Fixed Prpsthodontics : The practice of restoring existing teeth, andreplacing missing oral anatomy with a fixedprosthesis.

A fixed prosthesis : Artificial oral anatomy which is fixed to the

Prepared tooth/teeth of the patient

A preparation : A tooth which has been trimmed (by the dentist) to provide space

for a fixed prosthesis.

Crown : A fixed prosthesis which restores 1 prepared tooth ( for a dentate or a

partially edentulous arch)



: A fixed prosthesis which replaces Fixed Partial Denture

1 or more missing teeth. ( For a partially edentulous

arch) FPD


Orthodontic Technology

Orthodontic : The practice of correcting the positions of teeth and occlusion.



An orthodontic appliance : an appliance for moving teeth And/or changingocclusion.

A removable Appliance : An orthodontic appliance which the patient can remove

easily.



: An orthodontic appliance which Istemporarily fixed to some of the Patients'

teeth.

A fixed Appliance

&

Maxillofacial Prosthodontic Technology

Maxillofacial Prosthodontics : The practice of restoring the maxilla and face.

A splint : An appliance for stabilising oral anatomy E.g. broken maxilla and/ormandible afafter an accident.



An turator : : A prosthesis which fills a hole in the maxilla.

A facial prosthesisb> : : A prosthesis which replaces a part of the face.



Common Dental Laboratory Materials

What are Materials?

'Materials' are the things of which something is made. 'Dental materials' are the materials

used in dentistry .this lesson will introduce some of the common dental materials used inthe dental laboratory, which will be developed and applied during this course and the rest of the dental program.

Gypsum Products

Some Uses

Fabricating a cast.

Mounting casts on an articulator.

Flasking a denture wax up.

Description Before Mixing

Fine powder(Common colours-white, yellow, blue, green)

Manipulation

Place the required amount of water in a mixing bowl.

Add the required amount of powder to the water, slowly.

Using a mixing spatula, mix for 30-60 seconds until smooth and creamy with no lumpsremaining.

Working time is 2-4 minutes.

( The time you have to work with a material)



Setting time is 30-60 minutes.

(The time of this material takes to harden 'set')

Trim the set material using a model trimmer to the size and shape required.

Description After Setting

Rigid.

Hard surface.Porous (Absorbs water)Dental stone is harder and stronger than dental plaster.


Acrylic Resins

A. Cold Cure Acrylic Resin

A Use

Fabricating a custom impression tray.


Fine powder- 'polymer'( Common colours- Green, blue, white)

Liquid – 'Monomer'.

Manipulation

Place the required amount of monomer in a glass or ceramic mixing bowl.

Add the required amount of polymer to the monomer,Slowly.

Using a mixing spatula, mix for 30-60 seconds until the mixture is a smooth and creamydough ( Dough stage)

Adapt to cast and cut to shape.

Working time is 2-4 minutes.

Curing time 8-12 minutes.( The time of this material takes to harden- 'cure')

Trim and polish the cured acrylic resin, using a trimming And polishing lathe.

Description After Curing

Rigid.Hard surface.

Polished surface has a low to medium shine.




B. Heat Cure Acrylic Resin

A Use

Fabricating a complete denture .


Fine powder- 'polymer'

( Common colour - Pink )

Liquid – 'Monomer'.

Manipulation

Place the required amount of monomer in a glass or ceramic mixing bowl.

Add the required amount of polymer to the monomer,Slowly.Using a mixing spatula, mix for 30-60 seconds until the mixture is a smooth and

creamy .Wait a few minutes for the dough stage.

Pack the stiff dough into the denture mould.

Working time is 4-6 minutes.Cover the packed denture mould with cold water.

Heat the water to 100 centigrade over a period of 6 hours.Curing time at 100 centigrade is approximately 1 hour .



Remove from the water and allow to cool for 1-2 hours.

Remove the cured acrylic resin carefully from the mould.

Trim using a micromotor with the correct trimming burrs and stones.Polish using a polishing lathe and polishing materials.

Description After Curing

Rigid.

Hard surface.Polished surface has a medium to high shine.Heat cured acrylic resin is harder and stronger than cold cure acrylic resin.

Waxes

A. Baseplate Wax

A Use

Waxing up a complete denture.

Description Before Heating

Sheet of wax.

Flexible.Soft.Common colour-Pink.

Manipulation

Soften: Use warm water or a Bunsen burner flame to soften the wax.

Melt: Use a Bunsen burner flame or waxing instruments which have been heated in aflame, to melt the wax.



Add: Melt the surface to be added to, then add melted wax.Carve: Allow the wax to cool and use cold carving instruments to carve the wax.

Description After Cooling

Similar to 'Before Heating' except for the new shape which has been formed.


B. Inlay Wax

A Use

Waxing up a wax pattern for a fixed restoration.

Description Before Heating

Stick of wax.

Rigid.Harder than baseplate wax.

Common colour Blue.

Manipulation

Soften: Use warm/hot water or a bunsen burner flame to soften the wax..

Melt: use bunsen burner flame or waxing instruments which have been heated in a

flame, to melt the wax.Add: Melt the surface to be added to, then add melted wax.Carve: Allow the wax to cool and use cold carving instruments to carve the wax.



Description After Cooling

Similar to 'Before Heating' except for the new shape which has been formed.

Investment Material

A Use

Forming an investment mould by investing a wax pattern.




Fine powder (similar to dental plaster and dental stone).

Investment liquid.

Manipulation

Place the required amount of the special liquid in a mixing bowl.

Add the required amount of powder to the water, slowly.

Using a mixing spatula, mix for 15-30 seconds until all of the powder is mixed with theliquid.

Using a vacuum mixing machine, vacuum mix for 30-60 seconds.Pour the creamy mixture into the prepared ring containing the wax pattern.Working time is 2-4 minutes.Setting time is 30-60 minutes.Place in a burnout furnace and preheat to approximately 1000 centigrade for 1-2 hours

and hold at 1000'c For 20-60 minutes.At this high temperature, the wax will melt and burn out of the investment mould

leaving it empty to receive the casting alloy.

Description After Setting

Rigid.Hard surface.Porous.

Able to resist temperatures as high as 1500'c.


Dental Casting Alloys



Some Uses

Fabricating a removable partial denture metal framework.Fabricating a fixed prosthesis metal framework.

Description Before Melting

Ingots (Pieces) of the alloy (1-6 grams).

Very Rigid.Very hard surface.

Very strong.

Common colours - Grey, pale yellow.

Manipulation

Place the alloy ingots into the crucible of the casting machine.

The casting machine will melt the alloy ingots in the crucible at 900-1450 centigrade).Using tongs, remove the hot investment mould from the hot burnout furnace and place

correctly into the casting machine.The casting machine will force the melted alloy into the hot investment mould-this

procedure is called 'casting'.

The investment mould containing the cast alloy is allowed to cool slowly (1-2 hours) .Using a sandblaster, remove the investment material from the cast metal framework.

Trim the cast metal framework, using a trimming lathe or micromotor with the correcttrimming burrs and stones.



Description After Casting

Similar to 'Before Melting' except for the new shape which has been formed and withoutshine.

Dental Porcelains

A Use

Fabrication of a porcelain fused to metal fixed prosthesis.


Fine powder (Common colours - Pink, blue, yellow).Modeling liquid.

Manipulation

Place a small amount of porcelain powder on a clean glass surface.Add a small amount of modeling liquid.

Using a clean glass instrument, mix until smooth and creamy.

Using a clean porcelain brush, apply the mixed porcelain to the metal framework.Place the porcelain on the metal framework in a porcelain furnace and fire (bake) at

920-950 centigrade for 1-2 minutes.

Using tongs, remove the prosthesis from the porcelain furnace and allow it to coolslowly.



Trim, using a micromotor with trimming stones for porcelain.Glaze the porcelain ( make it shine) by firing again in the porcelain furnace.

Description After Firing

Very Rigid.

Very Hard surface.Porous.Appearance should be as natural teeth.


Wrought Metals

A Use

Forming a wire component of an Orthodontic appliance.

Description Before Bending

Wire.Strong.Flexible.

With shine.



Manipulation

Using wire cutters, cut the wire to the required length.Using orthodontic pliers, bend the wire to from the shape of the component required.

Description After Forming

Similar to 'Before Bending' except for the new shape which has been formed.



Introduction to Health & Safety within the

Dental Laboratory

Health & Safety Guidelines-Why?

Health and Safety guidelines are important so that dental laboratory personnel can work

safely in the dental laboratory.This lesson will introduce some of the more important health and safety guidelines, whichare to be followed while in the dental laboratory. Health and safety instruction will be

practiced and developed during this course and the rest of the diploma program.


The dental laboratory must have:

Enough area so that all laboratory personnel may move around safely.

Enough illumination to see clearly and to use materials and equipment safely.Enough ventilation so that dust, fumes and heat, produced from some laboratory

procedures, may be removed.

Services supplied safelyE.g. No exposed electrical wires.Electricity supply above water supply and never contact each other.

No gas leaks.

Services main on/off points with easy access.Organisation so that hazardous materials and hazardous equipment are stored

and used in specific and safe areas.First aid and fire equipment, emergency procedures and emergency exits.

Personal Protective Equipment- PPE

a. Protective clothing

Always worn in the dental laboratory .Helps to protect personal clothing and bodyHelps to prevent loose clothing from entangling in rotary

equipment or igniting Near a flame . b. Protective eye goggles

Helps to protect eyes from flying particles, dust and fumes .

c. Protective glovesHelps to protect hands from some hazardous materials .

d. Protective facemask

Helps to protect mouth and respiratory system from flying particles,dust and fumes. e. Dark protective eye goggles

Helps to protect eyes from intense light . f. Heat resistant gloves

Helps to protect hands from hot equipment and hot objects .

Hazardous Materials



Gypsum Products

: Laboratory plaster and laboratory stone. Example

: Pouring an impression to fabricate a cast. A Use

: Fine dust may irritate eyes and respiratory system. Hazards

: Wear protective eye goggles and facemask. Precautions

Organic materials

: Monomer (liquid of acrylic resin). Example

: Complete denture, custom impression tray. Some uses

: Allergic reaction, carcinogenic, toxic vapour, flammable. Hazards

: Wear protective eye goggles, gloves and facemask.Use in a well-ventilated area.Use away from flames or heat sources.

Store separately and safely as a hazardous material.

Precautions

Flammable Liquids

: Alcohol. Example

: Fuel for small alcohol burners. A Use

: Fire, explosion. Hazards

: Use alcohol burner away from other flames or other sources.

Store in a cool place as a hazardous material.

Precautions

Flammable Gases

: Natural gas. Example

: Fuel for small alcohol burners.. A Use



: Fire, explosion. Hazards

: Never leave a Bunsen burner unattended.Always turn off the gas when not in use.

Precautions

Acid solutions

: Electropolishing solution. Example

: Electropolishing a removable partial denture metal framework. A Use

: Irritation to eyes, respiratory system and skin Burn. Hazards

: Wear protective eye goggles, gloves and facemask.

Handle metal framework with forceps - not fingers until rinsed inclean water.

Use in a well-ventilated area.

Store separately and safely as a hazardous material.

Precautions

Introduction to Health & Safety within the

Dental Laboratory

Hazardous Equipment

Rotary Equipment

: Micromotors, model trimmers, trimming and polishing lathes. Example

: Trimming and polishing. A Use

: High speed revolving parts. Hazards

: Wear protective eye goggles.Check fingers clear of revolving parts.Secure loose clothing and long hair.Always switch of when not in use.

Precautions

Dust Producing Equipment



: Micromotors. Trimming lathe, sandblasting machine. Example

: Trimming, cleaning surfaces. A Use

: Find dust and flying particles may irritate or damage eyes and

respiratory system. Hazards

: Wear protective eye goggles and facemask.Use dust extraction equipment.

Precautions

High Temperature Equipment

: Bunsen burner, burnout furnaces, casting machine, Soldering

equipment, wax elimination equipment. Example

: Melting wax, heating investment moulds, melting alloy, removingwax.

Some Uses

: Hot flaying particles.

Fumes may irritate eyes and respiratory system.High risk of being burned.

Intense light may damage eyes.

Hazards

: Wear protective eye goggles, face mask and heat resistant gloves.Secure loose clothing and long hair.

Use in well-ventilated areas.

Wear dark protective eye goggles if there is intense light.

Precautions

Sharp Equipment

: Scalpel, cut-off disks. Example

: cutting. Some uses

: cutting or sticking in the body. Hazards

: Use with care keeping fingers clear of the sharp edge or point.

Never leave at the edge of a work bench. Precautions

Conduct of Laboratory Personnel

Follow Health and safety Guidelines

Laboratory Personnel must follow health and safety guidelines, at all times, while in thedental laboratory.



ALWAYS:

Wear the correct personal protective equipment.

Use hazardous materials safely.Use hazardous equipment safely.

Know the dental laboratory's fire emergency and medical emergencyprocedures.

NEVER:

Eat.Drink.Smoke.

Rub your eyes.

Handle contact lenses.Wear lip balm.

Common Dental laboratory Equipment

What is Equipment?

'Equipment' are the things used to manipulate and process the materials.'Dental equipment' are specifically designed to manipulate and process dental materials.This lesson will introduce some of the common dental equipment, and their common uses,

used in the dental laboratory, which will be developed and applied during this course andthe rest of the dental program.

Common Dental laboratory Equipment and Common Uses

HEALTH & SAFETY

PRECAUTIONS

COMMONUSES

EQUIPMENT

Eye Goggles

Face Mask

Mixing

Gypsumproduct

Rubber Bowl and Spatula



RotaryEquipment EyeGoggles Face

MaskVacuum mixingGypsum

products

Vacuum mixingInvestmentmaterials

(Reduce air

bubbles)

Vacuum Mixer

Pouringimpressions

Pouring

investmentMoulds

(Reduce airbubbles)

Dental Vibrator



RotaryEquipment

protective Eye

GogglesProtective Face

Mask

TrimmingGypsum casts

Model Trimmer

RotaryEquipment

protective EyeGoggles

Protective FaceMask Use with

Equipment

Extraction

Trimming & Polishing

Materials

Trimming and Polishing Lathe

RotaryEquipment

protective EyeGogglesProtective Face

Mask Use with

Trimming & Polishing

Materials

Micromotor with Trimming Burs &

StonesAnd Polishing Brushes



Equipment

Extraction

High Temp.

Equipment UsewithEnvironmentalExtractionbr>

Heating wax

Heating waxing

Instruments

BBunsen Burner

Sharp

Equipment

Instrumentsmay be hotbr>

Heating wax

Softening wax

Melting waxAdding wax

Carving wax

WWaxing Instruments




HEALTH & SAFETY

PRECAUTIONS

COMMONUSES

EQUIPMENT

High Temp.

Equipment (Hotwax) Use with

EnvironmentalExtraction

Melting wax

Keeping wax ata

Constanttemperature

Wax Pot



High Temp.Equipment (Hot

water)

Use ResistantGloves Tongs

Use with WorkArea Extraction

Removing wax

fromA denture

mould(Using hot

water)

Wax Elimination Unit

High Temp.

Equipment (Hot

water)

Use ResistantGloves TongsUse with Work

Area Extraction

Curing heat

cured

Acrylic resin

(Using hotwater)

Acrylic Curing Unit

High Temp.

EquipmentDark ProtectiveEye Goggles

Protective FaceMaskHeat Resistant

Gloves TongsUse with Work

Area Extraction

Removing wax

From anInvestmentMould

Burnout Furnace

High Temp.EquipmentDark Protective

Eye Goggles

Protective FaceMask

Heat Resistant

Gloves Tongs

Casting dentalcastingAlloy into a hot

Investment

mould

Casting Machine



Use with Work

Area Extraction

SharpEquipmentprotective Eye

GogglesProtective FaceMask

Removinggypsum fromA denture in a

denture mouldRemovinginvestment

Material from a

castingIn an

investment

mould

Air Chisel

Protective Eye

Goggles

Protective FaceMaskUse with

Environmental

Extraction

Removing

investment

Material from acasting

Sandblaster



High Temp.

Equipment

(Hot water)

Protective Eye

Goggles

Protective FaceMask

Use withEnvironmental

Extraction

Cleaning

materials

(Using hotsteam)

Steam Cleaner

HazardousChemicals

Protective Eye

GogglesProtective Face

MaskUse withEnvironmentalExtraction

Cleaningmaterials (Using high

frequency)

waves and

chemicalsUltrasonic Cleaner



High Temp.

EquipmentTongs

Use withEnvironmental

Extraction

Firing (baking)Porcelain

Porcelain Furnace


HEALTH & SAFETY

PRECAUTIONS

COMMONUSES

EQUIPMENT

Mixing

porcelain

Glass Instruments



Buildingporcelain

Porcelain Brushes

Sharp Equipment

Sharp Wrought Wire

Cuttingwrought

wire

Wire Cutters

Sharp Equipment

Sharp Wrought Wire

Forming

(bending)

Wroughtwire

Orthodontic Pliers



Articulating

maxillary

cast andmandibularcast to

simulatetherelationship

between

the 2 archesof the

patient

Articulator



Introduction to

Fixed Prosthodontic Technology

What is Fixed Prosthodontics?

Fixed Prosthodontics the practice of restoring exhisting teeth and replacing missingteeth and surrounding tissue with fixed prosthesis.

Common Fixed Prosthesis and Related Items

DESCRIPTION MATERIAL ITEM

Gypsum cast from theprimary impression

Laboratory

stonePrimary cast

An impression tray,Specially made for the

patient

Cold cureacrylic resin

Custom impression tray

A temporary fixedprosthesis whichtemporarily restores 1

prepared tooth

Provisional

restoration

coldcure acrylicresin

(Toothcoloured)

Provisional crown

A temporary fixedprosthesis whichtemporarily restores 1

or more preparedteeth and replaces 1or more missing teeth

Provisionalrestoration

cold cure

acrylic resin(Toothcoloured)

Provisional

Fixed partial denture (FPD)&



Gypsum cast from the

final

impressionbr>(Customimpression)

With dies (parts)which can be removedand replaced, onwhich wax pattern is

made

die stone

(Die)Laboratory

stone (Base)

Working cast with removable die

Wax-up for any metal

work

Inlay wax WWax pattern

Metal substructure for

Metal-Ceramiccrown/FPD/font>

CeramicBonding alloy

Metal substructure

A metal fixedprosthesis which

restores an area of 1prepared tooth

Precious alloy Gold inlay

A metal fixed

prosthesis whichrestores 1 prepared

Precious alloy

FFull gold crown



tooth

A metal fixedprosthesis which

restores 1 or moreprepared teeth and

replaces 1 or moremissing teeth/font>

Precious alloy Full gold FPD

A porcelain-bonded-

to-metal fixedprosthesis, which

restores 1 prepared

tooth

Ceramic

Bonding alloyand Porcelain

MMetal-Ceramic crown

A porcelain-bonded-to-metal fixed

prosthesis, which

restores 1 or more

prepared teeth andreplaces 1 or more

missing teeth/font>

Ceramic

Bonding alloy

and Porcelain

MMetal-Ceramic FPD

A porcelain fixedprosthesis which

restores 1 prepared

toothbr>

Porcelain

AAll ceramic crown



A porcelain fixed

prosthesis whichrestores the face of 1prepared toothbr>

Porcelain AAll ceramic veneer

Common /font> Materials

MATERIAL USES

Laboratory plasterMounting upper and lower casts on an articulator

Laboratory stone Primary cast

Base of the working cast with removable die

Base-plate wax Spacer for a custom impression tray

Cold cure acrylic resin Custom impression tray

Provisional restorationCCold cure acrylic resin

(Tooth coloured)

Provisional crownbr> Provisional FPD

Die Stone Die of working cast with removable die

Inlay wax Wax pattern for any metal work



Investment material Preparing an investment mould by investing the

wax pattern

Precious alloyGold inlay

Full gold crown

Full gold FPD

Bonding alloy

Metal substructure of:-Metal-Ceramic crown-Metal-Ceramic FPD

Dental porcelains

Ceramic work of:

-Metal-Ceramic crown--Metal-Ceramic FPDAll ceramic crown

All ceramic veneer

Introduction to


Stages of Constructig a Common Removable Prosthesis Complete Denture

PROCEDURE EQUIPMENT MATERIAL STAGE

Pour primary impression

- Remove cast

-Trim to size and shape

SpatulaVacuum

mixing

machineModeltrimmer

Laboratory

stone

Prepare upperand lower

Primary casts

-Adapt base-plate wax

to primary cast.-Adapt cold cure acrylic

Resin dough

Bunsen

burner

Waxinginstruments

Acrylic mixinstruments

Base-plate

wax

Cold cureacrylicResin

Construct upper

and lower

Customimpression trays

Send custom impression trays to clinic for upper and lower final impressions

-Pour final impression

(Custom impression trayImpression)

-Remove cast-Trim to size and shape

SpatulaVacuummixing

machine

Modeltrimmer

Laboratorystone

Prepare upperand lowerFinal casts




to final cast.-Add occlusal rim

Bunsenburner

waxinginstruments

Base-platewax

Construct upperand lower

Record blocks

Send record blocks to clinic for ' Centric jaw relation record' of patient

-Connect the upper and

lower final casts to

the 'Centric jaw relationrecord'.

-Mount this on anarticulator usinglaboratory plaster

ArticulatorSpatulaRubber bowl

LaboratoryPlaster

Articulate theupper and

lower final casts

usingCentric jaw

relation record

Replace the occlusalrimm with denture

Bunsen

burnerWaxinginstruments

Base-plate

wax(Denture

teeth)

Arrange the upper

and lower dentureteeth

Carve the base-platewax around the teeth

Bunsenburner

Waxinginstruments

Base-platewax

Wax –up theComplete denture

Send complete denture wax-up to clinic to try the fit in the patients

-Attach denture wax-

ups to the final casts

-Mount in the dentureflasks using laboratory

plaster

Denture flask

SpatulaRubber bowl

Dental

vibrator

Laboratory

Plaster

Flask the

Complete denturewax-up

Remove the wax from

the denture mouldsusing boiling water

Wax

elimination

unit

Wax elimination



-Mix acrylic the resin-Pack the dough intothe denture moulds

using the press

Acrylic mix

instrumentspress

Heat cure

acrylicResin

Pack the

Denture moulds

-place the packed

denture moulds, withpress, in the cold waterof the acrylic curing unit

-Heat the water slowlyto 100'c over 6 hours.-Hold at 100'c for 1

hour

Acrylic curing

unit

Heat cure

acrylicResin

Process the

Heat cured acrylic

resin

Remove the gypsummould and final castfrom the processed

complete dentures

Air chisel

Deflask the

processed

Completedentures

Trim unwanted material

from the processedcomplete dentures, untilsmooth and neat

TrimminglatheMicromotor

withtrimmingburrs and

stones

Trim the

Complete

dentures

Polish the trimmedcomplete dentures, until

smooth and shining

Polishinglathe

Polish theComplete

dentures

-Place the finishedcomplete dentures in the

cleaning solution of the

Ultrasoniccleaner

Clean theComplete

dentures



ultrasonic cleaner

-Switch on theultrasonic cleaner for

approximately 10minutes

Send the finished complete denture to clinic to fit in the patients mouth

Introduction to


What Removable Prosthodontics?

Removable Prosthodontics is the practice of replacing missing teeth and surrounding tissuewith removable prosthesis.

Common Removable Prosthesis and Related Items


Gypsum castfrom the primaryimpression

Laboratorystone

Primary cast

An impressiontray, Specially

made for thepatient

Cold cure

acrylic resin


Gypsum cast

from the finalimpression(Custom

impression tray

impression)

Laboratory

stoneFinal cast

A base-plate and

occlusal rimUsed to record

the relationship

between The

Cold cure

acrylic resinBase-plate wax

Record block



upper and lower

arches of thepatient

Wax-up of acomplete

denture, or Wax-up of acrylicremovable partial

denture

Cold cureacrylic resin

Base-plate wax

Denture wax-up

Wax-up of metal

framework for aChromecobalt removable

partial denture

Casting wax Metal framework wax-up

Metal framework Chrome cobalt Metal framework



for a Chrome

cobalt removablepartial denture

alloy

An acrylic,

removableprosthesis For an

edentulous arch

Heat cure

acrylic resin

Complete denture

An acrylic,removable

prosthesis For apartiallyedentulous arch

Heat cureacrylic resin

Wrought metal

AcrylicRemovable partial denture (RPD)

A metal framed,removable

prosthesis, with

acrylic saddlesFor partiallyedentulous arch

Chrome cobaltalloy

Heat cure

acrylic resin

Chrome cobaltRemovable partial denture (RPD)



Common Materials

MATERIAL USES

Laboratory plasterMounting upper and lower casts on an

articulator Flasking a denture wax-up to forma denture mould

Chrome cobalt alloy br>Spacer for a custom impression trayRecord block

Arranging denture teeth and denture wax-up

Cold cure acrylic resin Custom impression tray

Laboratory stone Primary castFinal cast

Casting wax Metal framework wax-up

for a chrome cobalt RPD

Chrome cobalt alloy Metal framework of a chrome cobalt RPD

Wrought metal Clasps Incorporated in an acrylic

Heat cure acrylic resinComplete denture

Acrylic RPDAcrylic saddles of a chrome cobalt RPD

Introduction to


Stages of Constructig a Common Removable Prosthesis Complete Denture


Pour primary impression- Remove cast-Trim to size and shape

SpatulaVacuummixingmachineModel

trimmer

Laboratorystone

Prepare upperand lowerPrimary casts


to primary cast.-Adapt cold cure acrylic

Bunsen

burnerWaxing

Base-plate

waxCold cure

Construct upper

and lowerCustom



Resin dough instruments

Acrylic mixinstruments

acrylic

Resin

impression trays

Send custom impression trays to clinic for upper and lower final impressions

-Pour final impression

(Custom impression tray

Impression)-Remove cast

-Trim to size and shape

SpatulaVacuummixing

machine

Modeltrimmer

Laboratorystone

Prepare upper

and lowerFinal casts


to final cast.

-Add occlusal rim

Bunsenburner

waxing

instruments

Base-platewax

Construct upperand lower

Record blocks

Send record blocks to clinic for ' Centric jaw relation record' of patient

-Connect the upper and

lower final casts tothe 'Centric jaw relation

record'.-Mount this on an

articulator usinglaboratory plaster

Articulator

SpatulaRubber bowl

Laboratory

Plaster

Articulate theupper andlower final casts

usingCentric jawrelation record

Replace the occlusalrimm with denture

Bunsen

burnerWaxing

instruments

Base-plate

wax(Dentureteeth)

Arrange the upper

and lower dentureteeth

Carve the base-plate

wax around the teeth

Bunsen

burnerWaxing

instruments

Base-platewax

Wax –up theComplete denture

Send complete denture wax-up to clinic to try the fit in the patients

-Attach denture wax-ups to the final casts

-Mount in the denture

Denture flaskSpatula

Rubber bowl

LaboratoryPlaster

Flask theComplete denture

wax-up



flasks using laboratory

plaster

Dental

vibrator

Remove the wax fromthe denture moulds

using boiling water

Waxeliminationunit

Wax elimination

-Mix acrylic the resin-Pack the dough into

the denture moulds

using the press

Acrylic mixinstrumentspress

Heat cureacrylicResin

Pack theDenture moulds

-place the packeddenture moulds, withpress, in the cold water

of the acrylic curing unit-Heat the water slowlyto 100'c over 6 hours.

-Hold at 100'c for 1

hour

Acrylic curingunit

Heat cureacrylic

Resin

Process the

Heat cured acrylicresin

Remove the gypsum

mould and final castfrom the processedcomplete dentures

Air chisel

Deflask the

processedCompletedentures

Trim unwanted material

from the processedcomplete dentures, until

smooth and neat

Trimming

latheMicromotor

withtrimming

burrs and

stones

Trim the

Completedentures



Polish the trimmed

complete dentures, until

smooth and shining

Polishing

lathe

Polish the

Complete

dentures

-Place the finishedcomplete dentures in the

cleaning solution of theultrasonic cleaner-Switch on the

ultrasonic cleaner for

approximately 10minutes

Ultrasonic

cleaner

Clean theComplete

dentures

Send the finished complete denture to clinic to fit in the patients mouth

Introduction to Orthodontic Technology

What is Orthodontics?

Orthodontics is the specialty area of dentistry concerned with:The growth of the faceDevelopment of the teeth and their occlusionCorrecting the positions of the teeth and their occlusion

Common Orthodontics Appliances and Related Items


The cast used fordiagnosis andtreatment planning(Has a large angels

trimmed, base)

Orthodontic plaster

Study cast('Angles trimmed')



The cast on whichtheOrthodontic applian

ce is fabricated (Has asmall base)

Orthodontic plasterWorking cast

A wire component of aremovable appliancefor retaining the

appliance

(Retaining component

0.7mm Orthodonticwire

Adams clasp

A wire component of aremovable appliance

for moving a

tooth/teeth(Active component

0.5mm or

0.7mmOrthodontic wire

Springs

A wire component of a

removable appliance

0.7mm Orthodonticwi

re

Labial bow



for moving an anterior

tooth/teeth, andretaining the appliance

(Retaining and Activecomponent

An orthodonticappliance, which can be

easily removed by thepatient

Orthodontic wireOrthodontic resin

Removable appliance

An orthodonticappliance, which is

temporarily fixed to

some of the patientsteeth, and can not be

removed by the patient

Bands Orthodonticwire

Fixed appliance

An appliance that Orthodontic wire Functional appliance



changes the occlusal

relationship betweenthe upper and lower

arches

Orthodontic resin


Stages of Fabricating a Common Orthodontic Appliance 'Retainer' (Removableappliance)

(A 'Retainer' retains the position of the teeth which have been moved by other orthodonticappliances)


- Pour impression

- Remove cast- 'Angles trim' the base on the

orthodontic model trimmer- Polish the base

SpatulaVacuum

mixing

machineDental

vibrator

Orthodonticmodeltrimmer

polishing

Orthodontic

plaster

Prepare Upper

and lower

Study casts

Cut the 0.7mm orthodonticwire to a manageable length

Bend the wire to form the

shape of the adams clasp

Wire cutters

Orthodonticpliers

0.7mm0rthodontic

wire

Form theAdams clasps

Cut the 0.7mm orthodonticwire to a manageable lengthBend the to form the shape of

the labial bow

Wire cutters

Orthodonticpliers

0.7mm

Orthodontic

wire

Form the

Labial bow

Locate the adams clasps andlabial

Bunsenburner

Sticky wax Secure thewire



bow on the working cast, and

securewith melted sticky wax

Wax knife Components

to theworking cast

- Pour some polymer (powder)on to the correct area of theworking cast

-Add drops of the monomer

(liquid)on to the polymer

(Repeat until the correct shapeand thickness is achieved

Orthodontic

resinFabricate the

acrylic base

-Place acrylic base, with the

working

cast, in the pressure pot,covering the

acrylic with warm water-Close the pressure pot

-Apply air pressure-Wait 30 minutes then remove

Pressure pot

(with warmwater)

Cure the

acrylic Base

Trim unwanted material from

the cured acrylic based untilsmooth

Micromotor

with trimming

burrs andstones

Trim the

acrylic

Base

Polish the trimmed acrylic baseand wire components

Polishinglathe

Polish theacrylicbase and wire

components

- Place the finished "Retainer"

in the cleaning solution of theultrasonic cleaner

-Switch on the ultrasonic

Ultrasonic

cleaner

Clean the

finished'Retainer'



cleaner for approximately 10

minutes

Send the finished "Retainer" to the doctor to fit in the patients mouth

Introduction to

Maxillofacial Prosthodontic Technology

What is Maxillofacial Prosthodontic?

Maxillofacial Prosthodontic is the practice of restoring existing tissue and replacingmissing tissue of the maxilla and face by using specific appliances and prosthesis.

Common Maxillofacial Appliances, Prosthesis and Related Items


Gypsum cast from the primaryimpression

Laboratory stone Primary cast

An impression traySpecially made for the patient

Cold cure

acrylic resin


Gypsum cast from the final

impression

(Custom impression trayimpression)

Laboratory stone Final cast

A metal appliance for stabilizing

teeth and their supportingtissueE.g. After an accident which has

resulted in:-Mobile teeth-Fractured maxilla (upper)

-Fractured mandible (lower)

Casting alloy Cast Splint

An acrylic appliance for

stabilizing the edentulous

(without teeth) mandibleE.g. After an accident which hasresulted in a fractured mandible

Heat cureacrylic resin

Gunning splint



An acrylic prosthesis which

closes a defect (a hole), andreplaces the missing tissue, of

the maxilla

Orthodontic wire

Orthodontic resin

Obturator

A prosthesis which replaces a

missing part of the face

Silicone Facial prosthesis


Stages of Fabricating a Maxillofacial Prosthesis A Facial Prosthesis


Pour primary impression

-Remove cast

- Trim to size and shape

SpatulaVacuummixing

machine

Modeltrimmer

Laboratorystone

Prepareworking

(primary)Cast

Send facial prosthesis wax-up to clinic to try the fit and appearance on the

patients face

Form a mould of the

facial prosthesis wax-up

in the flask usinglaboratory plaster

FlaskSpatula

Rubber bowl

Dentalvibrator

LaboratoryPlaster

Flask thefacial

prosthesis

wax-up

Remove the wax fromthe mould using boilingwater

Waxelimination

unit

Waxelimination

Mix the silicone withcuring agent and

pigments (to match the

patients skin shade)

Mixinginstruments

Silicone(with curingagent

and

pigments-skin shades)

Mix the

silicone withcolours tomatch the

patients skin

shade

- Pack the mixedPress

MixedPack themould



silicone into the mould

- Secure the mould inthe press

silicone

- Place the packedmould inside the cold

drying oven

- Cure the silicone byslowly heating to 70'cfor 6 hours

Dry ovenCure the

silicone

Remove the gypsummould from the curedfacial prosthesis

Air chisel

Deflask the

curedFacial

prosthesis

Trim the unwantedsilicone from the facial

prosthesis

ScissorsTrim thecuredFacial

prosthesis

Clean in water in the

ultrasonic cleaner

for 10 minutes

Ultrasoniccleaner

Clean thefinished

facial

prosthesis

Send the finished facial prosthesis to the clinic to fit on the patients face

the dental laboratory

Documents