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F,?G 1 ( ' + F=%G (

0

+ ' ' 6

( ( (1 (

( ( (1 (0 (

( 0 + '

'

( F=) A%) B-G0 + ( (

( (0

F=,) =B) A,G 0

*82 ! , ! -%!

4 ( *) '

5 ( 1( 6

$A



( !+" ((0

5 ( '6

( ' 0 ,0$ 5 (0

TARGET

(0,0)

r

Antenna

ˆ x

ˆ z

(! *8)9 5 (

( (D

0 ' 0

) (( ' '

(1 ( )

(' ( ("0

$B



' '

((0

K 6)

* ' '

( 90

. ( ' (

( (0

*828) ' - &!

-!%(

) ( 6

(( ' 4 ' (1 (

(1 0 * $ ( (

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)

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(()

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( ( ' ( ') 6

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! ( + 1 !6

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!

"

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"

,0A'"

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1 ( !+ (

0 C ( FB,) A%G

1 ( ( ( '

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! -!%

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$ -!%

& ( ( * ( ! *

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!

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) * ' ' ! ,0$ ' 6 ! ,0?0

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0 (

(

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1( C ( ' '

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'0 ( ' 7 F=G

' ( FB=G 4 6 (

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!

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! ,0@ ( ! 0 1(

( ( ( ( FBAG0

$@



0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

tanδ

A p p r o x i m a t i o n e r r o r ( p e r c e n t a g e o f e x a c t v a l u e )

αm

error

βm

error

(! *8*9 (

5 !;(! % $ ' ! % -!%(

1 6 C ( ' '

FA%G ( ( (

0 . ' ( 6

1( ! ) '

'( 1 ' ! ,0A ,0A'0 &(

## # ) ' &1 &")

!

%

%

,0%"

%

%

,0$-"

$%



%

" "

"

7 + ' & ( ) &

( 0 &

0

& ! ,0% ,0$- ' ! (()

& (' 1( (

' ( FA%G0 & ( !

0 7 (

) ! ,0% ,0$- ' (* )

! !

! ,0$$"

,0$$'"

' ! 0

( )

,0B0 ,0= (

(( 0 ( '

( (1(( ' ! ,0,

' * " ! ,0,0

. ( FBB) B>) B?) B@) B%) >-) >$)

>,) >=G ( ( * ( FB-G0

( ( '

( (0 . ) (

1 F=) =B) ,G ((

(/ ( "

/ F=) =B) ,G0

,-



100

101

102

10-5

100

Conductivity σm

in mS/m

P e r c e n t a g e m o d e l e r r o r α

m error

βm error

100

101

102

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

Conductivity σm

in mS/m

2 w a y m e d i u m

l o s s i n d B / m

(! *8/9 ( , ((

"

,$



*828* ! !

' ( ( 6

" (10 ( 1

( 0 7( ' 1( (

( (1 ) '(

( M FA@) ,AG0 : (

' ((0 (

( F,>G) ( 0

( ( ' ( ( (' 9) " 0

( 2 # F>A) A-G (

8" ( ( ( (

0 *

" ) ! (

F>AG0

6 " ' '

,0$,"

(') "

0 F>BG ((

' (0

( ' ( ( 10

,0$="

1 ( '

#

# ) (

F>BG0 FA-G ( * 1(

(0 M

4 ' * ' ) '

0

7

' )

,,



,0$A"

( M ((

0

*828/ !!&!% ,

( ' ) ( '

4 4 * ) * ) "

) ' ' ' ! ,0$B

)

)

!

,0$B"

( ( 4 ,)

' ( (' (

( ,0$"0

* ' 1 )

)

) ,0$>"

) ) *

* (' 0

) 1( * ' (

, ' ' '

,=



*83 -%(

( (

( (0 1 (

( (0

& ( ' (

( ( ('

FA=G0

COHERENT

RECEIVER

RANGE

PROCESSOR

STEPPED

OSCILLATORTx

Rc

DISPLAY

E z x

t ( )

∃ x

∃ y

∃ z

E z x

r ( )

r

σ

∃k

− ∃k

∃ x

∃ x

(! *829 '/ (

( ( (D

$0 !<!;(! 9 ( '

& ) 4 " ) "

1 (( '0

,A



,0 ! !! !!&! ( (1

'' ( ( 9

'/0 & ( (

( ' 6 ." C" (

9 F=BG0

=0 !=! !'9 ( ( (

( ( 1 6

(0

* 4 *

9 ' ( ' ' ! ,0$B !6

,0$>)

)

)

!

!

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5" (0 '()

+ ' ' (' ( F,@G0 .

8 ( ) (

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+ ( ( 0

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F==) =%) >>) >?) >@) >%G0 ' (

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( & " (

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( F?-G0

& (( ( 6( (

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4

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& ((

'0

. ( ( (/ '' (

' ) ( ' 6

'

F?-G0 ) ( (

( 0

( ;!" (1(( / (0

) ) (1 6 ; '()

' (1 ( 1 (4 (

FA-) ?$G0 (1 '( ( (

( M) ' '( ( F?$G0 1 ( (1

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() 6 & (' ( 1

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( F?,) >?) >%) >>) ?=) =@) ?AG0

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! ,0,, (' * () /

8 F==G0

5 6 * 6 * & ,0=A"

5 M (

( 0 4 (

( ! ,0=A) ( 0

. +1 66 + ++" F?=) >%G '

( "0 ++ ( ( (6

M) '

( ( F>%G0 FA-G

' ";6) +1 (

;6+) ' ( ( M 6( ( ( ( M

+0 ;6++ 1 ++

( ( ++ ( 6

( (0 ++ (

' 0 ++ ;6++

F?=) >%) >A) A-G0 () (( ++ (

' '0

=-



*818) -' !<<( -!%

(( )

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!

,0=>"

7 * (0 ++

* (1 ( & 7 7

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F?$G 7

8 * ) ' * '6

0 # : ( :" 6

(1 ' ()

" ,0=%"

9 ) : (1

") ; 6( < 3 0

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(1 6 (1 0

;6++ ( ' ( (

(1 ( 8 8

/ ' ( FA-) ?$G0

(1 ( ( ! ,0,A" ' ( '

(1 >

=$



" ,0A-"

F?=G (' * ) ' ( (

( ) #

# 0 &

( *

0 * * ! ,0A$"

( (

* F?@G

*

=

#

= ,0A$"

' ! ,0,, (1 ()

( ' ( ' (1

)

"

" ,0A,"

(( ( '

' ! ,0$%) ' (

( (

=,



(' 0 ! ,0B,

( 1 ( 6

( ( (0 ( ! ,0=$ ,0B,)

' ( " " (1

" (( ( ) " )

0 1( ((

1 (5(") ( ' " )

0 .

)

( 0

( ' ( 00 ( (5( 4

( (5( 40

() ( 6

( O " +4) " +4 & 0

( ((

0

,0B ,0A0$ (5(

N ( ( " )

( ( ' ((4

! ,0==0 ,0B (4 4

("

) # ( # ) # ) ( (

# # # (

,0B # (5() ( N0

) ,0= ,0B ( (

( ( 0

. 8 ( ( ( '

0 ( 1 ( )

' 0 ()

' ( 6

=A



100

101

102

10-9

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

Conductivity σm

(mS/m)

P e r c e n t a g e m o d e l e r r o r

(! *839 (

=B



( * F>%) A-G0 '

) 8 () 6

(0 (1 ++ ()

( 0

(! !

' ) (

$0 # # & "

' ' . 0

,0 ## 8

& "

' ' ( 0

(

) ' ( (

0 ( ( ( " ( +"

(0 ( (

'

0 ( 4

( ( ( 0

( ) (

( ,0> (

) ,0? 6

) 0 ,0> ( (

8 (5(0 ,0?

( ( ' "0

. ' () (

( ( ,0@ ,0%0

,0@ 8 (5( (

=>



100

101

102

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

Conductivity in mS/m

d p

( m )

100

101

102

10-1

100

101


s p

( m )

d1=1m

d2=1.1m

100

101

102

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0


τ p

( r a d )

100

101

102

-0.025

-0.02

-0.015

-0.01

-0.005

0

0.005


γ p

(! *819 !( ( (

( (

=?



0.906 0.908 0.91 0.912 0.914 0.916 0.918-0.42

-0.415

-0.41

-0.405

-0.4

-0.395

-0.39

Real part of zp

I m a g i n e r y p a r t o f z p

(! *809 ( "

0 (

0 ' (( ,0@0 . ( ++

( ( () (

0 ( ,0B ' (

N0

( ) (

( (0

,0$- ( ( ( 6

(0 ,0$$ ( (0

,0$- ,0$$

' ) (

# (5(

& " 0

,0@ 8 (5(

' ' ,0$$0 ,0$$

"

=@



100

101

102

1

1.5

2

2.5


d p

( m )

100

101

102

10-1

100

101


s p

( m )

d1=1m

d2=2.4m

100

101

102

-2

-1

0

1

2


τ p

( r a d )

100

101

102

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05


γ p

(! *849 !( ( (

( (

=%



0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95-0.85

-0.8

-0.75

-0.7

-0.65

-0.6

-0.55

-0.5

-0.45

-0.4

-0.35

Real part of zp

I m a g i n e r y p a r t o f z p

(! *8?9 ( "

A-



100

101

102

10-6

10-4

10-2

100


d p

e r r o r ( m )

0.01m0.02m0.03m0.06m0.1m

100

101

102

10-4

10-2

100

102

104


s p

e r r o r ( m )

100

101

102

10-6

10-4

10-2

100

102


t p e r r o r ( r a

d )

100

101

102

10-5

100


γ p

e r r o r

(! *8)@9 ( (

(

A$



100

101

102

10-10

10-5

100

105


d p

e r r o r ( m )

0.05m0.2m0.5m2m5m

100

101

102

10-5

100

105


s p

e r r o r ( m )

100

101

102

10-6

10-4

10-2

100

102


t p e r r o r ( r a

d )

100

101

102

10-8

10-6

10-4

10-2

100


γ p

e r r o r

(! *8))9 ( (

(

A,



%(! ! ! !

() ()

,0$= ( (

0 . ' # (5(

(

,0>0,0

10-1

100

101

102

10-10

10-5

100

105


d p

e r r o r ( m )

-2-0.8

00.82

10-1

100

101

102

10-10

10-5

100

105


s p

e r r o r ( m )

10-1

100

101

102

10-10

10-5

100

105


t p e r r o r ( r a d )

10-1

100

101

102

10-10

10-5

100


γ p

e r r o r

(! *8)/9 ( (

%(! !

() () )

,0$A

( ( 0 .

AA



( (

( (0

10-1 100 101 10210

-10

10-5

100

105


d p

e r r o r ( m )

-0.001-0.003-0.01-0.03-0.1

10-1 100 101 10210

-10

10-5

100

105


s p

e r r o r ( m )

10

-1

10

0

10

1

10

210

-10

10-5

100

105


t p e r r o r ( r a d )

10

-1

10

0

10

1

10

210

-10

10-5

100


γ p

e r r o r

(! *8)29 ( (

(

( ( 0 ( )

' ( ( (1) 6 6

( () (

0 . ' 6

# (5(" ( ( (0 )

M 1 8 ( 1(

0 ( 0

AB



*818/ -!%

. ( () . (

." ( 6

() ( F=,) =) ?%G0

. ( ) ( ( M6

(( ."0 2 ( (

9

(( F=,) =) ?%G0 . $ (

( ( ( ) 0 ' ( (

) 1( ( .

( ( ( 0

.) 6

( . ((0 &1

. ((0

. * (' (1

1 "

F==G0 . ( ' ( ( ! ,0,$ ' (

. ) (

$%

-

( 1 )

* &

& ( ! ,0,$) ' )

/ $

,0B="

A>



. ) ( ( (

& 6 ( '

0 ( ( (

( ) ; '( ) '

' (1 (

,0BA"

& & (10 $%

-

( (1 (0 ; ! ,0A,

(1 ( (0 (

' )

& " ,0BB"

( (1 ( . (0

( ." ( M 0

( ( ! ,0BB '

( (0

' (/ ( ( ' (

( 0 ' ' '

( F@-G 1 ' (

'0 + ! ,0BB ) (

' 1 )

& " ,0B>"

(1 ># ( 6 &

! ( ' 0

.) ! ,0B> ' (

(0

A?



& ( ') . ( 1 )

( ) 0 (

') '

'() ( 1 '/

' F@$G0

*80 ( !(

( ( ( ( (

( ' ( ( ( '0

( 0

( ' ,0$0

( :

" +4

&

" +4

* (

& (

"! *8)9 ( 4 (

* (1(( & 90

( 3 (1((

( 4 ((0

' 9 0 7

( (1(( 90 . (

( ( (

' 7 (

FA-G0

' (6

8 ' ) ,0$0

( ' ,0,0

A@



( :

("

("

" $

$

1

"! *8*9 ; ( 4 (6

( (( F@-G .( ( ( ) ++ (

1 (0 ( (( ( !# !

( ( () (

' * (' )

. 1 ) ( ' 8

' ( ++

(0

*808) %(&! !

,0$B 6 ,0$% ( ( 6

(5(

0 ( 0 *

0

( ( ( ' ( 0

( ( ( 0

,0,- ( (

) ,0,$ ( +"

( (0

,0,, ) (0

A%



600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-34.5

-34

-33.5

-33

-32.5

Frequency in MHz

R e c i e v e d S i g n a l P o w e r ( d B m )

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-4

-2

0

2

4

R e c i e v e d S i g n a l P h a s e ( r a d i a n s )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres

R e c e i v e d p

o w e r i n d B m

(! *8)39 (5(

7

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-62

-61

-60

-59

-58

Frequency in MHz


600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-4

-2

0

2

4


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres

R e c e i v e d p o w e r i n d B m

(! *8)19 (5(

7

B-



600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-95

-90

-85

Frequency in MHz


600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-5

0

5


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres

R e c e i v e d p

o w e r i n d B m

(! *8)09 (5(

7

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-126

-124

-122

-120

-118

-116

-114

-112

-110

Frequency in MHz


600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres


(! *8)49 (5(

7 "0

B$



600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-170

-160

-150

-140

-130

Frequency in MHz


600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-4

-2

0

2

4

R e c i e v e d S i g n a l P h a s e ( r a d

i a n s )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres

R e c e

i v e d p o w e r i n d B m

(! *8)?9 (5(

7

(

. ((

66 0 . 6

( 0 ) ,0$B 6 ,0$@

++ ( ' ( ( (

) ' . ' 6

0 (5() (

5() 7 O (

' ( ( 7 ++ 6

( ( ( '

' ( 0

,0,- ,0,$ ( / (

++ ( ' ( 6 ( (

0 ( ( N

" (5(0

( ) ( (

B,



100

101

102

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4


d p

( m )

100

101

102

10-2

100

102


s p

( m )

100

101

102

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4


τ p

( r a d )

d1=1.6m

d2=2.1m

d2=2.2m

100

101

102

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1


γ p

(! *8*@9 1 (

B=



100

101

102

10-5

100


d p

( m )

d1=1.6m

d2=2.1m

d2=2.2m

100

101

102

10-4

10-2

100

102


s p

( m )

100

101

102

10-6

10-4

10-2

100

102


τ p

( r a d )

100

101

102

10-6

10-4

10-2

100


γ p

(! *8*)9 + ( (

BA



100

101

102

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

R e l a t i v e e n e r g y i n s i n g u l a r v a l u e s

Number of principle eigenvectors, P

σm=1 mS/mσ

m=5 mS/m

σm

=10 mS/m

σm

=20 mS/m

σm

=30 mS/m

σm

=40 mS/m

(! *8**9 (5(

' 1( 4 &1 &0

) ,0,, )

# &? . ' 7) )

( * )

0 7 )

) (/ M ( (' (

( 0

*808* !! !

,0,= 6 ,0,? ( (( 6

( ) ( (

(5( (

0 *

0 ( 6

BB



( ( (

0 ( ( (

( (0

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

-34

-32

-30

Frequency in MHz


600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

-5

0

5

R

e c i e v e d S i g n a l P h a s e ( r a d i a n s )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres


(! *8*/9

7

,0,@ ( (

( (0

,0,% ) (0

*808/ (

& &1 &) ) ( 4)

( 10 1(

( ++ ( 7 O )

( ( (

( ((

B>



600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-50

-48

-46

-44

-42

-40

-38-36

-34

Frequency in MHz

R e c i e v e d S i g n a l P o w e r ( d

B m )

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

23

4


i a n s )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres


(! *8*29

7

B?



600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-80

-60

-40

Frequency in MHz


B m )

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-5

0

5


i a n s )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres


(! *8*39

7

B@



600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-150

-100

-50

Frequency in MHz


B m )

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-5

0

5


i a n s )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres


(! *8*19

7

B%



600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

Frequency in MHz


B m )

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-4

-2

0

2

4


i a n s )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-180

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres


(! *8*09

7

>-



10-2

100

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Imag(εr)

d p

( m )

10-2

100

10-2

100

102

Imag(εr)

s p

( m )

10-2

100

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

Imag(εr)

τ p

( r a d )

d1=1.6m

d2=2.1m

d2=2.2m

10-2

100

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

Imag(εr)

γ p

(! *8*49 1 ( (

(

>$



100

101

102

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

R e l a t i v e e n e r g y i n s i n g u l a r v a l u e s

Number of principle eigenvectors, P

Im(εr)=-0.01

Im(εr)=-0.1

Im(εr)=-0.2

Im(εr)=-0.4

Im(εr)=-0.6

Im(εr)=-0.8

(! *8*?9

66 0 ,0,= 6 ,0,?

(

(

O 8 * 0

( 6

' ( ,0$B 6 ,0$@ O

* 8 0

,0,@ ( ( ( 6

(0 ++ ( ' 1 ( 7 0 ( 0

)

( '

90 8 '

( ' ( ( (0 . ' (

,0,> ' (6

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>,



,0,% ) # &?

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( * )

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) (/ M ( (' (

( 0

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(( 0 ) 1

' ( (0 .

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' ' (

0 & + (

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*848) .(!% ! ! -!(!!

,0=- ' (( 0

! (( * ( +4

4 +40 ( '

( ' 0 & ( (

(0 (0

,0=$ ( ( ( 0

(5 ((

'0

>=



T X

R X

0.3m

Antennas

Pipe

x

z

(! *8/@9 +( ' ((

-0.12

-0.1

-0.08

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

Azimuth position in meters

D e p t h i n m e t e r s

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

(! *8/)9 ( ( (

>A



) '/

*0 . ' ( ( '

' ( * ( ( *

'/ 9 ( 6 0 . )

( * ' ( 4"

0 ,0=, ( * ( 0

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-46

-44

-42

-40

-38

-36

-34

-32

-30

Frequency in MHz

R e c i e v e d S i g n a l P o

w e r ( d B m )

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

R e c i e v e d S i g n a l P h a

s e ( r a d i a n s )

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres

R e c e i v e

d p o w e r i n d B m

(! *8/*9 ( * (6

# ++ ( ( ( 4

8 ( ( ' ((

' ' (0 & 4 8

( ) ' 8

(( (

'0

,0== 6 ,0=B *

() ( ( ( 0

>B



( ++ (

6 1 9 6 ( 5

( !+ '

0

. ,0== '( 0 *

9 * 5 0 9 (

( *) ( / ( ( (

0

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

Frequency in MHz


200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-4

-2

0

2

4


0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres

R e c e i v e d p o w e r i n d

B m

(! *8//9 * (

. ,0=A ,0=B '( 0 .

' * 9 ( ( '0 . )

9 ( ' 0

( ++ ) ,A * 0

2 ( 1 90

& ( ( 9 (

90 ( ( 1

>>



200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-60

-40

-20

Frequency in MHz

R e c i e v e d S i g n a l P o w e r ( d B m

)

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-5

0

5


0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres


(! *8/29 $% * (

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-60

-40

-20

Frequency in MHz

R e c i e v e d S i g n a l P o w e r ( d B m

)

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200-5

0

5

R e c i e v e d S i g n a l P h a s e ( r a d i a n

s )

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

Depth in metres

R e c e i v e d p o w e r i n

d B m

(! *8/39 * (

>?



* : * : " 4( ,0=>0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.40

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35


R e l a t i v e a m p

l i t u d e i n v o l t s

PV 1PV 2

(! *8/19 &( ( (

++ ( 4(

( (: 0 ,0=?

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0 . ,0=?'"

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9 00 "0

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0 * '()

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( ( 9 "0

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0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06



(a)

0 0.5 1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

40 0.5 1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4



(b)

(! *8/09 .( '/ '0

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'" ( ( ++ (

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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9


S p a c i n g b e t w e e n s c a t t e r e r s i n m e t e r s

(! *8/49 ' ( 4(

4(

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Pipe

x

z

1m

0.1m0.1m

TX RX

(! *8/?9 +( ' '

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-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

Azimuth position in metres

D e p t h i n m e t r e s

(a)

0.5 1 1.5

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

10.5 1 1.5

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1



(b)

(! *82)9 .( '/ '0

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0

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0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9


S p a c i n g b e t w e e n s c a t t e r e r s i n m e t r e s

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-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

0

0.01

0.02



(a)

0.5 1 1.5

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

10.5 1 1.5

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1



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100

101

102

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

σm

(mS/m)

d p

( m )

(a) Target position

d1=1.6m

d2=2m

d2=2.1m

100

101

102

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

σm

(mS/m)

γ p

(b) Target dispersion

100

101

102

10-5

100

σm

(mS/m)

d p

e r r o r ( m

)

(c) Target position error

100

101

102

10-8

10-6

10-4

10-2

100

σm

(mS/m)

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100

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100

101

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100

101

102

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100

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100

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100

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