the developing person through the life span 8e chapter 2– theories of development 1. how are...
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The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e
Chapter 2– Theories of Development
1.How are theories useful?2.What are the basic
assumptions of psychoanalytic, behaviorist and cognitive
theories?
What Theories DoDevelopmental Theory
Oa systematic statement of principles and generalizations
Oprovides a framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older.
OTheoriesOform basis for hypotheses
that can be tested by research studies O formulating _________________________ is
more difficult that finding right answers
Ogenerate discoveriesOoffer insight and guidance
by providing coherent view
A little history….O 16thCentury:
Preformationism
Children were viewed as miniature
all-ready formed adults.
17th CenturyJohn LockeForerunner to Behaviorism“We can train children”Tabula rasa:
Parents could “mold” their child through careful instruction, good examples and rewards for good behavior.
His approach led to a change from harshness to kindness.
Did he believe Nature or Nurture were more important?
18th Century
O Jean Jacques RousseauO Child-centered approachO Noble Savages:
O Children had a natural map for growthO Adult training would HURT growthOWhich did he believe was more
powerful? Nature or Nurture?
18th and 19th CenturyO John Tetens and Frederich Carus
urged that attention to development be extended through adulthood.
Grand TheoriesO PsychoanalyticO Behaviorism (learning theory)O Cognitive
O grand in that they are…
Psychoanalytic Theory
A theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.
Psychoanalytic TheoryO Psychoanalytic theory originated
with Sigmund Freud (1856– 1939)O Introduced “stages” in childhood
O how a person experiences and resolves conflicts determines personality and patterns of behavior
ODid not believe in “stages” in adulthood
Erikson – 1902-1994
O a follower of Freud, interested in
O culture diversityO social changeO psychological crises
Psychoanalytic TheoryErickson’s Ideas
O Described eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmentalcrisis.
O His first five stages build on Freud’s theory; but he also described three adult stages.
Erickson’s Ideas:Like Freud, believed problems in adult life may stem from unresolved conflicts of childhoodUnlike Freud, Erikson stressed relationships rather than sexual urges
Psychoanalytic TheoryO Erikson – 1902-1994
O Described eight developmental stages
1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt3. Initiative vs. Guilt4. Industry vs. Inferiority5. Identity vs. Role Confusion6. Intimacy vs. Isolation7. Generativity vs. Stagnation8. Integrity vs. Despair
Behaviorism
OWatson 1878 – 19581.Began the American study
of behaviorism2.Studied “directly
observable” stimuli and response behavior
3. Built upon Classical Conditioning (Pavlov’s Dog)
Behaviorism
OAlso called learning theory as it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.
WE CAN TRAIN CHILDREN…OR ANYONE!
WE CAN TRAIN CHILDREN…OR ANYONE!
BehaviorismO Classical
Conditioning: OAdults could mold children’s behavior
by controlling stimulus-response
associationsO Little Albert/White
Rat
BehaviorismB.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
OOperant Conditioning O Behaviors can
be increased by using reinforcers
OBehaviors can be decreased by using punishments
OReinforcers are: OPraiseOFoodORewards
OPunishments are:OWithdrawal of
privilegesOdisapproval
BehaviorismSocial Learning Theory-
Albert Bandura (b. 1925)
O an extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior, i.e. groups
O ModelingO A person observes the actions of
others and then copies themO Most likely to occur if model is
admired or observer is inexperienced
Cognitive TheoryOThoughts and
expectations profoundly affect action.
OFocuses on changes in how people think over time.
OJean Piaget (1896–1980)
Children develop as they actively _______________________________________ the environment
Children develop in
Children’s understanding is very ____________ from adult’s
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Cognitive Theory
OJean Piaget’s 4 Stages OsensorimotorOpre-operationalOconcrete operationalOformal operational
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Cognitive Theory OPiaget loved BIG WORDS. Here
are some of them!
OCognitive equilibrium—state of mental balance.
O Assimilation: incorporate new events into existing schemas
O Accommodation: change ideas
O If threatened, how do we achieve equilibrium again?
Cognitive Theory
Information ProcessingO Not a single theory but a frameworkO Inspired by how a computer worksO How people think before they respondO How attention and thought affects
mental functionO Relationship between one person’s
thinking and another’s
Newer TheoriesSociocultural Theory
OLev Vygotsky (1896-1934)ODevelopment results from a person’s
interaction with their social and cultural surroundings
OCulture is integral to developmentOApprenticeship in thinking: how
cognition is “taught” by the older and more skilled
OZone of proximal development— the range of skills a learner can perform with assistance but not independentlyOlearner is drawn into
learning by teacher
Sociocultural Theory The Zone of Proximal Development
1. How would you teach a 5 year old to ride a bike?
2. How would you teach a young child how to use a nebulizer?
The Universal Perspective
Humanism “Humans are, at the basic level,
alike”OAbraham Maslow (1908-1970
OStresses the potential of humans for goodOAll people have the same needs (p. 51)OEmphasize what people have in common
The Universal Perspective
Humanism “Hate the sin but love the sinner”
OCarl Rogers (1902-1987)OAccept and respect one’s
personhoodOPeople are innately good, but may
not always make good choices
The Universal Perspective
Evolutionary TheoryO Based on Darwin’s ideasO Very controversial in psychological circlesO Humans are more alike than differentO Human development influenced by drives
to survive and reproduceO Selective adaptation: process by which
people adapt to their environment
What Theories Contribute
OEclectic perspectiveOThe approach taken by most
developmentalists OAspects of each of the various
theories of development are applied rather than adhering exclusively to one
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What Theories ContributeOPsychoanalytic theory has made us aware of the
importance of early childhood experiences.OBehaviorism has shown effect of the immediate
environment on learning.OCognitive theory shows how intellectual process
and thinking affect actions.
OSociocultural theory has reminded us of the importance of culture in learning.
OUniversal Theories stress that human differences are less significant than what all humans, in every place and era, share.