BELLWORK

DEFINE:

PERISTALSIS

CHYME

RUGAE

2.07 Remember the structures of the

digestive system 1

STANDARD

8) Outline basic concepts of normal structure

and function of all body systems, and explain

how homeostasis is maintained.

(the digestive system)

OBJECTIVES

IDENTIFY AND LABEL THE STRUCTURES

OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION OF EACH

STRUCTURE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Structures

Digestive system

Also known as:

Alimentary Canal

Digestive Tract

Gastrointestinal Tract Upper GI

Lower GI

Approximately 30’ in length from mouth to anus

2.07 Remember the structures of the

digestive system 5

Primary structures Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestines

Large intestines

Accessory structures Tongue

Teeth

Salivary glands

Pancreas

Liver

Gall bladder

2.07 Remember the structures of the

digestive system 6

Structures of the digestive

system

FUNCTIONS OF THE

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Physical breakdown of food: involves the

processes of ingestion and mastication

Chemical digestion of food into the end products

of fat, carbohydrates and protein: involves the

processes of digestion and secretion

Absorption of nutrients into blood capillaries of

the small intestines

Eliminate waste products of digestion: involves

the processes of excretion or defecation

Structures of the digestive system

Mouth

(buccal cavity) Tongue

Teeth

Salivary Glands

Palate

Uvula

2.07 Remember the structures of the

digestive system 9

Structures of the digestive

systemTongue

Attached to floor of mouth

Made of skeletal muscle attached to four bones

Taste buds on the surface

Sweet

Sour

Bitter

Salty2.07 Remember the structures of the

digestive system 10

Tasting is one of our special senses.

What other body system have we discussed

That relates to the tongue and our taste buds?

Structures of the digestive

system

Teeth

Primary (deciduous)

20 “baby teeth”

Secondary

(permanent)

32 “adult teeth”

The process of

chewing is called

mastication.

2.07 Remember the structures of the

digestive system 11

Structures of the digestive

system

Salivary glands

Produce enzymes

that break down

carbohydrates and

convert starches to

sugar

2.07 Remember the structures of the

digestive system 12

Structures of the digestive

systemPalate

Hard

Soft

Uvula

Flap of skin

hanging in the

back of the throat

This keeps food from

going up our nose

when we swallow!

2.07 Remember the structures of the

digestive system 13

HOW MANY OF YOU LIKE

SUSHI?

EVER WONDER WHY THEY

SERVE GINGER WITH YOUR

MEAL?

Structures of the digestive

system

Pharynx (throat)

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Hypopharynx

When we swallow

this closes off the

trachea

2.07 Remember the structures of the

digestive system 15

Structures of the digestive

system

Esophagus Muscular tube, 10”

long

Connects the pharynx and stomach

Peristalsis occurs here

Esophageal wall layers

– Mucosa

– Submucosa

– Muscular

– External serous

2.07 Remember the structures of the

digestive system 16

Consider the process of ingestion.

Are there any health concerns related to eating

and the esophagus?

Structures of the digestive

system

Stomach Upper left

quadrant of the of the abdominal cavity

Fundus

Body

Pylorus

Cardiac Sphincter

Pyloric Sphincter

Rugae- expanding folds

2.07 Remember the structures of the

digestive system 17

The stomach secretes gastric

acids and enzymes causing

chemical digestion.

How long does it take the

stomach to empty?

Structures of the digestive

system

Small intestines

Duodenum

First segment

12” long

Jejunum

Second segment

8’ long

Ileum

Third segment

10-12’ long

2.07 Remember the structures of the

digestive system 19

Small Intestines (small bowels)

The major organ of DIGESTION, where most

food is broken down

ABSORPTION occurs in small intestine ---

absorption of 80% of usable nutrients ---

digested food passes into bloodstream and

on to body cells, indigestible passes on to

large intestine

Fatty acids and fat absorbed into lymphatic

vessels from the small intestine

Structures of the digestive system

Large intestines

Approximately 2” in

diameter

5’ long

2.07 Remember the structures of the

digestive system 21

Large Intestines

(large bowel or colon) Responsible for water reabsorption

Absorption of vitamins produced in the large

intestine (B complex and K vitamins)

packaging and compacting the waste

products for elimination

Activity: Make a poster!

Break into four groups and divide tasks:

Draw/Label/Color the structures of the digestive

system: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small

intestines, and large intestines.

Write a brief description of the function of each

structure on your poster.

Include the accessory organs: liver, pancreas,

and gall bladder.

Research and add the function of the accessory

organs to your poster.

Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder

Liver

Located below the diaphragm, upper right

quadrant

Largest glandular organ and largest organ in

the abdominopelvic cavity

Receives 1.5 quarts of blood a minute from

the hepatic portal vein and artery

Connected to gallbladder and small intestine

by ducts

Liver Functions

Detoxifies the body by removing harmful substances such as certain

drugs and alcohol

Destroys old blood cells and recycles usable parts while eliminating

unneeded pats such as bilirubin. Bilirubin is eliminated in bile and

gives feces it distinctive color

Stores the simple sugar glucose as GLYCOGEN. When blood sugar

levels fall below normal, the liver reconverts glycogen to glucose

and releases it into the blood

Produces the clotting factors fibrinogen and prothrombin

Manufacture blood proteins – albumin and globulins

Manufactures bile (1 pint/day) which is needed for the digestion of

fats

Stores iron and vitamins A, B12 D, E and K

Produces cholesterol

Pancreas

6” long feather shaped organ located posterior

to the stomach

Exocrine function – secretes buffers and

digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct

into the duodenum

Digestive enzymes digest all three major food

types

Buffer—Sodium bicarbonate –neutralizes gastric

acids –protects the lining of the small intestine

Also has endocrine function

Gall bladder

Small, sac-shaped, muscular organ, green in

color, located at the inferior surface of the liver

Stores and concentrates bile -- reabsorbs water

content of bile received from liver

Bile enters the gallbladder by way of the hepatic

duct

When fatty foods enters the duodenum, bile is

released by gallbladder into the cystic duct and

then into the COMMON BILE DUCT which

connects to the duodenum

Homeostasis in the Digestive System

PH Balance occurs when the digestive tract (saliva,

enzymes, gastric juices) breaks down food quickly to

prevent bacteria from spreading infection.

Beneficial Microflora help maintain homeostasis by

fighting off infection and harmful bacteria. Examples of

this good bacteria include Bifidobacterium and

Acidophilus. This microflora is also capable of fighting

off drug metabolites and even carcinogens. They also

produce vitamin K.

Bellwork

INCONTINENCE – involuntary urination, often seem in older

persons, or due to illness and disease

GLYCOSURIA – sugar in urine, seen in DM, seriously ill individuals

with metabolic diseases or conditions

PYURIA – pus in urine, due to infection in the urine, or other part of

urinary system

ANURIA – no urine produced, acute and end stage kidney disease

HEMATURIA – blood in urine injury, disease or injury to kidney

DIURETIC – drug or substance to increase urine production

Standard

8) Outline basic concepts of normal structure

and function of all body systems, and explain

how homeostasis is maintained.

(particularly the urinary system)

Objectives

Label the structures of the urinary system

and describe each function

Explain how homeostasis is maintained in the

urinary system

Describe what dialysis is and who is a

candidate for this kind of treatment.

Identify what a urinalysis test is used for and

possible explanations of its results.

Urinary System

(also called the Excretory System)

Functions of the Kidney

remove waste products from the body

remove drugs from the body

balance the body's fluids

release hormones that regulate blood pressure

produce an active form of vitamin D that

promotes strong, healthy bones

control the production of red blood cells

Both the prefix “nephro” or the term

“renal” refer to the kidney.

The Ureters

One from each kidney

Can a person have more than two ureters?

Connect the kidneys to the bladder , carry

urine from kidney to bladder

Smooth muscle tube with mucous membrane

lining

Peristalsis pushes urine down ureters

Based on previous lessons, what is peristalsis?

The Bladder

Hollow, elastic muscular organ, capable of great

expansion, elastic fibers and involuntary muscle

Located the pelvic cavity

Stores and aids in the elimination of urine –

usually about 500cc

Emptying urine (voiding) is involuntary but

controlled through nervous system (voluntary)

Urine leaves the body through the URETHRA

The Urethra

The urethra is a tube that conveys urine from the

urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

Its wall is lined with mucous membranes and

contains a relatively thick layer of smooth

muscle tissue.

Female urethra: 4 cm; functions only as urinary

canal

Male urethra: functions both as a urinary canal

and a passageway for cells and secretions from

various reproductive organs. 20 cm.

URINALYSIS

The average output = 1500 ml/day

URINALYSIS – examination of urine to

determine presence of blood cells, bacteria,

acidity level, specific gravity and physical

characteristics (color, clarity and odor)

What are examples of a time a urinalysis might

be ordered?

THINK.PAIR.SHARE.

URINALYSIS

Bilirubin-What does it mean?

Bilirubin-pigment

made during the

breakdown of red

blood cells.

Usually liver or gall

bladder related.

Newborns-usually not

processing RBC

correctly.

Other chemicals found in urine.

Food,

dehydration,

and drugs

can also affect

these tests.

Usually, further

tests are done

to confirm any

questionable

results.

PKU is an amino acid deficiency that can cause mental

or physical disabilities. Tested as infants.

Chronic Renal Failure

Gradual loss of nephron

function lasting three months

or more

What does the nephron do?

Risk factors – diabetes,

hypertension, age, obesity,

ethnicity

Treatment for hypertension,

cholesterol, diet, fluid on heart

and lungs, itching

As the disease progresses

dialysis or kidney transplant

may be required

Dialysis (Watch Video)

Dialysis artificially removes waste products and extra

fluid from your blood when your kidneys can no longer

do this.

Hemodialysis- A machine filters wastes, salts and fluid from

your blood when your kidneys are no longer healthy

enough to do this work adequately.

Hemodialysis requires you to follow a strict treatment

schedule, take medications regularly and, usually, make

changes in your diet.

Peritoneal dialysis-During peritoneal dialysis, blood vessels

in your abdominal lining (peritoneum) fill in for your kidneys,

with the help of a fluid (dialysate) that flows into and out of

the peritoneal space.

Activity

Draw and color the

various possibilities of

urine samples. (Think

specimen cup)!!!

Label each and

describe what might

be the cause for the

color, clarity, or odor.

Circle any areas of

concern.