the digestive system
DESCRIPTION
The Digestive System. Also called the: Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) Alimentary canal Function: Break down food Prepare it for absorption Eliminate waste. Mouth. Pharynx. Salivary glands. Esophagus. Liver. Stomach. Pancreas (behind stomach). Gallbladder (behind liver). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Digestive SystemThe Digestive SystemAlso called the:Also called the:
Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)Alimentary canalAlimentary canal
Function:Function:Break down foodBreak down foodPrepare it for absorptionPrepare it for absorptionEliminate wasteEliminate waste
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Mouth
Salivary glands
Stomach
Pancreas (behind stomach)Large intestine
Small intestine
Rectum
Gallbladder (behind liver)
Liver
Esophagus
Pharynx
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The Process of DigestionThe Process of DigestionTwo types of digestion:Two types of digestion: Mechanical - physical breakdown of foodMechanical - physical breakdown of food Chemical - chemical breakdown of foodChemical - chemical breakdown of food
A.A. Oral (Buccal) cavity - The MouthOral (Buccal) cavity - The Mouth
1.1. Teeth – begins the mechanical Teeth – begins the mechanical digestiondigestion
2.2. Saliva – contains digestive enzymes Saliva – contains digestive enzymes that help begin the chemical digestive that help begin the chemical digestive processprocess
B.B. Hard palate – anterior roof of the mouthHard palate – anterior roof of the mouth
C.C. Soft palate – posterior roof of the mouthSoft palate – posterior roof of the mouth
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PharynxPharynx – back of the throat – back of the throatEsophagusEsophagus – carries food from the pharynx to – carries food from the pharynx to
the stomachthe stomachStomachStomach – saclike structure located in the left – saclike structure located in the left
upper quadrant (LUQ) that is made of rugae upper quadrant (LUQ) that is made of rugae (folds) (folds) 3 main parts:3 main parts:
FundusFundus – upper part – upper part BodyBody-large central part-large central part PylorusPylorus-funnel shaped part at the lower -funnel shaped part at the lower
end of the stomachend of the stomach Chemical Digestion Chemical Digestion – hydrochloric acid and – hydrochloric acid and
enzymesenzymes Mechanical DigestionMechanical Digestion
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Small IntestinesSmall Intestines• 20 foot long tube that extends from the pyloric 20 foot long tube that extends from the pyloric
sphinctor to the large intestinessphinctor to the large intestines• Consists of 3 parts:Consists of 3 parts:
• Duodenum – upper most part – approx. 10 Duodenum – upper most part – approx. 10 inches longinches long
• Jejunum – middle part - approx. 8 feet longJejunum – middle part - approx. 8 feet long• Ileum – lower part - approx. 12 feet longIleum – lower part - approx. 12 feet long
Digestion is completed here along Digestion is completed here along with enzymes from the pancreas with enzymes from the pancreas and liver and liver
Contains finger-like projections Contains finger-like projections called villi that aid in absorption called villi that aid in absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream of nutrients into the bloodstream
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Small Intestine Villus
Circular folds
Villi
Epithelial cells
Capillaries
Lacteal
Vein
Artery
Section 38-2
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Large IntestinesLarge IntestinesPassageway for waste products beginning at the Passageway for waste products beginning at the
end of the ileum and extending to the anusend of the ileum and extending to the anusAbout 5 feet in lengthAbout 5 feet in lengthFunction is to absorb water and minerals and Function is to absorb water and minerals and
eliminate wasteeliminate wasteCecum – 2-3 inchesCecum – 2-3 inchesAppendix – small appendageAppendix – small appendageAscending colonAscending colonTransverse colonTransverse colonDescending colonDescending colonSigmoid colonSigmoid colonRectumRectumAnus Anus
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Liver
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Bile duct
Pancreas
Pancreatic duct
To small intestine
Section 38-2
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Site
Mouth
Stomach
Small intestine(from pancreas)
Small intestine
Site
Mouth
Stomach
Small intestine(from pancreas)
Small intestine
EnzymeEnzyme Role in DigestionRole in Digestion
Section 38-2
Salivary amylase
Pepsin
Amylase
Trypsin
Lipase
Maltase, sucrase, lactase
Peptidase
Breaks down starches into disaccharides
Breaks down proteins into large peptides
Continues the breakdown of starch
Continues the breakdown of protein
Breaks down fat
Breaks down remaining disaccharides into monosaccharides
Breaks down dipeptides into amino acids.
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Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
•Open sore in the digestive tract caused by:•Action of the hydrochloric acid•Helicobacter pylori bacteria
•S/S•Heartburn, abdominal pain
•Tx•Antibiotics•Nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs•Avoiding caffeine, smoking, and alcohol
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bXZRgJ-1fk
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Hernia
•Protusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained•Inguinal - groin•Umbilical - umbilicus•Diaphragmatic - abdomen•Hiatal - abdomen•S/S
•Varies according to site•Tx
•Surgical repair
http://www.videomd.com/What-is-a-Hernia-fv-6871.aspx
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Intestinal Obstruction
•Partial or complete blockage in the small or large intestines that prevents forward flow of digestive products caused by tumors, twisting of the intestines, scar tissue, etc.•S/S
•Abdominal pain, vomiting•Lack of bowel sounds
•Tx•Insertion of an intestinal tube•Surgery
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvudWuvMjtA
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Hemorrhoids
•Enlarged veins in the anal canal caused by pressure from straining during bowel movements, pregnancy, prolonged sitting•S/S
•Bleeding, pain, itching•Tx
•Cold compresses•Stool softeners•Analgesic ointments•Surgical removal
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQ18G5WIo-0
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Hepatitis
•Inflammation of the liver•Hepatitis A - Infectious Hepatitis •Hepatitis B or C - Serum Hepatitis
•S/S•Hepatitis A – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea•Hepatitis B, C – possible flu-like symptoms, by may remain asymptomatic for years•Both - Jaundice
•Tx•Hepatitis A – no specific tx available •Hepatitis B- vaccination or immune globulin after exposure
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Diverticulitis•Small, blisterlike pockets develop in the inner lining of the large intestines and may balloon through the intestinal wall•S/S
•Usually asymptomatic unless they become inflamed •Pain in the LLQ, extreme constipation, or diarrhea, fever, occasional blood in the stool
•Tx•Antibiotics•Soft diet•Surgery in severe cases
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQTbYt6QFzM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLDJuZ9Ct7k