Carnivore:Herbivore:Omnivore:

Meat eaterPlant eaterEats both plants AND animals

C

Incisors- foremost teeth used to bite into food

Canines- largest teeth, used for tearing food (if present in mouth)

Premolars & Molars- crush and grind food

-Incisors Canines Premolars Molars

Upper 6 2 8 4

Lower 6 2 8 6

Upper 6 2 8 4

Lower 6 2 8 6

Upper 0 0 6 6

Lower 6 2 6 6

Saliva: •produced by FOUR salivary glands. •Contains enzyme amylase which begins to break down starch into simple sugar, maltose. •Helps maintain stable pH in mouth. •Makes food easier to swallow.

Tongue: •Helps to obtain food and moves it around in mouth to aid in chewing

Bolus- food that is ground into a small ball and ready to be swallowed.

Esophagus- •Delivers food through neck, chest cavity, and diaphragm into stomach•Food is propelled by peristalsis (set of muscle contractions in a hollow organ that propels its contents)

Stomach- •Secretes gastric juices and muscle contractions to break down food. •Little absorption occurs here

Monogastric- single stomach Examples…..

Ruminant- four compartment stomach Examples…..

BoLiver & Pancreas- •Controls blood sugar levels and stores certain vitamins and iron•Both secrete digestive enzymes needed for further digestion

Small Intestine- •Lined with finger-like projections called villi, which aid in absorption of nutrients•Much of digestion and absorption of nutrients occur within small intestine

THREE PARTS: 1. Duodenum, 2. Jejunum, 3. Ileum

Large Intestine- •Absorbs water from material that will become feces•Three parts: Colon, Cecum, Rectum

**Note: Horses have a well-developed large intestine

Cecum is very long- 1.25 meters (4.1 Feet), can hold 25-30 Liters

Secretion Source LocationActionSalivary amylase Salivary glands Mouth Digests Starches

HCI Stomach Stomach Breaks down protein, activates pepsin

Pepsin Stomach Stomach Digests protein

Trypsin Pancreas Small Intestine Digests protein

Lipase Pancreas Small Intestine Digests fat

Secretion Source Location Action

Amylase Pancreas Small Intestine Digests starches

Gastrin Stomach Stomach Increases HCI release

Secretin Duodenum Liver Increases bile production by the liver

Gastric inhibitary Duodenum Stomach Decreases activity of stomach

Livestock with four-compartment stomachsRumen: •First stomach,• large fermentation vat, takes up most of left side of abdomen. •Lined with fingerlike projections called papillae- increase surface area that allows for absorption of nutrients

Reticulum: Lining looks like a honeycomb- makes the site that traps any heavy object ingestedPlacing a magnet in stomach prevents hardware disease by holding metal tight against it- prevents sharp ends from penetrating stomach wall

Hardware disease- sharp piece of metal punctures through wall of reticulum into abdomen, penetrates liver or diaphragm and into heart.

Omasum: Lined with long folds that prevent large particles from passing and increasing surface areaProvides water absorption

Abomasum: True StomachSimilar to monogastric stomachFurther digestion by cow’s enzymes

Rumination:

Food taken in quickly by ruminants, then rumen and reticulum contract forcing some of ingested food back through the esophagus and into mouth (regurgitation). The animal then takes time to chew it into finer pieces (cud chewing)

Colic- Abdominal illness in horsesSymptoms- horse will turn and look or kick at their sides, lie down and get up frequently or roll to relieve pain. Common causes are impaction of food in small intestine, torsion (twist) of small intestine, extreme gas, excessive consumption of sand.

Bloat- Large, gaseous distention of rumen (common in cattle). Cows must periodically belch to release the gas from the rumen; if not, bloat will result. In worst cases, a needle needs to be inserted in the cow’s side to relieve the gas.

**Both can be fatal**

BCarbohydrates: •Supply vitamin E •Provide structure within a cell•Supply fiber and bulkiness to diet•Provides glucose to maintain blood sugar levels•Needed to complete metabolism of fat

Monosaccharide: simple sugars (Ex. Glucose, fructose)Disaccharides: two sugars (Ex. Lactose)Polysaccharide: long chains of simple sugars (Ex. Starch, cellulose)

Proteins: •Made of chains of Amino Acids•Key role in structure and function of cells•Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies•Utilized as a source of vitamin E for animals

Essential amino acids: must be supplied in diet

Include: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

Nonessential amino acids: can be synthesized from other Amino Acids

Deficiencies: poor growth, low body weight, poor immunity

Fats: •Immediate supply of E or stored.•Provides a source of E, insulation, and some protection to organs•Produces certain hormones•Increases palatability (tastiness) of food•Needed for absorption of certain vitamins.

Water: •Most critical nutrient•A loss of only 10% of the body’s water is a serious health risk•Loss of 15% or more is life threatening•Up to two thirds of the body is water•Provides shape to cells•Helps transport nutrients, wastes, and hormones in blood•Controls body temperature

VitaminsMost are needed in small amounts to maintain health and function of animalsMay act as enzymes or coenzymesEither:

Fat soluble: absorbed from intestinal tract with Fat; stored in body- A, D, E, K

Water soluble: not stored in body, need to be taken on daily basis

Eight Vitamin B’s and C

Antioxidant (Vitamins A, C, E- protect lipid membranes of cells

A Pigment of retina, night vision, healthy cell function

D Synthesized in skin from exposure to UV rays, maintenance & formation of bone and teeth

E Associated with selenium, important role in immune & reproductive systems

K Blood clotting

B1 (Thiamin) Maintenance of nervous system

B2 (Riboflavin) Healthy skin

B3 (Niacin) Healthy oral tissue

B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Antibody Production

B6 (Pyriodozine) Hemoglobin formation

Folic Acid Red blood cell formation

Biotin Healthy skin & hooves

B12 (Cobolamin) Red blood cell production

C Wound healing & collagen formation

B

Categorized based on relative amounts required by the body

Macrominerals- Needed in larger amountsCa, K, Na, P, Mg, S, Cl

Trace Minerals (micronutrients)- Not usually needed in supplement form; often involved in speeding up chemical enzyme reactions and included in hormones.

Calcium (Ca) Development of bones & teethChloride (Cl) Fluid control in bloodPhosporus (P) Bone & teeth; structure of cell membraneMagnesium (Mg) Bone & teeth; hemoglobin productionPotassium (K) Needed in protein synthesis; function of

nerves and muscleSodium (Na)Function of nerves & musclesSulfur (S) In amino acids; methionine & cystineCobalt (Co) Involved in many enzyme reactionsCopper (Cu) Necessary for proper iron metabolism

Iodine (I) Portion of thyroid hormone; proper reproductive cycle

Iron (Fe) Portion of hemoglobin & oxygen metabolism

Manganese (Mn) Involved in bone & connective tissue development

Selenium (Se) Antioxidant; needed for healthy immune system

Zinc (Zn) Role in bood cell formation & wound healing; needed for healthy skin & hooves; and immune system

A