The dried leaves with or without the flowering tops of Datura stramonium, family Solanaceae.

Active constituents: Alkaloids ( hyoscyamine, hyoscine &

atropine). Uses: Antispasmodic & in preanesthetic medication to stop body secretions.

Stramonium الداتورة

Ipecacuanhaالذهب عرق

The dried roots or roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, family

Rubiaceae.Active constituent :

Alkaloids: emetine, cephaeline and psychortine .Uses :

-Expectorant and emetic.- Treatment of amoebic dysentery (emetine HCL injection).- Have anti tumor properties and selective inhibitor of HIV virus.

The dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum or Eugenia caryophyllus family Myrtaceae. Active constituents:- Essential oil ( eugenol , acetyl eugenol , isoeugenol). - Sesquiterpenes.- Hydrolysable tannin.Uses: - Aromatic Flavoring & antiseptic. - Local anesthetic for toothache. - Anticarcinogenic (sesquiterpenes). - Preparation of vanillin (eugenol).

Cloveقرنفل

The dried sliced bulb of the white variety of Urginea maritima or U. indica, family Liliaceae.

Active constituents:

- Mixture of glycosides: Scillaren A & B, urginin A & B.- Flavonoids.

Uses:- Expectorant & emetic(mainly due to reflex action on the bronchioles). - Rapid cardiotonic action ( short half life cardiac glycoside ).

White squillالعنصل بصل

Atropa belladonnaست نبات

الحسن

The dried leaves with or without the flowering tops of Atropa belladonna,

Family: Solanaceae.Active constituents: alkaloids:

(hysocyamine-scopolamine-belladonine-atropine)Uses : - mydriatic , antispasmodic(atropine) .

-sedative , CNS depressant(scopolamine) . -CNS stimulant (hysocyamine& atropine)

Licoriceالعرقسوس

The dried peeled or unpeeled roots and Stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra, family

Leguminosae Acive constituents

-Saponin glycoside (Glycyrrhizin).-Flavonoid glycosides.

-Coumarins.-Uses :

- Expectorant, demulcent & anti-inflammatory.- Treatment of gastric & duodenal ulcers. - Used as sweetener and flavoring agent.

Gingko leafالجنكة اوراق

uses :

- Flavonoids. - Diterpene lactones ginkgolides A, B, C ,J and

M and the sesquiterpene lactone bilobalide.

- symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate cerebrovascular insufficiency (disturbancein concentration ) and act as an anti-vertigo.

 

The dried leaf of Ginkgo Biloba, family Ginkgoaceae.

 Active constituents:

The dried sliced root of Jateorhiza palmata ,family Menispermaceae .

Active constituents: -Yellow crystalline alkaloids:

Columbamine, jatrorrhizine and palmatine.

-Bitter principles (furanoditerpenes):Columbin, palmarin, chasmanthin and more.

Uses: - Bitter tonic and stomachic. - It is used specially for anorexia and flatulent dyspepsia.

Calumba root كالومبا جذر

Horse chestnut الحصان كستنة

The dried seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum, family Hippocastanaceae.Active constitute : - Saponin referred to as escin.- Flavones, caumarins & tannins .Uses : Treatment of peripheral vascular disorders such as varicose veins, haemorrhoids and leg ulcers.Anti-inflammatory.

The seeds of Coffea arabica, family Rubiaceae

Active constituents:- Alkaloids: Caffeine , Theobromine and Theophylline.- Tannins , fats and sugars.

Uses: - Stimulant drink , diuretic & analgesic.- Production of caffeine

Coffee beansالقهوة حبـوب

Digitalis purpurea leaf الديجيتال ورقة

األرجواني

The dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea, family Scrophulariaceae.Active constituents:

-Cardiac glycosides: purpurea glycoside A & B.

-Saponins . -Flavonoids.

Uses: - Congestive heart failure

- Cardiac arrhythmia

Digitalis lanata leaf الديجيتال ورقة

الصوفيThe dried leaves of Digitalis lanata, family Scrophulariaceae.Active constituents:

-Cardiac glycosides: lanatocides A , B, C & E

-FlavonoidsUses:

-Congestive heart failure -Cardiac arrhythmia

Thyme الزعتر

The dried aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris and other Thymus species, family Labiatae.

Active constituents :- -Volatile oil ( thymol and carvacrol ).

- -Flavonoids.-Uses -:

- -Antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, carminative & antispasmodic .

- -Antitussive and expectorant.

The dried nearly ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum, family Apiaceae .

Active constituents: -Volatile oil (linalool ).

-Flavonoids -Fats and proteins

Uses: - Used as a spice .

- It has strong lipolytic activity . - Stomachic, spasmolytic and carminative .

Corianderالكزبرة

Sage الميريميه

The dried whole or cut leaves of Salvia officinalis, family Labiatae.Active constituents:

-Essential oil (α- & β- thujone, cineole and borneol).

- -Flavonoids and estrogenic substances.- -Tannins

Uses:- -Antioxidant, antibiotic, antifungal,

astringent and antispasmodic.- -Reduces perspiration.

-Alleviates some menopausal symptoms in women

Nutmeg جوزة

الطيبThe dried kernels of the seeds of Myristica

fragrans, family Myristicaceae. Active constituents :

- -Volatile oil: pinene, sabinene, camphen, myristicin, safrol and eugenol.

- Coloring matter and a saponin Uses:

-Flavoring , carminative and stomachia -Topical anti-inflammatory

-Euphoric and hallucinogenic effect of high doses of nutmeg seems linked to the

presence of myristicin .

Rosemaryإكليل الجبل

The dried flowering tops of leafy twigs of Rosmarinus officinalis ,

family Labiatae .Active constituents :

- -Volatile oil:(cineole, borneol, comphor and bornyl acetate).

-Flavonoids.Uses:

- Perfumery industry, component of soap liniment & in aromatherapy.

The dried ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum, family Linaceae.

Active Constituents : -Fixed oil .

-Mucilage and protein . -Lignans .

-Cyanogenetic glycoside (linamarin). Uses:

-Poultices and demulcent preparations.-The oil is used in liniments .

-Linseed oil has antibacterial effect. -Linseed cake is a valuable cattle food.

Linseed) الكتان) بذرة

The dried ripe seeds of Brassica nigra, family Cruciferae .

Black mustard

األسود الخردل

Active constituents : - Sinigrin and myrosin & yield after

maceration with water volatile oil(allyisothiocyanate.)

-Mucilage, Fixed oil & proteins.Uses :

-Rubefacient and counterirritant (plasters).- -Reduction of the risk of cancers of

-alimentary tract. -Condiment.

Boldo leafورقة

The dried leaves of Peumus boldus, familyالبولدوMonimiaceae.

Active constituents : - Alkaloid (Boldine)

- Volatile oils (linalool and cineole) - Glycoside(boldoglucin)

- Tannic acid Uses :

- Hepatic stimulant - Anti-hepatotoxic

- Mild diuretic - Boldine has cytoprotective and

anti-inflammatory properties

Nux vomicaالمقيء الجوز

The dried seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica, family Loganiaceae.

Active constituents: -Alkaloids ( strychnine and brucine) .

- -Lignin glycoside. -Fixed oil.

Uses :- -As a respiratory stimulant in certain

cases of poisoning .- -In large doses, it causes violent

convulsions involving the respiratory muscles and death due to asphyxia.

The dried flowering tops of Achillea millefolium, family Compositae.Active Constituents:

- -Essential oil (chamazulene, camphor & borneol) .

- -Sesquiterpene lactones. -Flavonoids.

-Alkaloids. : Uses

Treatment of various skin conditions and digestive disorders.

Yarrowاأللفية األخيلية

Galls العفص

Pathological outgrowth resulting from the deposition of the eggs of the insect Cynips gallaetinctoriae, family Cynipidae on the twigs

of Quercus infectoria family Fagaceae. Active constituents

-Tannins yielding gallotannic acid. -Gallic acid, ellagic acid & sitosterol.

-Starch.Uses:

-In astringent ointments & to treat burns. -In the manufacture of permanent inks.

-In dyeing. - In alkaloid poisoning.

Tea leavesأوراق

The prepared leaves (black tea) & dried leavesالشاي(green tea) of Thea sinensis, family Theaceae.

Active constituents:

-Alkaloids ( caffeine , theobromine , theophylline) .- Flavonoids & catechins.- Polyphenols (in green tea).

-Tannins & Volatile OilsUsesCNS stimulant , mild- diuretic, anti-oxidant & weak muscle relaxant.

The dried seeds of Sesamum indicum, Family Pedaliaceae.

Active constituents:

-Fixed oil (Glycerides of oleic & linoleic acids with small proportion of palmetic, stearic & arachidic acids).

-Lignans ( phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity).

Uses: - Phytoestrogens .- Antioxidant and anti- cancer properties. - Reduce levels of blood cholesterol.

Sesameالسمسم

Strophanthus seedاألستروفبذورانس

Active constituents:Strophanthus kombe & S.hispidus contain cardiac glycosides known as k-strophanthoside , S. gratus contain G-Strophanthin (Ouabain). Uses:

Ouabain acts quickly, it has been used for emergency treatment in case of acute

heart failure .

The dried ripe seeds of Strophanthus kombe, S. hispidus, S. gratus, family

Apocynaceae deprived of their awns.

Atropa belladonnaالحسن ست نبات

The dried leaves with or without the flowering tops of Atropa belladonna,

Family Solanaceae.Active constituents :

alkaloids:(hysocyamine, scopolamine, belladonine & atropine)

Uses: - Mydriatic & antispasmodic (atropine) .

-Decreases the body secretions . -CNS stimulant (hysocyamine& atropine)

Calabar beanفولة

كاالبار The dried ripe seeds of Physostigma

Venenosum, family Leguminosae .

Active constituents:Alkaloid physostigmine(eserine).

Uses:- A myotic drug.

- It has a cholinergic effect and stimulates gland secretions .

Garlic الثوم The bulb of Allium sativum, family

Liliaceae .

Active constituents: -Pungent volatile oil(sulpher-containing

compound allicin) . -Sulpher-containing amino acid alliin.

Uses:It has hypolipidaemic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic, antithrombitic & anticancer effects.

The herb of various species of Ephedra ,family Ephedraceae .Active constituents :

-About 0.5-2% Alkaloids; ephedrine (30-40%) & pseudoephedrine.

- Flavonoids. Uses :

- Relief of asthma & hay fever. - Incorporated in some nasal sprays or drops for vasoconstrictive treatment of the acute congestion in rhinitis & sinusitis.

Ephedra االفيدرا

Hyoscyamus muticusالمصري السكران

The dried leaves with or without the flowering tops of Hyoscyamus muticus, family Solanaceae.

Active constituents: Alkaloids, mainly hyoscyamine .

Uses:- Antispasmodic, counteract griping effect of purgatives.

The dried bark of Cinnamomum cassia family Lauraceae.

Active constituents: -Volatile oil consisting of cinnamic aldehyde. -Condensed tannin & mucilage.Uses: Antispasmodic , carminative & flavoring agent.

Cassia Chinese cinnamon

القرفة

Khat

القاتThe fresh leaves of Catha edulis,

Family: Celastraceae.Active constituents:

-Khat contains more than 40 alkaloids which are phenylalkylamines ( cathinone, cathine , cathidine and eduline are the most important).

Uses : -When the leaves are chewed, have a

stimulatory effect with the alleviation of depression and of the sensations of hunger and fatigue.

- Khat use is officially forbidden in some countries as saudi Arabia and Sudan .

The dried root and rhizomes of Rauwolfia serpentina family

Apocynaceae. Active constituents :

Alkaloids (Reserpine , rescinnamine and ajmaline are the most important) .Uses:

- Management of essential hypertension.

- In certain neuropsychiatric .- Treatment of cardiac arrhythmia due to ajmaline content.

Rauwolfia جذر ) الروالفيا

الثعبان(

Aloesالصبر

The dried juice obtained from thecut leaves of certain Aloe species (e.g. Aloe vera), family Liliaceae.

Active constituents:

- C-glycosides namely; barbaloin (aloin) and its isomer isobarbaloin (anthraquinone glycosides).

-Aloinoside A & B (O-glycosides of barbaloin).-Aloe-emodin aglycone.- Alosin resin.Uses:

- Purgative .

The dried ripe fruits of Capsicum annuum var. minimum, family Solanaceae .

Active constituents :- Pungent alkaloid ( capsaicine).- Fixed oil. - Fats & proteins.

- -Vitamins A,C. -Traces of volatile oil.

Uses: - Counter-irritant in medicated plasters to relief

rheumatism and lumbago . -Treatment of pain of rheumatoid arthritis .

Capsicum الفلفل الشطه(األحمر(

The dried leaflets of Cassia acutifoila known as Alexandrian senna or Cassia angustifolia known as Indian senna, Family Leguminoseae.

Active constituents : - Free anthraquinones and anthraquinone glycosides ( sennosides A, B, C & D ).-Naphthalene glycosides .- Mucilage.

Uses :Act on the colon and stimulate its muscles (irritant laxative);- Small doses: laxative-Large doses: purgative- Very large doses: cathartic

Senna leafletsسنامكي

Sandalwood خشب

الصندل The dried heart wood of Santalum album,

family Santalaceae.Active constituents :

Volatile oil contains 90-97% of sesquiterpene alcohols

( α&β-santalol ) with sesquiterpene )hydrocarbons α & β- (santalene.

Uses: -Excellent sedating agent.

-Urinary disorders (diuretic and antiseptic).- In perfumes.

The dried ripe seeds of Brassica alba, family Cruciferae Active constituents:

- Crystalline thio-glycoside, sinalbin. - Fixed oil & protiens.

Use :- Rubefacient.

- Reduction in risk of cancers of alimentary tract. - May be used in the form of infusion, poultice or footbath.

White mustardاألبيض الخردل

Lavender flowerزهرة

الخزامى

The dried flowers of Lavandula officinlalis, family Labiatae.

Active constituents :Volatile oil consisting mainly of linalyl acetate, linalol and geraniol.Uses:

Perfuming agent in manufacture of perfumes and cosmetic preparations .

Bearberry (Uva ursi)الديب عنب

The dried leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, family Ericaceae.

Active constituents: - Two phenolic glycosides: arbutin and methyl arbutin. -Ursone, tannins, ellagic acid and gallic acid and yellow coloring principle. Uses:Stimulant, diuretic and antiseptic of the

urinary tract .

The dried flower heads of Matricaria

recutita, family CompositaeActive constituents:

-Volatile oil contains sesquiterpene lactones (chamazulene, matricin, bisabolol and farnesene.)

-Apigenin flavonoid and coumarins. Uses:

-Antispasmodic for digestive disorders. - Anti-inflammatory in skin preparations.

- Has an ulcer-protective properties due to bisabolol .

Chamomile البابونج

The dried shoot bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum , family Lauraceae.

Active constituents:-Volatile oil :(contains 55%-65% cinnamic

aldehyde , 4-8% eugenol) .

- Tannin and mucilage . Uses :

-Carminative.

- -Antispasmodic -Flavoring agent .

-The oil also is a powerful germicide

Cinnamon Bark

القرفة

The dried roots of Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng ) and P.ginseng (Asian ginsing), family

Araliaceae . Active constituents :

Uses : -Adaptogenic (antistress), Improve

physical and mental performance. -Tonic, stimulant , diuretic and

carminative -Improves immune system.

Contraindicated in case of hypertension and during pregnancy .

Saponins glycosides (Ginsenosides & Panaxosides)

Ginseng Rootالجينسنج

Catharanthus Herbالوينكا عشب

The dried whole plant of catharanthus roseus,Family Apocynaceae .Active constituents:

Alkaloids (vinblastine & vincristine). Uses:

-Vinblastine sulfate used for neoplasma & hodgkin’s disease .

- Vincristine sulphate used for treatment of acute lymphoid leukemia.

Jaborandi leavesالجبوراندي

The dried leaflets of Pilocarpus microphyllus,Family Rutaceae.Active constituents:

- alkaloids ;(pilocarpine, isopilocarpine, pilosine & isopilosine). - volatile oil (limonene,pinene& caryophylline)uses:

- Pilocarpine is a parasympathomimetic drug. - In ophthalmic practice , in treatment of glaucoma due to miotic action..

The dried leaves & flowering tops of Origanum majorana, family Labiatae .

Volatile oil: (α-terpineol , sabinene hydrate , linalool)

Active constituents:

-Used locally to relieve the symptoms of common cold .

-To treat acute benign bronchial disease .

uses:

Marjoramالبردقو

ش

The dried leaves with or without the flowering of tops of Dature stramonium family Solanaceae.

Active constituents: Alkaloids ( hysocyamine_hyoscine_Atropine)

Uses: Antispasmodic , treatment for some serious psychological problems, and nervous system disorders (convulsions, epilepsy)

Stramoniumالداتورة

Basil الريحان

The dried leaves of Ocimum basilicum (Sweet basil) Ocimum minimum (Bush basil) family Lamiaceae .Active constituents:

-Essential oil(eugenol, chavicol methyl ether, linalool) -Caffeic acid derivatives & flavonoids .

Uses : - The herb and oil have potent antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties- Used for treatment of stress, rheumatic arthritis

and skin diseases .- -Stimulant, diuretic & stomachic.

-The volatile oil is used in aromatherapy .

The dried seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum in Family Leguminosae.

Active constituent : -Alkaloids( trigonelline and choline) .- fixed oil, protein and amino acid s.

Use : -Antidiabetic and antilipidemic , anti-ulcer , anti-cancer.- Demulcent , emollient and laxative .

Fenugreekالحلبــــ

ـــــة

Menthaالنعناع

The dried leaves of Mentha piperita family Labiatae. Active constituents:

- Volatile oil (menthol – menthyl acetate ). -Tannins.

- Flavonids. Uses: - Antispasmodic, carminative & flavoring agent. - Diaphoretic & anti-emetic.

Star aniseالنجمي اليانسون

The dried fruits of Illicium verum family Illiciaceae .

Active constituents : -Essential oil, which is dominated

by anethole (85 to 90%).The other components are phellandrene, safrole and terpineol& traces of cineole.

Uses:- A digestive aid and to help cure colic in babies. -More recently, shikimic Acid, extracted from star anise, is one of the chief ingredients in the antiviral drugs used to treat influenza.

The dried ripe fruits of Cuminum cyminum ,family Apiaceae.

Active constituents: Volatile oil consisting mainly of cuminic

aldehyde, pinine & α-terpeniol . Uses: - One of the commonest spices.- In folk medicine as an antispasmodic.

Cumin الكمون

Carawayالكـراوي

ــــــا The dried ripe fruits of Carum carvi,

family Apiaceae Active constituents :

- Essential oil(3-7%)consist mainly of carvone and liomonene.

- Fixed oil & proteins. Uses:

- Antispasmodic, carminative & stimulant . - It is used mainly for stomach complains in

both adults & children .

Dillالشبت

The dried ripe fruits of Anethum graveolens, family Umbelliferae. Active constituents:Essential oil containing carvone , limonene , dillapiole and myristicin

Uses: Carminative and flavoring used in infants gripe water.

Fennel

The dried fruits of Foeniculum vulgare (bitter fennel) or F. vulgare variety dulce

(sweet fennel ,)family Umbelliferae. Active Constituents

)Volatile oil (anethole 60% and fenchone 30%Therapeutic Uses

-Aromatic flavoring

-Carminative

الشمر

The dried nearly ripe seeds of Elettaria cardamomum, family Zingiberaceae Active constituents :- Volatile oil mainly terpinyl acetate and cineole and other monoterpenes . -Starch.- Fixed oil and calcium oxalate .Uses : -Digestive in dyspepsia & flatulence. - For mental fatigue and nervous stress . - Antiseptic, cholagogue & antihepatotoxic.

Cardamom الهيل

Psyllium Seedقاطونة بذور

لسان) The dried ripe seeds of plantagoالحمل(

psyllium, P. indica & P. ovata, family Plantaginaceae .Active constituents:

-Mucilage.-Fixed Oil.

-Diterpene aucubin.Uses: -

-In the treatment of chronic constipation. -As demulcent .

Curcumaكركم

The dried prepared rhizomes of Curcuma Domestica, family Zingiberaceae.

Active constituents:

-Volatile oil, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. -Geiatinized starch.

: Uses- Treatment of jaundice and hepatitis.

-strong Antihepatotoxic action.-indicated for inhibition of platelet

aggregation .

Eucalyptus Leaf الكافور بديل

The dried leaves of Eucalyptus globulus, Family Myrtaceae.

Active constituents: -Volatile oil containing %50 cineole.

--Tannin . -Flavonoids.

Uses. : -For asthma & antiseptic .- The oil is used in anti-rheumatic preparations.- Astringent due to the presence of tannin.

Rhubarb Rhizomeالراوند

The dried rhizomes and big roots of Rheum palmatum, R. officinale or of other species of Rheum except Rheum rhaponticum family Polygonaceae.

Active constituents: - Free anthraquinones (chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, rhein & emodin).- Heterodianthrones .- Hydrolysable and condensed tannins . Uses: In small doses : bitter stomachic an intestinal astringent. In large doses : irritant laxative.

Cinchona Bark الكينا خشب

Dried stem &root bark of cinchona succirubra (Red cinchona), C. ledgeriana, C. calisaya(yellow cinchona bark)and C. officinalis (pale cinchona) family Rubiaceae

Active constituents: -Quinoline alkaloids:

(quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine) -Condensed Tannin (cinchotannic acid)

Uses:-Tonic, stomachic ,and astringent .

--Quinine it is used as anti-malarial (contra indicated in pregnancy it causes abortion)

-Quinidine is used to treat auricular fibrillation antirheumatic -cinchonine & cinchonidine are used as

Colchicumاللحالح

The seed and corm of Colchicum autumnale, Family (Liliaceae)Active constituent:

-up to 0.6-1.2% colchicine other colchicum –type alkaloids.

- A resin,fixed oil and reducing sugar.uses:

Colchicum preparation are used to relieve gout(employed with caution)

The dried leaves of Lawsonia inermis, Family Lytheraceae.

Active constituents:-Coloring matter, lawson (naphthoquinone),- Phenolic glycosides, coumarins , xanthones

&quinoids.Uses:

- As hair dye.- -Antifungal.

- The astringent stem bark is traditionally used in India for the treatment of jaundice, enlargement of liver & spleen & various skin diseases.

Hennaالحناء