The Duel for North America

France Finds a Foothold in Canada

• Similar to the English and Dutch, _________________________– 1500s: religious wars (Protestant

vs. Catholic) and foreign wars• In 1534, the French explorer Jacques

Cartier came to Canada and claimed it for France.

• 16th century French efforts to establish settlements in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia failed

– In 1598, the Edict of Nantes was issued by the crown of France

– Limited religious freedom to Huguenots (Fr Protestants)• Stopped internal religious wars

France Finds a Foothold in Canada

• In 1608, France established ______________– Leading figure was Samuel de Champlain

• Soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him the title "Father of New France“

• Entered into friendly relations with the neighboring Huron Indians and helped them defeat the Iroquois

– Iroquois would hamper French expansion into Ohio River Valley later

• The government of New France(Canada) was under direct controlof the king– The people did not

elect any representative assemblies

Quebec

France Finds a Foothold in Canada

• No massive French immigration to North America– – – – – –

“Daughters of the King”Filles du roi

• Only 12% of the emigrants to Canada in the 17th century were _______________

• Most of these were “daughters of the king”– From an orphanage in

Paris – Given a dowry to come

to North America– Expected to marry

quickly after arriving

New France Sets Out• New France’s (Canada) one valuable resource

was the beaver • Beaver hunters were known as the coureurs de

bois • Monopolies were granted (trusts) by royal

charter• French voyageurs also recruited Indians to hunt

for beaver as well– Indians were decimated by diseases– The beaver population was also heavily decimated

• French Catholic missionaries (Jesuits) zealously tried to convert Indians

– Met Native Americans in their homes, lived with them, learned their language

• Louisiana (New Orleans most important city) was founded, in 1682, to thwart Spanish expansion into the area near the Gulf of Mexico

Loss of “safety net”, reliance on one resource?

The Clash of Empires• The Battle for Supremacy in North America, England vs. France

• _________________ (1689-1697)– French raided English outposts and settlements on the frontier– Resulted in status quo

• _________________ (1702-1713)

• _________________ (1713)– Britain received French-populated Acadia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson

Bay– The British also won limited trading rights in Spanish America

• _________________ (1744-1748)– Colonists captured Fort Louisbourg from French– Treaty handed Louisbourg back to France enraging the victorious New

Englanders

French and Indian War or Seven Years’ War

Washington Inaugurates War with France

• ____ George Washington delivers message to French in Ohio Country

• ____, Washington sent back to Ohio Country with larger force– Virginia militia engage a small French party, then retreat and build Ft.

Necessity– Virginians were forced to surrender on July 4, 1754

• ____ British and French both send forces to North America, increased hostilities– British also uprooted the French Acadians and scattered them

• French are fortifying _________________• English assign General Edward Braddock to take Ft.

Duquesne

Global War and Colonial Disunity• The French and Indian War (_______________) started in

1754– It was fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines,

Africa, and on the ocean

• In Europe, the principal adversaries were:__________ and __________

vs. __________ , __________, and __________

• The French used so many troops in Europe that they were unable to put enough forces into America

• The _______________________ met in 1754– Only 7 of 13 colony delegates showed up– It attempted to unite all of the colonies but the plan was hated by

individual colonists and the London regime 

Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath

• ______________ set out in 1755 with 2,000 men to capture Fort Duquesne– His force was slaughtered by the much smaller

French and Indian army “_________________”– Due to this loss of troops, the whole frontier from PA

to NC was left open to attack– __________________, with only 300 men, tried to

defend the area

• In 1756, the British launched full-scale invasion of Canada

Pitt's Palms of Victory

• In 1757, _____________ became the foremost leader in the London government– He was known as the "Great Commoner“– He ordered attack that led to capture of Louisbourg in 1758– Ft. Duquesne also captured in 1758 by British

• To lead the attack in the Battle of Quebec in 1759, Pitt chose James Wolfe– Opposing armies faced each other on the Plains of Abraham,

British under Wolfe and French under Marquis de Montcalm– British won

• Montreal fell in 1760 to General Jeffrey Amherst• The ________________ (1763) ended the conflict

Treaty of Paris

• __________–

• • • •

Effects of the F & I War• Colonies

–

–

–

–

• Britain–

•

•

•

•

–

Explain the Paradox• Crocodile Dilemma: If a crocodile steals a

child and promises its return if the father can correctly guess what the crocodile will do, how should the crocodile respond in the case that the father guesses that the child will not be returned?

• Intentionally blank page: Many documents contain pages on which the text "This page is intentionally left blank" is printed, thereby making the page not blank.

Key Paradox (?)

• According to historians Bailey and Kennedy:

Britain’s New Policy

• Place the colonies under strict British political and economic control– _______________________

•

•

Restless Colonists

• Intercolonial disunity had been caused by:– – – – – – –

Pontiac’s Rebellion

• _______: Ohio Valley• Causes:

– F & I War– Replacement of French with British

• Chief Pontiac– Ottawa Chief– Refused to surrender land – had been allied with France– Led Indian alliance against whites

• Lasted for about 18 months– British tried germ warfare

• Militarily a stalemate, but led to political developments– Br dealt with Indians more like French and

Proclamation of 1763

• Partly in response to Pontiac’s Rebellion•

– Would settle land disputes with Indians fairly to prevent more uprisings

– Organize eventual settlement and defense– Colonists were

• Believed it was permanent

– Colonists generally

Proclamation of 1763

Paradoxes