the earliest graeco-bactrian and graeco-indian coins / [barclay v. head]
TRANSCRIPT
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=-0/ ]
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I.
THE EARLIEST GEAECO-BACTRIAN
AND
GRAECO-INDIAN COINS.
(See
Plates
., I.)
Dr.
Imhoof-Blumer
(Mon.
Gr.,
1883,
pp.
118
ff.,
Nos.
19-46)
brought
together
a
number of silver
and
bronze
coins
inscribed
AAEZANAPOY,
hich had been
previously
attributed
by
Müller to
Alexander
II
of
Epirus.
All
these
he
proposed
to
re-ascribe,
s
a
single
and
indivisible
group,
o Alexander
the
Great,
and
to
regard
them
as his
first
ocal issues
in
Macedón,
and
as anterior
in
date to
his
world-wide
mperial
coinage,
uniform
n
types
but
differing
n
style
and
fabric,
ssued
during
his
invasion
of
the
vast
and
varied
regions previously
directly
r
indirectly
ubject
to
the
kings
of Persia.
At
the
head of
this little
series
of
coins
Dr.
Imhoof
described
the
following
tetradrachm,
t that
time
unique
/R 8m--
Gr.
14,68
=
/R
M.
W*.
227
grs.).
Tête
de
Zeus à
dr.,
ceinte
d'une couronne e
laurier
à
trois
angs
de
feuilles
cercle
erlé.
R.
AAEZAN
A
POY.
Aigle
debout ur un
foudre,
dr.,
et
retournanta
tête.
Derrière
ui,
massue
devant,
roue
e navire
dr.
cercle.
Pl.
D
8.
Cabinetde
France.
This
remarkable oin
is
no
longer
unique
(except
in
VOL.VI., SERIESIV. B
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2
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
a
single
detail,
one
of its
adjunct
symbols,
the club
behind
the
eagle
on
the
reverse),
s
the
British Museum
has
since
acquired
two other
specimens
(struck
from
different
ies)
of an
interesting
variety,
one of
which
was
purchased
from
he Indian
coin-dealer,
hunda
Mall,
of
Rawul-Pindi,
in
the
Panjâb,
and
the
other
at
the
Montagu Sale (Sale Gat., i. 120), theprovenance f the
latter
being
unrecorded
Pl.
II.
9).
These
two
specimens
differ
nly
in
one
important
detail
from the
specimen
above described
by
Imhoof,
viz.
in
the substitution
f
the well-known
Athenian
olive-spray
two
leaves
and
a
berry)
in
place
of the club behind
the
eagle
on
the
reverse,
ut
they
make it
quite
clear
that
Dr. Imhoof
was mistaken
n
describing
the
symbol
in
front
f
the
eagle as a prow. On all three specimens the object
is identical not
a
prow,
ut the
satrapal
leather
helmet
or
mitra
with loose untied
flaps.1
A
symbol
so
con-
spicuous
and so
distinctively
Asiatic as a
satrapal
mitra
is,
to
me,
convincing
evidence
that these
tetra-
drachms cannot
belong
to
Macedón,
or
indeed to
any
part
of
Alexander's
European
dominions.
The
intention
of
the
device
is
unmistakable.
The
coins
which bear
it can
only
have been issued
by
the
authority
of a
satrap of one of the provincesof Alexander's Eastern
Empire.
It is true
that
the head of Zeus
on the
obverse
bears some resemblanceto
the
well-known
head
of
the same
god
on
the
coins
of
Philip
of
Macedón;
and
it is
likewise
true that
the
weight
of
the heaviest
of the three
specimens
227 grs.)
approximates
to
that
of the
heaviest
of
Philip
II's
coins,
though
there
are
1Cf.otherepresentationsf thesatrapaliara s a coin-typen
Imhoof,
r.
MünzenPl. ii.1-18.
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GRAECO-BACTRIANND
GBAECO-INDIAN
OINS.
3
none
among
those
in
the British
Museum
which
exceed
224
grs.
So
long,
therefore,
s
the
symbol
was taken
for a
prow
the
attributionto
Macedón
seemed
highly-
probable.
Dr.
Imhoof
is,
however,
now
persuaded
that
I
am
right
in
recognizing
the
symbol
as
a
satrapal
helmet,
and has suggested that I should publishmycorrection,
involving,
as it
may,
a
re-attribution
f
the
coins
in
question.
Where,
then,
if we
eliminate
Macedón,
can these
tetradrachms
have been
struck?
Our choice
at
first
sight
s
limited
by
the
weight
of
227
grs.,
o the
western
coasts of
Asia
Minor,
Phoenicia,
or
Egypt;
but in
all
these
parts
Alexander's
new
coinage
on the
Attic
standard had been introducedduringhis lifetime, nd
I
am
quite
unable
to
suggest
any
probable
attribution
for
hem n
any
of
these
lands.
There
remains,
however,
ne
part
of the
ancient world
where
coins of
this
weight
may
have
been issued
by
a
Macedonian
satrap
striking
n
the
name
of
Alexander.
This
is one
of
the
far eastern
satrapies
of
Alexander's
Empire,
and
it
is
noteworthy
hat
the
only
specimen
of
which
the
provenance
s
recorded
ame
to
the
Museum
fromRawul-Pindi n the Panjâb.
Here,
I
think,
s
a
valuable
indication
of
origin
which
should not
be
neglected.
Far
too
little
attention has
hitherto
been
bestowed
upon
the
provenance
f
ancient
coins. The
intervention f
the
coin-dealer
between the
finder and the
purchaser
is
often
quite
sufficient
o
obscure
or
obliterate
ntirely
ll
evidence of
provenance
Coin-collectors
have also
been
too
often
blivious
of the
scientific
mportance
of
placing
on
record
the
sources
of their
cquisitions
B
2
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4
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
In
all
large
collections
there
are coins
of doubtful
attribution
with
regard
to
the
origin
of which
the
most
experienced
numismatists
uggest
from
time*
o
time
more
or
less
ingenious
hypotheses,
which
are
frequently
unconvincing owing
to the
absence
of evidence
of
provenance.
Most
fortunately
n the
present
case
the
Indian provenancef one of the threeknownspecimens
is
certain;
and
I
shall
endeavour
to show
that
there
are other reasons
which
tend to
confirm
my
proposed
re-attributionf these
coins to
the
north-western
orner
f
India
afterAlexander's
nvasion
of that
region
n 326
b.c.
Before
entering
nto
further
etails
it
will
be as
well
to
describe
some other
apparently
Graeco-Indian
coins
which the
British
Museum
has
acquired
from
the
same
part of the world. The fact that the followingcoins
have
passed
into
the National
Collection
from the
cabinets
of
Indian
officers,
ho
acquired
them
during
their
residence
in
India,
or
from
the
Indian
coin-
dealer,
Chunda
Mall,
of
Eawul-Pindi,
is,
of
course,
no
absolute
proof
that
they
were
struck
in
India itself.
Some,
perhaps
most of
them,
may
have
been
coined
outside
India
proper
and
north
of the
mountains
(
Hindu-Kush
,
either
in Bactria
or
even
further
north
in Sogdiana,where colonyof Ionian Greeks,descended
from
the
Branchidae,
had
been settled
for
a
century
and
a
half before
Alexander's
conquest
of the
country.
It
may
be that
these
Ionian
Greeks
were never
entirely
cut
off
from
all
communications
with the
West,
and
that,
lthough
subject
to
the
Great
King,
they
had
not
forgotten
heir
own
language,2
and
it is certain
that
they
were
never
amalgamated
with
the
native
population.
2Curtiusvii.5. 29) saystheywerebilingualwhenAlexander
extirpated
hem.
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GRAECO-BACTRIANND
GRAECO-INDIAN
OINS.
5
When,
during
the
fourth
entury, old
and
silver
in
the
shape
of
coined
money
had
become the
ordinary
medium
of
exchange,
Royal
Persian
mints
may
have
been
opened
in the far
eastern
satrapies,
and Indo-Greeks
may
have
found
congenial
employment
s
skilful
artificers,
money
rs,
or
mint-masters.
However this
may
have
been,it is remarkablethat of the twelve double-darics
in
the British
Museum,
nine
(all
different)
ere
acquired
certainly
at
Rawul-Pindi,
and
two of
the
remaining
three
probably
also
in
the
same
district,
nd,
as
they
all bear
Greek
letters,
monograms,
r
symbols3
in
the
field,
it would seem
that
they
are of
Indo-Greek
workmanship.
Next
comes
a
series of
silver
coins
weighing
on
the
average about 229 grs. each, whichin type, style, and
fabric
(e.g.
hammered
edges)
resemble
so
closely
the
double-darics,
hat
it
is
difficult
o
imagine
that
they
can
have
had a
different
rigin.4
This
conjecture
is
strengthened
y
the
fact
that of the
six
specimens
in
the British
Museum,
two
certainly
including
one with
the
letters
AH)
and
two
probably
were
acquired
in
India,
3
One fthese
oins
Pl.
.
1)
has n the
field
symbol
hich
ooks
like
satrapal
iara
B.
V.
Head,
oinage
f
Lydia
nd
ersiaPI.
.
24).
The nscriptionZTA MNAon notherf heseouble-daricsf ndian
provenance
as
given
ise
o
various
uggestions
s to
ts
meaning.
My
original
onjecture
hat
t
might
tand
or staters
1 mina
may
e
dismisseds
highly
mprobable.
mhoof
DieMünzstätte
abylon
N.
Z
Bd. XX
ii.
1895)
hinks
hat
TA
may
tand or
tamenes,
atrap
f
Babylonia:
ut
may
not
Stasanor,
atrap
f
Bactria,
ave
superior
claims o
coins f
ndian
rovenance
The
etters
NA
till emain
unexplained.
he
coin s
figured
n
Pl.
. 4. SirH.
Howortli
Num.
Chron.,904,
. 21)
has
expressed
oubts
s
to
the
uthenticity
fthis
and other
ouble-darics.
or
my
wn
art
can see
no reason
or
questioning
he
enuineness
f
he
pecimen
escribed
bove.
4
Misled
y
he
weights
f
hese
oins,
hich
eemed
ome
ofollow
the hodian
tandard,formerlyssignedhem o PersianatrapynWesternsiaMinorB.M.C., oniap. 323).
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6
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
the
provenance
f
the
other two
(including
the one
in-
scribed
riYOArOPHZ)
being
unascertainable.
Hitherto
the
Ionic
form
of
the
name
riYGAroPHZ
Pl.
I.
5)
has
been
cited
as a
reason
for
attributing
these
coins
to
Ionia,5
but if we
bear
in mind that there
were
de-
scendants
of the Ionian
Branchidae
settled
since
the
time of Xerxes on the confines f Bactria,this
difficulty
is,
to
some
extent,
removed
but,
as to
who
Pythagores
may
have
been,
cannot
hazard
a
guess.
Other
Ionians
beside the descendants
of
the
Branchidae
might
have
penetrated
nto the far
east,
and
we
know fromCurtius
(vii.
5.
29)
that there
was
a
Milesian
contingent
with
Alexander's
army.
One
of
these
Ionian
officers
may
have
become
a
local
governor
r
satrap.
The nextclass of coinswhich I have to consider are
the
Graeco-Indian
mitations
of
Athenian
coins
in the
British
Museum
(B.
M.
0.,
Attica
p.
25,
Nos.
267-271).
These
five
coins
were
all
procured
at
Eawul-Pindi.
They
are
of
the
Attic
standard.
Nos.
267
[Pl.
I.
7]
and
268
have
a
bunch
of
grapes,
below
the
olive-spray
and
crescent,
s
an
adjunct
symbol
behind
the
owl on
the
reverse,
nd,
on
the
obverse
M,
the
identical
mono-
gram
which
occurs
on
some
of
the
double-darics
Pl.
I.
2 and 3). Hence I infer hattheywere ssued from he
same
satrapal
mint
as
the
gold
double-darics
with
the
5
Babelon,
erses
chém
,
xxvii.,
nd
Rev.
um.,
892,
.
414,
here e
gives
he ate
M.J.
P. Six's
easons
or
upposing
he
nscribed
pecimens
to
have
been
truck
t
the
Ephesian
int
y
Memnon
heRhodian,
336-334
.c.
If
it
could
e
proved
hat
hese
oins
ere
sually
ound
in Asia
Minor his
ngenious
ttribution
ould
e more
cceptable
but,
s the
forms
f he
etters,
he
peculiar
abric
e.g.
hehammered
edges),
ndthe
provenance
so
far
s
ascertainable)
re
all
foreign
o
Ionia,
am
now
nclined
o
think
hat
he
etradrachms
f
this
eries
cannotelongo hat istrict.
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GRAECO-BACTRIAN
ND
GRAECO-INDIAN
OINS. 7
same
monogram.
It
seems
certain,
however,
hat
there
was
more than one
place
of
mintage
where
imitations
both of
Persian
and
of Greek
coins were
made
in
these
regions,
and the localization
of one of these
mints on
the
northern
rontier
of
the Bactrian
satrapy
of the
Persian
Empire,
appears
to be
fixed
by
the
substitution
ofAirforA© on one oftheseGraeco-Bactrianmitations
of
Athenian tetradrachms
B.
M.
C.,
Attica
No
271).
This
specimen
s more
barbarous
n
style
than the
others,
but
the
letters
Air
before the owl are well
formed
nd
not
an
ignorant
r
clumsy copy
of
A©
(Pl.
I.
6).
There
is
good
reason,
herefore,
o
attribute his issue to a mint
in
the land
of
the
Aigloi
on
the
northernconfines f
the
Bactrian
vofióç
of the
Persian
Empire
(cf.
Herod.,
iii.
92, B icrpiavoi fiêxpi AiyXûv), which may not
improbably
be
identified
with
the
place
that was sub-
sequently
known
as
'
AXe vSpeia
žo-xárrj. My proposed
attribution
to
Graeco-Bactrian,or,
in
some
cases,
to
Graeco-Indian,
mints
of
the
three
series
of
coins
above
mentioned,
iz.
(i.)
various
gold
double-darics
Pl.
1.
1-4),
(ii.)
silver
coins with the
same
obverse
type
weighing
229
grs.
Pl.
I.
5),
and
(iii.)
some
copies,
of
Attic
weight,
of
Athenian
coins
(Pl.
I.
6,
7),
rests
thus
mainly upon
the fact that nearly all the specimensin the British
Museum
have come
from
ndia.
None
of
the
above-mentioned
oins
exhibit
any
typical
indications
of a
Macedonian
origin,
and I
can
see no
valid
reason for
upposing
that
they
must
have been
all
issued
after
Alexander's
death.
Coins,
both
Persian
and
Athenian,
may
have
gradually
gained
currency
n
these
regions
years
before
Alexander's
nvasion,
nd
the
demand
for
uch
coins
may
have
increased
more
rapidly
than theycould be supplied. Such a
deficiency
might
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8
NUMISMATICHRONICLE.
naturally
give
occasion to and
stimulate
local
fabrica-
tions of
coins
withthe
same
types,
which,
however,
would
require
the
guarantee
of
the
issuer
n
the then
prevalent
form f an
adjunct
symbol
or
monogram.
The combina-
tion
of
Greek letters
or
monograms
nd
Greek
adjunct
symbols
withsemi-Greek
Asiatic
copies
or
modifications
of purelyGreek or purelyPersian coin-types,eems to
me
to be
explicable
only
on the
hypothesis
that the
dies were
engraved
by
semi-orientalized
moneyers
of
Greek
descent.
As
I
have
already
said,
there
are no
signs
on
any
of
the semi-Greek
copies
of Persian
or Athenian
coins as
yet
alluded
to which
can
be described as
due
to
Mace-
donian
nfluence.
It is,nevertheless,mpossibleto drawa hard-and-fast
line at the
date of
Alexander's
invasion.
The
intro-
duction
of
distinctly
Macedonian
modifications
f
the
previously
prevalent
coin-types
can
only
have
been
owing
to
a
gradual
process
of evolution.
It
is, therefore,
quite possible
that
some
of
the
double-darics
nd
copies
of Athenian
coins
may
be
post-
Alexandrine,
but it is
extremely
unlikely,
if
coins
had
not
been
introduced
into
these
regions
until
after
the
Macedonian
conquest,
thatPersianand Atheniantypeswouldhave been chosen
rather
than
those
of Alexander's
own
money.
Even
during
Alexander's
ifetime
modifications
f the
Athenian
types
of the
existing
coins
seem
to
have
been
introduced,
though
mostof
the
following
pecimens
ppear
to
belong
to the transitional
period
between
his death
in
323
b.c.
and
the
adoption
of
the
royal
title
by
Seleucus
in
306.
Before,
however,
describe
any
of
these
coins
I
may
here remark
that,
after
a
careful
study
of
the
fabric of
the famous
unique
dekadrachm,
howing
on one side a
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GRAECO-BACTRIANND
GRAECO-INDIAN
OINS.
9
Macedonian
horseman
driving
before
him
a
retreating
elephant
with
its
two
riders,
and
on the
other
side
a
standingfigure
of
Alexander
holding
a
thunderbolt
nd
wearing
the
Persian
helmet
and
with
(
=
^AXdíávůpov
Batr
Xítjç?)
in
the
field
(Pl.
I.
8),
I
have
come to the
conclusion
hat
t
belongs
to
Alexander's
own
time,
nd
thatit records hehistorical ventof his invasionof the
Panjâb
in 326
b.c.,
and
that
t
was
probably
ntended
for
a
medal for
presentation
o
Macedonian
officers ather
than
for use as
current
money.
I
am convinced
that
Prof.
P.
Gardner6
was
mistaken
n
assigning
this
large
coin
or
medal
to
so late
a
period
as
the
reign
of
Eucratides
second
century
b.c.).7
Eeturning
now to
the
coins
(properly
o-called)
which
I propose to class to the transitionalperiod between
Alexander
and
Seleucus,
it
is
interesting
to note
that
all
the
specimens
in
the
British
Museum
belong,
not
to
the
Attic
standard
which
prevailed
n
Bactria
before
and
after
Alexander's
reign,
but to
the
ancient ndian
standard
of
whichthe
drachm
weighed
58*56
grs.8
It is
presumable,
herefore,
hat
all
the
following
oins
were ssued
within
the
boundaries
of
India,
where
lone
that
standard
was
in
use.
I
give
here
only
brief
references o the specimens which have already been
fully
described
by
me
in B.
M. C
Attica,
Nos.
262-276a,
and
elsewhere.
6
Num.
hron
, 1887,
.
181.
7
Size,
tyle,
abric,
ype,
nd
monogram
ll
point
o the
age
of
Alexander,
s does lso
he act
hat
he
rtist
ho
esigned
he
lephant
had
never
oticed
hat he
ind-legs
f
an
elephant
orrespond
ith
ts
fore-legs.
e
has
epresented
hem
s
jointed
ike hose
fthe
nimals
with
hich
e
was
lready
amiliar.
his
s a mistake
hich Graeco-
Indian
rtist
f ater ate
nd
already
amiliar
ith
lephants
ould
not e ikelyomake.8
Rapson,
ndian
oins
in
Biililer'srundriß
, p.
2.
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10
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
INDIAN STANDARD.
I.
Athenian
Types.
Didrachm.
Obv.
Head
of
Athena
behind,
bunch
f grapes
and
wO-
Bev. AGE. Owl behind,wo live-leavesnd crescent
(B.
M.
C.,
Att
,
272,
PI. vii
7.)
Wt.
107*7
rs.
[PL
II.
1.]
From
Rawul-Pindi.
Drachm
Obv
Head of
Athena
behind,
unch
f
grapes.
Bev
AGE.
Owl
behind,
wo live-leavesnd crescent
and
in
field, .,
oc.
(B.
M.
C.,
Att., 73,
PI. vii.
8.)
Wt.53-5grs. [Pl. II. 2.]
From
Rawul-Pindi.
The
symbol
on
this
coin
may
be
either the
top
of
a
caduceus or
the ancient
ndian
Taurine
symbol,
which
s
of
identical
shape
and
which
occurs
on
punch-marked
coins.
II.
Athenian
Types
modified. Owl
replaced by
Eagle on reverse.
j
Drachms,
Obv.
Head
of Athena
behind,
unch
f
grapes.
Bev.
Eagle
1.,
ooking
ack no
symbol.
(B.
M.
C.,
Att
274,
PI.
vii.
9.)
Wt.
54
grs.
[Pl.
II.
3.]
From
Rawul-Pindi.
The
eagle,
usually
with
reverted
head,
is a
well-known
Macedonian
coin-type. (Cf.
B.
M.
C.,
Mac.,
Amyntas,
II.
p. 171 sq.,and Perdiccas, I. p. 176.)
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GRAECOB CJTRI
N AND GRAECO-INDIAN
OINS.
11
Obv.
Head of Athena
behind,
ncertain
monogram
Bev.
Eagle
1.,
ooking
ack
behind,
ine
ranch
ith
wo
bunches
f
grapes.
(B.
M.
C.,
Att
,
275,
PL
vii.
10.)
Wt.
51
grs.
[Pl.
II.
4.]
FromRawul-Pindi.
Diobol.
Obv
Head
of
Athena
no
symbol.
Bev.
Eagle
1.,
ooking
ack
behind,
ine-branch
ith wo
bunches
f
or
pes. (B.
M.
C.,
Att..
7
a.)
Wt.
18
grs.
[Pl.
II.
5.]
From
Rawul-Pindi.
Drachm.
Obv.
Head of
Athena
no
symbol
?).
Bev.
Eagle
1., ooking ack behind,aduceusndvine-
branch
ith
wo
unches
f
grapes.
(B.
M.
C.,
Att.,
76.)
Wt. 51-6
grs.
[Pl.
II.
6.]
From
Rawul-Pindi.
On all
the
above-described
oins the
hair
of
Athena
is dotted s on the coins
of
Athens,
nd
her
helmet,
with
its
ornamental
croll and conventionalized
olive-leaves
in
front,
resembles that
on
the
Athenian
coins. In
style
the two
following
drachmsare further emoved
from heir
original
prototypes
Obv. Head
of Athena
with
lowing
air.
Bev.
Eagle
1.,
ooking
ack in
front,
oubtful
ymbol
behind,
monogram
<
(
=
EY
?).
Wt.
54-9
grs.
[Pl.
II.
7.]
From
C.
J.
Rodgers,
Panjâb
(Lahore
or
Amritsar).
Another
rom
he same source
but from
ifferent
dies. Wt. 54*2 rs.
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12
NUMISMATIC HRONICLE.
It
occurs to
me
that
the
monogram
3<
on
these
specimens
may
stand for
Eudamus,
one of Alexander's
satraps,
who,
fter
killing
Porus,
made
himself
supreme
in
the
Panjâb,
wherehe remaineduntil
317
B.c.,
when he
left
ndia
to
join
Eumenes
(Bevan,
House
of
Seleucus,
.
294).
III.
Macedonian
Types.
Diobol.
Obv.
Head of
Zeus, r.,
aur.
Bev.
Eagle
1.,
looking
back
behind,
vine-branch
ith
two unches
f
grapes.
Wt.
18-1
rs.
[Pl.
II.
8.]
This coin
belongs
o
a dealer n
Tashkend.
Tetradrachms
Obv
Head of
Zeus,
r.,
aur.
border
f
dots.
Rev.
AA
E AN
A
POY.
Eagle
r.,
on
thunderbolt,
ooking
back;
in
field,
.,
olive-spray
ith two eaves
and
berry
as on
Athenian
coins
in
field,
.,
Persian
atrapal
helmet
ith oose
laps
Wt.
222*5
rs.
[Pl.
II.
9.]
From
the
Montagu
Collection.
Proven-
anceunrecorded.
Another
ess
well
preserved.
Wt. 204
grs.
FromRawul-Pindi.
Obv
Same.
Bev.
Similar,
ut
club
nstead
f
olive-spray.
Wt.
227
grs.
(Imhoof,
Mon.
Gr
,
Pl.
D
8.)
Paris.
Provenance
nrecorded.
These
fine
tetradrachms,
irst
ssigned
by
Imhoof to
Macedón,
and
since
generally
accepted
as the
first
coinage
of Alexander
before
the
introduction
of
his
Imperial
issues,
must,
f I am
right,
be
removed from
the extremewest to the extreme ast of his empire, nd
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GRAECO-BACTRIAN
ND GRAECO-INDIAN
OINS.
13
from
the
beginning
of
his
reign
to
about
the
time
of
his
death,
or
even
to a somewhat
ater
date,
between
323
b.c.
and the
accession
of
Seleucus,
forthe
following
reasons
-
(i.)
Because
the Persian
satrapal
head-covering
s
an
adjunct
symbol
limits
the issue
to one
of the
eastern
satrapiesofAlexander'sEmpire.
(ii.)
Because
the
eagle
with
reverted
head
is
the
type
which
was substitutedfor
the
owl
on
the
Graeco-Indian
modifications
f
coins
of
Athenian
types
as
struck
n
the
Panjâb
after
he
Macedonian
conquest.
(iii.)
Because
the other
symbol,
the
olive-spray,
had
been a
constant
and familiar
adjunct
sign
on all
the
copies
of
Athenian
tetradrachms
f
Indian
provenance
whereas it is never met with on any issues either of
Philip
or of
Alexander struck
n
Europe.
(iv.)
Because
the
obverse
type,
the head of
Zeus,
though
doubtless
derived
from the
coins
of
Philip
of
Macedón,
bears a still closer
resemblance
to the
same
head
on coins
of Seleucus
and
Antiochus
of Graeco-
Indian
provenance
and of
the same standard
of
weight
(cp.
PL II. 9
with
PL
II.
11).
(v.)
Because
this
same
head of
Zeus is the
obverse
type of a diobol,the reverse ype of which eagle with
reverted
head,
symbol
vine-spray
with two
bunches of
grapes)
is identical
with those
of other Graeco-Indian
modifications
f
Athenian
coins
(Pl.
II.
8).
(vi.)
Because
the
weight,
227
grs.,
corresponds
more
nearly
with
that
of coins of the ancient
Indian standard
than withthat
of the coins of
Philip
of Macedón.
(vii.)
Because
the
provenance
f the
only
one
of
the
three known
specimens
which can be
traced
is
Rawul-
Pindi in the
Panjâb.
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14
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
The
above-described oins
of the Indian
standard,
nd
for
the most
part
with Athenian
or
Atheno-Macedonian
types,
eem
to
have been
followed
by
the
finely
xecuted
drachms
of the Indian
prince Sophytes,
of
which
the
Museum
possesses
three
pecimens
Pl.
II.
10).
On
these
coins the
Macedonian
eagle
(see
p.
10,
supra)
is
replaced
by a cock. It is noticeable that the coins of Sophytes
have
the
same
adjunct
symbol,
caduceus
behind the
cock,
as
some
of the
Graeco-Indian
drachms
with the
head
of Athena above
described,
nd that
the helmet
of
Sophytes
on the obverse
bears
a
very
remarkable re-
semblance to
the
helmet of Athena on
drachmsof the
same
Indian
weight.9
The date
assigned by
Cunningham
to the
reign
of
Sophytes
s
316-306
b.c.,
when Seleucus
assumedthe royaltitle.
The
remaining
oins
of
the
ndian
standard,
ll of
which,
eight
in
number,
have
come to the
Museum
from
he
Panjâb,
bear
the
oint
names
of
Seleucus and
Antiochus.
The heads
of
Zeus on these tetradrachms ear
a
close
resemblance
n
style
to
those
on the
tetradrachms
ith
the
satrapal head-covering
s an
adiunct
symbol. (Op.
Pl.
II.
11
with Pl.
II.
9.)
Tetradrachms.
Obv.
Head
of
Zeus, r.,
aur.
border f
dots.
Rev.
BAZIAEOZ
bove,
heneath.
Athena,
ighting,
n
quadriga
f
elephants
.,
n
field
bove,
©
:
border f
dots.
Wt.
214*2
rs.
[Pl.
II.
11.]
From
he
Panjâb.
Another.
Wt.
212*6
grs.
From he
Panjâb.
• CunninghamnNum. liron,1866,p. 30, 31.
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GRAECO-BACTRIAN
ND
GRAECO-INDIAN
OINS.
15
Another
with
E
beneath
he head of
Zeus.
Wt.
212*5
rs.
From
he
Panjâb.
Another
with
n
beneath he head
of
Zeus.
Wt.
214*5
rs.
From
he
Panjâb.
Drachm
Obv. Head ofZeus, r., aur. border fdots.
Bev.
BAZIAEQZ
bove,
^NTKDXOY
eneath.
Athena,
fighting,
n
biga
of
elephants
r.,
in
field
bove,
©
:
border f
dots.
Wt.
53*2
grs.
[Pl.
II.
12.]
From he
Panjâb.
Half
drachm.
Similar.
Wt.
25*2
grs.
[Pl.
II.
13.]
From hePanjâb ?)
Drachms
Similar,
ut/P ehind
ead
of
Zeus,
nd
nscr.
n
rev.
v
i
ZEAEYKOY
,
,,
B
AZI
QN
above,
and
kaIANTIOXOY
,
beneath.
,
Wt.
54*6
grs.
[Pl.
II.
14.]
From
he
Panjâb.
Another f rude
tyle
without
behind
he
head
of
Zeus.
Wt.
51
grs.
From
he
Panjâb.
It is
remarkable
that on
the two
last
coins Seleucus
and
Antiochus are
loth
kings
(BAZIAEQN),
whereas,
on
the
previous specimens,
BAZIAEQZ
s
in
the
singular.
Now,
Seleucus
appointed
Antiochus
King
of
the
East
about
293 b.c.10 It
is thus
presumable
hat
the
drachms
reading
IžsXevkou
al
^
Avti6'ov
are the
only
specimens
truck
fter
93
b.c.
10Beyan,ousef eleucus,. 64.
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16
NUMISMATIC
HKONICLE.
In
the
preceding pages
my
chief
object
has
been to
point
out
that the rare
tetradrachms,
itherto
generally-
accepted
as the
earliest
issues of Alexander
the
Great
in
Macedón,
and
as
anterior
n
date
to
any
issues
of his
reformed
oinage
on the
Attic
standard,
re
not Mace-
donian at
all,
and
that even
if
they
were
issued
before
Alexander's death (a doubtful point), they must be
assigned,
not
to
Macedón,
but to
India.
In
support
of
my
proposed
re-attribution
f
these
tetradrachms,
have
confined
my
attention
almost
entirely
o
specimens
n the British
Museum collection
actually
acquired
from Indian sources.
The
smaller
denominations,
escribed
by
Dr. Imhoof-Blumer
Mon.
Gr
,
118
sq.),
both
in
silver
and
bronze,
n
so
faras
they
are
not
certainly
of
Indian
provenance
I
have
left out
of consideration.
The
attribution,
eographical
and
chronological,
of
the
vast
and varied
series
of
coins
bearing
the
name
of
Alexander,
s
a
subject
which can
be
adequately
dealt
with
only
by
one
who is
prepared
to
devote
much
time
and
study
to
this
class of
coins,
nd
who is
also
privi-
leged
to
examine, handle,
arrange,
nd
re-arrange
the
collections
preserved
n
all the
great
European
Museums.
Barclay V. Head.
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COINS FROM INDIA
Num
Chron
er
IV Vol VI Pl
I
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COINS FROM INDIA
Num
Chron er
IV Vol VI Pl
II