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The Early and High Middle Ages

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Page 1: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

The Early and High Middle Ages

Page 2: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Middle AgesEarly Middle Ages

5th to 10th centuriesDark Ages

Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

11th to 14th centuriesAdvanced toward higher level of

civilization

Page 3: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Dark Ages

Germanic invasions helped bring decline of civilizationTrade & industry

Merchants feared robbers and piratesRoman roads deterioratedUnemployed to rural areas

Learning & cultureConcerned with staying aliveDestroyed Roman places of learning

Page 4: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Dark AgesDecline of strong central gov’t.

Germanic kingdoms weakRulers generally failed to provide

protection, justice and orderGerman kingdoms lacked:

Power to control large territoriesInfrastructureRules of succession to throne

Page 5: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Byzantine Empire

OriginWestern Rome fellEastern Rome lasted until 1453

Middle Eastern and Greek cultural characteristics

Page 6: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Byzantine History

Greatest extent under JustinianExpanded across Africa to SpainWanted to restore Roman Empire

Over time lost from west back to east1453-Constantinople fell to

Ottoman Turks

Page 7: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Byzantine LifeAutocratic government

Emperor was God’s earthly representativeDominated Byzantine (Greek Orthodox)

Church Eastern Christianity

Patriarch chosen by & subservient to emperor

Converted Russians & Balkans to eastern Christianity

In 1054 Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches separated

Page 8: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Byzantine LifeRich through trade & industryConstantinople

Paved, lit streetsRecreational facilities

Parks/playgroundsMuseumsLibrariesSchools

Page 9: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Byzantine Contributions

Codified Roman lawPreserved Greek culture

Spoke Greek

Stimulated revival of learningFostered architecture & art

Combined Greco-Roman and Persian features Adorned with mosaics

Buffer for western Europe by taking hit from eastern invaders

Page 10: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Roman Catholic ChurchMost powerful institution in

medieval western EuropeModeled after Rome’s government

Pope--supreme leaderCardinals--chief advisorsBishops--head religious districtsPriests--direct local communities

Page 11: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

RCC’s Religious RoleTaught:

Importance of sacramentsFaith, good works, and church

membership for salvationUsed excommunication

against those who violated Church laws

Held inquisitions to uncover heretics

Page 12: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

RCC’s Economic Role

Monks farmed Considerable income from its:

Lands (30% of western Europe)Gifts (especially through oblation)Taxes (10% tithe)

Prohibited usury

Page 13: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

RCC’s Cultural Role

Promoted learning by maintaining schools

Copied ancient books and manuscripts, preserving classical culture

Page 14: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

RCC’s Political Role

Governed Papal States in ItalyDeveloped canon law

based on Roman law Had its own courtsClaimed supremacy over

civil government

Page 15: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Frankish KingdomClovis created powerful kingdom (5th

century)Subdued other Germanic

tribes in GaulConverted Franks

to Catholic Christianity, gaining support of:PopeGaul’s large Christian population

Page 16: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Frankish Kingdom

Merovingian dynastyHis incompetent descendants ruled

for more than 200 years“Do-Nothing” KingsPower passed to powerful noble,

“Mayor of the Palace”

Page 17: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Frankish KingdomCarolingian dynasty

Charles MartelDefeated Moors at Tours (732)

PepinAt father’s death,

became Mayor of the Palace

Removed last Do-Nothing King

Charlemagne got throne in 768

Page 18: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Charlemagne

768-814Increased power of

Catholic ChurchEnded Lombard threat

to Papal StatesConverted pagan

peoples to Catholicism

Page 19: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Charlemagne

Empire= most

of western Europe

Page 20: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

CharlemagneEmperor of the Romans (800)

Crowned by Pope Leo III in Rome

GovernmentEmpire divided into provinces

Each ruled by nobleMonitored by missi dominici

Temporarily halted shift of power from central government to nobles

Page 21: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Education under Charlemagne

Charlemagne valued educationEstablished schools in monasteries

and cathedrals Encouraged collecting and copying

of Latin manuscripts

Page 22: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Education under

Charlemagne

Created Carolingian miniscule (small letters)

Page 23: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Breakup of Charlemagne’s Empire

Treaty of Verdun divided empire among 3 grandsonsLouis

Eastern/modern GermanyCharles

Western/modern FranceLothar

Central/modern Italy

Page 24: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Differed from Roman Empire

RomeCentered around

Mediterranean

Endured many centuries

CharlemagneEncompassed

mainly central and western Europe

Crumbled at Charlemagne’s death

Page 25: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

New Invasions (9th-11th centuries)

Vikings to coastal/ river cities

Page 26: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages
Page 27: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

New Invasions (9th-11th centuries)

Magyars from Asia to Hungary to Western Europe

Arabs to Southern France/Italy

Page 28: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

New Invasions (9th-11th centuries)

Normans invaded Britain from FranceLed to development of new

relationship ... feudalism

Page 29: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Why Feudalism?Attacks from outsidersWeakness of central

governmentsGerman rulers gave

landed estates to important nobles in return for military assistance

Page 30: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Feudalism DefinedSocial system

Rigid class distinctionsStatic (unchanging) way of life

Political systemLocal governmentLocal military defense

Economic systemSelf-sufficient agricultural manors

Page 31: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Feudal Society

Determined by birth, not workFeudal social pyramid

KingNominally owned all landControlled only his estates

Powerful lordsGot fiefs from kingPledged military service

Page 32: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Feudal Society

Feudal social pyramid (cont’d)Lesser lords

Got fiefs from powerful lordPledged military service

KnightsMost numerous nobles

Serfs--peasants

Page 33: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Feudal Economy

Self-sufficient agricultural manorSerfs bound to landLow agricultural output

Serfs given scattered strips of landWooden plows and crude sicklesThree-field system

Page 34: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Feudal Economy

Disappearance of tradeManors became more self-sufficientCommerce unsafeHeavy taxes imposed by nobles on

goods transported across their domains

Page 35: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Civil/Religious Struggles

On basis of 2 crownings, RCC asserted that popes may dethrone and crown emperors Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne

“Emperor of the Romans” in 800Upon his death title was unusedPope John XII crowned Otto I emperor

in 962, beginning Holy Roman Empire

Page 36: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages
Page 37: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Civil/Religious StrugglesCivil rulers and popes claimed

right to appoint RCC officialsRulers gave fiefs to RCC officials Popes gave religious authority

Concordat of Worms (1122): Popes appoint Church officials Rulers could continue to give fiefs

(allowing them to have some say over selections)

Page 38: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Civil/Religious StrugglesArchbishop of Canterbury struggle

(1206-1215)John rejected pope’s choice for A/CPope excommunicated John and ordered

him deposedThis forced John to:

Accept pope’s choiceAcknowledge pope as his lord

Nobles had him sign Magna Carta

Page 39: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Revival of Trade/TownsEnd of barbarian invasionsCrusades increased European

demand for Eastern luxuriesGrowth of well-located townsTowns provided facilities for:

StorageMarketingProduction of goods

Page 40: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Revival of Trade/Towns

Rise of bourgeoisie (middle class)New economic class grew with:

Increased tradeGrowth of towns

Consisted of professional people:MerchantsShopkeepersBankers

Page 41: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Leading Medieval CentersIn Italy

Cities on Italian seacoastVeniceGenoaPisaNaples

AdvantagesMediterranean locationCommercial tradition

Page 42: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Leading Medieval Centers

In BelgiumCities in province of Flanders

BrugesGhent

Flemish cities at crossroads of trade routes from northern Europe to Italy

Page 43: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Leading Medieval CentersIn Northern Germany

Cities:BremenHamburgLubeck

Controlled trade in Baltic and North seas

In 1200s became Hanseatic League

Page 44: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Craft Guilds’ ActivitiesEconomic

Dealt with production issues Established standards/prices

EducationalRegulated training/advancement

Political and social, similar to:Modern labor unionsPolitical partiesMutual aid societies

Page 45: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Crusades (1095-1291)

Byzantine emperor appealed to RCC for aid against Moslem Turks

4 major crusades failed to recapture Jerusalem

Turks had it until after WWI

Page 46: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Political Effects of Crusades

Strengthened kings/central governments by:Weakening nobilityStimulating trade

Trade needs central authority offering law and order

Rising merchant class supported kings

Page 47: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Socio-Economic Effects of Crusades

Weakened serfdomSome paid for use of lord’s land in

money by selling cropsEvolved into modern tenant-landlord

relationshipSome freed

Joined CrusadesFled to cities for year + 1 day

Page 48: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Social Effects of CrusadesBroadened peoples’ outlook

Crusaders saw advanced Moslem and Byzantine civilizations

Gained better geographic knowledge

Encouraged learning

Page 49: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Economic Effects of Crusades

Stimulated trade and townsIncreased European demand for

Eastern productsThroughout Europe, especially in

Italy:Money replaced barterBourgeoisie gained wealth and

influence

Page 50: The Early and High Middle Ages. Middle Ages Early Middle Ages 5th to 10th centuries Dark Ages Period of disorder and decline High Middle Ages

Higher Education

1000-1100s--scholars founded many important universities

Wide variety of subjectsTheologyPhilosophyLawMedicine


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