the early and middle archaic in the niagara frontier: documenting the "missing years" in...

?

d

ii

Bu',ctin of thc Buffa" t"ä"ffi| TiTflrÌ:ï:"ffi.:Í*;1i"l3,ii;

THE EARLY AND MIDDLE ARCHAIC IN THE NIAGARA FRONTIER:DOCUMENTING THE 'IMISSING YEARS'' IN LOWER GREAT LAKES PREHISTORY

Kevin P. Smith, Neil O'Donnell and John D. HollandDivision of Anthropology, Buffalo Museum of Science, 1020 Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, Ny 14211

Abstract: The Early Holocene period remains the least understood segment of lower Great Lakes prehistory. This paperprovides a descriptive and synthetic catalogue of curated Early and Middle Archaic projectile points from the NiãgãraFrontier of westem New York and adjacent Ontario, documents their diversity and diagnostic attributes, and discusses theirdistribution, frequency and probable ages in the region. The number and variety of diagnostic Early Holocene artifactsidentified in these collections suggest that past models of culture-history and cultural dynamics in the early post-glaciallower Great Lakes region need to be reconsidered.

1

INTRODUCTIONEvidence of human occupation in the Niagara Frontier(western New York and the adjacent Niagara peninsula ofOntario) spans nearly 11,500 years of the Late Pleistoceneand Holocene periods. As in most of the eastem UnitedStates, the region's prehistoric archaeological record is con-ventionally divided into th¡ee major periods (Paleoindian,Archaic and tiloodland), with sub-periods (e.g. EarlyArchaic, Middle Woodland, etc.) and phases (e.g. Barnes,Meadowood, etc.) providing respectively finer units ofchronological, spatial and cultural control.

Since the 1940s, most archaeological research in theregion has focused on understanding Late Woodland andContact period Iroquoian villages or Late PleistocenePaleoindian land-use patterns, Multi-disciplinary, problem-oriented research projects addressing these periods haveaddressed questions of social organization, economic struc-ture and adaptation, producing results of exceptional qual-ity and enduring value (e.g. White 1961, 1976; Englebrecht1987, L991, 1994; Allen 1988; Fie et al. 1990; Gramty1988; Laub et al. 1988, 1996; Laub, this volume; Storck1984; Tankersley 1995; Tankersley er al. 1996). However,the temporally restricted nature of these long-term investi-gations has unintentionally limited modern archaeologicalresearch in the region to a relatively narrow range of sub-jects and periods thaf represent neither the full breadth northe complexity of the Niagara Frontier's record of humanoccupation and culture change. Vast spans of this region,sarchaeological record relnai¡r virtually unknown.

Ponr documentation of the nine miiiennia between thePaleoindian and Late V/oodland periods has reinforcedtendencies for regional research to focus on periods that arealready fairly well-understood. Archaic period culture-history and human ecological relafionships, in eonfrast,have received little concerted attention frorn researchers inthe lower Great I-akes region, even though the Archaic as aeoncopl in Aynerican archaeoiogy v¡a-e fírsf fcr¡nulatci! cn¿1"^ L^^:- ^â ¿l-:^ --- ^:- -t : -rtllc ilASiS OI tllls regl0rt'b t¡ul) icüu¡d cj plc-¿g¡it:r.rlf uriiladaptations (Ritchie 1932, 1936), The Iìaily ancl MidcileA,rchaic sub-periods, spanning nearly the entire first half of

the Holocene (10,000-8,000 b,p. and 8,000-6,000 b.p.,respectively), remain the least known segments of theregional archaeological sequence,t In the absence of basicculture-historical data it is currently impossible toascertain whether theoretically informed, problem-orientedresearch directed at the archaeological record of theNiagara Frontier's lesser-known "missing years,' couldcontribute significant information to cur¡ent debates inGreat Lakes, North American or world archaeology. Thispaper attempts to recover data on these "missing years" inlower Great Lakes prehistory from extant, curated collec-tions and to suggest areas toward which theoretically'informed research projects could be directed to elucidatethis region's long record of dynamic hunting, gatheringand fishing cultures.

THE EARLY HOLOCENE: ENVIRONMENTAL CoN-TEXTS AND HUMAN RESPONSESThroughout eastern North America, the Early Holocene(10,000-6,000 b.p.) was a period of great climatic, fluvialand biogeographic change. In response to rapid globalclimatic changes at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary,ecological zones representing combinations of linked flo-ristic and fauna! cornrnunities shifted cn a continentalscale. At least in part due to these changes, early NativeAmerican settlement, subsistence and social sysfemsshifted away from pattems developed by Paleoindians toexploit late Ice Age conditions and towards adaptivestrategies that met the needs of life in the fully forestedNortheast.

Paleoclimatic ¡esearch indicates that the EarlyHolocene wås watmer than any other period since the endof the last Ice Age (COHMAP 1988, Joyce 1988, Kanowand Warner 1990) and seasonality was more intense due toparameters established by orbital precession (Davis 1984,Kutzbacir and Guetter 1986, Broecker and Denton lgg0).^ ^ .' -^,.,,1r "---., 1.--,^ t^^^." -.-r ró ê ìuùu¡1. ùurr¡¡¡¡ç¡5 rtÌd_v ildvc ¡r()çJl wi1¡ltiel ¿lnü wlllturseolclcr ihart during ihc lasi Ïcc Age or the lr4odern period(Webb and Ba¡tlein 1988, Cunn 1996). Paleobotanisrshave documented continent-wide shifts in floristic zones as

BULLETIN OFTHE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

individual plant species and entire floral comlnunitiesexpanded from Late Pleistocene refugia into deglaciatedportions of the northern latitudes (Gaudreau 1988a,b).

These global biogeographic processes had dramaticeffects in the Great Lakes region. Data derived from stableisotope records, fossil insect remains and pollen indicatethat summer conditions warrner than present predominatedin the lower Great Lakes region by at least 8,400 b,p.(Schwert and Morgan 1980, Schwert et al. 1985, Fritz et al.

1987). Studies of lake bottom sediments and particulatecharcoal in bogs from the upper Great Lakes [i.e. in areas

meteorologically "upstream" from the Niagara Frontier]indicate greater lake turbidity and storminess during the

Early Holocene (Halfman and Johnson 1984) and theperiod also appears to have been considerably drier than

cunent conditions (Edwards and Buhay 1994). Post-glacialisostatic rebound, globally changing atmospheric circula-tion patterns and synoptic-scale climatic changes led towide-spread instability in the fluvial systems of eastern

North America and rapid fluctuations in base-levels of the

early Great Lakes and their tributary basins (Lewis andAnderson 1989, Tinkler et al. 1992, Dwyer et al. 1996,Gunn 1996, Pengelly et aL, 1997). All of these climatic and

geomorphic transformations had potentially importantimplications for resource distributions within the rapidlyevolving landscapes ofthe region.

The Early Holocene saw the most rapid changes in ratesof vegetation and climate change since the end of the Wis-consinan glaciation (Edwards and Buhay 1994) as well as

rapid fluctuations in the documented botanical compositionof regional forests and their attendant insect microfaunas(Fritz et al. 1987, Schwert et al. 1987, McAndrews 1994).

The effects of these changes on larger tenestrial, lacustrineand riparian animal and plant associations in the lowerGreat Lakes region are, unfortunately, poorly documentedat present and ecological communities of this period mayhave no exact modern analogs. This necessarily compli-cates efforts to model specific or short-term humanresponses to environmental change during this interval.Nevertheless, it is possible to predict some of the sig-nificant, long-term challenges that human communitieswould have faced in adapting to the evolving ecologicalmosaics that were appearing throughout the recentlydeglaciated lower Great Lakes basin.

For example, ehanges in the eomposition and locationof animal and plant communities would have requiredhunters and gatherers to modify iamiliar strategies forprocuring and using the resourees of their regions, to inventnew approaches for acquiring resources, or to adopt tech-nologies and associated knowiedge from groups iiving in^,"*^",*,{i*^ ".^^;^*. L-".r^*.i,,^ i*+^" *^^i^,.^I ^^*,--,,*i^¿ùu¡rrtul¡uJ¡¡ts ¡çts¡rr¡¡ù. ¡ r^Lçl¡r¡Yv r¡rrv¡-¡uB¡(r!¡r¡¡ Çtr¡lrlr¡ur¡r!G

fion, stylistie and asse¡nblage-le.rel homogenization ofmaterial culture ovcr wicle areas and either gradual or rapiddiffusion of technological innovations would be expected

under such conditions. Seasonal schedules and daily workroutines would have had to be periodically adjusted as newresources and procurement routines were added to localgroups' subsistence strategies. Through time, changes inscheduling priorities and in the organization of labor mayhave altered the routines, roles and requirements of men,women, children and elders within the community andregion, helping to effect changes in social organization.

Lake level fluctuations, stream gradient adjustments toisostatic rebound, eutrophic in-filling of Pleistocene lakebasins and other processes in the transformation of theregion's post-glacial landforms would have shifted thelocations of predictable and productive irunting, äshingand gathering spots, requiring changes in seasonalmobility pattems and in the ways specific locations wereused. Intensifying contrâsts between summer and winterconditions would also have required hunting and gatheringgroups to develop more effective strategies for coping withresource short-falls on seasonal, annual and inter-annualbases, The implementation of a wide range of survivalstrategies over time, incorporating exchange, diversifica-tion, mobility and storage in different degrees as tacticalresponses to local, long-term and shorter-term resourcecrises (Halstead and O'Shea 1989) would be expectedcomponents in emerging human ecological adaptations tothe varied resource mosaics of the Northeast. In short, itmay be expected that the archaeological record for theEarly Holocene should record frequent, rapid and far-reaching cultural and social changes. The static, mono-Iithic and ethnographically derived models of band-levelsocial formations that currently dominate literature on theArchaic period in the Northeast may inadequately reflectboth the diversity of social formations that existed and therange of adaptive strategies employed duting the EarlyHolocene.

Over the past thirty years, research in the historicalbranches of the natural sciences has enhanced our abilityto model paleo-environmental change during the EarlyHolocene. During the same decades a wide range oftheoretical models and methodological approaches weredeveloped for exploring, conceptualizing and interpretingthe material record of hunting and gathering societies (e.g.

Jochim 1976, Winterhalder and Smith 1981, Keene 1981,Price and Brown 1985, Halstead and O'Shea 1989). Theseadvances substantially changed anthropologists' views onthe range of variability found in hunting and gathering^^^:^.t^^ ^-l ^- ¿L^ l-.-^*:^:.^¿^--ì^-, ¿L^¿ ^-.:^¿^ L^.,-.^^--SUUteLrCS attu utl utc uyrrailrru rr¡tcrPlay utd[ çÀlsLS uulwçcltsocial and ecological factors as human groups adapt toenvironme¡rtal surroundings anci as they mociify their sur-rounclings, in turn, to meet their needs,

I l^!r,ô.'ñr ^"* Lnn'rrìnJÂ^ ^f i^^41 h,ì*^* -^^l^^;^^lvuÉù ut "vuu¡u¡1,vû,

ada¡ltafieins and culfural-historical systematics during theEarly Flolocene remains too pooriy deveioped to cxplorerelationships between early Native American cultures and

ANTHROPOLOGY

the changing resource base of the lower Great Lakes regionduring this period or to examine those changes in the lightof theory. For the most part, we are currently unable to for-mulate basic models of the economic, social or ritualbehavior of the Native American populations who lived inthe Niagara Frontier region during the Early Holoceneperiod without borrowing models, wholesale, from recentethnographic practices or spatially distant areas of NorthAmerica (Nicholas 1994). In the absence of basic researchdirected toward understanding and documenting early post"glacial adaptations in the lower Great Lakes, we remainunable to use regional data to develop and test generaltheoretical propositions about cultural responses to resourcedistributions and environmental change.

PARADIGMS PAST, PARADIGMS PRESENTAND THE ROLE OF CURATED COLLECTIONSCollectors and archaeologists working in the NiagaraFrontier during the late nineteenth and early twentiethcenturies were not very tightly constrained by researchdesigns or problem orientations. These early, pioneeringresearchers were primarily concemed with documenting thepresence and extent of aboriginal occupations in the regionand operated without a clear or independently derivedchronological framework, Typically, their findings weredivided into two gross, linguistically derived categories. Onthe one hand, sites with incised, castellated pottery and tri-anguloid projectile points were thought to represent theancestors of lroquoian-speaking nations (Erie, Neutral,Wenro, Seneca) who occupied the region at the time ofEuropean contact. On the other hand, sites with cord-marked pottery, sites without pottery and sites with notchedor stemmed projectile points were believed to represent thesettlements of pre-Iroquoian, Algonquian-speaking peoples(Beauchamp 1894, 1900; Morgan 1904;Houghton 1909).

The origin of the lroquoian-speaking peoples and thenature of the Algonquian societies they were thought tohave displaced were the dominant topics of research intothe 1930s. Both presumed Iroquoian and Algonquian cul-tural remains were important to this research focus and thefull range of the region's identifiabte prehistoric remainswas considered relevant to addressing this problem. Collec-tions made during this period are relatively broad in natureand typieally represent cross-sections of all the prehistoricmaterial found at specific collecting locales rather thansamples whose collection was guided, but potentiallybiased by, research designs focused on nanower, if nowmore compelling, research questions.

Furthermore, many of these eollections were assembledai a time when new lanri was being brought intc cultivationnnrl hefnro cnllnnfinc nrshic+n¡i¡ ¡r1-r;,,."

^ *^,.:^^." ^-ti.f^^¿-P¡v¡¡aùre¡¡v ¡roL¡Y\. ^¡¡¡r/¡ ¡Lrt¡r 4r III4t,lù

hari beceime a hobby wrth th.e eeonomic undertones of anantiquities market. T'hese early eollections, as a result, arcfrequenfly richer in diversity and contain a larger number

of intact specimens than can be found by surveying thesame locations today. Finally, many of these early collec-tions represent the material record of prehistoric settlementareas that are no longer accessible to field research as aresult of urban and rural development. For all of these rea-sons, curated collections from this period represent animportant record of the region's pâst.

Many early collections, along with those compiied bylater avocational archaeologists, are curated in the region'smany museums and historical societies but have receivedlittle scholarly attention. The limited extent of the docu-mentation supporting many of these collections, their dis-persal through numerous larger and smaller institutionsand their conceptual distance from the dominant researchinterests of the last half-century has tended to relegate thismaterial to the status of teaching or exhibit collectionswith little assumed research value.

In their role as teaching tools, many of these early col-lections have been organized and displayed according tothe taxonomic framework Ritchie (7961, l97la) estab-lished for New York State projectile points, Ritchie'stypology was published in 1961 and had an initially libera-ting effect on Great Lakes and Northeastem archaeology.It allowed formerly undated or undatable sites and sitecomplexes to be placed within a coherent time-spaceframework that was understandable to both professionalsand the lay public. However, this seminal work eventuallyexerted a dampening effect on research in the region as itsfixed list of projectile point types encouraged archaeolog-ists to subsume new firrds representing unanticipated andpreviously undocumented diversity in the archaeologicalrecord into the few types that Ritchie had illustrated anddescribed. Several of Ritchie's taxa, notably the Brewertonseries and the Lamoka type, were initially very broadlydefined, incorporating ân immense range of variability.Through time these and several other problematic typeshave become, in practice, catch-all categories into whichalmost all unusual corner notched, side notched, orstemmed projectile points have been placed (see, forexample, Mason 1981: Plate 5.7).

In New York and other parts of the Northeast where itbecame a fundamental tool of archaeólogical analysis,Ritchie's taxonomic framework discouraged the recogni-tion of variability amolÌg regional archaeological assem-blages. At the same time, it reified Ritchie's views on theArchaic period, which were developed before radiocarbondating permirted more precise statements about the peri-od's age or duration. On the basis of his early fieldwork,R.itchie viewecl the Lamoka and Brewerton phases as theeariiest Ärchaic manifestations in New York State (Ritchíelq6E taRnì Trr tqr..r years, raeli+earb<lr: efaiing den:on-strated that the Brewerton and Lamoka phases belcnged fothe Late Holocene, roughly 5,500-4,500 b.p. and4,50G4,000 b.p., respectively (Calkin and Miller lg7l,

BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATIJRAL SCIENCES

Ellis et al. 1990, Hansen and McKendry 1991, Funk 1993).By the late 1960s, fieldwork in the midwest and mid-

south had documented considerably earlier Archaic phases

that spanned the gap between Paleoindian and Late Archaiccultural complexes, suggesting that similarly ancient sites

should be found in the Northeast (Fowler 1959, Coe 1964,Michels and Smith 1967, Michels 1968, Broyles 1971).l.levertheless, Ritchie (1969, 1979) and others (Fitting1968, i975; Ritchie and Funk 197I,1973) maintained thatarchaeological remains representing the first four thousandyears of the Holocene (10,000-6,000 b.p.) were far less

common in the Great Lakes and Northeast than in moretemperate areas farther south.

Persuasive, ecologically based arguments wereadvanced to explain the proposed Early Holocene occupa-tional hiatus in the Northeast and Great Lakes regions. Theso-called "Ritchie-Fitting Hypothesis" stated "that theextreme scarcity in the Northeast of Late Paleo-Indian [andEarly Archaicl traces arises primarily from the fact thataround 7,000 B.C. the forest composition was undergoing a

marked alteration from spruce-pine to pine with a sig-nificantly lowered carrying capacity for game" (Ritchie and

Funk 1971: 46) and "the most logical explanation toaccount for the meager traces of Late Paleo-Indian andEarly Archaic occupation in upstate New York andadjacent portions of New England is the probably low car-rying capacity of the forests of this region for the foodanimals required by the primarily hunting bands of thisearly time" (Ritchie 1979: 16). Fitting (1968) extendedRitchie's proposition to include most of the Great Lakesbasin within a hypothesized zone of low Early Holocenecarrying capacity and depressed human populationdensities.

Ritchie's and Fitting's formulations of the problemassumed that the Early Holocene forests of the Great Lakesregion could be closely modeled from the modern boreal

forests of northern Canada, that these forests wereuniformly poor in resources, and that human adaptations tothe Early Holocene landscape could also be modeled onmodem subarctic hunter-gatherers' lifestyles (Ritchie 1965,1980). Small band sizes, high settlement mobility and an

economy based almost exclusively on hunting rather thangathering, fishing or use of a broad spectrum of wildresources were explicit cultural components of the model.Despite clear rnethodological problems with defining eithercanying capacity or human adaptive responses to changesin it, and in the absence of actual paleontological data todemonstrate a low game population during this time, theRitchie-Fitting hypothesis became a dominant explanatoryparadigm for Great l-akes a¡rd Northeastem archaeoiogicalrece¡"r'h f-¡rm rhe lqÁf!"ì fhr{}ush fhr-: r:ariv iÇ8ûs íMasun1ôO 1\

Although a small suite of Early Archaic bifurcate-l¡ased

projectile points were illustrated in Ritchie's typology(Ritchie l97la: Plate 34), they were not formallydescribed and were identified only as anomalous"untyped" styles. Ritchie acknowledged that these wereclearly Early Archaic types, citing Bettye Broyles' (1971)work at the deeply stratified St. Albans site (WestVirginia), but noted that they did not represent the fullrange of Early Holocene types known from sunoundingregions. This point was later used to argue that the onlyrecurrent evidence for Early Holocene hunter-gatherers inthe Northeast reflected sporadic occupations or explorationtowa¡ds the end of the Early Archaic period (Ritchie 1979:15). As Ritchie (1971b: 3) stated, the presence of thebifurcate-based points made it "certain that upstate NewYork was infrequently visited by little bands of huntersfrom the south, who may have made brief incursionsthrough the Hudson, Susquehanna and other major rivervalleys." The possibility that the Northeast had beenoccupied by groups who manufactured bifurcate-basedprojectile points in the same styles found farther south, orthat their occurrence was part of a sequence of occupationsspanning the early post-glacial period, was forcefully dis-counted. In his last major statement on the Archaic,Ritchie wrote "Staten Island is the sole area in theNortheast known to me where bifurcated-base pointsoccurred in contexts which included such other EarlyArchaic point styles as Kirk Stemmed, Palmer CornerNotched, Hardaway and possibly other southeasternstyles" (1979: 16).

The Ritchie-Fitting hypothesis provided a seeminglyrobust theoretical paradigm for explaining the limited evi-dence for Early Holocene occupations in the Great Lakesregion. Ritchie's taxonomic framework not only reflectedthat perspective but, by establishing the accepted frame-work for organizing collections, also guided researcherstowards considering potential Early Holocene diagnosticsas anomalies or unusual variants of better-known LateHolocene types. As a result, interpretations of both newand extant collections that relied on Ritchie's taxonomicframework reified and reinforced his view that the EarlyHolocene was a period characterized by low populations,limited land-use and possible occupation hiatuses tluough-out the Northeast. The few bifurcate-based points thatturned up fro¡n tiile to time in regional collections wereconsidered anomalous but ultimately uninteresting indica-tions of ephemeral cultural connections to distant regions,while potentiai Early or Middle Archaic stemmed andnotched points could be subsumed within a few broadlydefined type descriptions assigned to the Late Holoeene.The possibility that diagnostic artiiacts representing iocaiHa.rly Hoio+erre phases ¡r;igirl he for¡rvi in ilrc reglon seenrs

not to have been consielered seriously until lafe in the1970s.

ANTHROPOLOGY

EXPANDING HORIZONS INEARLY HOLOCENE HUMAN ECOLOGYNeil Trubowitz's survey of the Genesee Valley Expressway(I-390) corridor yielded rhe first clearly doeumented EarlyArchaic sites in western New York (Trubowitz 1979, 1983).In an important paper, Trubowitz (1979) described a smallnumber of curated and privately held artifact collectionsthat he examined to determine whether his Genesee Valleysurvey results represented part of a larger pattern inWestern New York. Trubowitz' study reached severalimportant conclusions. First, he documented that EarlyArchaic findspots were present in the region, being"recorded from the Appalachian highlands to the LakeOntario lowlands, and from Seneca Lake to the Niagra [sic]River" in upland, lowland, valley slope and floodplain set-tings (Trubowitz 1979:55). Second, although the majority(77 .3Vo) of the diagnostic Early Archaic projectile points heidentified were bifurcated-base styles, Trubowitz also notedthe regional presence of a variety of other Early Holocenetypes, including Kirk Stemmed, Ki¡k Corner Notched, Kes-sell Side Notched, Stanly and unidentified serrated points.Finally, he drew attention to data presented by Calkin andMiller (1977) and Miller (1973), which indicared rhat rhepaleo-ecological record of western New York was incon-sistent with the prevailing view of an Early Holocene land-scape dominated by resource-poor closed boreal forests.

Miller's palynological analyses of bogs in southwestemNew York's glaciated Appalachian uplands indicated thatduring the Early Archaic period (coeval with Miller's "8"pollen zone, 10,000-8,000 b.p.) the dominant foresr type inthe region was a complex mixed coniferous and deciduous(pine-oak) forest having no exact modem analogs. Whitepine, elm and black ash dominated lowland valleys, whilewhite pine, oaks and sugar maples blanketed the highlands(Miller 1973:72). Other deciduous taxa represented in "B-zone" pollen assemblages included bvch (Betul4 spp.),American hornbeam (Cøprinus caroliniana), Easternhophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) and poplars, aspens orcottonwoods (Populus spp.). Rather than a homogeneous,dark and dense conifer forest, low in potentially usefulbiomass productivity, much of this forest--especially itsupland portions----could have been dominated by a mosaicof deciduous elements and may have been resource-rich.Tho lvlidclle Archaic period (8,00Û-ó,000 b,p,), coeval withthe beginning of Miller's "C-zone," saw a rise in hemlock(Tsuga canadensis) values, a corresponding decline in pinepollen and the appearance of beech (Føgus spp.) in theregion's forests, marking the initiation of essentiallymodem forest communities.

Trubowitz's study, together with Miller's palynologicalenalvseq f-nlkin ønri fufillcr'c l içt1'¡\ hriof rn',i^", nf Þ,nrh"---'-¿ ---, v \L/ t t I vt¡v^ zvf tv

paleo-ecoiogicai anci archaeologie aL da\a fiom westem NewYork, and an important parallel study in southern Ontarioby Wright (1978), strongly suggested rhat rhe assumption of

an Early Holocene cultural hiatus and its ecological expla-nation were unsuppofed by available evidence from thelower Great Lakes region. These initial attempts to mar-shal interdisciplinary research towards reinterpreting theEarly Holocene period went largely unnoticed.

However, over the next two decades archaeologicalresearch, collections analyses and interpretive sophistica-tion accelerated in sunounding regions. An increasingnumber of well-documented excavations and collectiondescriptions have made it clear that Early and MiddleArchaic occupations with surprising artifactual diversityand complexity were present in northern Fennsylvania(Tumbaugh 1975; McNett 1985; Custer et al. 1994, 1996),south-central and eastern New York state (Funk 1979,1988, 1993; Funk and V/ellman 1984; Levine 1989;Ashton 1994; Fergusson 1996), northem Ohio (Stothers1996), New England (Dincauze 1976, Starbuck and Bolian1980, Robinson et al, 7992), and southern Ontario (Ellisand Deller 1982; Wortner, Fox and Ellis 1990; Watson1990; Lennox 1995).

Radiocarbon dating at some of these sites, coupledwith the recovery of Early Holocene diagnostics fromsealed deposits in deeply stratified contexts, has confirmedthe age of numerous hafted biface types with both south-eastern and northeastern stylistic linkages, Thus, investiga-tions at the Blue Dart site, in southern Ontario (Lennox1995), and at the Haviland site, in Schoharie County, NewYork (Fergusson 1996), have recently demonstrated thatLeCroy-like bifurcate-based projectile points from habita-tion sites in the Northeast occupy the same chronologicalposition as those found in the midwest and mid-south, con-trary to previous suggestions that they were Late Holocenediagnostics in the Great Lakes region (Frufer and Sofsky1965). Similarly, excavations at the West Water Street sitein Lock Haven, Pennsylvania (Custer et aL. 1994, 1996),have demonstrated, as long suspected (Ellis et at. 1990,Funk 1993), that the spatial range of Middle ArchaicNeville points has to be extended southwards to meet thedistribution of the formally and temporally related StanlyStemmed point, defined by Coe (1.964).

Stylistic homogeneity in lithic tools and tool kitsappears to characterize broad areas of the Nofheast duringthe Early Holocene, yet local developmental sequencesdemonstrate a wide range of variant economic strategiesand cultural practices within general pattems of roughlycoeval change spanning broad regions" Throughout muchof the eastern United States, archaeologists now posit a

shift from logistically focusecl settlement-subsistence sys-tems at the end of the Pleistocene to broad-scale foragingecoiromies during the Early Á,rchaic aird the eventual.l^.,^l^**^"'+ ^f -.^-^ ^^J-*¡^*-" ^*J -^,,i-1t". ^^*^^t--. -.ruuyurrrlr¡r¡u¡¡¡. trr trrulç ùuuLttt4rJ 4rtu ùuL¿4!ty Lit!t!!rIcÃ {_tll-fnral sysfems cluring the Middle Archa-ic per:iod. (Cable1996, Gunn 1996, Sassaman 1996).

For example, painstaking rçsearch arouncl the Gulf of

BIJLLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

Maine has documented the emergence, from a Paleoindianbase, of generalist economic strategies with fishing, huntingand wild plant harvesting each contributing to overall diet.To this base was added the possible cultivation of squash

by 6,500-5,500 b.p. in a social context characterized byelaborate mortuary ceremonialism (Petersen 1995:214-217; Robinson 1996; Petersen and Asch Sidell 1996).

Similar pattems of change in adaptive strategies, settlement

systems and modes of social integration characterize the

Early to Middle Archaic transition in the Midwest (Brownand Vie¡ra 1983, Charles and Buikstra 1983, Styles et al.1983, Jefferies 1995) and the Southeastern United States

(Anderson 1995, Milanich 1995, Anderson and Sassama¡r

1996), although in each of these areas the specific range ofeconomic species exploited, the symbolism expressed inmofuary and domestic contexts and the specific timing ofthe changes differ, It is reasonable to expect that similartrajectories of cultural change and local diversificationremain to be documented in the archaeological record ofthe lower Great Lakes region during this interval.

In the light of rapid changes in understanding EarlyHolocene data from surrounding regions, it has become

clear that the archaeological record of the Niagara Frontier,as currently known, is anomalous. Despite Trubowitz'searly use of regional archaeological and paleo-ecological

data to test the Ritchie-Fitting hypothesis, the task ofdemonstrating his proposals was left to researchers workingin other areas. Multi-disciplinary teams investigating bothsite-specific and regional problems in surrounding regions

have fostered an understanding of cultural changes and

adaptive complexity during the Early Holocene that farexceeds the level of discourse on such topics in the lowerGreat Lakes region (e.g, Hansen 1993).

CURRENT RESEARCH:ORIENTATION AND APPROACHOur interest in re-examining the Early Holocene record ofthe Niagara Frontier developed while undertaking an

intensive landscape survey (sensu Rossignol and Wand-snider 1992) of a two square kilometer block of cultivatedupland watershed in eastem Genesee County, New York,The survey produced a surprisingly large number of sites

with diagnostic artifacts that bore unmistakable resem-blances to Ë,arly and Middle .A.rchaic diagnostic artifacfsfrom surrounding regions and which appeared not to be

referable to regionally defined Late Holocene Archaic orWoodland cultural complexes. Artifacts recovered fron,these sites included Bifurcate-based points, Kirk CornerNotched points, Palmer points, Stanly or Neville points anci

crudely stemrned points with parallels in fhe Morrowr,l^",*r^i* ¡!¡,¡+n* .c ,I-fi*.'{ l-.' T'rcti¡n 1 I (ìç7i h* ^'1,1ilv¡rru¡rr.¡r¡¡ v¡unLwr. (ry Juù.¡vv \t/oì).

tional group of' large, square-based, sirle nnfch.ed poinfsresembleel late Middle Archaic fypes from the Upper Mid-west (Raddatz and Godar points, Justice 1981: 6149) and

the proto-Laurentian, South Hill phase, bifaces describedby Funk (1988, 1993) as possible markers for the end ofthe Middle Archaic period in New York State (ca.6,30G-5,700 b.p.).

Like Trubowitz's investigations in the late 1970s, ourfieldwork led us to re-examine extant early collections,including some, such as that of the Buffalo Museum ofScience, which he had not studied. Our examination ofthese collections turned up many new examples of theEarly Holocene projectile point styles that we hadrecovered in our survey, together with other types that hadnot yet been reported from the region in controlled surfacecollections or excavations.

The remainder of this paper presents basic data on thediagnostic Early Holocene projectile points identified todate in our surveys of extant collections from the NiagaraFrontier. We have assigned these artifacts to named typesand clusters (after Justice 1987) for the heuristic purpose

of communicating our results and interpretations to col-leagues working throughout eastem North America. Weremain skeptical that the methodological bases used todefine "types" throughout this broad region are fully com-parable and that the type-concept itself is the best tool formonitoring inter-regional, intra-regional and use-historyvariability in material culture.

It is possible, however, to identify stylistic and tech-nological linkages between specific objects in our sampleand those recovered from excavated contexts elsewhere ineastem North America and, for the time being, using these

type names remains the best way to maintain a commonlanguage and to facilitate comparisons between regions.Ultimately we remain concerned that it may be inapprop-riate to extend specific type names over broad distances

without detailed region-by-region information on themetric and non-metric attributes of the artifacts beingincorporated within those types, Without data to expressthe variability found within types, the potential signifi-cance of separable but linked types and type-clusters maybe obscured, leading to inappropriate o¡ inaccurate modelsof the culturai, temporal and spatial dynamics that once

linked and separated ancient populations living throughoutthe vast areas within which these named styles are nowfound.

Therefore, we employ establishecl type and elusternames, heuristically, to suggest linkages between NiagaraFrontier specimens and those from surrounding regions,but we also provide information on the metric and non-metric attributes of each specimen examined in the courseof this survey. Vy'e hope thai presentafion of lhis basic datawill stimulate oÉhers to provide similar inf+rmation anC torrnãndaÞn thn ¡nnrnarafir¡c analr¡enq n^1tr'èc^ri/ l¡r r+finn

extend or refute the provisionai moricis we sef tbrwarcl inthis paper.

ANTHROPOLOGY

SAMPLE SELECTION AND ANALYTICAL METHODSThe sample reported in this paper consists entirely of haftedbifaces, selected from professionally curated collections inwestem New York and the adjacent Niagara peni¡lsula ofOntario, We have intentionally restricted our analysis tocollections held by professionally curated museums andhistorical societies although we are aware of additionalspecimens in the collections of avocational archaeologistsand collectors. These private collections are not immedi-ately accessible to researchers and may become dispersecland unavailable for examination after the deaths of theircurrent owners. Therefore, they cannot currently serve asreference points for documenting local culture-history.

This is not a complete survey of all public collections inthe Niagara Frontier due to limitations on time and the sizeof some collections. Further investigations of both publicand private collections are needed to create a more compïe-hensive data base. Collections described in this report arecurated at the Buffalo Museum of Science [BMS], Buffalo,NY; the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society[BECHS], Buffalo, NY; the Rochester Museum andScience Center [RMSC], Rochester, Ny; the Holland LandOffice Museum [HLOM], Batavia, Ny; the Anthropologi-cal Research Museum, State University of New york atBuffalo [UB], Amherst, NY; and the Fort Erie HistoricalMuseum IFEHM], Ridgeway, Ontario. Throughout thispaper, the curatorial facility holding each specimen isidentified by the abbreviation shown above, followed bythat institution's internal catalogue or accession number,where one has been assigned.

Individual specimens were selected for analysis fromthese collections on the basis of visual comparisons to pub-lished examples of Early and Middle Archaic hafted bifacesfrom excavated contexts in northeastem, midwestem andmid-southem North America, In using this approach, par-ticular attention was paid to formal and technologicalattributes of the haft area. Less emphasis was placed on theshape of the blade, except to the degree it recorded specificand potentially diagnostic attributes of Early Holoceneresharpening trajectories (alternate beveling, intentionalserration, etc.). The presence of several non-metricattributes generally considered to be most common in EarlyHolocene lithic technologies were also used to guide theinitial selection of specimens. These attributes inclucled:blade-edge seration, blade-edge bevel resharpening (par-ticularly alternate-bevel resharpening), basal bifurcation,basal and/or haft margin and notch grinding, extreme basalthinning and pattemed flaking of the blade faces (especiallyintentional collateral, oblique, or chevron flaking).

Following their initial seiection, specirnens were sortedintn arnrrnc ì-"', !..^"-l ^^""fi^","...r:..* /^ ^uJ r/oru¡ ç(,r¡¡¡Ër¡t4t!\r!t tE.r, Lt)UtE:r rltìt(.r!eilsirte nolcherl, lanceolafe. etc.) and \\,cre compar.ed bcth topubiished descriptions of Late Holocene (post-6,000 b.p.)projectile point styles from the lower Great Lakes region

and to published descriptions of excavated Early andMiddle Archaic hafted bifaces from surrounding regions.Primary descriptive sources employed included Ritchieand Funk (1971), Funk a¡rd Wellman (1984), Coe (1964),Broyles (1971), Chapman (1975, Lg77), Cusrer er al.(1994) and a wide range of shorter descriptive articles andsite reports listed individually in later parts of this paper.Secondary sources providing summary descriptions, illus-trations and information about the distribution and age ofnamed projectile points types in eastem North Americawere also consulted, but were not used as primary basesfor including projectile points within the research sample.These sources included Ritchie (i971a), Jusrice (lgg7),Cambron and Hulse (1983), V/righr (1978) and DeReg-naucourt (1992). Finally, published illustrations in sitereports or synthetic research papers without detailedinformation on either context or attribute data (e.g. Star-buck and Bolian 1980, Ellis, Kenyon and Spence 1990,Funk 1993, etc.) were consulted for their supporting des-criptions, dates and contextual analyses after primary andsecondary sources had been used to establish the possibleEarly Holocene placement of specific objects.

hojectile points rhat fit within published ranges ofvariability for Late Holocene or Pleistocene hafted bifacetypes from New York State or Ontario, and which couldnot be incorporated within published descriptions of EarlyHolocene types from surrounding regions, were removedfrom the study sample. The final sample, therefore, con-sisted of projectile points that could be more comfortablyincorporated into descriptions of Early and Middle Archaicprojectile point types from surrounding regions than intopublished descriptions of Late Holocene types frorn theLower Great Lakes region. Type names were assigned tothese specimens based on their conformability to publisheddescriptions, while cluster names were assigned accordingto the grouping criteria employed in Justice's (19g7)synthesis. The selection and primary typing of allspecimens was undertaken by Smith and O'Donnell, withfurther discussion among all three co-authors.

The following metric attributes were recorded for eachspecimen: weight (grams), maximum length (mm), maxi-mum width (mm), shoulder width (mm), maximum thick-ness (mm), base width (mm), minimum haft width (mm,for notched points), shoulder/haft junction width (mm, forsternmed points), haft length (mm), nctch width (rnm),notch depth (mm), notch angle (degrees), shoulder angle(degrees, stemmed points only), basal bifurcation depth(mm) ancl basal bifurcation width (mm),

All linear measurements rvere recorded separately bytwr persons using cligital and anaiog calipers (MitutoyoDigimaf ic, furndei fi]-ö-i) anci SPi Model Jr .r, 14, rcsËrotively), r.l,ith data reeorded to two cleci¡nal plaees. .Anglemeasurements werc taken with a General'fools Manufac-turing Co., Model No. 17 rnanual goniometer, ruled to o¡re

BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

degree accuracy. V/eights were recorded using a YamatoLabtop electronic balance, with read-out to tenths of a gram

and a reported accuracy of t .01 grams. Paired observations

for each variable were averaged and recorded to one

decimal place in order to reduce inter-observer variability.Differences in measurements greater than 0.5 mm or 2o

were remeasured and the average of the two closest read-

ings recorded.The following non-metric variables (and variable states)

were recorded for each projectile point in the study collec-tion: completeness (complete, tip missing, distal half miss-

ing, proximal haft missing, haft missing, haft damaged orbarbs missing), proximal end morphology (corner notched,side notched, basally notched, bifurcated, trianguloid, lan-ceolate, straight stem, contracting stem or expanding stem),

longitudinal cross-section (biconvex, Ienticular, plano-convex, beveled, flat or other), basal grinding (heavy, lightor absent), notch grinding (heavy, light or absent), blade

edge morphology (straight, convex, concave or complex),alternate bevel resharpening (heavy, light or absent) and

blade edge serration (heavy, fine or absent).

Most metric and non-metric attributes were recorded bySmith and O'Donnell; Smith and Holland recorded these

attributes for the Pell Site collection IRMSC]. Lithicmaterial identifications were done by Holland, using mac-

roscopic and low-level (5-40x) incident-light microscopicexaminations to compare archaeological specimens with ,

outcrop-collected lithic reference samples curated in the

Holland Lithic Laboratory, Buffalo Museum of Science,The following contextual data was recorded for each

specimen: curating institution, catalogue number, fieldnumber, site or collection name and location, lithic rawmaterial. Except where noted, all specimens in the sample

were obtained through surface collection, Provenienceinformation for these collections varied from knowledge ofthe specific sites and loci from which objects were col-lected to tentative identifications of the township or countyfrom which they came. Objects identified in museum reco-rds only as being "local" were included in this survey if (1)

they were incorporated within a large, coherent collectioncomprised overwhelmingly (i.e. z 95Vo) of lithic rawmaterials native to the Niagara Frontier region, (2) theycould not be attributed to a definable sub-collection thatwas dominated by "exotic" types and raw materiais indica-tive of a purchased or traded group within a larger collec-tion, or (3) they were isolated finds manufactured fromlithic raw materials that outcrop in the region or areprimarily exclusive to it. Locally available lithic rawmaterials include Onondaga, Bois Blanc, Lockport,Reynales and Huronian cherts (Eley and von Bitter 1989;r-I^ll^^.tr l;fl";^ I nl'a,.a*n*¡ -^^^*¡t¡ [ìr¡*ìf.tn hr""^""'. ^f¡lUlr4¡ru ¡/¡l¡¡¡L ¡,o¡r(r¡r¡¡\r¡y lwurr¡u,J.Qnipn¡eì

Deeisions to include or exciude specimens without siteor township provenience were also influenced by available

oral history regarding the collection and its collector; forexample, whether it was a known farm collection orwhether the collector was known to have traded or pur-chased artifacts and collections. In general, artifacts madefrom exotic raw materials and in styles unusual for theregion were included in this analysis only if they werefrom collections known to have been made by individualswho collected locally, and if the rest of that collection was

overwhelmingly dominated by types and raw materialstypically seen in excavated or surface collected assem-

blages from the region.

RESULTSOne hundred four Early Holocene hafted bifaces from theNiagara Frontier are reported in this study. These includerepresentives of the Dalton, Hi-Lo, Thebes, Large SideNotched, Kirk Corner Notched, Rice Lobed, LeCroy,Stanly Stemmed and Morrow Mountain clusters, as

defined by Justice (1987). These cluster groupings are util-ized in this paper as generic categories for linking formallyrelated specimens, Type names and category designationsare utilized, where possible, to suggest closer relationshipswithin the sample and to other published materials.

One change made to Justice's classification system is aseparation of his Large Side Notched cluster into two sepa-

rate entities: the Early Side Notched cluster (incorporatingthe Big Sandy, Graham Cave Side Notched, Kessell SideNotched and similar specimens with radiocarbon andstratigraphic dating to the terminal Pleistocene or earliestHolocene millennia) and the Heavy Based Side Notchedcluster (incorporating Raddatz-like and proto-Laurentianside notched points, which have radiocarbon dates andstratigraphic contexts suggesting a late Middle Archaictemporal position). This division of the Large SideNotched cluster follows the lead of Ellis, Kenyon andSpence (1990), Further, taxonomic divisions of the Bifur-cate tradition follow Chapman (1975, 1980) as discussed

below.

Hi-I-o cluster (N=7; Figure 1; Plate i)

Seven projectiie points conforming to the Hi-Lo typedescription (Fitting 1963, Ellis and Deller 1982) are pres-

ent in the current sample. One specímen (FEHM988.139.021) was recovered from a site near the mouth ofLake Erie in Fort Erie, Ontario. A second example (BMSCZIZ9a) was found near lrving, in Chautauqua County,New York at the turn of the cenfury. A thircl Hí-Lo point(BMS C24357) was coiiecteci in Chauiauqua or Cat-taraugus Counties, New York, probably frorn a locationnaor thn 'rilla*n nf Tn¡i-c :'c rr¡¡ll 'lhn t¿meinin* f¡rre IIi -rr¡¿q¡iv vi u!¡¡¡t_t

[,o points (RMSC 88.1i8.9'i, RMSC 88.1i8"98, RMSCBB.ilB.123 and RMSü 88.1I8.230) were collected at theFell site, Niagara County, New York by Mr. Richard

ANTHROPOLOGY

Figure 1. Regional distribution of Hi-Lo, Dalton and Early Side Notched Cluster bifaces in the Niagara Frontier region,Open symbols in shaded circles indicate specimens for which only county provenience is available. bpen symbol withinthe unshaded square in Lake Erie identifies one specimen for which proueni"nce data is limited to th; Niagara Frontier,generally. Shorelines of the lower Great Lakes approximate modern, rather than Late Pleistocene/Early Hãlocene posi-tions.

McCarthy.Six of the Hi-Lo points are manufactured from

Onondaga chert. The seventh, from the pell Site (RMSC88.118.230), is made from Lockport chert, a low-grade,fossiliferous Middle Silurian chert that is available in out-crops along the Niagara escarpment and in secondary cob-ble sources throughout western New york (Eley and vonBitter 1989: 79-2A, Holland Lithic Laboratory records,Buffalo Museum of Science), The Peli site is located at thebase of the Niagara escarpment and this material may havebeen immediately available to the site's occupants.

FIi-Lo points share a number of attributes with latoPaleoindian projectile point styles ancf Early Archaic iypesof the Dalton clusrer (Jusrice l9B7: 46). All of rhespecimens in this sample have weak shoulders above con-fract.ing iaferal hafring margi*s or braarf, shallow sicie-^+^L^^ D^^^^ ^*^ ^L^lt---.r-- :-- -iru¡.urius. lfasus ¿i.rc snallov,/ly ¡tìcuÌvalc willi i¡asai llrirrrrirrgancl grinding on all but one example, BMS CZlZga laeksboth basal thinning and lateral grinding on the haft margins

and base. Its overall crude execution suggests that it mayhave been a preform abandoned before completion.Several, but not all, of the points in this group exhibitaltemate edge beveling, giving a twisted appearance to thepoint when viewed from the distal end.

Hi-Lo points have not yet been reported from contextsin association with datable materials. On technologicalbases, and from comparison of the Hi-Lo tool-kit toPaleoindian and Early Archaic assemblages, Ellis and Del-ler (1982: 17) argue for a Late Paieoinciian Early Archaicplacement of the. type, with tinks to the Dalton cluster andan assumed age of 10,500-10,000 b.p. (see also Justice1987). Assoeiations with fossil strandlines of thc GrcatLakes suggest bracketing ages of 10,400-9,500 b,p. (Ellisand Deltrer 1982, 1985. 1990). Hi-Lo poinrs have beenf^ ",J ¿L , -tluili¡tt {-tll(}ugll(}tJ¡ ¡j)t. t rrC¿ii. i .¡tK{rl; ¡1A\i j-I, 1:af i.tCtrlafly tnsou thern lrtnt ari o, i",Íi ch i gan, n orth.em ft ldi¡rrra, wcsl-centralIllinois and northem Ohio (Justice lgSl:46; Ellis and Del-Ier 1990; ÐeRegnaucourt 1992: 12*14). Jusrice (l9Sj:46)

10 BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

reports a possible example of the type from the Bull Brook

site in eastern Massachusetts.

Hi-Lo points have previously been reported in New

York State only from the Kilmer site, Steuben County, wellto the east of the Niagara Frontier (Tankersley et al. 1996).

This is the first formal report of this type from western New

York, providing a link between the Kilmer site outlier and

the main distribution of the Hi-Lo type in the central Great

Lakes basin.

BMS C2129a, field or study number: -, State/Province: New York,

County: Chautauqua, Town/Site: Irving, material: Onondaga chert, weight

(grams): 8.5, maximum length (mm): 45.0, maximum widrh (mm): 23.4'

shoulder width (mm) 23.4, maximum thickness (mm): 9.1' base width

(mm): 21.0, minfunum haft width (mrn): 19.8, haft length (mm): 10.4' left

notch width (mm): 11.1, right notch width (mm): 10.1, left notch depth

(mm): 1.4, right notch depth (mm): 1.0, left notch angle: 67o, right notch

angle: 94o, bifurcation depth (mm): 2.8, bifurcation width (mm): 12.9, com-

pleteness: complete, proximal end morphology: side notched, cross section:

biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge

morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, senation: absent. Notes:

Crude execution overall, possibly preform although damage along edges

suggests possible utilization. Type: Hi-Lo (Ellis and Deller 1982, Justice

r987).

BMS C24357, field or study number: -, State/Province: New York,

County: Chautauqua or Cattaraugus, Town/Site: -, material: Onondaga

chert, weight (grams): 6.0, maximum length (mm): 33.6, maximum width

(mm):23,2, shoulder wídth (mm) 23.0, maximum thickness (mm): 8.8, base

width (mm): 19.8, minimum haft width (mm): 18.4, haft length (mm): 5.9'

left notch width (mm): 6.9, right notch width (mm): 7.7, left notch depth

(mm): 1.3, right notch depth (mm): 1.ó, left notch angle: 87o, right notch

angle: 83', bifurcation depth (mm): 2.9, bifurcation width (mm): l1'9, com-

pleteness: complete, proximal end morphology: side notched, cross section:

biconvex, basal grinding: heavy, notch or stem grinding: heavy, blade edge

morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, senation: absent. Type:

Hi-Lo (Ellis and Deller 1982, Justice 1987).

FEHM 988.139,021, field or study number: -, StateÆrovince: Ontario,

County: Niagara Regional Municipality, Town/Site: Fort Erie, material:

Haldimand chert, weight (grams)r 11.4, maximum length (mm): 41.5, maxi-

mum width (mm): 28.9, shoulder width (nm) 27'8, maximum thickness

(mm): 9.3, base width (mm): 20.0, minimum haft width (mm): 22'2' haft

length (mrn): 10.4, left shoulder/stem angle: 136o, Ieft shoulder/stem angle:

143', bifurcation depth (mm): 1.7, bifurcation width (mm): 1Û,0, complete-

ness: complete, proximal end morphology: straight stenr, cross section:

biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: light, blade edge

nrorphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, senation: absent. Type:

Hi-Lo (Ellis and Deller 1982, Justice 1987).

RMSC 88.118.98, field or study numbcr: 91234, Sr^relProvince: New

York, County: Niagara, Town/Site: Pell site (Lkp 002), material: Onondaga

eherf, weight (grams): 4.9, maximum length (mm): 29.6, maximum width

{lntn}:22..4, sho*lder vrirìth (rnrrr) ?2.4, maximum thicknesç (mmi: 7.4. base

widti: (n¡m): 20.4, *iinimum h¿!ít width trinr): 19.4, haft Ìength (Inm): 10 3,

left shoulder/stem angle: N/4, b'furcat on depth (rnrn): 2.3, bifurcation

width (mm): 11.1, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: lan-

ceolate, cross section: beveled, basal grinding: heavy, notch or stem grind-

ing: heavy, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpening: light,

serration: absent. Note: heavily resharpened, deeply basal-thinning, nearly

fluted, on one face only. Type: Hi-Lo (Ellis and Deller 1982, Justice 1987),

RMSC 88,118.97, field or study number: A-168, State/Province: New

York, County: Niagara, Town/Site: Pell site (Lkp 002), material:

Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 5.9, maximum length (mm): 31.6, maxi-

mum width (mnù: 24.3, shoulder width (mm) 24.3, maximum thickness

(mm): 7.9, base width (mm): 17.1, minimum haft width (mm): 17.1, haft

length (mm): 12.8, left shoulder/stem angle: N/4, bifurcation depth (mm):

1.9, bifurcation width (mm): 13.4, completeness: complete, proximal end

morphology: contracting stem, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding:

heavy, notch or stem grinding: heavy, blade edge morphology: snaight,

bevel resharpening: âbsent, serration: absent. Notes: Heavily resharpened,

original point appears to have had weak shoulders which have been nearly

removed through resharpening reduction. Type: Hi-Lo (Ellis and Deller

1982, Justice 1987).

RMSC 88,118.123, field or study number: A, State/Province: New

York, County: Niagara, Town/Site: Pell site (Lkp 002), material:


mum width (mm): 21.6, shoulder width (mm) 21'6, maximum thickness


length (mm): t 1.0, left notch width (rnm): 9.5, right notch width (mm): 9.0,

left notch depth (mm): 1.6, right notch depth (mm): 0.8, left notch angle

76o, right notch angle: 90', bifurcation depth (mm): 2.2, bifurcation width

(mm): 14.2, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: lanceo-

late, cross section: beveled, basal grinding: heavy, notch or stern grinding:

heavy, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: light, sena-

tion: absent. Type: Hi-Lo (Ellis and Deller 1982, Justice 1987).

RMSC E8.118.230, field or study number: A 228, State/Province:

New York, County: Niagara, Town/Site: Pell site (Lkp 002), material:

Lockpof chert, weight (grams): 9.7, maximum length (mm): 48.7, maxi-

mum width (mm): 22.1, shoulder width (mm) 22.1, maximum thickness

(mm): 10.8, base width (mnù: 18.3, rninimum haft width (mm): 18'8, haft

length (mm): 14.2, lefi shoulder/stem angle: 143o, left shoulder/stem

angle: 129o, bifurcation depth (mm): 3.4, bifurcation width (mm): 13.2,

completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: straight stemmed,

cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: light, notch or stem grinding: light,

blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serration:

absent. Notes: very roughly made and thick, possible preform. Type: Hi-

Lo (Ellis and Deller 1982, Justíce 1987)'

DaltonCluster (N=1;Figure I Plate 1)

A single specimen (BMS EdAl13/C17588) from the

collections of the Buffalo Museum of Science is referableto the Dalton cluster and bears a ciose resemblance to the

Hardaway Side Notched type, as defined by Coe (1'964).

The specimen is incorporated within an unproveniencedgroup ôf projectile points frorn the Niagara Frontier. Theøcterial fr.nm rlhich it iq niade Oi'inirdar'¡ ¡herf slrnnnrfs- -_-------Þ-- ---'_') *'-fr _--

its iocai attribution.BMS ËdAt13/C17588 is a smaii, triangr'rloid specimen

with evidence of extensive symmetrical resharpening that

ANTHROPOLOGY 1l

indicates its blade was once considerably longer andbroader than it is today. Extreme basal thinning, similar tofluting, is found on both faces of the projectile point. Thebase is shallowly side notched, with the notches placedextremely low on the point's lateral margins, giving its,earsthe out-turned appearance characteristic of the Hardawaystyle, The basal concavity, ears and notches are heavilyground. Resharpening has created ragged or pseudo-serrated blade margins, but intentional serration-theremoval of deeply invasive flakes from prepared bladeedges to isolate robust projections along the bifacemargins-appears to be missing. The resharpening patternapparent on this small specimen suggests chcvron flakingwith pressure-flakes angling from each of the lateral edgestowards the point's base. Edge beveling is absent,

This specimen shares several attributes (basal thinning,base and lateral grinding, overall base shape and flakingpattern) with the Dalton, Hardaway Side Notched and Hi-'Lo types, all of which are thought to date to the end of thePleistocene or the beginning of the Holocene periods.Relationships with preceding Late Paleoindian projectilepoints are evident in all of these types and in this exampleas well. While the exact typological placement of this pieceis uncertain, and should wait until a larger suite of similarpoints has been identified from this region, it is extremelythin, falling within the published range of Hardaway points(Justice 1987: 243), and well outside that of the morerobust Hi-Lo type. This specimen's size and lack of eitherbeveling or true serration argue against attribution to theclassic Dalton type.

Hardaway points are rare in the Northeast but have pre-viously been reported from Staten Island (Ritchie and Funkl97l), the upper Hudson River valley (Levine 1989) andMaryland (Lowery and Custer 1990). A date of g,36}tl}0b.p. [I-4929] was obtained on charcoal from a stratum atthe Richmond Hill site, Staten Island, Ny, that produced aHardaway Side Notched point together with other earlyprojectile point styles belonging to the Kirk CornerNotched Cluster (Ritchie and Funk I97I: 53-54). Zone Dof the Stanfield-Worley Btuff Shelter, Alabama, producedHardaway Side Notched points in association with Daltonand Big Sandy (i) points and a radiocarbon date of9,640t450 b.p. (DeJarnette et al. L962). A Hardaway SideNotched point was also associated with a radiocarbon dateof 9,990t140 b.p. [Beta-65177) ar Dusr Cave, Alabama(DriSkell 1994: 3L, 1996: 328). Based on formal resem-Ll^-^^- +^ n^1.^- ^-l t^t^ ñ-l- -'.- -r'u¡4¡¡vvù LU yarrull auu tatc ralEUlItolall polnI s[yles,stratigraphic relationships in buried sites and associatedradiocarbon dates, Hardaway points are generally thoughtfc date fo Éhe early tenth millenniurn, roughly i0,000-9,500h n /Írctice i clR'¡. l?ìL'vr. t¿r,

fiM$ üi758ä, fieid or srudy r¡umber: EdAii j3, State/pfovince: NewYork or Ontario, County: -, Town/Site: -, mate¡ial: Onondaga chert, weight

(grams): 2.3, maximum length (mm): 32.6, maximum width (mm): 21.2,

shoulder width (mm) 21.2, maximum thickness (mm)l 4.8, base width(mm): 16.8, minimum haft width (mm): 16.6, haft length (mm): 5.0, leftnotch width (mrn): 4.8, right notch width (mm): 5.0, left notch depth (mm):

0.7, right notch depth (mm): 0.7, left notch angle; 58o, right notch angle:

ó5o, bifurcation depth (mm): 2.0, bifurcation width (mm): 11.5, complete-

ness: complete, proximal end morphology: weakly side notched, cross sec-

tion: biconvex, basal grinding: light, notch or stem grinding: heavy, blade

edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpening: absent, senation: light.Notes: serration on one lateral blade edge may be fortuitous ¡ather thanintentional, basal ears flare outwa¡d slightly creating shallow side notches,

both faces basally thinned with multiple, parallel flakes struck from basal

concavity, overall, heavily resharpened. Type: similar to Hardaway (Coe

1964, Justice 1987) and Hi-Lo (Ellis and Deller 1982, Justice. lgBT) styles,

with more affinities to the former.

Early Side Notched Cluster (N=7, Figure i Plate l)

Seven projectile points are tentatively identified asKessell Side Notched points (n=2), Big Sandy (I) (n=l) orBig Sandy-like side notched points (n=4). All seven weremanufactured from locally available Onondaga chert.

Two Kessell Side Notched points (RMSC 88.118,150,RMSC 88.118.159) from the Pell Sire, Niagara Counry,New York, conforrn generally to the type description pub-lished by Broyles (I97I: 60=61). Both are rhin, with flatcross-sections, straight blade margins and carefullypressure-flaked edges. Bases are concave, thinned by theremoval of multiple basal thinning flakes and have parallelpointed ears. One specimen (RMSC 88.118.150) has lightgrinding on the basal edge; the other does not. Sidenotches are small, narrow, unground, and placed very lowon the blade, angling shallowly upward into the body ofthe point. Neither specimen has altemate or bifacial bevelresharpening.

Deviations from the Kessell type description are minor.RMSC 88.118,159 is finely serrated along one lateraledge, while the length/width ratio of RMSC 88.118.150 ishigher than the typical range described by Broyles and is,thus, aiso simiiar to the Big Sandy (i) type (DeJamette etal. 1962: Driskell 1994, 1996). However, the absence ofgrinding in the notches, the overall range of values forother metric and non-metric attributes and their thinnessargue for attribution of these points to the Kessell type.

A third projectile point from the Pell Sire (RMSC88.118.169) fits within the range of metric and non-metric.,^-:^¿:^- i^^^-:L^i f^- ¡l-- --,- -- r:v 4r r4rtull uçJUr I ucu luI ttlç IJI cçcuIIrg two DlIaces.However, wifh light serration on both blade eelges, lightbasai grinding anci heavy notch grinding it fits more con-formably within Éhe formal description of the Big Sandyli'r r',-^ /l-rnTa¡nnttn nt ai i []É1. lÍ]\\./ çJ yv \vçrqr¡¡virv tvk, a) ).

As Rroyles noteet (19?l: 6l), available racliocarbonclates indicate that the Kesseli and Big Sandy (I) projectilepoint types are essentially conternporaneous forms, Sincc

t2 BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

the number of known Kessell points and components is

small, some degree of overlap between these two types maynot be surprising. Kessell Side Notched points have pre-

viously been identified in small numbers in the Ohio valley(Broyles 1971, Justice 1987:67, DeRegnaucourt 1992) and

southern Michigan (Shoshani et al, 1989). Trubowitzreported one Kessell point in his survey of westem NewYork collections but provided no illustration or descriptionof the specimen (Trubowitz 1979). Kessell points wereassociated with a hearth that yielded a radiocarbon date of9,8501250 b.p.3 at the St. Albans site, West Virginia(Broyles 1971: 10), while at the Shelton Mastodon site inMichigan, preserved wood in association with a Kessellpoint was dated to 9,640tI20 b.p. [Beta-10302] (Shoshani

et al. 1989:22).Four projectile points (BMS C2352d, BMS CI622Ia,

BECHS 60-805, BECHS 66448) are larger than thepreceding bifaces, yet share a suite of non-metric attributes

with Big Sandy (I), Kessell and other members of the EarlySide Notched cluster. Two of these specimens (BECHS

6H48, BMS C2352d) were found in the vicinity of Irving,Chautauqua County, New York. A third (BMS C16221a)

was found at the "Fort Neuter" site, probably the vicinity ofthe Shelby site, Orleans County, New York, which has been

known as "Neuter Fort" or "Fort Neuter" to avocationalarchaeologists for more than a century.o No specific collec-tion locality is recorded for the fourth (BECHS 60-805)specimen, although it is certainly from the Niagara Frontierregion. All four examples were manufactured fromOnondaga chert,

These four projectile points are relatively large, broad,

side notched bifaces with U-shaped notches that angleslightly up and inwards towards the center of the blade.

Notches are heavily ground on all four specimens and the

haft elements have squared ears with suggestions of parallelpoints extending downward from their proximal comers.

Bases are concave and heavily ground, with the exceptionof BMS CI622La, which is only lightly ground. The lateralmargins of the haft elements are lightly ground orunground. The bases on all four examples were thinned bythe removal of multiple flakes from one or both faces of theproximal end. Two examples (BMS C16221a and BECHS6æ48) have been thinned on one side by the removal of a

flute-like channel flake running most of the length of the

biface. The blades, in all cases, have been severely reduced

through resharpening but were flattened in cross-section

through the removai of broad flakes running across the

blade. Resharpening was accomplished through steep, bifa-cial pressure retouch that resulted in a bifacially beveledcrsss-sectiün and lateral margin serration. On fhree exatrr--"t-'^ ¿l- ^ .Íi^^,.¿1--"" ..f -.^¡^".,L "",..^ k:l^¿^*,,11", ^Ll:,,.,," .,.:rLtlrr:5 tilE; rrilELt"lrrr {¡t !q:rrnJLil w¿} rlr4tctdtrY urr!!LluE. w!rr!

flake sears extending from each lateral mariin inwards and

proximally towards the base, resulting in a chevron-likepatfern similar to that reported for Charleston Corner

Notched points (Broyles 1971: 56-57).In dimensions, form and resharpening attributes, these

projectile points appear to be referable to the recentlyrecognized, pan-eastern, initial Early Holocene "EarlySide Notched tradition," which incorporates the Bolen,Big Sandy (I), Big Sandy Heavy-Based (Cambron andHulse 1983), Graham Cave Side Notched, Taylor and Kes-

sell types, all of which have been recovered in associationwith organic material radiocarbon dated to a brief periodstraddling the traditional Pleistoceneflolocene boundaryof 10,000 b,p. Additional connections, in resharpeningtrajectories and extent of basal thinning, respectively, can

be drawn to the Charleston Corner Notched and Hardawaytypes.

Archaeological research in southeastern and mid-continental North America indicates that all of the pro-jectile point styles bearing conjoined attribute-levelsimilarities to these four Niagara Frontier specimens are

very early Early Archaic types. As noted above, Kessellpoints were associated with dates of 9,850t250 b.p.(Broyles 1971: 10) and 9,640t120 b.p. (Shoshani et al.

1989) at the St, Albans and Shelton Mastodon sites,respectively. Big Sandy (I) points have been recovered inwell-controlled, stratified contexts at Dust Cave, Alabama,with radiocarbon dates of 10,490t360 b.p, [Beta-40681],10,330t120 b.p, [Beta-4l063] and 10,345t80 b,p. [Beta-40680 and ETH-73241. Bolen points, a representative ofthe tradition from northem Florida, have been recoveredfrom a sealed stratigraphic deposit dated 9,7301120 b.p,(Michie 1.996:250).

Hardaway and Charleston Corner Notched points,which share specific attributes with the Niagara Frontierspecimens are equally early. Hardaway points have been

associated with dates of 9,640t450 b.p. (DeJarnette et al.

L962) at the Stanfield-V/orley Shelter, Alabama, and

9,360*120 b.p. úa929) at Richmond Hill, Staten Island,New York. Charleston Corner Notched points were associ-

ated with Kessell points at St. Albans and with a radiocar-bon date of 9,4351270 b.p. [GX-4126] at the Icehouse

Bottom site in the Tellico Dam basin, Little Tennessee

River valley, Tennessee (Chapman 1977: l6L).Broyles (1971:26, Figure 25a,b) recovered two similar

projectile points, one fluted and one unfluted, from the

riverbank adjacent to the St, Albans site. Based on the

depth at which the fluted example was found, Broylesinfened that thesc were earlier than either the Kessell Side

l.lofched or Charlesto¡t Corner Notched points associated

with her 9,850*250 b.p. date, and Joffre L. Coe agreedthat these appeared to be styiisticaiiy transitionai from his

Hardaway Side Notched to the Palmcr Corner Notched¿,,",^- ,,,i11- ^'" ¡"¡*ir*a+n¡i ^^^ ^f i íì nnn û f nn l-. -. /Tl.^"!*"tyP!ù" wtrrr rrr¡ ç¡r¡rrrr¡LLu rr¡lr! t.Þr\rJrvù

797It 26, Figure 35).

Tunrbaugh (1975: 89*92, Plate ila-ri) described simiiarprojectile points from sites near Linden and Lewisburg,

ANTHROPOLOGY 13

PA, in the upper Susquehanna River valley, associated withspurred trianguloid endscrapers, typical elements ofPaleoindian assemblages. Turnbaugh described thesebifaces as Dalton variants because of their flute-like basalthinning, even though their formal and technologicalattributes separate them fairly clearly from classic Daltonexamples. Nevertheless, the flute-like basal thinning, con_cave bases and ear-like projections on the point bases, aswell as their reported association with spuned endscrapers,do recall Late Paleoindian manufacturing trajectories andassemblages. Together with Broyles' inferred stratigraphicplacement at St, Atbans, these are further indicatois iug_gesting an age for these projectile points at the end of thePleistocene or in the earliest part of the Holocene.

This projectile point type is currently unnamed andknown only from a scattering of locations in West Virginia,Pennsylvania and, now, Westem New york. Metric andnon-metric attributes suggest that it is an extremely earlyEarly Holocene style. Based on stylistic cross-ties wesuggest that it may represent a northern variant of awidespread style-group that includes Bolen, Big Sandy (I),Graham Cave Side Notched, Taylor and Kessell points assoutheastem and midcontinental representatives of a tradi_tion dating to the period IO,ZS0-9,750 b.p. (Anderson et al.1996: 15). Further examples of this type, recovered in asso-ciation with dated materials, may allow the definition of adistinct new type within rhe Early Side Notched cluster.

Kessell points, though noted by Trubowitz (1979), havenever been formally described from New york State, BigSandy (I)-like points have not been previously reporteãfrom New York State, Their closest published occurrence isin the Cross Creek drainage of southwestem pennsylvania(Adovasio et al. 1995: 10). As noted above, bifaces similarto the broad, fluted and basally thinned examples from theNiagara Frontier have been recorded in the upper OhioRiver basin and the West Branch of the Susquehanna River(Broyles 1971, Tumbaugh 1975). The Niàgara Fronrierexamples appear to represent, in small numbers, a series ofstylistically and technologically linked styles typical of theEarly Side Notched Cluster. Based on cross-ties tospecimens in dated context, these styles'dates are expectedto straddle the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary, ca.10.200-9..500 h n

RMSC 88.118.150, field or srudy number: A279, Stateiprovince: NewYork, County: Niagara, Towry'Site: pell site (Lkp 002), material: Onondagaehert, weight (grams): 4,2, maximurn length (mm): [39.2], maxirnuur wi<irh(mrn): 23.3, shoulder width (mm) 20.8, maxi¡num thickness (mm); 4.9, base

wirith (mm): 23.3, minimum haft widrh (mm): 15,8, haft lengrh (mni): 12.5,left notch width (mm): 3.1, right norch widrh (mm):2,7,left norch deprhimrn): .r.0. risht nntch denfh ¿mñì. ? r refi nnr¡h an^râ. rro ..;^!.. -^..r.u¡¡årç. ,¡ | ¡¡5r,r ¡¡utr¡,

angle: "ì2", bifurcation depth (mm): 2.5, bifurcation width (mm): I5.9, conr_

pleteness: tip missing, proxirnal end rnorphology: side notched, cross sec-tion: f1at, basal grinding: light, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge

morphology: straight, bevel resharpening: light, scrration: light. Notes:very thin, resharpening has nearly removed left notch juncture with blademargin. Type: Kessell Side Notched (Broyles 1971: 60-61).

RMSC 88.118,159, field or srudy number: A-193, State/province:New York, County: Niagara, Town/Site; pell site (Lkp 002), material:Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 5.2, maximum lengrh (mm): [29.2], max_imum width (mm): 28.3, shoulder width (mm) 27.1, maximum thickness(mni): 6.5, base width (mm): 28.3, minimum haft widrh (mm): 23.0, haftlength (mm): 8.1, left notch width (mm): 3.6, right notch width (mm): _,

left notch depth (mm): 2.7, right notch depth (mrn): -, left notch angle: 52o,

right notch angle: -, bifurcation depth (mm): 2.0, bifurcation width (mm):25.2, completeness: tip missing, proximal end morphology: side notched,cross section; plano-convex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grind-ing: absent, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpening: absent,

serration: light, one side only. Notes: Finely serrated, wide basal thinningon one face only. Type: Kessell Side Notched (Broyles l97l: 60_61).

RMSC 88.118.169, field or study number: A-93, StateÆrovince: NewYork, County: Niagara, Town/Site: Pell site (Lkp-002), material:Onondaga, weight (grams): 4.8, maximum length (mm): [29.3], maximumwidth (mm): 25.3, shoulder width (mm) 24.0, maximum thickness (mm):6.2, base width (mm): 25.3, minimum hafr width (mm): 19.3, haft lengrh(mm): 12.2, left notch width (mm): 6.2, nght notch width (mm): 4.4, leftnotch depth (mm): 3.5, righr notch depth (mm): 2.0,leftnotch angle: 7lo,right notch angle: 860, bifurcation depth (mm): 1,5, bifurcation width(mm): 17.4, completeness: tip missing, proximal end morphology: sidenotched, cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding: light, notch or stemgrinding: heavy, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpening:light, senation: light. Type: Big Sandy (I) (DeJamerte et al. 1962:49) withsimilarities to Kessell Side Norched type (Broyles l97l).

BECHS 60-805, field or study number: ,¡2 arrow", State/province:New York, County: Erie?, Tow¡VSite: -, material: Onondaga chert, weight(grams): 8.7, maximum length (mm): [49.0], maximum width (mm): 30.6,shoulde¡ width (mm) 27.2, maximum thickness (mm): 6.6, base width(mm): 30.6, minimum haft widrh (mm): 19..0, haft length (mm): 13.0, leftnotch width (mm): 7.7, right norch widrh (mm): 7.5, left notch depth (mm):4.8, right notch depth (mm): 4,4, Ieft norch angle: 70o, right notch angle:76o, bifurcation depth (mm): 1.8, bifurcation width (mm): 23.4, complete_

ness:. tip missing, proximal end morphology: side notched, cross section:plano-convex, basal grinding: heavy, notch or stem grinding: heavy, bladeedge morphology: straiglrt, bevel resharpening: absent, senation: heavy.Notes: Basal thinning flakes on both faces extend to the mid-notch leveland slightly higher on the ventral surface. Type: unnamed, suggested linksto Kessell and Big Sandy (I) types (Broyles 19?1, DeJamerte et al. 1962:49) and, especially, to unnanred hafted bifaces r.ecovered at the St. Albanssite, West Virginia (Broyles Lgil 26, figure 25a-b).

BECHS 66-448, field or study number: I47, State/province: NewYork, County: Chautauqua, Town,/Site: lrving, material: Onondaga chert,weight (grams): 5.1, maxirnum length (mm): 33.2, maximum width (nrm):27.7, shoulder width (mm) 24.8, maximum thickness (mm): 5,g, baservidth (mm): 27.7, minimum hàft width (mnr): 18.û, háft lengrh (mm):12.7, left norch widfh (tnrl¡ 1"t1, righi nr:rrch wiclih (mm): r$.9, Ieff :r*rchrlepth (mm)r 4.1, right notch depth (rnm): 3,5, left riotch arg!e: 76,,5o, rightnotch angle: 66", bifurcation depth (mm): 2.4, bifurcation width (rnm):i4.9, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: side notched,

t4 BULLETIN OF TIIE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATL]RAL SCIENCES

cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding: hcavy, notch or stem grinding:

heavy, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpening: none, serra-

tion; light and worn o¡ absent. Notes: Basal thinning flakes run to top of

haft on one face, semifluted on other; chevron resharpening on both faces,

extreme basal grinding extending around basal ears to the inside of both

notches. Type: unnamed, suggested links to Kessell and Big Sandy (I) types

(Broyles 1971, DeJarnette et al. 1962: 49) and, especially, to unnamed

hafted bifaces recovered at the St. Albans site, West Virginia (Broyles 1971:

26, figure 25a-b).

BMS C2352d, field or study number: ", StateÆrovince: New York,

County: Erie, TowrVSite: Brant, material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams):

7.2, maximum length (mm): 38.3, maximum width (mrn)l 29.2, shoulder

width (mm) 29.2, rnaximurn thickness (mm): 6.8, base width (mm): 27.8,

minimum haft width (mm): 20.8, haft length (mm): 12.6, left notch width

(mm): 7.2, right notch wiclth (mm): 7.8, left notch depth (mm): 3.8, right

notch depth (mm): 3.9, left notch angle: 69o, right notch angle: 64o, bifurca-

tion depth (mm): 1.1, bifurcation width (mm): 23.7, completeness: com'

plete, proximal end morphology: side notched, cross section: plano-convex,

basal grinding: heavy, notch or stem grinding: heavy, blade edge morphol-

ogyi shaight, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: light. Type: unnamed,

similar to Kessell and Big Sandy (I) types (Broyles 1971, DeJamette et al.

1962:49), Big Sandy Broad-based subtype (Carnbron and Hulse1976: l5)

and unnamed hafted bifaces recovered ât the St. Albans site, West Virginia

(Broyles l97l 26, figure 25a-b).

BMS C16621a, field or study number: -, State/Province: New York,

County: Orleans?, Tow¡y'Site: "Fort Neuter", material: Onondaga chert,

weight (grams): 5.9, maximum length (mm): 36.0, maximum width (mm):

26,9, shoulder width (mm) 25.7, maximum thickness (mm): 6.2, base width

(mm):26.9, minimum haft width (mm): 1?.9, haft length (mm): 14.3, Ieft

notch width (mm): 7.0, right notch width (mm): 6.5, left notch depth (mm):

4.0, right notch depth (mm): 3.7, left notch angle:74o, right notch angle:

85o, bifurcation depth (mm): 2.0, bifurcation width (mm): 21.5, complete-

ness: complete, proximal end morphology: side notched, cross section:

plano-cònvex, basal grinding: light, notch or stem grinding: heavy, blade

edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: light.

Notes: basal thinning on one face, other face is fluted. Type: unnamed, sug-

gested links to Kessell and Big Sandy (I) types (Broyles 1971, DeJarnette et

aL.1962:49) and, especially, to unnamed hafted bifaces recovered at the St.

Albans site, West Virginia (Broyles l97l:.26, figure 25a-b).

Thebes Cluster (N=6; Figure 2; Plate 2)

Six projectile points in the sample can be assigned to

three types within the Eariy Archaic Thebes Cluster(lThebes, n=l; Lost Lake, n=1; and St, Charles, n= 4],Justice 1987: 5440). Most Thebes Cluster hafted bifaces

are thought to have served as heavy-duty knives and some

researchers have suggested that they represent specialized

elements in toolkíts that also included hafteci bifaces of the

trariy Side Notehed and/or Kirk Cc¡rner Notched Clusters¡8t^thnrc 1O()/-l tr.'rrirlpn¡n frnm ctrnfifinri ricnnqitc in thplurvr¡¡vrù a//vr. D\

rnirl-snulh, bowever, st-lpports the irJea tirat Thebes Ciuster

bifaces may appeâr siightly earlier in the archaeological

record than those of the Kirk Corner Notched Cluster

(Chapman 1977) and that Thebes Cluster bifaces may be

absent from sites dominated by Kirk Corner NotchedCluster or Early Side Notched Cluster diagnostics (Dris-kell 1994, E. Smirh 1995),

Two Thebes Cluster specimens (BMS C1256 and BMSC2237b) were found in the city of Buffalo, Erie County,New York. One of these (BMS CI256), referable to theThebes type as defined by Justice (1987), is made fromlocally available Onondaga chert. The other (BMSC2237b) is a heavily beveled Lost Lake point of Wyan-dotte chert, found in South Buffalo by an early localarchaeologist (H.U. Williams) whose other collections are

overwhelmingly local in nature and show no anomalous

concentrations of Ohio Valley raw materials or pointstyles. As this biface is labeled "South Buffalo" in Wil-liams' handwriting, we accept its provenance.

A third projectile point from the Buffalo Museum ofScience collection (BMS C21856), conforms closely to the

St. Charles type (Justice 1987: 57-58) and was recoveredfrom the Gillmore Farm site, in the Town of Alden, ErieCounty, New York during the 1920s or 1930s. Thisspecimen is manufactured from Onondaga chert, Anotherpoint (BECHS 60-805) exhibits the dove-tail base, shal-

low central basal concavity, heavy basal grinding, lateralmargin serration and alternate beveling of the St, Charles

type. Provenience data for this specimen is ambiguous, butis presumed to be local and was flaked from Onondaga

chert. Two additional St. Charles points (RMSC88,118.296, RMSC 88.118.300) made from Onondagachert were recovered from the Pel[ Site, in the Town ofLockport, Niagara county.

Most of the Thebes Cluster artifacts located in NiagaraFrontier collections are made from locally available lithicraw materials; only one (BMS CZZ376) is made from an

exotic chert type. Thebes Cluster projectile points are notnormally associated with eastern Great Lakes prehistory,yet the presence of examples made from local rawmaterials, and provenience data for the Buffalo Museumof Science and Pell site specimens, supports the existence

of these types in the northem Lake Erie basin.

Isolated examples of Thebes Cluster projectile points

made from exotic raw materials have been identified insouthern Ontario collections but have ambiguousprovenience dafa (Mason i98 1: Plate 4.8; Peter Storck,Royal Ontario Museum, personal communication, 1991),

Thebes Cluster projectile points are well-represented inL .1- ---) ^C ¡L^ T ^t-^ n-:^ L^^:--collecllons lroll] tllc wcstsrll ulru ur luv LaÁç lfrrç uaslD

(Stothers 1996), wherc they were made from locally avail-able raw materials and fiom chert types with becirock

sources 75-150 kilometers distant from the sites where Íhe.."^i..r^ ",,^*^ -^^^=,^*^; 'r'i-,^ *.^¡^--^ ^f . Ti.^h^" ñ1""t^*¡)ur¡¡l¡ wç¡r ¡u!uYU¡uu. ¡ ¡¡v P¡vùv¡¡!v

iriface rnanufactured from V/yandotfe chert in the Nragara

Frontier sampie may reprcsent an extreme extension of.

this pattern, irnplying movement of raw material nearly

ANTHROPOLOGY l5

600 kilometers from its nearest source areâ,Projectile point styles associated with the Thebes

Cluster have been dated in the midcontinental region to thefirst half of the Early Archaic period and may precede theappearance of styles linked to the Ki¡k Corner NotchedCluster (although see Srorhers 1996: l8l). Thebes and Sr.Charles styles were associated with dates of 9,4801400 b.p.and 9,290f300 b.p. in Zone IV of Graham Cave (Klippel1971, cited in Justice 1987:54) and circa 9,450 b.p. at theTwin Ditch site in wesrem Illinois (Banks 1991, cited inDeRegnaucourt 1992: 118). Projectile points with generalsimilarities to the Lost Lake type (Icehouse BottomCategory 38, Chapman 1977 51) were recovered from thelowest stratigraphic levels of the Icehouse Bottom site,Tennessee, in association with a radiocarbon date of9,435x270 b.p. ([GX-4126], Chapman 1977:161). Srorhers(1996) suggests an age range for Thebes points from 9,600to 8,900 b,p., but a mid-tenth millennium b.p. range, ca,9,750-9,250 b.p. seems more in line with published datesand the stratigraphic position of related Thebes Clustertypes in sites across the midcontinent,

Thebes and St. Charles points have a broad midwestemdistribution focused on the Ohio River drainage basin(Justice 1987) and extending into its western Pennsylvaniatributaries (Adovasio et aI. 1974:41, Figure 5h, i; Adovasioet al, 1995: 10). Published summaries (Justice 1987,DeRegnaucourt 1992) suggest that the distribution ofThebes points extends farther north than the St. Charlestype. Examples of the Thebes type are known from thelower peninsula of Michigan and north-central Ohio(Stothers 1996) and both Lost Lake and St. Charles pointshave been recorded from southem Ohio, western WestVirginia and westem Pennsylvania (Justice 1987, Adovasioet al. 1995), A St. Charles-like variant, known locally as

the Kline type, was also recovered from deep EarlyHolocene levels at the Shawnee-Minisink site in pennsyl-vania's upper Delaware Valley (McNett 1985).

This is the first formal report of Thebes, St. Charles andLost Lake points in New York state, although Fogelman(1988: 46) states fhat small numbers of Thebes and St.Charles points exist in undescribed, presumably private,collections from westem and central New York,

BECHS 60-805, field or study number: "3 arrow", State/province:

New York, County: Erie?, Towry'Site: -, material: Onondaga chert, weight(grams): 7.1, maximum length (mm): 36.4, maximum width (mm): 30.6,

shoulde¡ width (nrm) 23.3, maximurn thickness (mm): 8.2, base width(mm): 30.6, minimum haft widrh (mrn): 17.?, hafr lengrh (mrn): 14.1, leftnotch width (mm): 6,3, right nütclì widrl-r (mnr): 6.0, ieft ûotch deprh (mm):

5.0, right notch depth (mm): 3.5, lefr notch angle:92.5., righr notch angle:O¡o L;f,,-^-r;^- Jô-rL /*-\. Àr/^ L:r..-^^ri^-)J , orluIcäuOíÌ ûeptn (îÌ¡m): i\11'\, ûiiüicâiion ri/'¡üin (üirri): tr-/A. ururrplclc-

ness: compiete, proximai ciìd nìorlhÒlogy: side notclied, ciurs suutiûir.

biconvex, basal grinding: hcavy, notch or siem griirding: heavy, blacìe edge

morpho.logy; straight, bevei resharpening: light, serration: light,

BMS C1256, field or study numbe¡: -, State/province: New york,County: Erie, Towry'Site: Buffalo, material: Onondaga chert, weight(grams): 7.7, maximum length (mm): 38.3, maximum width (mm): [ca.32.01, shoulder width (mm) 2ó.1, rnaximum thickness (mm): 7.1, base

width (mm): [ca. 32.0], minimum hâfr widrh (mm): 19.4, hafr length (mm):

14.9, bft notch width (mm): 8.1, righr norch widrh (mm): -, lefr norchdepth (mm): 6.0, right notch depth (mm): -, left notch angle: g6o, rightnotch angle: -, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/A,completeness: one barb missing, proximal end morphology: side notched,

cross section: beveled, basal grinding: heavy, notch or stem grinding:heavy, blade edge morphology; convex, bevel resharpening: heavy, sena-tion: absent. Type: Thebes type (Justice 1987) with si¡nilarities, as well, toChapman's (1977) icehouse Bottom Category 37.

BMS C2237b, field or study number: -, StatelProvince: New york,

County: Erie, Towr/Site: South Buffalo, material: Wyandotte chert, weight(grams): 16.5, maximum length (mm): 59.6, maximum width (mm): 40.0,shoulder width (mm) 40.0, maximum thickness (mm): 8.9, base width(mm): 27.6, minimum haft width (mm): 20.0, hafr lengrh (mm): 15.7, leftnotch width (mm): 6.3, right notch width (mm): -, left norch deprh (mm):

9.9, right notch depth (mm): -, left notch angle: 55o, right notch angle: 52o,

bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness:

one barb damaged, proximal end morphology: comer notched, cross sec-

tion: beveled, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, bladeedge morphology: concave/convex, bevel resharpening: heavy, serration:light, Type: Lost Lake (Justice 1987).

BMS C21856, field or study number: -, State/?rovince: New york,

County: Erie, Town/Site: Gillmore Farm, Town of Alden, material:Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 6.6, maximum length (mm): 36.8, maxi-mum width (mm): 27.4, shoulder width (mm) 27.4, maximum thickness(mm): 7.5, base width (mm): 25.4, minimum haft width (mm): 17.6, haftlength (mm): 13.4, left notch width (mm): 4.5, right notch width (mm): 6.5,

left notch depth (mm): 4.0, right notch depth (mm): 4.7, Ieft notch angle:

72o, right notch angle: 86o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width(mm): N/4, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: side

notched, cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding: heavy, notch ot stem

grinding: light, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpening:

absent, serration: light. Type: St. Charles (Justice 198?: 5?-58).

RMSC 88.118.296, fieß or study number: A-277, StateTprovince:

New York, County: Niagara, Town/Site: Lockport, Pell site (Lkp 002),material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 7.0, maximum iength (mm):

36.7, maximum width (mm): 29,1, shoulder width (mm) 24.2, maximumthickness (mm): 7.1, base width (mm): 29.1, minimum haft width (mm):

17.''l,haft length (mm): 14.8, Ieft notch width (mrn): 7.1, righr norch width(mm): 7.0, left notch depth (mm): 3.8, right norch rlepth (mm): 4,5, leftnotch angle: 84o, right notch angle: 96o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/A,bifu¡cation width (mm): N/4, completeness: complete, proximal end mor-phology: side notched, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: hcavy,

uotch or stem grinding: heavy, blade edge morphology: straight, bevelresharpening: absent, serration: heavy. Type: St. Charies (Justice l9g7:57-5R\

HMä(. H¡l.i¡i$..iüü. Írejrï or sirrríy nulnirer: n-i7i. Slals¡p¡6y!¡¡s¡

i'{ew Yorh, County: Niagara, Towry'Siie: Lockport, Peii sire (Lkp 002),maferial; Onondaga cherÍ, weighi (grams): i4.i, nraximum lerrgth (mm):

49.0, maximurn width (mm): 37.5, shoulder width (mm) 34.6, maximum

t6 BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

thickness (rnm): 8.4, base width (mm): 37.5, minimum haft width (mm):

23.8, haft length (rnm): 15.0, left notch width (mm): 5.5, right notch width

(mm): 8.8, left notch depth (mm): 6.7, right notch depth (mm): 5.4, left

notch ângle: 86", right notch angle: ?7o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4,

bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness: complete, proximal end mor'

phology: side notched, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: heavy,

notch or stem grinding: heavy, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel

resharpening: absent, serration: absent. Type: St. Charles (Justice 1987:

57-58).

Kirk Corner Notched Cluster (N=23; Figure 2; Plates 2,7)

Twenty three projeetile points in the Niagara Frontier

sample can be assigned to types within the Kirk ComerNotched Cluster (Justice 1987:71-82), These include KirkCorner Notched, small variety with ground bases [a.k.a.Palmer or Chapman's Icehouse Bottom Category 33, n=3];

Kirk Corner Notched, small to medium with ground bases

[a.k.a. Palmer, Icehouse Bottom Category 31, n=5]; KirkComer Notched, small variety [a.k.a. Icehouse BottomCategory 25, n=21; Kirk Corner Notched, large variety

[a.k.a. Icehouse Bottom Category 24, n=10] and three

bifaces that suggest links between the Kirk Corner Notched

Cluster and either the Thebes or Early Side NotchedClusters.

The taxonomic framework within which to interpretcomponent types of the Ki¡k Corner Notched Cluster has

been debated for the past two decades. Data from deeply

stratified sites in the midwest, northeast and mid-south pro-

duce somewhat contradictory results. At the core of this

debate are the Palmer type, a small, comer notched bifacewith heavily ground basal edges that many archaeologists

feel represents the earliest variant of this tradition, and

basal grinding itself. Many researchers view basal grindingas a chronologically sensitive trait that decreases in fre-quency through the temporal span represented by the KirkCorner Notched Cluster (Coe 1964, Broyles 1971, Cable

1996). Other researchers, however, have argued that the

Palmer type is not truly separable from a highly variable

range of smatt Kirk Corner Notched varieties and find no

evidence to support the use of basal grinding as a

temporally diagnostic trait (Chapman I975,1977; Kimball1996). Justice's (1987: ?8) description of the Palmer typeillusfrates the eonfusion sumounding this issue, since he

argues in the same paragraph that the type can be typologi-cally distinguished only by its heavy basal grinding and

also that basal grinding, alone, is "not a significant criterionfor distinguishing them."

The Paimer type was viewed as an early style in iheCarolina piedmont, where it was first identified (Cae 1964,tlahie 1996'l- vet ex_Cavations a_i nuruerot!s rir:eniv llrtirrì- "/, f _"

and weii-stratifie<Í Early Ärchaic componenis in the Teilicc¡basin of Tennessee werc urable to verify it as a separaliie

form with a chronologically restricted range, However,

those excavations succeeded in subdividing the KirkCorner Notched Cluster into three stratigraphically con-trolled groupings that appear to have broad regionalchronological implications,

The earliest portion of this sequence (Chapman's"Lower Kirk" levels) is represented by corner notched pro-jectile points with broad, excurvate ground bases. Kimball(1996: 158) suggests these are probably equivalent toBroyles' (197I: 5Ç57) Charleston Corner Notched type,the earliest Kirk-like style in the St. Albans (WestVirginia) sequence. Next in the Little Tennessee regionalsequence are a series of small Kirk Corner Notched formswith naffow, predominantiy straight, ground and ungroundbases. Kimball draws a connection between these "smallUpper Kirks" and Broyles' (1971: 6243) "Kirk ComerNotched, Small Variety." Many of the ground-basevariants in the "small Upper Kirk" and "Lower Kirk"horizons may be equated with the original Palmer typedescription, stripped of its stricter chronological implica-tions (Justice 7987:78-79). Finally, the latest portion ofthe Kfuk sequence is best represented by larger, comernotched bifaces with broad, straight or incurvate, ground

or unground bases (Kimball 1996: 158). These "largeUpper Kirks" (Icehouse Bottom Category 24; Chapman1977: 4L) appear to be chronologically and formally linkedto Broyles' (1.971: 64_{5) "Kirk Corner Notched, Largevariety" bifaces (Kimball 1996). This tripartite sequence

of lower Kirk, small Upper Kirk and large Upper Kirkhorizons has been shown to have general validity overmuch of eastern temperate North America (Chapman

1980, Kimball 1996: 158-159) and serves in this study as

a provisional taxonomic framework for organizing KirkCorner Notched Cluster bifaces from the lower GreatLakes region,

Most Kirk-like bifaces identified in regional collec-tions could be easily assigned to one of the sub-categories

established by Broyles (1971) or Chapman (1975, 1977).

Th¡ee bifaces, however, combine attributes of early KirkCorner Notched Cluster and Thebes or Early Side Notchedstyies. One projectile poinÍ in the Holland Land OfficeMuseum collection (HLOM 186,24.37þMS study no, 12)

combines attributes suggestive of both the Thebes and the

Kirk Corner Notcheel Clusters. The point is part c¡f a col-lection from Genesee County, New York and is manufac-tured from Onondaga chert. The flattened cross-section ofthe blade and the point's expanding, shallowly incurvatebase find parallels in larger variants of the Kirk ComerNotchecl type (Broyles 1971, Chapman 1977).The point'sheavy basai grinding, iighier grinciing around ihe basai

ears and both notches, and its alternately bevel-retor¡chedhiadc mnrç'inc are. hn'.vever. rrnclraracierisf ic atiribuics forvruuv !r,rrrh¡¡ru q¡vt ¡¡v rr

the Kirk Corner Notcired Ciuster but are eonlmonattributes of 'Ihebes and Eariy Side lr{otched Ciuster pro-jectile point preparation and reduction strategies, Although

ANTHROPOLOGY t7

no clear parallels have been identified in the published lit-erature, this specimen's attributes suggest a temporal place-ment during the earlier portion of the Early Archaic period.

Two bifaces with straight to convex ground bases,squared basal ears, broad, ground side notches and heavilyserrated, bifacially beveled blade margins conform toChapman's (1977: 49-50) Category 37 ("pseudo-sidenotched, squared basal tang") from the Icehouse Bottomsite, Tennessee. Both specimens in the present sample(BECHS 16-34 ancl HLOM 186.24,37ßMS Study #14)were manufactured from Onondaga chert and are assumedto be from the Niagara Frontier, although specificprovenience data is lacking for both points. Category 37bifaces have been interpreted as heavy knives, diagnostic ofthe "Lower Kirk" zones at Icehouse Bottom (Chapman1977: 53, 123-L24). Formal similarities and tenth-millennium (b.p.) radiocarbon dates (9,435t270 b.p, [GX-41261and 9,1751240 b,p. [GX-4127]) from the Lower Kirkzone at Icehouse Bottom support a temporal placementbetween the Early Side Notched and Upper Kirk horizons(Chapman 1,977: 161-162). Two Kirk Corner Notchedpoints from the West Water Street Site (Custer et al. 1996:Figure 32, middle and right), along the west branch ofPennsylvania's Susquehanna River, appear to sharenumerous attributes with Chapman's "Lower Kirk"taxonomic group and the Niagara Frontier specimens.These specimens were recovered from a sealed stratum,dated to 9,430t310 b.p. [Beta-53664] (Custer et al. 1994,1996). Available data, therefore, suggest that these twoNiagara Frontier points are referable to the interval9,50G-9,200 b,p.

Ten bifaces in the study sample conform closely to des-criptions of Kirk Corner Notched, small variety (IcehouseBottom Categories 25,31 and 33; Chapman 1977: 4748)and Palmer projectile points (Coe 1964, Broyles 1971) andare tentatively assigned here to a middle portion of the KirkCorner Notched Cluster sequence, equivalent to the Tellicoregion's "small Upper Kirk" horizon (Kimball 1996: 158).These points are small to medium comer-notched bifaceswith flattened to lenticular cross-sections, generally tri-anguloid blades with straight to mildly excurvate lateralmargins, haft elements as wide as or wider than the blade,barbed proximal blade ends and greater or lesser degrees ofgrinding on straight to excurvate bases and in the co¡nernotchcs. In the study sample, most representatives of thisgroup were resharpened by controlled pressure flaking andblade edge serration. Heavy wear along the edges of a fewexamples has obscured the extent of former serration andsuggests that these lrifaces were utilized, at tines, as hoavyduty cutting toois.

'l:h-^.. ^."' ^*"*l^^ /DÀtC fr1"Cî^ I ll ^Àt

1aa 1a ..t trtvv \'^øtìtlrluù tÐlvlJ w.L.r.rLL, r¡¡,1/JvJ .l ^ll.

|.)..1.ì.

RMSC 88 1 18. ! 19) conform to trcehouse Bcttom's Category33 ("Kirk Corner Notched, small with ground base;" Clia¡r-man 7977:48), which closely matches Coe's (1964) Palmer

type. Basal grinding is heavy and deliberate. One of thesepoints was collected at the Pell Site, Town of Lockport,Niagara County, while another (HLOM 186.13.33) isthought to have been collected in Genesee County, NewYork, although exact provenience is unreported. The baseof BMS C2352c, found in the town of Brant, Erie County,New York, has been ground heavily enough to createfacets along the basal margin. Lateral edge resharpeningon this point includes both serration and gentle alternatebevel retouch. Although uncommon, one Category 33point at Icehouse Bottom was also beveled (Chapman1977:48).

Five points (BFCHS 60-805, BMS C2129b:2, BMSC2225a, BMS C2352d, and BMS C16221c) conform toCategory 31 at Icehouse Bottom ("Kfuk Corner Notched,small to medium, ground bases;" Chapman 1977: 47),which differs from Category 33 primarily in the dimensionof maximum length. One of these (BMS C2225a) wasrecovered from the City of Fort Erie, Niagara RegionalMunicipality, Ontario. Another (BMS C2I29b:2) isreported to have been collected in the village of Irving,Chautauqua County, while a third (BMS C2352d) is fromthe nearby Town of Brant, in southern Erie County, NewYork. Although its exact provenience is unrecorded,BECHS 60-805 is presumed to be local and may havebeen found, as well, in Erie County. Finally, Cl622Ia isrepofed to have come from "Fort Neuter," a site believedto be in the Town of Shelby, Orleans County, New York.s

Two points conform closely to Category 25 pointsfrom Icehouse Bottom ("Kirk Corner Notched, small vari-ety"; Chapman 197'l: 4l-42). One example (BMSC30137) was recovered from a lithic scatter surrounding a

Iarge spring-head adjacent to the Byron-Bergen Swamp inthe rolling uplands of Genesee County, New York. Thesecond example (BMS EdAl158) is identified only as

being "local," implying a generic Niagara Frontier origin.All small variety Kirk Corner Notched points (a.k.a.Icehouse Bottom Categories 25,31 and 33) identified inNiagara Frontier collections were manufactured fromlocally available Onondaga chert.

Small variety Kirk Corner Notched points are said tobe most common in the middle portions of the Kirksequence (Broyles 1971, Chapman 1977). Broylesrecovered Kirk Corner Notched, small variety, haftedbifaces from Zone 20 of the St. Albans Site, WestVirginia, in association with a date of 8,930t80 b.p.(Broyies 7971: 57¡. Small variant Khk Corner Notchedpoints were dated to 9,490*23A b.p. and 8,440*380 b.p. arthe Longworth-Giek sire, Kentucky (Collins and Driskell1979, cited in Jeffries i988: 99). At Ðeep Shelfcr,Kentucky, an H,arly Arehaic living floor with s¡naii KirkCorner Nctched points produced. a radiocarban date of8,520*470 b"p. (Jeffries 1988: 98). Finally, Category 31bifaces ("Kirk Corner Notched, small to medium, ground


Figure 2. Regional distribution of Thebes and Kirk Corner Notched Cluster bifaces in the Niagara Frontier region. Open

symbols in shaded circles indicate specimens for which only county provenience is available. Shorelines of the lowerGreat Lakes approximate modem locations, rather than Late PleistoceneÆarly Holocene positions.

base") were recovered from the fill of a feature at the

Icehouse Bottom site, Tennessee, in direct association witha charcoal sample dated to 9,350t2I5 b.p. [GX-4125](Chapman 1977 : 47, 16l).

Both at Icehouse Bottom and at the St. Albans site,

depth-controlled seriation suggests that small variety KirkCorner Notched points, with and without basal grinding,were more common in deeper strata than those in which the

larger variants of the Kirk Corner Notched type predomi-nated. Radiocarbon dates from strata dominated by these

two variants, however, overlap wifhin the 9,50G-8,500 b,p.

range, suggesting that although subtle temporal differencesin their frequency may exist within sites, both size classes

may have been produced throughout the entire "UpperKirk" phase, making ir elifficult, if not impossible, io allo-cate individual specimens to one or the other end of thisthousand year span. Nonetheless, available evidence sug-gcsts ttìc srnaljcr sizc e iasl, wif h grcat rnternal variabiilty inresirarpening lra-iectories ancl inciclence of !:asai grinding, is

rnost frequenfly encountered during the earlier portion ofthe cited range, circa 9,500-8,800 b,p.

Ten bifaces from the surveyed Niagara Frontier collec-tions conform to Chapman's definition of "large UpperKirk" (Icehouse Bottom Category 24; Chapman 1977;41)and Broyles' "Kirk Corner Notched, large variety" bifaces(Broyles L97L: 65). Regional collections contain bothhighly resharpened and nearly pristine examples, the latterfrequently exhibiting well-controlled diagonal or collateralsoft-hammer percussion flaking across the blade with pres-

sure flaking and fine senation of the blade edges. Heavyor coarse serration is rarely observed on these points,although examination of the edges of rnany larger KirkCorner Notched examples from the Niagara Frontierregion suggests that the apparent absence of heavy serra-tion may reflect advanced wear on formerly serratedspecirnens. Initial stages of resharpening frequently âppeârto have involved removing long, narrow pressure flakesfror¡r eacli blacle edge, with flake scars extending fromeach iatera!, rnargins in'"'¡ards and prcximaiiy towareis the

base. The resnltant appearance is of chevron retouch. InÌater stages of resharpening, when thickness to width ratiosincrease, retouch seems to become tnoLe random and

ANTHROPOLOGY l9

bifaces disca¡ded after long use-histories may retain little ofthe originally well-controlled flaking on their dorsal andventral surfaces.

Bases range from straight to concave, with variableamounts of basal grinding or intentional thinning. Long,parallel thinning flakes struck from the basal margin are,however, commonly represented, At the St. Albans site, theconcave-based variety of large Kirk Corner Notched pointswas most common in the uppermost strata of the site,s Kirkzone, and may span the Kirk/Bifurcate transition (Broylesl97I: 65).

Overall, artifacts attributed to the Kirk Corner NotchedCluster are lelatively thin for their size, where originalwidth can be estimated, and differ from later cornernotched projectile point types in several important respects.As these points are frequently intermixed with specimensattributed to Ritchie's Late Archaic Brewerton CornerNotched type in Niagara Frontier collections, and as theyare sometimes misidentified as late Middle WoodlandJack's Reef Corner Notched points, a brief statement onidentification criteria is wananted. Bifaces assigned here tothe Kirk Corner Notched Cluster can be distinguished bytheir relatively flat cross-section, which was achievedthrough well-controlled cross-blade soft-hammer percus-sion. The flake scars that shaped and flattened the dorsaland ventral surfaces of these points are more similar inwidth, length and flatness to those characteristic ofPaleoindian thinning approaches than later Archaic orWoodland lithic reduction strategies. In several cases, well-controlled collateral or parallel flaking of the preform isapparent on those parts of the bifaces' dorsal and ventralsurfaces that have not been modified by invasive reshar-pening, Nearly pristine Kirk Corner Notched bifaces appearfo have been formed from triangular or subtriangularpreforms and have deep corner notches that left prominentbarbs which rarely extend far beyond the lateral extensionsof a wide, expanding base. Hafting elements are relativelybroad with an overall triangular shape and a flat to slightlyconcave base. Basal grinding is highly variable and rarer onIarge variety Kirk Corner Notched Cluster bifaces than onthe smaller forms.

In contrast, Ritchie's definition of the Brewerton CornerNotched type (Ritchie I97\a: 16) stresses the biconvex ioridged cross-sectio¡r of the blacle, the Brewerton points,overall thick form and the overhanging character of balbsthat extend well beyond the lateral margins of the expand-ing base. Jack's Reef Corner Notched points (Ritchiel97La:26*27) are thinner than Kirk Corner Notched pointsand have extremely high width-to-thickness ratios indica-tive of oreparation from a fiake biank, Jack,s Reef pointsfypically have a characterisfic Fentagonai sirape duringearly stages cf reduction, refleeting fheir pentagonälpreform shape, Well-controlled but randomly directed pres-sure flaking was used to thin and form both dorsal and

ventral surfaces of these points,Large variety Kirk Corner Notched points appear to be

widely distributed within the Niagara Frontier. Examplesincluded in this survey include two from the village ofIrving, northern Chautauqua County (BMS C2129b:1 andBMS C5797a), two from the Gillmore Farm site in theTown of Alden, Erie County (BMS C21876a and BMSC21868c), one from the Pell Site, Town of Lockport,Niagara County (RMSC 88.i18.108) and one from theCall's Field #1 site, locus 5 in the Town of Byron, GeneseeCounty, New York (BMS C296i3.004). One specimen inthe Holland Land Office Museum collection (HLOM186.33.36IBMS Study #4) is from Genesee Counry. Threespecimens are identified only as "local," implying anorigin in the greater Niagara Frontier region, althoughexact provenience is unrecorded (BMS Ed41065, BMS8d41131, BMS EdA1252). All recorded examples weremanufactured from locally available Onondaga chert.

In several well-stratified sites from the southeasternand midcontinental regions, Iarge variety Kirk CornerNotched points have been found in contexts that suggestthey were most frequently produced during a late phase inthe developmental sequence represented by the KirkCorner Notched Cluster. Radiocarbon dating is, however,more ambiguous. Age ranges for charcoal samples associa-ted with the larger and smaller Kirk Corner Notched vari-eties overlap with one another and with dates for the suc-ceeding Bifurcate tradition.

A deeply serrated, large variety Kirk Corner Notchedpoint from the Patrick Site, in Tennessee's Tellico basin,was recovered from the same stratum as a charcoal sampledated to 9,4101240 b.p. (tcx-at27l, Chapman l9l7:16l-162). This is the earliest dare for this style, Largevariety Kirk Corner Notched points were present in twostrata (Zones 16 and 18) at the St. Albans site, KanawhaCounty, West Virginia, associated with radiocarbon datesof 8,8001160 b.p. and 8,850t160 b.p. (Broyles t97L: 65).At the Longworth-Gick site, Kentucky, chareoal from alayer producing large Kirk Corner Notched projectilepoints was dated to 8,440*.125 b,p. (Collins and Driskell1979, cited in Jeffries 1988: 99) and dates of 8,500t320b.p,, 8,435*275 b,p, and 8,095t275 b.p, were associaredwith iarge Ki¡k-reiated comer notched points at RussellCave, Alabama (Griffin 1974: 13).

At the Icehouse Bottom site, most radiocarbon datesrelevant to the Kirk Corner Notched Cluster were derivedfrom strata below those that actually produced large vari-ety Kirk Corner Notched points (Cate gary 24; Chapman1977: 41), These dates, which range from 9,435t270 tott,71-5t14û b.p., ma¡, fherefore provide limiting dates after-,,i-: ^i- .l- - -.--t - l- - - -l1'¡r¡¿.r¿ lllL: Stl/jU tjUCäl¡¡l- C(;llìfft(Jfi tIl iJte n¡ìü-5(rUf¡)

¡\ dafc of R 5?5+?5q !r n tl-Ql?71 frnn: I¡elr,r,,o- n,,<"_ "i' L' - " '¡ ¡rì'r'¡ ¿u!!rÙu.ìL !'Jl

tom supports this contention. Although this datc wasrejected by Chapman as an unreliable age estimator for the


Kirk horizon (Chapman 1980: Table l), it came from a

stratum (Stratum L) sealed immediately beneath Stratum I,the context that produced the greatest number of large vari-ety Kirk Corner Notched points at Icehouse Bottom (Chap-

man 1977: 4l , 162) and was in proper chrono-stratigraphicorder relative to other dated samples there. No clear basis

for rejecting this date is apparent in the published site

report and the similarity of this date to those fromLongworth-Gick, St, Albans and Russell Cave argues

against its exclusion on any a priori basis.It is noteworthy that Stratum I, the main stratum con-

taining large variety Kirk Corner Notched points at

Icehouse Bottom, was also the deepest stratigraphic horizon

in which points of the Bifurcate tradition appeared inquantity (Chapman 1977: Tab\e 3). Dates for the earliest

Bifurcate tradition horizon (St. Albans phase) at the Rose

Island site in the Little Tennessee River basin range from8,800t270 b.p. [GX-3,597] to 8,6601180 b.p. [GX-3,598](Chapman 1975: Table 26), and at the St, Albans site the

earliest dates on Bifurcate tradition horizons range from8,830t350 b.p. to 8,820t250 b.p. (Broyles l97l: 47).

Broyles felt that he¡ dates on the St. Albans phase (early

Bifurcate tradition) Iayers were inexplicably old and Chap-

man argued that one of his dates for the Kirk horizon was

too young. Yet, all of these dates fall in proper stratigraphic

sequence within their respective sites and match or overlap

the most recent dates associated with large variety Kirkpoints at Icehouse Bottem, Longworth-Gick, Russell Cave

and St. Albans. Consequently, it is equally possible that

large variety Ki¡k Corner Notched points may be transi-

tional to, or were used in concert with, the earliest bifurcate

base styles.Intermixing of Kirk Corner Notched bifaces and bifur-

cates has been recorded at the Haw River Site, NorthCarolina (Lamella 8 floor, Cable 1996: 113). At the St.

Albans site, Broyles notes (1971: 29) that one of the three

earliest bifurcate points (MacCorkle Stemmed type) she

recovered was actually for¡nd within the uppermost "Kirklayef' (Zone 16), a stratum otherwise dominated by large

variety Kirk Corner Notched points. Broyles noted, as well,that MacCorkle Stemmed bifurcates "appear to be a transi-

tional type between Kirk Comer Notched and St. Albans

Side Notched" fypes. The other two MacCorkle Stemmed

points recovered at St. Albans came from Zone 14, a cul'tural layer with few artifacts of any kind (Broyles 1971:

Table 1) that was separated from the uppermost "Kirkzone" (Zone 16) by only a few inches of alluviallydeposited clay. Thus, stratigraphic and chronometric clata

from deeply buried, well-stratified sites in the midcontinen-

tal rogion suggest that large. variety Kirk Corner Notched

and early þíf'urcate tradition pûirlts rnay havs been in use aÈ

tire same tirne" Stylistic evidence ârgues for ovcilap. as

well.Large variety Kirk Corner Notched points may have

begun their history during the middle portion of the Kirktradition (the first half of Chapman's "Upper Kirk" zone inthe Tellico region) and probably remained in use throughthe first part of the Bifurcate tradition. Available radiocar-bon determinations suggest a temporal span of approxi-mately 9,400 b.p. to 8,400 b.p., while stratigraphicallycontrolled studies suggest that they became more commonin the latter half of this range, ca. 8,80G-8,400 b.p.

Only three of the Ki¡k Corner Notched Cluster pointsexamined in this study (BMS Ed41158, BMS EdAl131and BMS EdAl252) were similar to bifaces from the Net-tling site, an undated but suspected Early Archaic, KirkCorner Notched Cluster site in southern Ontario (Wortner

et al, 1990; Ellis, Wortner and Fox 1991). All three ofthese points were manufactured from locally availableOnondaga chert but could not be attributed to specificlocalities within the Niagara Frontier. Similarities to Net-tling bifaces include expanding bases that are shorter and

naffower than the rânge reported or illustrated for mid-continental Kirk Corner Notched Cluster bifaces andcoarse, asymmetric blade serration, which otherwiseappears to be rare on Niagara Frontier and northeasternKirk Corner Notched Cluster specimens (see, e.g., illustra-tions in Funk and Wellman 1984 and McNett 1985).

It has been argued that exotic lithic raw materials fromthe Nettling site (Wortner et al, 1990, Ellis, Wofner and

Fox 1991) and Early Archaic sites of the westem LakeErie basin (Stothers 1996) imply that hunter-gatherers inthe lower Great Lakes region traveled seasonally overextensive ranges during the first millennia of the Holoceneor participated in long-distance exchange networks, At the

Nettling site, lithic raw materials from sources 175-300kilometers distant were well-represented among exhaus-

ted, finished and discarded tools, but did not occur withexpected frequencies in the expedient tool, unfinished toolor debitage assemblages. It has been infened that curated

tool assemblages were being rejuvenated at this site byhunter-gatherers pursuing a highly mobile seasonal orannual round (Ellis, Kenyon and Spence 1990: 77-78;Ellis et al, 1991: 5-7). Stothers (1996) similarly reports the

presence of non-local raw materials in Kirk CornerNotched Cluster assemblages from the westem Lake Eriebasin and suggests that they, too, can be used to ¡econ-struct large prehistoric band territories and extensive sea-

sonal mobility ranges.in this light, it is worth noting that although Kirk

Corner Notched Cluster bifaces made on non-iocaimatçrials have been observed in Niagara Frontier museum

collections, only Onondaga chert was used úo make Kirkõ^---- ÀT^¿^L^.: l-1,,,,¡-- r^:f^,-^. ÉLõt,.^,,1J !"-uulllgl l\ulvl¡Þu uruùlv¡ urrqvvù r¡¡sr vuu¡u uç

unambiguously attribuiecl Lo l{íagara Fronfier ,si¡e,r. Irl sllofher eases, a detailed reviett, of fhe eolleetions containingexotic lithic raw materials led [o the discovery that theircollectors had bought or traded projectile points from dis-

ANTHROPOLOGY 2l

tant regions or had traveled to those areas. As a result, wewere unable to demonstrate that exotic specimens in thesecollections were obtained from Niagara Frontier sites and itseems more likely that they were brought into the region bycollectors within the past century. Only locally availablematerials were used to make Kirk Corner Notched Clusterbifaces from reported sites examined by professionalarchaeologists in the Niagara Frontier,

Unlike areas farther west in the Lake Erie basin, avail-able evidence does not suggest that exchange of rawmaterials, high group mobility or other mechanisms formoving stone tools over long distances were importantcomponents of Early Archaic, Ki¡k Corner Notched Clustercultural systems in the Niagara Frontier. Rather, an exclu-sively local focus, suggestive of limited mobility and/orlimited extemal contacts, is suggested by the lithic procure-ment evidence observed to date, even though stylisticsimilarities suggest continued communication with otherregions.

HLOM 186.24,37, field or study number: BMS study #12,State/Province: New York, County: Genesee, Towry'Site: -, material:


mum width (mm): 33.0, shoulde¡ width (mm) 26.7, maximum thickness


length (mm): 15.5, left notch width (mm): 8.9, right notch width (mm): 9.6,

left notch depth (mm): 4.5, right notch depth (mm): 4.6, left norch angle:

89', right notch angle: 84o, bifurcation depth (mm): 2.2, bifurcation width

(mm): 25.6, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: side

notched, cross section: plano-convex with beveled edges, basal grinding:

heavy, notch or stem grinding: light, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel

resharpening: heavy, serration: absent, Notes: flattened cross-section sug-

gested in unresharpened portions of blade, basal grinding extends entirely

around the rounded basal ears and into the notches, resharpening was bifa-

cial on both blade edges, but with emphasis on one face for each cdge, lead-

ing to altemâte bevel cross-section, extremc blade reduction and notch

shape suggest that the point was originally corner notched with present side

notched appearance a product of use. Type: hybrid Kirkllhebes Cluster

variant?

BECHS 7ó-34, field or study number: UB 1l'1613529, State/Province:

New York, County: Erie?, Towry'Site: -, material: Onondaga chert, weight(grams): 10.6, maximum length (mm): 51.4, maximum width (nrm): 32.3,

shoulder width (mm) 26.2, maximum thickness (mm): 7.6, base width

(mm): 32.3, minimum haft width (mm):22.1, haft length (rnrn): 13.4, left


3.7,nght notch depth (mm): 3.5, left notch angle: 94", right notch angle:

ii2o, bifurcation depth (mm): 0.8, bifurcation width (mm): 22.0, complere-

ness: complete, proximal encl morphology: side notched, cross section:

plano-convex, basal grinding: heavy, notch or stem grinding: heavy, biade

edge morphology: st(âight, bevel resharpening: bifaciatty beveled, heavy,

serration; firie/extensive. Nolcs: large lhinning flakes un ventral side.

extending to the distal end of the hafting element, Type: Icehourse Bottom

Catogory 37 "pseudo-side notched, squared basal tangs" (Chapman 1977:

49-s0).

HLOM 186,24,37, field or study number: BMS study #14,State/Province: New York, County: Genesee, Town/Site: -, material:Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 6.2, maximum length (mm): 37.5, maxi-




leftnotch depth (mm): 2.6,nght notch depth (mm):2.0, left notch angle:

96.5", right notch angle: 114o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation

width (mm): N/4, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology:

side notched, cross section: bifacially beveled, basal grinding: heavy,

notch or stem grinding: light, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel

resharpening: bifacially beveled, serration: heavy. Notes: multiple basal

thinning scars, leaving hanging flake scars, grinding is present on the base

and in the notches but does not extend continuously around the basal ears.

Type: Icehouse Bottom Category 37 "pseudo-side notched, squared basal

tangs" (Chapman 197'l: 49-50),

BMS C2352c, field or study number: -, State/Province: New York,

County: Erie, Town/Site: Town of Brant, material: Onondaga chert, weight(grams):6.2, maximum length (mm): >38.62, maximum width (mm): 24.3,

shoulder width (mm) 21.1, maximum thickness (mm): 7.8, base width(mm): 24.1, minimum haft v/idth (mm): 17.1, haft length (mm): 9.6, left


2.0, right notch depth (mm): 2.8, left notch angle'.62", right notch angle:

82o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, complete-

ness: tip missing, proximal end morphology: side notched, cross section:

beveled, basal grinding: heavy, notch or stem grinding: heavy, blade edge

morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: moderate, serration: light.Notes: base thinned by removal of multiple parallel thinning flakes, basal

grinding heavy enough to leave flattened facets, heavily resharpened, bifa-

cially, with emphasis on one face of each edge leading to alternately

beveled cross-section, probably originally corner notched with resharpen-

ing reduction of shoulders resulting in final side notched form. Type: Pal-

merficehouse Bottom Category 33 "Kirk Comer Notched, small with

ground base" (Chapman 1977:48).

HLOM 186,13.33, field or study number: BMS study #5,State/hovince: New York, County: Genesee, Town/Site: -, material:




length (mm): 8.9, left notch width (mm): 5,0, right notch width (mm): 8.7,

left notch depth (mm): 2.8, right notch depth (mm): 3.9, Ieft notch angle:

54o, right notch angle: 63o, bifurcation depth (mnÐ: N/4, bifurcation width(mm): N/4, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: corner

notched, cross section: flat, l¡asal grinding: light, notch or stenr grinding:

absent, blade edge morphology: strâight, bevel resharpening: absent, sena-

tion: heavy. Notes: base appears to have been broken in use and reground,

originally had prominent down-turned barbs. Type: PalmerÂcehouse. Bot-

tom Category 33 "Kirk Corner Notched, small with ground base" (Chap,

man 1977: 48).

R.MSC 88.119.119, field or study num'ber: A-249, Stats/Province:

N¿w York, County: l.{iagzrra. TuwrVSit¿: Fcli ".itc f Ll-p û02), material:

Ononda-ga chert, weight (grams): 4.9. maximum tength (rnm): [37.7], mar--

inlum width (mrn): 20.7, shoulder width (mm) 20.4, nraximum thick¡ess

(rnm): 6.1, base width (mm): 17.1, minimum haft width (mm): 11.4, haft

22 BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAI SCIENCES


lcft notch depth (mm): 4,2, right notch depth (mm): 2.9, left notch angle:

67o, right notch Bngle: 69', bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width

(mm): N/4, completeness: tip missing, proximal end morphology: corner

notched, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: heavy, notch or stem

grinding: light, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening:

absent, serration: light. Notes: parallel oblique pressure flaking on blade

surfaces, serrations pressnt but highly worn. Type: Palmerflcehouss Bottonr

Category 33 "Kirk Comer Notched, small with ground base" (Chapman

t977:48'1.

BECHS 60-805, field or study number: -, StateÆrovince: New York,

County: Erie?, Towry'Site: -, material: Onondaga chefl, weight (grams): 6.3,

maximum length (mm): 40.3, maximum width (mm): 28.2, shoulder width

(mm) 25.2, maximum thickness (mm): 6.5, base width (mm): 28.2, mini-

mum haft width (mm): 19.0, haft length (mm): 13,9, left notch width (mm):

8.9, right notch width (mm): 7.5, left notch depth (mm): 2.9, right notch

depth (mm): 3.6, left notch angle: 86o, right notch angle:72,5o, bifurcation

depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness: complete,

proximal end morphology: corner notched, cross section: plano-convex,

basal grinding: light, notch or stem grinding: light, blade edge morphology:

convex, bevel resharpening: absent, senation: light. Type: Icehouse Bottom

Category 3l "Kirk Comer Notched, small to medium, ground base" (Chap-

man 1977: 41).

BMS C2129b:2, field or study number: -, State/?rovince; New York,

County: Chautauqua, Town/Site: Irving, material: Onondaga chert, weight



(mm): 22.3, minimum haft width (mm): 14.7, haft length (mm): 9.1, left

notch width (mm): 7.0, right notch width (mm): N/4, left notch depth (mm):

3.8, right notch depth (mm): N/4, left notch angle: 52o, right notch angle: -,

bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcat on width (mm): N/4, completeness:

tip reworked, proximal end morphology: corner notched, cross section:

beveled, basal grinding: heavy, notch or stem grinding: light, blade edge

morphology: straight, bevel resharpening: light, seration: light. Notes:

blade covered by very finely executed pressure flakes, nearly diagonal-

collateral near the tip, notches appear to have been deep and narrow,

formed by the removal of large hertzian flakes from each face, Right

margin of blade has been so heavily resharpened that the right shoulder is

nearly missing, making measurement of the notch dimension impossible.

Type: Icehouse Bottom Category 31 "Kirk Corner Notched, smali to

mediunr, ground base" (Chapman 1971:47).

BMS C2225s, field or study number: -, State/hovince: Ontario,

County: Niagara Regional Municipality, TowrVSite: Fort Erie, materìal:

Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 5.2, maximum length (mrn): 3i.6, r¡axi-



length (mm): 1 i.4, Ieft nolch width (mnÐ: 5.2, right nùtch width (mm): 8. I ,

left notclr clepth (mm): 3.2, right notch depth (mm): 2.8, Ieft nofch angle:

67o, right notch angle: 61o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width

(mm)r N/4, completenessr ecmplere, proximal ond morphology: côlner

notched, c¡oss sectior¡l biconvex, basal grinding: heavy, notch or steln

grinding: heavy, blade. edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening:

absent, serration: absent, Notes: strongiy basally thinned by the rernoval ofmultiple parallel flakes from each side, heavy resharpening has nearly com-

pletely removed overhanging barbs, resulting in a near side notched pro-

file. Type: Icehouse Bottom Category 31 "Kirk Comer Notched, small to

medium, ground' base" (Chaprnan 1977 : 47).

BMS C2352d, field or study number: -, StatelProvince: New York,

County: Erie, Tow¡y'Site: Brant, material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams):

5.5, maximum length (mm): 37.2, maximum width (mm): 25.8, shoulder

width (rnm) 25.3, maximum thickness (mm): 5.5, base width (mm): 22.9,

minimum haft width (mm): 16.2, haft length (mm): 10.7, left notch width

(mm): 3.9, right notch width (mm): 4,4, left notch depth (mm): 3.8, right

notch depth (mm):4.0, left notch angle: 49", right notch angle: 71o, bifur-

cation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness:

complete, proximal end morphology: corner notched, cross section: flat,

basal grinding: light, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphol-

ogy: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, senation: light, wom. Notes:

intentionally flattened cross-section achieved by thinning from both distal

and proximal ends, blade edges thinned by secondary pressure flaking

creating a sharp bifacial bevel along each edge; one comer notch is

burinated. Type: Icehouse Bottom Category 31 "Kirk Comer Notched,

small to medium, ground base" (Chapman 1977:47).

BMS C16221c, field or study number: -, State/?rovince: New York,

County: Orleans?, Towry'Site: "Fort Neuter", material: Onondaga chert,


21.7, shoulder width (mm) 21.7, maximum thickness (mm): 6.5, base

width (mm): 19.5, minimum haft width (mm): 15.5, haft length (mm): 8.3,

left notch width (mm): 4.6, right notch width (mm): 6.3, left notch depth

(mm): 2.1, right notch depth (mm): 2.5, Ieft notch angle: 61o, right notch

angle: 76o, bifurcation depth (mm); 1.1, bifurcation width (mm): 12.9,

completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: comer notched, cross

section: plano-convex, basal grinding: light, notch or stem grinding: light,

blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, seration:

heavy/worn. Type: Icehouse Bottom Category 31 "Kirk Comer Notched,

small to medium, ground base" (Chapman 1977l.47).

BMS C30317, field or study number: SFI 1995.01, State/Province: New

York, County: Genesee, Towry'Site: Byron, Sharp's field #1, Locus 9,

material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 3.3, maximum length (mm):

38.2, maximum width (mm): 19.5, shoulder width (mm) 19.4, maximum

thickness (mm): 5.3, base width (mm): 17.5, minimum haft width (mm):

12.5, haft length (mm): 10.0, left notch width (mm): 7.1, right notch width

(mm): 4.5, lcft notch depth (mm): 3.2, right notch depth (mm): 2.2, leftnotch angle: 79o, right notch angle: 74o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4,bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness: haft damaged, one ear miss-

ing, proximal end morphology: corner notched, cross section: biconvex,

basal grinding: light, notch or stem grinding: light, blade edge morphol-

ogy: straight, bevel resharpening: absent, senation: heavy. Notes: heavily

resharpened. Type: Kirk Corner Notched, small variety/Icehouse Bottom

Category 25 (Broyles 1971, Chapman 1977:41).

BMS Ðd41158, field or study number: -, State/Province: New York?,

County: Erie?, Town/Site: -, mate¡ial: Onondaga chert, weight (grams):

3.1, maximum length (mrn): 40,8, maximum widih (mm): i7.6, shoui<ier

width (mm) 17.1, maximum thickness (mm): 4.9, base rr¡idth (mm): ", rnin-

imunr haft width (rnm): i0.4, haft length (nrm): 5.ó, left notch widih (mm):

3.4, right notch width (mm): ., Ief't notch depth (mm): 2.4, right notch

depth (mm): -, ieft notch angie: 50", right notch angle: -, bifurcation depth

(mrn): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, cornpletenessr haft damaged,

ANTHROPOLOGY 23

one ear missing, proximal end morphology: corner notched, cross section:

biconvex, basal grinding: -, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge mor-

phology: convex, bevel resharpening: Bbsent, senation: fine, regular, Type:

Ki¡k Corner Notched, small variety/Icehouse Bottom Category 25 (Broyles

1971, Chapman 1977l. 4l), also like small Nettling site Kirk Corner

Notched Cluster points (Ellis er al. 1991).

BMS C29613.004, field or study number: CFI-p4, State¡Province:

New York, County: Genesee, Town/Site: Town of Byron, Call's Field #1,

Locus 5, material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 10.3, maximum length(mm): -, maximum width (mm): 30.4, shoulder widrh (mm) [31.0], maxi-mum thickness (mm): 7.0, base width (mm): [22.0], minimum hafr widrh(mm): 17.5, hâft length (mm): 11.6, left norch width (mm): 10.1, right notch

width (mm): -, left notch depth (mm): 5.6, rìght notch deprh (mm): -, lefrnotch angle:44', right notch angle: -, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurca-

tion width (mm): N/4, completeness: tip and one barb missing, haftdamaged, proximal end morphology: corner notched, cross section: plano-

convex, basal grinding: light, notch or stem grinding: light, blade edge mor-

phology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: light. Notes: obli-que collateral flaking runs completely across one face, remaining intact

cdge has fine serration and heavily worn stubs of slightly largcr serrations.

Notes: heavily damaged by farm equipment, but with enough of base and

blade remaining to reconstruct original shape, base was slightly concave.

Type: Kirk Comer Notched, large varietyflcehouse Bottom Category 24

(Broyles 1971, Chapman 1977:41).

BMS C2129b:1, field or study number: -, State/P¡ovince: New York,County: Chautauqua, Town/Site: Town of lrving, material: Onondaga chert,

weight (grams): 6.9, maximum length (mm): >54.1, maximum width (mm):

26.3, shoulder width (mm) 26.3, maximum thickness (mm): 5,6, base width(mm): 20.2, miriimum hafr widrh (mm): 12.5, haft length (mm): 9.1, lefr

notch width (mm): 4.4, right notch width (rnm): 3.2, left notch deprh (mm):

6.8, right notch depth (mm): 5.0, Ieft notch angle:42o, right notch angle:

50o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation widrh (mm): N/4, complete-

noss: tip and one barb missing, proximal end morphology: corner notched,

cross section: flattened/plano-convex, basal grinding: light, notch or stem

grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening:

absent, senation: Iight. Type: Kirk Corner Notched, large varietyfcehouse

Bottom Category 24 (Broyles 1971, Chapman 1977:41)

BMS C21876a, field or study number: -, State/Province: New york,

County: Erie, Town/Site: Town of Alden, Gillmore Farm site?, material:

Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 5.2, maximum length (mm): -, maximum

width (mm): 26.0, slroulder width (mm) 25.4, maximum thickness (mm):

5.3, base width (mm):21.1, minimum hafr width (mm): 15.9, haft lengrh(mm): 8.3, left noteh wiclth (mm): 5.4, right notch *,idth (mm): 3.9, leftnotch depth (mm): 4.0, right notch depth (mm): 3.4, left notch angle: 51",

right notch angle: 50", bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width(mm): N/Ä', completeness: distal half missing, proximal end morphology:corner notched, cross section: flattened/plano-convex, basal grinding; light,notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge rnorphology: convex, bevel

resharpening: absent, senation: fine. Type: Ki¡k Corner Notched, large vari-ety/Icel,ouse BottÕm Câtegory 24 (Broyles 1971, Chapnan \7jl: 4l)

¡{l fìrut It{Á cf, xÉ çiÞlÅ ^- ôf,,i!, Nrì'-!.^., Þrrc ^(,"J., #/ùruuJ r¡ur¡¡uL¡, ,¡Y¡ù ñìuu y rr!State/Province: New York. Countv: Genesee, Town/Site: -. material:ûnondaga chert, weighr (grarns): 1.4.8, maxinrurn length (mnr): 64.5, maxi-mum width (rnm): 36,2, shoulder width (nrm) 36.2, maxirnum thickness

(mrn): 6.5, base width (mm): >28.2, minimum haft width (mm); 20.5, haftlength (mm): 11.1, left notch width (mm): 5.6, right notch widrh (mm): -,

left notch depth (mm): 7.4, right notch depth (mm): -, left notch angle: 56o,

right notch angle: 62o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width(mm): N/4, completeness: haft damaged, one ear missing, proximal end

morphology: comer notched, cross section: flat/plano-convex, basal grind-ing: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: con-vex, bevel reshârpenirig: absent, serration: fine, lrlotes: oblique-transverse

parallel flaúing across both faces of blade create an intentionally flattened

cross-section with marginal pressure flaking and fine blade edge serration;

base thinned by removal of parallel ribbon-like flakes on one face, shorter

thinning flakes on the other face. Typc: Ki¡k Corner Notched, large vari-etyflcchouse Bottom Category 24 (Broyles I 97 1, Chaprnan 1977: 4l).

RMSC 88.118.108, field or study number: 4/280, State/province:

New York, County: Niagara, Tow¡r/Site: Lockport, Pell site (Lkp 002),


60.3, maximum width (mm): 33.4, shoulder width (mm) 33.4, maximumthickness (mm): 7.1, base width (mm): -, minimum haft width (mm): 18.4,

haft length (mm): 11.1, left notch width (mm): 6.6, right notch width(mm): -, left notch depth (mm): 6.1, right notch deprh (mm): -, left norch

angle: 55o, right notch angle: -, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcationwidth (mm): N/4, completeness: haft damaged, one ear missing, proximal

end morphology: comer notched, cross section: flattened/plano-convex,

basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge mor-phology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: fine. Notes: paral-

lel oblique flaking covers one face, producing a flattened cross-section;

fine senation is present along the base of one blade edge, with remnants ofbolder serration present near the tip of the othe¡ blade edge. Type: KirkCorner Notched, large variety/Icehouse Bottom Category 24 (Broyles

1971, Chapman 1977: 4l).

BMS C21.868c, field or study number: -, StatelProvince: New york,

County: Erie, Town/Síte: Town of Alden, Gillmore Farm site, material:

Onondaga chert, weight (grams); 6.0, maximum length (mm): 43.3, maxi-mum width (mm): 27.1, shoulder width (mm) 22.9, maximum thickness(rnm): 6.9, base width (mm): 27.1, minimum haft width (mm): 18.5, haft

Iength (mm): l3.7,Left notch width (mm): 11.1, right notch width (mm):

8.9, left notch depth (mm): 2.5, right notch depth (mm): 3.0, left norch

angle: 640, right notch angle: 84o, bifurcation depth (mm): 1.5, bifurcationwidth (mm): 20.5, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology:

comer notched, cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding: light, notch orstem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: convex/asymmetric, bevel

resharpening: light, serration: heavy/worn, Notos: heavily worn and

resharpened, asymmetrically, leaving a blade considerably nanower than

base; basc concâve. "þpe: Kirk Co¡ner Notched, large variety/Icehouse

Bottom Category 24 (Broyles 1971. Chapman 1977:41, figure l8a. rop

righÐ.

BMS 8d,4,1065, field or study nurnbers: 5511017 and 1293,

State/Province: Nevr York, County: Erie?, Town/Site: -, material:Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 7.8, maximum length (nm): 48,1, maxi-rurur¡ width (tnm): 31.0, shoulde¡ wicith (mm) 30.4, maxirnum thickness(rrm): 8.0, bas¿ widtlr (mm): 31.0, ¡ninimu¡¡ haft width (ram): 18.4, hafr

length (mrn): 14.8, left notch width (mm): 12.5, right notch virlth (rnm)l

12.0, Ioft notch clepth (mm): 5.3, right notch depth (mm): 6.5, left notch

angle: 8lo, right notch angle:72", bifurcation depth (mm): 2.7, bifurcarion

L+ BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAT SCIENCES

width (mm): 20.9, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology:

corner notched, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch or

stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: concave, bevel resharpen-

ing: absent, senation: absent. Notes: almost identical to BMS C21868c.

Type: Kirk Comer Notched, large varietyÂcehouse Bottom Category 24

(Broyles 1971, Chapman 1977:41, figure 18a, top right)'

BMS C5797a, field or study number: -, StateÆrovince: Nerv York,

County: Chautauqua, Towry'Site: Town ofLving, material: Onondaga chert,


25,4, shoulder width (mm) 24.0, maxirnum thickness (mm): ó.5, base width

(mm): 13.2, minimum haft width (mm): 12.5, haft length (mm): 5.9, left

notch width (mm): 5.1, right notch width (mm): -, left notch depth (mm):

3.0, right notch depth (¡nm): -, left notch angle: 59o, right notch angle: ',

bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, b'furcat'on width (mm): N/4, completeness:

haft damaged, one barb missing, proximal end morphology: corner notched,

cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding:

absent, blade edge morphology: straight/asymmetric, bevel resharpening:

absent, serration: heavy. Type: Ki¡k Comer Notched, large variety/lcehouse

Bottom Category 24 (Broyles 1971, Chapman 19'17:41), although reshar-

pening trajectory also suggests similarities to Pine Tree Comer Notched

type (Justice 1987: 79-80, E. Smith 1995) and Nettling points (Ellis et al.

1991).

BMS Ed41131, field or study number: -, StateÆrovince: New York,

County: Erie?, Towry'Site: -, material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 6.0,

maxirnum length (mm): 47.6, maximum width (mm): 25.9, shoulder width

(mm) 25.9, maximum thickness (mm): 5.9, base width (mm): -, minimum

haft width (mm): 13.7, haft length (mm): 8.1, left notch width (mm): 5.6,

right notch width (mm): -, left notch depth (mm): 3.4, right notch depth

(mm): -, Ieft notch angle: 40o, right notch angle: -, bifurcation depth (mm): -

, bifurcation width (mm): -, completeness: haft damaged, proxirnal end mor-

phology: corner notched, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: -, notch or

stem grinding: light, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpening:

absent, seration: light/wom. Notes: examination of blade edges suggests

that remaining serrations represent stubs of heavily wom, bold serrations.

Type: Kirk Comer Notched, large variety/Icehouse Bottom Cate8ory 24

(Broyles 1971, Chapman 1977: 4l), with similarities to Nettling points

(Ellis et al. 1991).

BMS 8d41252, field or study number: -, State/Province: New York?,

County: Erie?, Town/Site: -, material: Onondaga chert, ì,veight (grams):

17.9, maximum length (mm): 66.7, maximum width (mm): 33.2, shoulder

width (mm) 33.2, maximum thickness (mm): 8.2, base width (mm): -, mini-

mum haft width (mm): 17.5, haft length (mm): -, left notch width (mm): -,

right notch width (mm): -, left notch depth (mm): -, right notch depth (mm):

-, left notch angle: -, right notch angle: -, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4,

bifu¡cation width (mm): N/4, completeness: tip and haft missing, proximal

end morphology: probably corner notched, cross section: biconvex, basal

grinding: -, notch or stem grinding: -, blade edge morphology; con-

cave/convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: heavy. Type: Kirk

Comer Notched, large variety[cehouse Bottom Category 24 (Broyles 1971,

Chapman 1977:. 41), although resharpening tlajectory also suggests

simila¡ities to Pine Tr¿s Corner Notched lype (Justioe 198?: 79-80, E

Smith lOQSì ¡nd N¡ttlina nnintc lFllis ef al lQQlì

Bifurcate Tradition (N=18, Figure 3; Plates 3,7 ,8)

Sixteen projectile points in this survey can be assigned

to the Bifurcate Tradition, a sequence of chronologicallyvarying, but clearly related types formally defined as a tra-dition by Chapman (1975). Two additional specimensmost likely represent this tradition based on blade shape

and resharpening attributes.Bifurcate-based points, or bifurcates-the primary

diagnostic artifact of this tradition-are easily dis-tinguished by their possession of an intentionally formedbasal notch that divides a stemmed, side- or corner-notched base into two lobes of more-or-less equal size.

Differences in the depth of this basal bifurcation, in over-all base configuration (side notched, corner notched orstemmed), in the prevalence of basal or notch grindingand, to a lesser extent, in the treatment of the blade duringresharpening have been used to separate the varied pointsof the Bifurcate tradition into a series of discrete, thoughrelated, projectile point types, Excavations at well-stratified sites in the southeast and midcontinent, as \ilellas dated single-component sites in the Northeast, have

conffumed a chronological sequence for the developmentand disappearance of these types during the thousand-yearspan represented by this tradition,

Chapman's definition of the Bifurcate tradition formal-ized Bettye Broyles' (1971) observations at the St. Albanssite, which he confirmed through the excavation of a series

of deeply buried and stratified sites within the Little Ten-nessee River basin. Chapman's initial framework includedfour sequential groups or clusters of related projectilepoint types, from oldest to youngest named the MacCorkleStemmed Group, the St. Albans Side Notched Group, the

LeCroy Bifurcated Stem Group and the KanawhaStemmed Group (Chapman 1975). However, subsequent

review, combining stratigraphic information with multi-dimensional statistical analyses, led him to reconsider thisframework and to simplify it into three statistically verifi-able groups, the St. Albans group (typified by the St.

Albans Side Notched type and incorporating the Mac-Corkle Stemmed type), the LeCroy group (characterized

by straight stemmed points, manufactured on a flake, witha notched base) and the Kanawha Stemmed type, rvhichpost-dates the previous two and provides a transition fromclassic bifurcate styles into Middle Archaic stemmed types

such as Stanly Stemmed, Kirk Stemmed and MorrowMountain I Stemmed (Chapman 1980: 127),

Justiee (1987) further consolidated these groups intotwo macro-stylisfic clusters representing the eariier haif

! ^l

:,-- -.,^-^L:-^- ¿!-^ lt-^^^-I-t^(r(ICe LOÛe(¡ \-lU5tel , tlll-urpur at.¡.IrB t¡¡c rv¡au\-ulltruSierrrnred an¡Ì St. Albans Siclc Notrrlicd Gror.rps) and thc

later half (LeCroy Clusfer, ineolporating the LeCroy

ANTHROPOLOGY 25

Bifurcated Stem and Kanawha Stemmed Groups) of theBifurcate tradition, Stothers (1996) employed a similartaxonomic system, dividing the Bifurcate tradition into ancarlier "Large Bifurcate" group (roughly equivalent toJustice's "Rice Lobed Cluster") and a younger "SmallBifurcate" group (equivalent to Justice's "LeCroy Cluster"),

Although these frameworks reduce the nulnber ofnames used to subdivide the tradition, they serve no otherapparent purpose and their clusterings are not clearly basedon empirical stratigraphic relationships or demonstratedstatistical relationships. Since the thn'ee groups establishedstatistically and stratigraphically by Chapman appear rohave useful chronological implications (Chapman 1975,1977, 1980), his subdivisions (St. Albans group, LeCroygroup and Kanawha group) of the Bifurcate tradition arepreferred in this paper.

The Bifurcate tradition has had an important role in thehistory of northeastern Early Holocene archaeologicalresearch. Although bifurcates were recognized as uniqueforms even at the turn of the century (Holmes 1897, cited inChapman 1975: 235; Houghton 1909), their age was amystery until the late 1960s. Fitting (1964) and prufer andSofsky (1965) argued that small bifurcates in the GreatLakes region (i.e. Lake Erie bifurcate and LeCroy-likeforms) were Late Archaic styles, based on a single date of5,302t90 b.p. from the Rohr Rock Shelter site, WestVirginia, which had been shown to be erroneous (Dragoo1959: 181). The recovery of these projectile point typesfrom well-sealed contexts at the St. Albans and Sheep RockShelter sites (Broyles 1971, Michels and Smith 1967,Michels 1968), in association with a string of internallyconsistent Early Holocene radiocarbon dates, provided thefirst unambiguous horizon styles for defining Early Archaiccomponents throughout eastem North America. The rapiddiscovery of Early Archaic components in many parls ofthe East ensued.

Ritchie (1971b) and Fitting (1975) recognized the chal-lenge posed by Broyles' demonstration of these styles'antiquity to their models of Early Holocene cultural andenvironmental conditions (Ritchie 1965, lgjlb; Fittingi968). Their answer was to view bifurcates in the GreatLakes and Northeast as indicators of an anomalous periodof limited, transient human presence in the otherwiseuninhabited Early Holoce¡te boreal forests (R.itchie 1979).The presence of small numbers of bifurcates 'ù/as contrastedwith the implied absence of evidence for human occupa-tions in this region during precedent and subsequent millen-nia to strengthen the argument that, overall, the EarlyHolocene forests were no place for humans,

Subsequent surveys of Early Hoiocene diagnostics iirthe Northeast liave tendeeì tü sfress lhe Bifurcale fra<Ji{ion,as can be seen in case studies from New York State. In'liubowitz' (1979: 55) study, more than three-quarters of

the bifaces assigned to the Early Holocene (N=34 of 44)belonged to the Bifurcate tradition. Nearly half (44Vo) ofthe provenienced Early Holocene diagnostics surveyed byLevine (1989) from the upper Hudson River valley collec-tions were bifurcates. In Funk's analyses of collectionsfrom the lower Hudson and upper Susquehanna River val-leys, bifurcates comprised 100% and 77Vo of EarlyArchaic diagnostics, respectively (Funk 1993: Tables 36,38).

It is possible that the apparent dominance of bifurcatesthroughout New York State and the Northeast signals sig-nificant differences in population density, land use ormobility during the ninth millennium b.p., as Ritchieimplied, However, Trubowitz (1979:57) noted that bifur-cates tend to be easily identified and over-emphasized insuch studies due to their unique form; while Kirk ComerNotched Cluster and other Early Holocene diagnosticsmay be lumped into other taxonomic groupings such as theBrewerton series and are, consequently, under-reported.

In this light, it is worth noting that in Niagara Frontiercollections, bifurcates comprised only I ïVo of al|identified Early Holocene specimens, represented just 29Voof specifically Barly Archaic projectile points, and wereless common than bifaces of either the Kirk CornerNotched or Stanly Stemmed Clusters. This pattern differsfrom the just-cited New York state analyses, yet replicatesthose of Stothers (1996), who reports ratios of bifurcates toThebes and Kirk horizon points at the westem end of theLake Erie basin in proportions nearly identical to their rep-resentation in surveyed Niagara Frontier collections.6These data suggest, for the Lake Erie basin at least, thatbifurcates are not the most commonly represented EarlyHolocene or Early Archaic projectile point types and thatperceptions of their relatively greater role in the regionalEarly Holocene record may be due more, as Trubowitzsuggested, to their uniquely identifiable form than to anysuperordinate significance in the Early Archaic sequence.

Three bifaces in the Niagara Frontier survey appear tobe referable to the earlier half of the Bifurcate Tradition,while thirteen represent its later manifestations. Two addi-tional fragmentary points, with missing bases, may alsorelate to this tradition based on semi-diagnostic resharpen-ing and blade shape aiiributes.

Three points from Niagara Frontier collections areassigned to the St, Albans phase, as defined by Chapman(1975). Two specimens (BMS C29275 and RMSC88.118.219) from the Hiscock and Pell sites of Geneseeand Niagara Counties, respectively, are rçlatively Large,broad bifurcated-base points with out-flaring, rounded oriotrate ears flanking -uroaci,

U-shaped -trasal

nolches. TheHiscock cner"imcn hac iiøht c'rinriino in ifç ru¡.r!.'ci.-ì^- - _ _- _r _"- "Þ'" b_ _"*"^b

notchss atrd basal t¡ifurcation. while the example from thePell site is unground. Neither point has well-clevelopecl


Figure 3. Regional distribution of Bifurcate Tradition bifaces in the Niagara Frontier region. Open symbols in shaded cir-cles indicate specimens for which only county provenience is available. Open symbol within the unshaded square in Lake

Erie identifies one specimen for which provenience data is limited to the Niagara Frontier, generally. Shorelines of the

lower Great Lakes approximate modern locations, rather than Late PleistocenelBarly Holocene positions.

serrated margins.T Both points were made from Onondaga

chert.In size and overall appearance these bifaces bear

similarities to the MacCorkle Stemmed type defined byBroyles (1971:71) at the St. Albans site. They show even

cioser resemblances to "Bifurcate variant 1" from the Rose

Island site, Tennessee, a style that Chapman notes "may be

the earliest of the bifurcate types at Rose Island...related tothe MacCorkle Stemmed type" (Chapman 1975: 110-112,245,P\ate XXXVIII: f¡ and Category 22 ("Bifurcated base,

medium to large") at the Icehouse Bottom site, Tennessee,

which Chapman (1977: 40) iinks to both MacCorkleStemmed and Rose Island "Bifurcate variant l" styles. Likefhe latter, the bases on these Niagara Fronfier specimens are

deeply notched, creating the appearance of <lut-flarirrg"eär"s," and the shriulclers are prollûullced anil h<irizcintal.

Although basal and lateral haff element grinding are con-sidered diagnostic traits of MacCorkle Stemmed points inBroyles' type definition (1971: 71, Justice 1987: 86), this

trait occurred less frequently on Rose Island's "Bifurcatevariant L" style (777o had grinding on stem or sidenotches, 29Vo had grinding in the basal notch, Chapman1975: 110). The incidence and extent of grinding on earlybifurcates appears to vary widely from site to site andregion to region, suggesting that neither the light grindingseen on the Hiscock site example, nor the absence ofgrinding on the point frcrn the Pell site, should obscure the

other, compelling similarities linking these NiagaraFrontier specimens to early bifurcate styles found instratified sites farther south.

Unforiunately, fhe dating of fhe MacCorkle Stemmedand Tellico basin variant styles is poorly controlled. At fhe

St. Albans site, MacCorkle Stemmed points were found intire uppermost Khk horizons and constituted the eariiest-reeognized trifurcate style. Based on fhcir stra.tigraphicposition, relative to raeliocarbein dates in overlying anduncierlying strâta, Froyies estimafed that MacCorkieStemmed points could be assigned a provisional date of ca.

ANTHROPOLOGY 27

8,800-8,700 b.p. (Broyles 1971: 71), At Rose Island,"Bifurcate variant 1" points were found in situ within thetop of Stratum VIII and near the base of overlying StratumVII-G. Three racliocarbon dates from higher levels ofStratum VII ranged from 8,8001270 [GX-3167) to8,660t180 b.p. [GX-3598], supporting Broyles' chrono-logical placement even though Chapman was unable todefine a separate MacCorkle-like phase at the site andincluded it within the Tellico basin's St. Albans phase(Chapman 197 5: 2lO-212, 1977 : 40, 1980).

Only one point referable to the St, Albans type (Broyles1971) has been identified in Niagara Frontier collections,This specimen (BMS EdA1120) is identified only as being"local," implying a general Niagara Frontier provenience. Itis made from Bois Blanc chert, a Devonian silicate that out-crops along the southern margin of the Niagara Peninsulafrom Fort Erie to the mouth of the Grand River, Ontario(Eley and von Bitter 1989: 18-19, 29-30). While this maysuggest attribution to a site on the Canadian side of the bor-der, the known distribution of Bois Blanc chert inarchaeological contexts cannot rule out the possibility thatit was recovered from a site in western New York.

Stylistically, this point resembles Broyles' (1971: 73)"St, Albans Side Notched, Variety A" in having a deeplynotched base that has been ground from shoulder toshoulder. BMS EdA1120 also closely resembles Chapman's"Bifurcate variant 3" from the Rose Island site, which heattributed to the St. Albans phase in the Tellico basin(Chapman t975: 112-113). St. Albans Side Notched,"Varieties A and 8," were associated with radiocarbondates of 8,830t350 b.p. and 8,8201250 b,p. ar the St.Albans site (Broyles 1971), while the average of three datesfor the St. Albans phase at Rose Island was 8,720t250 b,p.(Chapman 1975:213).

Nine bifaces (BECHS 66446, BMS C2149i, BMS EdA964, HLOWBMS Study #8, RMSC 88.118.213, RMSC88.118.214, RMSC 88.188.215, RMSC 88,188.216, andRMSC 88.118.217) were assigned to the LeCroy BifurcaredBased type as defined by Lewis and Kneberg (1955) andsubsequently refined by Broyles (1971) and Chapman(1975). Diagnostic features of LeCroy Bifurcated Basepoints are their small size and thin cross-section (especiallycompared to the MacCorkle or St. Albans styles), theirdeeply noteheel bases bifurcating straight or near{y straightstems and their infrequently ground haft area margins (con-tra Justice 1987 : 91, Chapman I97 5: 106 noted rhar 28%o ofLeCroy points from Rose Island had ground lateral stemedges),

Aithough many iliustrateci examples are heavily reshar-pened, to fhe extent that their points' basçs arç wider thanfheir shnllldcrc nlhcr evemnlee ¡i¡¡rir¡ chnrrr that tirnv¡vÉ¡ ¡J

pristine Íbnn included a "oroad, trianguiar blade (Broylesl9l I : I,¡gurc 8; Uhaprrrarr i975: Piaic XXVI). Resharpcningof these points often seems [o have i¡rvolved heavy retouch

in the central portions of the blades' lateral edges but lesserreduction of the proximal shoulders and tips. Conse-quently, points abandoned during middle stages of reshar-pening exhibit one or both blade edges with incurvate orrecurved ("s"-shaped) margins. This reduction strategy,although reported for MacCorkle Stemmed points (Justice1987), appears especially characteristic of the latter half ofthe bifurcate tradition, during which LeCroy and Kanawhapoints were the dominant forms produced.

One LeCroy point in the Niagara Frontier sample(BECHS 6U46) was recovered from the Barnard StreetSite, on the noflhem boundary of the Buffalo River flood-plain in the City of Buffalo, NY. Another was recoveredfrom an unknown site on Grand Island, Erie County, NY.Five LeCroy points (RMSC 88.118.2I3, RMSC88.118.215, RMSC 88.118.216, RMSC 88,118.217 andRMSC 88.118.214) were recovered from the Pell Site, inNiagara County, NY, by the late Richard McCarthy. Asingle example in the collection of the Holland LandOffice Museum, Batavia, NY (HLOMÆMS Study #8) isfrom Genesee County, NY, without further site ortownship data and BMS EdA964 is only known to be"local," implying an origin in the Niagara Frontier.

The majority of the LeCroy points identified inNiagara Frontier collections retain their broad V-shapedblades. Some also exhibit well-defined down-tuming barbson the proximal blade comers, similar to those from theTiticut area of Massachusetts (Chapman 1975: Plate LIX)and the Haviland site, Schoharie County, NY (Fergusson1996), Basal shapes vary within the sample, but fall withinthe published range for the LeCroy type. Most of theseprojectile points are quite thin and were probably madefrom flakes rather than bifacial preforms. All but one weremade from Onondaga chert. The single exception (RMSC88.118.213), from the Pell site, Niagara County, was madefrom yellowish translucent vein qtJartz, which, althoughnot locally occurring in bedrock, can be obtained locally incobble form from secondary, glacially derived deposits intill and stream beds.

The age of LeCroy Bifurcated Base points is relativelywell-controlled both stratigraphically and radiometrically.At the St, Albans site, LeCroy points were found in Zones6-R stretior¡nhicallw henecth hnriznnc ¡horo¡fariz¡¿l !..,v¡¡u¡qvrv¡¡lve u,

Kanawha Stemmed points and above those dominated bySt. Albans and MacCorkle points. A radiocarbon date of8,250t50 b.p. was obtained on charcoal from a hearth inZone 6 (Broyles 197Í: 69). At the Longworth-Gick sire,near the falls of the Ohio River, a date of 8,420t110 b.p,was obtained on charcoal from a layer (Zone 3) character-ized by LeCroy and Kanawha points. Closer io tlie NiagaraFrontier, fwc singie-compûnent Bifurcate tradition ûerupa-tion sites with l,eCroy-like points have recently beenreporied in southern Ontalio and centrai New York, Af theBlue Dart site, Vy'aterioo County, Ontario, white pine char-


coal from a feature associated with LeCroy points was

dated, using the AMS Ct4 technique, to 8,320t60 b.p. (tTO-29521, Lennox 1995: 2O). At the Haviland Site, in Scho-

harie County, New York, charcoal found next to a LeCroy-like bifurcate point was dated to 8,405t65 b.p, (Fergusson

1996: 2). A temporal range of 8,500-8,200 b,p. for LeCroypoints may be justified on the basis of this suite of radiocar-bon dates and their stratigraphic positions at the St. Albansand Rose Island sites.

Stratigraphically above LeCroy Bifurcated Base points

at the St. Albans and Rose Island sites were small stemmed

points with triangular blades and small, unground, straightto slightly expanding stems (Broyles 1971: 59; Chapman

1975: 105-106). Broyles provided the type description forthese, calling them Kanawha Stemmed after the riverdrainage in which they were first formally identified. Theprincipal formal difference between LeCroy and Kanawha

Stemmed types is in the depth of their basal bifurcations.

At the Rose Island site, basal bifurcation depths for LeCroypoints ranged from 2.M.0 mm, with a mean depth of 3.1

mm. In contrast, Kanawha Stemmed points had basal bifur-cations only 1.0-1.5 mm deep, even though the lengths ofthe stems on both styles were similar (Chapman 1975:

105-106, Plates XXVI, XXVil). Broyles' illustrations ofLeCroy and Kanawha Stemmed points from the St. Albans

site suggest similar metric differentiation (Broyles 1971:

Figures 3, 8). At these and other sites, LeCroy points also

tended to be more heavily resharpened, sometimes retain-ing very little oftheir original blade shape.

Four projectile points in Niagara Frontier collectionswere assigned to the Kanawha Stemmed type. Two (HLOM186.7.40/BMS Study #6 and HLOMÆMS Study #7) were

recovered from unidentified sites in Genesee County, New

York, one (FEHM 988.139.058) is from Fort Erie, Ontario,and the last (BMS C30318) can be attributed only to the

greater Niagara Frontier region. HLOM/BMS Study #7 was

manufactured from Lockport Formation chert, while the

rest were made from Onondaga chert.

Kanawha and Kanawha-like projectile points have been

recovered from sites over most of the midwestern, mid-Atiantic and northeastem states, as well as southern Oniario(Wright 1978, Justice 1987, Ellis et al. 1990). Excavationsat the Russ site, Locus 2, in the upper Susquehanna Rivervalley of southern New York rccovered Kiurawha-like pro-jectile points in association with hearths and a wide range

of other biface types (Funk 1979, Funk and V/ellman 1984:

Plate 6). These points differed slightly irom Broyles' typedeseription in having very narrow sfems with nearly paral-

lel sides, rather than slightly expanding stems with roundedcorners. These points were iounci in association witht. ^ ^.-¿L^ .t^a^.1 a^ O aa^¿,1^t^ l^ * I ¡li^ /-7<l ^*J T ôÁn+'l i <fltrdltlù u4rçu lu o.bÇwLalw lr,p, lrl¡L-l ,Jl a¡¡u titwvLLrr

b.p. [Dic-4?3] (Funk and wellman l9tl4; tl4, Table l, Plate

6, nos, 36-39). A símilar date of 8,160*50 b.p. was

obtained on charcoal from a hearth in Zone 4, one of Íwo

stratigraphic horizons af the St. Albans site that producedKanawha Stemmed points (Broyles 1971: 59).

Most Kanawha or Kanawha-like projectile pointsidentified in westem New York collections were moresimilar to those from the Russ site than to Broyles' pub-lished examples. Examples of the Lake Erie BifurcatedBase type defined by Prufer and Sofsky (1965) anddcscribed by Justice (1987: 92-95) are also similar tosome of the specimens identified as Kanawha Stemmed

forms in this paper and the "Kanawha-like" specimens at

the Russ site. Chapman (1977) argues persuasively that the

Lake Erie Bifurcated Base type is poorly defined, includ-ing specimens that fit within established ranges ofvariability for either of the better-understood LeCroy orKanawha Stemmed types. Since the temporal range estab-

lished for the Kanawha-like projectile points at the Russ

site overlaps that from the Kanawha zone at the St. Albanssite, the issue may be moot when questions of chronologi-cal significance are under consideration. V/hether regionaldifferences in style can be ascertained at this temporalhorizon remains to be determined. Therefore, based onavailable radiocarbon dates and formal similarities toStanly and Neville points, Justice's (1987: 95) suggested

temporal range of 8,200-7,800 b.p. for the Kanawha typeand its locally variant forms seems reasonable.

Two hafted biface fragments (BMS EdAl126 and BMSC30139) are tentatively assigned to the Bifurcate traditiondue to the configuration oftheir blades, which have reshar-pening trajectories seen only on Bifurcate tradition points

in Niagara Frontier samples. The incurvate or sinuouslysigmoidal lateral blade edge resharpening found on these

points, with out-flaring or up-tuming projections at theproximal blade edges, are resharpening attributes fre-quently found on LeCroy and Kanawha Stemmed points(Broyles 1971, Justice 1987:91-97). The blade edges ofBMS C30139, from the Town of Byron, Genesee County,NY, were also serrated and gently altemately beveled.While the former attribute is commonly recorded on ear-

lier bifurcates, beveling is not, although it is commonlyassociated with earlier Early Archaic lithic traditions, Thesize, slight beveling and serration of this example suggest

that it may relate to the earlier portion of the Bifurcate tra-dition. while the size and st¡rface treatmçnt of BMSEd'AI126 are more similar to the smaller, presumablylater, bifurcates in the present sample.

The relative scarcity, in the Niagara Frontier sample,

of early bifurcates assignable to the St, Albans or Mac-Corkle styles is worth noting although no clear conclusionscan be drawn from such a small sample, The relative pro-portions of early and late bifurcates varies greatly from

"it^ t^ "i+n a-ri ra¡inrr ln reoinn rrrhercvar eliirlierl /Rrar¡l¡cur¡u¡vÊ¡v¡¡!v¡vb.v¡¡\!¡vJ¡vJ

1971; Chapman lþ75, 19?7; Aciovasio et ai. i995; Stothers

i996) and further investigations in the lower Üreat l-akes

region may reveal similar intra-regional variation, The

ANTHROPOLOGY 29

recent identification of a large, MacCorkle Stemmed pointwith well-defined overhanging barbs and heavily serratedblade margins in a private collection from a site high on theslopes of the Allegheny Plateau in southern Erie County,NY, demonstrates that early bifurcates are present in theregion, even in locations frequently overlooked.

It may also be wofh noting that the bifurcate series, as

known from the Niagara Frontier, represents the first part ofthe regional sequence that shows indications of regionalstylistic variation au,ay from southern and midcontinentalstyles. Thus, the MacCorkle-like and St. Albans specimensin Niagara Frontier collections differ from the "classic"forms found at sites such as St, Albans and Rose Island, butreplicate minor, variant forms at those sites. LeCroy pointsfrom the lower Great Lakes fit generally within that typebut frequently have longer hafting elements, like theLeCroy-variant points from the Blue Dart and Kassel sitesin adjacent Ontario (Lennox 1995). Deeply barbed, over-hanging blades, such as those known from New England(Chapman 1975: Plate LIX) and eastern New York (Fergus-son 1996) are also present in local collections. Thesevariants seem to be rare in illustrated collections from areassouth of the Great Lakes basin and New England, while"classic" midcontinental LeCroy points, with elongated andpointed stems flanking deep, v-shaped basal notches, aresimilarly infrequent in regional collections from westernNew York and adjacent Ontario,

By the end of the bifurcate horizon, Kanawha Stemmedpoints from the lower Great Lakes region seem to sharemore attributes with one another and the semi-discreditedLake Erie Bifurcate type than they do with southernKanawha Stemmed points matching Broyles' type descrip-tion from the St. Albans site. These similarities extendbeyond the local region, with eastem and perhaps northemconnections visible in the collections excavated by Funkfrom the upper Susquehanna River valley. Without largerassemblages or better control over the dating of differentstyles at the local and the regional levels, it is hard to makeanything other than impressionistic statements; yet at thatlevel, the span of time covered by the Bifurcate horizonappears to see the creation of greater stylistic unity andcommunication within the Great Lakes/ìrlortheast regionand somewhat lcss integration with areas fa¡ther south.

St, Albans groupBMS C29275, field or study number: SF 9l-4, State/Province: New

York, County: Genesee, Towny'Site: Byron, Hiscock Site, surrounding

fields, locus H.S-2, material: Onondaga chert, weight (grarns): 8,7, maxi-

mum length (mm): 40.0, maximum width (rnm): 36.8, shoulde¡ width (mm)

36.8, maximum ihickness (mm): 7.7, base width (mm): 23.9, minir¡um irair

v,,idth (mrn): 19.8, haft length (rnnr): 8.9, left notch widrh (mm)i 6.0, iighrnotch width (rnm.): 5.7, left notch depth (mrn): 3,2.,À,g,ht nofch deprh (mm):

3,?, ieft notch angle: 62o, right notcli angle: I12", bifurcation clepth (mm):

2.9, bifurcation width (rnm): I1.4, completeness: complete, proximal end

rnorphology: bifurcated base, side notched, cross section: plano-convex,

basal grinding: light, notch or stem grinding: light, blade edge morphol-ogy: concave/convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: absent. Type:

This point appears to be inte¡mediate in form between the MacCorkleStemmed and St. Albans Side Notched types, similar to Chapman's (197?:

40) Category 22 at Icehouse Bottom and Bifu¡cate Va¡iant I at the Rose

Island site, Tennessee, and may represent a local variant dating to the ear-

lier portion of the Bifurcate tradition.

RMSC 88,118,219, field or study number: A-98, StatelProvince: NewYork, County: Niagara, TowdSite: Lockport, Pell site (Lkp 002), mare¡ial:

Onondaga chert, weiglrt (grarns): 8.2, maximum length (mm): 43.3, maxi-mum width (mm): 36.9, shoulder width (mm) 36.9, maximum thickness(mm): 7.3, base width (mm): 27.8, minimum haft width (mm): 21.8, haftlength (mm): I 1.0, left notch width (mm): 6.6, right notch width (mm): 5.5,

leftnotch depth (mm): 4.7,nght notch depth (mm):5.7, left notch angle:

45", right notch angle; 78o, bifurcation depth (mm): 3.5, bifurcation width(mm): 9.7, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: bifur-cated/side notched, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch

or stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel reshar-

pening: absent, seffation: absent. Type: This point appeârs to be intermedi-ate in form between the MacCorkle Stemmed and St. Albans Side Notched

types, similar to Chapman's (1977: 40) Category 22 at Icehouse Bottomand Bifurcate Variant I at the Rose Island site, Tennessee, and may

represent a local variant dating to the earlier portion of the Bifurcatè kadi-tion.

BMS 8d41120, field or study number: -, StateÆrovince: New york

or Ontario, County: Erie?, Towry'Site: -, material: Bois Blanc chert, weight(grams): 5.3, maximum length (mm): 38.4, maximum width (mm): 21.4,

shoulder width (mm) 20.4, maximum thickness (mm): 7.0, base width(mm): 14,4, minimum håft width (mm): 12.8, haft length (mm): 2.2, leftnotch width (mm): 9.2, right notch width (mm): 7.6, left notch depth (mm):

1.8, right notch depth (mm): 1.7, left notch angle: 61o, righr notch angle:

74', bifurcation depth (mm): 2.6, bifurcation width (mm): 8.4, complete-

ness: complete, proximal end morphology: bifurcated base/side notched,

cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: heavy, notch or stem grinding:

heavy, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, sena-

tion: âbsent. Type: St. Albans Side Notched (Broyles l97l; Chapman

t9'15,19'7'r).

LeCroy groupBÐCI{S 66446, field or study nu¡nber: I49, StateÆrovince: New

York, County; Erie, Town/Site: Buffalo, Ilama¡d Street site, matedal:

Onontlaga chef, wcíght (grams): 3,8, maximum length (mm): >35.2, max-

imum width (mm): >27.6, shoulder width (mm) >27.6, maximum thick-ness (mm): 5.0, base width (mm): 17.0, minimum hafr width (mm): 14.9,

haft length (mm): 11.1, left notch width (mm): 10.6, right notch width(mm): -, left notch depth (mm): 4.6, right notch depth (mm): -, left notch

angle:44o, right notch angle:42o, bifurcation depth (mm): 4.0, bifurcationwidth (mm); 10,8, completeness: tip and two ba¡bs missing, proximal end

morphology: bifurcated and stemmed, cross section: plano-convex, basal

grinding: iight, notch or stem grinding: iight, bladc eCge morphology:straight, bevel resharpening: absent, serrationl absent, Type: [æCroy(Broyies 197i, Fergusson 1996, Lennox 1995).

BMS C2149i, field or study numl¡e¡: -, StateTProvirice: New York,

30 BULLETIN OF TIIE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

County: Erie, Towry'Site: Grand Island, material: Onondaga chert, weight


shoulder width (mm) >35.4, maximum thickness (rnm): 5.6, base width

(mm): 18.5, mininrum haft width (¡nm): 16.8, haft length (mm): 8.4, left


3.5, right notch depth (mm): 5.0, left notch angle: 52o, right notch angle:

46o, bifurcation depth (mrn): 3.2, bifurcation width (mm): 10.9, complete-

ness: one blade edge barb missing, proximal end morphology: sternmed

bifurcated base, cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding: absent, notch

or stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpen-

ing: absent, senation: absent. Type: LeCroy (Broyles 1971, Fergusson

1996, Lennox 1995).

BMS EdA964, field or study number: 55/1038 and 939,

State/?rovince: New York, County: Erie?, Town/Site: -, material: Onondaga

chert, weight (grams): 2,4, maximum length (mm): 25.3, maximum width

(mm): 21.9, shoulder width (mm) 21.9, maximum thickness (mm): 5.4, base

width (mm): 13.6, minimum haft width (mm): 12.2, haft length (mm): ?.4,

left notch width (mm): 7.2,right notch width (mm): 7.9, left notch depth

(mm): 2.7, right notch depth (mm): 2.2, leît notch angle: 46o, right notch

angle: 69o, bifurcation depth (mm): 2.4, bìfurcation width (mm): 5.6, com-

pleteness: complete, proximal end morphology: stemmed/bifurcated base,

cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding:

absent, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serra-

tion: absent. Type: LeCroy (Broyles 1971, Fergusson 1996, Lennox 1995).

HLOM --, field or study number: BMS study #8, State/Province: New

York, County: Genesee, Tow¡y'Site: -, material: Onondaga chert, weight



(mm): 15.8, minimum hâft width (mm): 15.7, haft length (mm): 7.0, left

notch width (mm): 8.8, right notch width (mm): 9,4, left notch depth (mm):

4,4, nght notch depth (mm): 4.9, left notch angle: 34o, right notch angle:

35o, bifurcation depth (mrn): 2.0, bifurcation width (mm): 5.9, complete-

ness: complete, proximal end morphology: bifurcated/stemmed, cross sec-

tion: flat, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding; absent, blade edge

morphology: straight, bevel resharpening: light, serration: light. Notes:

Overhanging barbs and wide blade are simila¡ to an illustrated point from

the Haviland site, Schoharie County, NY (Fergusson 1996) and others from

the vicinity of the Titicut Marsh, Massachusetts (Chapman 1975: Plate

LIX). Type: LeCroy (Broyles 1971, Fergusson 1996, Lennox 1995).

RMSC 88,118.213, field or study number: A-345, State/?rovince: $ewYork, County: Niagara, Town/Site: l,ockport, Pell site (Lkp 002), material:

vein quartz, weight (grams): 6.2, ¡naximum length (nm): 44.6, rnaximum

width (mm): 21.5, shoulder width (mni) 21.5, maximum thickness (mm);

8,1, base width (mm): 15.4, rninimurn haft width (mm): 13.9, haft length

(mm): 12.9, left shoulder/stem angle: 108', right shoulder/stem angle: 104o,

bifurcation depth (mrn): 3.8, bifurcation width (mm): 8.8, completeness:

complete, proximal end morphology: stemmed bifurcated base, cross sec-

tion: biconvex, basal grinding; absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blacle

edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: light,

T'ype: LeCroy (Broyles 1971, Fergusson 1996, Lennox 1995).

R.MSC 88.X18,2f 5, fiold or study nL¡mtrer: A-27'l , SttelPtovince: lr{ew

York, County: Niagara, Torvn/Site: Lockport, Pell site (Lkp 002), material:

Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 2.7, nraximur:r length (mnr): 35.8, ¡¡raxi-

mum width (r¡m): 22,1, shouldc¡ width (mm) 20.8, maximunl thickress

(mm): 4,4, base width (mm): -, minimum haft \¡/idth (mm): 11.2, haft

length (mm): 8.3, left notch width (mm): 7.2, nght notch width (mm): -,

left notch depth (mm): 2.8, right notch depth (mm): -, left notch angle: 52o,

right notch angle: 69o, bifurcation depth (mm): 3.3, bifurcation width

(mm): -, completeness: one basal ear missing, proximal end morphology:

bifurcated expanding stem, cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding:

absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edgc morphology: straight,

bevei resharpening: absent, seration: absent. Type: LeCroy (Broyles 197i,

Fergusson 1996, Lennox 1995).

RMSC 88.118.216, field or study number: A-304, StatelProvince:

New York, County: Niagara, TowrVSite: Lockport, Pell site (Lkp 002),


37.7, maximum width (¡nm): 23.9, shoulder width (mm) 23.9, maxirnum

thickness (mm): 5.8, base width (mrn): 18.4, minimum haft width (mm):

18.4, haft length (mm): 12.0, left shoulder/stem angle: 104o, right

shoulder/stem angle: 128o, bifurcation depth (mm): 5.7, bifurcation width

(mm): 10.4, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: bifur-

cated stemmed, cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding: absent, notch

or stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel reshar-

pening: absent, serration: absent. Type: LeCroy (Broyles 1971, Fergusson

199ó, Lennox 1995).

RMSC 88,118,217, fíeld or study number: A-226, StateTProvince:

New York, County: Niagara, Towry'Site: Lockport, Pell site (Lkp 002),



thickness (m¡n): 6.0, base width (mm): 16.0, minimum haft width (mm):

L2.4,haft length (mm): 9.1,left notch width (mm): 7.9, right notch width

(mm): 8.3, lcft notch depth (mm): 4.0, right notch depth (mm): 3,9, Ieft

notch angle: 48', right notch angle: 53o, bifurcation depth (mm): 3.3,

bifurcation width (mm): 11.8, completeness: tip missing, proximal end

morphology: bifurcated expanding base, cross section: plano-convex,

basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge mor-

phology: straight, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: absent. Type:

LeCroy (Broyles 1971, Fergusson 1996, Lennox 1995).

RMSC 88,118.214, field or study number: -, State/Province: New

York, County: Niagara, Tow¡y'Site: Lockport, Pell site (Lkp 002), material:

Onondaga chert, weight (grams): ó.8, maximum length (mm): >41.0, max-

imum width (mm): 33.0, shoulder width (mm) 33.0, maximum thickness

(mm): 6.3, bâse width (mm): -, minimum haft width (mm): 14.3, haft

length (mm): 8.9, left notch width (mm): -, right notch width (mm): -, left

notch depth (mm): -, right notch depth (mm): -, left notch angle: 54o, right

notch angle: 48o, bifurcation depth (mm): 2,0, bifurcation width (mm): -,

completeness: tip missing and haft damaged with both ears snapped,

proxirnal end nrorphology: bifurcated stemmed?, cross section: fiat, basal

grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology:

ooncave/convex, bevel resharpenitìg: absent, se¡ration: light. Notes:

although base is snapped, blade form and overhanging barbs are very

similar to HLOI4ÆMS study #8 and Haviland site specimens (Fergusson

1996). Type: LeCroy (Broyies i971, Fergusson i996, Lennox 1995),

Kanr¿w ha S tem,merl grau.¡sBMS C30138, fìeld or study number X-I, State/Province: New

York?, County: Erie?, Town/Site: -, materiaì: Ûnondaga chert, weiglit

(grams): 8,4, maximurn length Qnm): 50.3, maximutn width (mm): 38.3,

ANTHROPOLOGY 3l

shoulder width (mm) 38.3, maximum thickness (mm): 6.3, base width(mm): -, minimum haft width (mm): 14.7, hafr length (mm): 9.7, left norch

width (mm): 8.9, right notch width (mm): -, lefr notch depth (mm): 4.8, rightnotch depth (mm): -, left notch angle: 53", right notch angle: -, bifurcationdepth (mm): 1.3, bifurcation width (mm): -, completeness: haft damaged,

proximal end morphology: bifurcated stemmed, cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge

morphology: concave, bevel resharpening: absent, senation: absent. Type:

Kanawha Stemmed (Broyles 1971).

FEHM 988.139.058, field or study number: -, State/Province: Ontario,

County: Niagara Regional Municipality, Towry'Site: Fort Erie, material:


mum width (mm): 39.9, shoukle¡ width (mm) 39,9, maximum thickness(mm): 7.2, base width (mm): 18.0, minimum haft width (mm): 16.1, haft

Iength (mm): 10.9, left notch width (mm): 14.9, right norch width (mm):

11.5, left notch depth (mm):4.4, righr norch depth (mm):5.3, left notch

angle: 47o, right notch angle: 68o, left shoulder/stom angle: 109", rightshoulder/stem angle: 117o, bifurcation depth (mm): 1.8, bifu¡cation width(mm): 12.1, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: bifurcated

expanding stem, cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding: absent, notch

or stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: concave/convex, bevel

resharpening: absent, senation: absent. Notes: edges raggedly retouchedproducing pseudo-serrated appearance. Type: Kanawha Stemmed (Broyles

197 t).HLOM -, field or study numbe¡: BMS study #7, State/p¡ovince: New

York, County: Genesee, Towly'Site: -, material: Onondaga chert, weight(grams):4.4, maximum length (mm): 36.2, maximum width (mm): >25.6,

shoulder width (mm) >25.6, maximum thickness (mm): 6.4, base width(mm): 15.7, minimum haft width (mm): 14.0, hafr tength (mm): 9.7, leftnotch width (mm): -, right notch width (mm): -, left notch depth (mm): -,

right notch depth (mm): -, left notch angle: 55o , right notch angle: -, bifur-cation depth (mm): 1.3, bifurcation widrh (mm): 6.6, completeness: barbs

damaged, proximal end morphology: bifurcated expanding stem, cross sec-

tion: biconvex, basal grinding: light, notch or stern grinding: absent, bladeedge morphology: concave, bevel resharpening: absent, seffation: light.Type: Most like Kanawha Stemmed (Broyles I97l), although basal grind-ing is rarely reported for this type.

HLOM 186,7,40, field or srudy number: BMS srudy #6,StateÆrovincc: New York, County: Genesee, Towry'Site: -, material: Lock-port chert, weight (grams): 8.6, maxirnum length (mm): 49.4, maxi¡numwidth (mm): 31.7, shoulder width (mm) 31.?, maximum thickness (mnr):

6.7, base width (rnm); 15.9, minimum hafr widrh (mm): 14,5, hafr lengrh(mm): 8.7, left shoulder/stem angle: 129., righr shoulder/stem angle: I l0o,

bifurcation depth (mm): 1,2, bifurcation wiclth (mm): 7.9, completeness:

one barb damaged, proximal end morphology: bifurcated expanding stem,

cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding:absent, blade edge morphology: ooncaver bevel rcsharpening: absent, serra-

tion: light. Type: Kanawha Stemmed (Broyles 1971).

,9 ty lí s t k: al ly un ã s s i g n e d p r o b o h I e b ifur c a te sÞÀrc

^rnrrn a:^rr ^-nrrs Lruiry, ilets ûi study r¡urubsr; LB2:5 FS#4"59, Sïate/p¡ovince:

llJcw York, Countyl {ienesr:e, Towry'Site: Town of Byron, L-Brook Fiejtl#2,

loous -5, mateEial: Onondaga chec, r',,¿ight (grams): 8.T, rnaximurn lengih(mm); -, maxirnum width (mm): 36.i, shoulder widrh (mm) 36,1, maxirnum

thickness (mm):7.4, base width (rnm): -, rninimum haft width (mm):21.6,haft length (mm): -, left notch widrh (mm): -, right notch width (mm): _,

left notch depth (mm): -, right notch depth (mm): -, left notch angle: _,

right notch angle: -, bifurcation depth (mm): -, bifurcation width (mm): _,

completeness: haft damaged, proximal end morphology: missing, cross

section: beveled, basal grinding: -, notch or stem grinding: absent, bladeedge morphology: convex/concave, bevel resharpening: light alternate

bevel, serration: heavy. Notes: general form of blade ancl resharpening

trajectory, except beveling, fits the profile of bifurcate based points fromthe Niagara Frontier survey sample.

BMS 8d41126, field or study number: C2l4B, StateÆrovince: NewYork, County: Erie?, Towry'Site: -, materiai: Onondaga chert, weight(grams): 6.8, maximum length (rnrn): 45.7, maximum width (mm): 31.7,shoulder \ryidth (mm) 31.5, maximum thickness (mm): 6.0, base width(mm): -, minimum haft width (mm): 13.9, haft length (mm): -, left notchwidth (mm): -, right notch widrh (mm): -, left notch depth (mm): -, rightnotch depth (mm): -, left notch angle: -, right notch angle: -, bifurcationdepth (mm): -, bifurcation width (mm): -, completeness: base damaged,

proximal end morphology: unknown, cross section: beveled, basal grind-ing: -, notch or stem grinding: light, blade edge morphology: con-vex/concave, bevel resharpening: light, serration: absent. Notes: bladc sur-faces thinned by soft hammer oblique transverse flaking with horizontaltransverse retouch. Notes: general form of blade and resharpening trajec-tory fits the profile of bifurcate based points from the Niagara Frontier sur-vey sample.

EARLIER MIDDLE ARCHAIC (ca. 8,000-6,600 b.p.):Stanly Stemmed (N=18; Figure 4; Plates 4,7 , B) and Mor-row Mountaln (N=15; Figure 4; Plate 5) and Evø (N=l;Figure 4; Plate 8) Clusters

Down the Appalachian spine of eastem North America,along parts of the eastern seaboard and throughout the far-ther Northeast, the first two-thirds of the Middle Archaic(ca. 8,000-6,600 b.p,) are characterized by stemmedbifaces of highly variable form. The earliest and best-known members of this series, called Stanly or NevilleStemmed points, carry shallow bifurcations on short stemsthat link them formally and almost certainly develop-mentaily to the Kanawha Stemmed type of the late Bifur-cate tradition. Later, the parallel ol' slightly contractingstemmed Stanlyf.teville points are replaced by radicallycortraeting, reduced or roundod stemmed projectile pointsknown as Morrow lr4ountain and Stark types in theSoutheast and Northeast, respectively. Excavations byChapman (1975, 1977, 1980) and others (Dincauze 1976;Custer et al. 1994, 1996) in stratified sires daiing io thisinterval suggest that fhe "classic" Stanly, Neville, Starkand Morrow Mountain types represent temporally shiftingÇentral iendeneies within cûnsiel!.ations of Middie Aichaicstemmed pûints ihal contained a fairly wicle range rrfvariability at any given point in fime. Despite this range, itis ciear thar Middle Arciraic stemnled poinfs of theStanlyfrleville and Monow Mountain clusters represent a


distinctive and recognizable tradition derived from latebifurcate styles.

At the other end of the sequence, during the mid-seventh millennium b.p., the picture becomes less unified.Along the coastal plain and piedmont of the Atlanticseaboard, stemmed forms leading ultimately to LateArchaic forms of the so-called Piedmont tradition mayrepresent developmental continuity from the MiddleArchaic stemmed point tradition (Dincauze 1976), Aroundthe Great Lakes, in the northem Appalachians and through-out the upper Midwest, however, stemmed points dis-appear, apparently to be replaced around 6,400 b.p. by astylistically intergrading series of broad-bladed, sidenotched forms unlike anything typical of the preceding mil-lennia in the Northeast. In the upper Midwest, representa-

tives of this post-stemmed tradition are known as Raddatz,

Godar, and Big Sandy (II) Side Notched points (Justice

1987: 67-69), while in the interior Northeast, around the

lower Great Lakes, Funk has suggested that these types be

called "proto-Laurentian," implying an historical rela-tionship to the Late Archaic Laurentian tradition character-

ized by Otter Creek, Vosberg and Brewerton types (Funk

1988, 1991a). To the south, in the southern Appalachiansand central Midwest, Morrow Mountain-related stylessegue into short-stemmed and crudely formed broad-bladedpoints of the White Springs cluster (Justice 1987: 108-l l0)or the basally notched Eva styles (Ibid, 100-104). Althoughthese different styles intergrade to some degree and co-existat some sites, there is a clear suggestion that the earlierMiddle Archaic represents the last period characterized bytruly pan-Eastem projectile point styles. The later MiddleArchaic, after Neville/Stanly and Morrow Mountain/Stark,witnesses the emergence of regional styles with fewerapparent links to one another.

Eighteen specimens in the surveyed collections were

referable to the Middle Archaic Stanly Stemmed Cluster as

defined by Justice (1987) or to variant, contemporary formsidentified in early Middle Archaic components excavated

by Dincauze (1976), Chapman (1917), Funk and Wellman(1984), Eisenberg (1991) or Custer et al. (1994, 1996).

Members of this eiuster are small, stemmed points withhafting areas relatively equal in length and width, topped

by triangular, weakly to unserrated blades, Points existingwithin this cluster are characterized by sharpiy angleci

haft/shoulder junctures (approximating right angles),although somewhat acute and slightly obtuse angles are

known. it is not uncommon to find specimens with asym-

metrie haft/shoulder angles. With their short, squaredsfems, sharp shoulder angles and trianguloid blades, mem-bers of this sluster generaliy look iike smali CluisÉmas

trees, although reshar;"rening can reduce their width ton-early spike-like forms identifiable only by their haft mor-phology.

Neville and Stanly Stemmed points, named and

described by Dincauze (1976) and Coe (1964), respec-tively, share the attributes described above, yet haveslightly tapering stems and shallow basal bifurcations thatmake them quite distinctive. In form, size and documentedchronological position, these bifaces appear to be stylisti-cally transitional from the late Bifurcate traditionKanawha Stemmed type, as Funk and rùy'ellman (1984: 84)demonstrated at the Russ site, in New York's UpperSusquehanna River valley. Eight projectile points in the

current sample conform to published descriptions of these

classic Neville or Stanly forms (BMS C29616.067, BMSc30140, BMS C30141, HLOM 186.24.43, RMSC88.118.272, RMSC 88.118.279, BMS C21875a and BMSC30142). Seven are made from Onondaga chert; one(BMS C30141) was manufactured from Lockport forma-tion chert.s

Radiocarbon dates from the mid-South to the north-eastem United States consistently place these forms in thefirst half of the Middle Archaic, ca, 8,000-7,000 b.p. (Din-cauze 1976: 2Ç29; Justice 1987: 97-98). At the Nevillesite, levels dominated by the Neville type specimens pro-duced radiocarbon dates of 7,740t280 b.p. [GX-1746],7,650t400 b.p, [GX-1747], 7,210t140 b.p. [GX-'1.922],and 7,015f 160 b.p. [GX-1449] (Dincauze 1976: 195-196).In the mid-south and midwest, similar dates have beenobtained on levels producing Stanly Stemmed projectilepoints: at Icehouse Bottom and the Patrick Site, Tennes-

see,7,7901215 b.p. IGX-41231and 7,8101175 b.p. [GX-4l2Il, respectively (Chapman 1977: 163-164); at theFerry site, Illinois, 8,150t400 b.p. (Fowler 1957:262); atthe Habron site, Virginia, 7,390t100 b.p. (Rodgers 1968,cited in Chapman 1977: 164); and at Russell Cave,Alabama, 7,565*250 b.p. and 7,770t190 b.p. (Griffin1974: l3). Although reported dates cluster in the eighthmillennium b,p., two very late dates, 6,560t100 b.p. [Y-16551, from basal stratum 2 at the Sylvan Lake Rock-shelter, initially reported as a date on Neville-relatedmaterial (Funk and Vy'ellman 1984) but later describedwithout specific cultural affiliations (Funk 1989), and

6,490t300 b.p. [RL-1261] (Cowan i991) on a Stanly com-ponent at the Spruce Run site in the Upper Ohio River val-ley, may imply continuity of this type into the last half ofthe lt{iddle Archaic period. Disregarding extreme outliersa temporal range of ca. "l ,900*'l ,250 b.p. can be suggested

for the "classic" Neville/Stanly form.The majority of Neville/Stanly points identified in

Niagara Frontier collections fall within the range ofvariability for published dimensions of Neville points(Dincauze 1976: Table 2) and are best considered exam-ples of thai type. I{owever, three poinfs 'within this group/fJ:hÆçÌla ÇÇ I i ç t?fr nì,le î.)1A'7<^ .^'ì T¡l\if e r'-?nt l.)\ ^-..tl\lvl'Jv r)(r..r , O,4 t ./\ Ðtrtt) UJvII¿r' oì!

eloser in measured attributes to Coe's (1964) and Justiee's(1987) clescriptions of the Sranly type than to Dincauze's(1976) measurements for the Neville type. A specimen

ANTHROPOLOGY 33

nearly identical to these three points was recovered fromZone YI of the Muddy Brook Rockshelter, Putnam County,New York, in association with classic, indented-baseNeville points (Tompkins and DiMaria 1979: figure 2c), ina deposit dated to 6,825t325 b.p, [GX-l1447] (Funk 1989,1991a).

Similarly wide, indented-base points, albeit with some-what different biade configurations and frequent serration,have been identified in other excavated early MiddleArchaic collections as correlates of southern Ki¡k Stemmedand Kirk Serrated bifaces. These appear to span the transi-tion from the late Early Archaic, Bifurcate tradition, toearly Middle Archaic Stanly assemblages (Chapman L977,Nance 1986, Justice 1987: 84), A potentially related, wide-bladed form from the Upper Susquehanna valley in NewYork State, with a similarly indented base but projectingears, has been provisionally called the Wells Bridge typeand was associated with a date of 6,960t215 b,p. [Dic-752]at the Russ site (Funk and Wellman 1984: 84, Table 1).These wide-based variants, then, may span a fairly longtemporal span, perhaps ca. 8,200-7,000 b.p., within theEarly Holocene. No Wells Bridge or Ki¡k Stemmed pointswere identified with certainty in Niagara Frontier collec-tions, although in the absence of a formal, written descrip-tion of the Wells Bridge type, it is possible these were over-looked.

In most excavated northeastern sites where Nevillepoints have been recovered, a suite of somewhat less-distinctive straight based, stemmed forms are also found(Dincauze 1976; Chapman 1977; Dumônt and Dumonr1979; Funk 1979, 1991a, 1993; Funk and Wellman 1984;Eisenberg 1991; Custer et al. 1994, 1996), The co-association of these point types with the "classic" Nevilleform in radiometrically dated, sealed deposits suggests thatthey are also diagnostic of the Middle Archaic period. Theapparent scarcity of these forms in published southeastemand midcontinental contexts reinforces the sense of anincreasingly distinctive northeastern character to NiagaraFrontier early Middle Archaic complexes.

Ten projectile points in this study (BECHS 66-448,BMS CZIZZa, BMS C16655a, BMS C21861a:1, BMSc29614.060, BMS 29614.109, BMS C30143, BMSC3Al44, FEHM 988.140.021 and FEHM 988.140.û23) areattributed to this straight-based type, here called "I.{evillevariant" in keeping with the precedent Funk and Wellman(1984) established for similarly configured points from rheupper Susquehanna River valley.e These points are distrib-uted throughout the Niagara Frontier. BECI.IS 66-448 wasfound in the village of kving, Chautauqua County, NY;BMS C16655a came iiom the Town of Lockport, t{iagaraCount5,. NYr and Bblf9 CZlZZa., FHtr-trM 988.i4fi.û23 andFEHM 988.140.021 are, all from the cify of Fort Erie,Ontario. One "Ncville varianf" point (BMS C2186la:1)came from fhe Gillmore Farm site, Erie County, Ny ancl

four (BMS C29614.060, BMS C29614.109, BMS C30143and BMS C30144) came from three sites in the upperSpring Creek drainage of Genesee County, Ny. All weremade from Onondaga chert.

At the West Water Street Site, in north-centralPennsylvania, both "classic" indented-base Neville/Stanlypoints and the straight-based, stemmed "Neville variant"forms were recovered from sealed strata dated to7,390t110 b.p [Beta-63528] (Custer et aL 1994, 1996).Simitar straight-based points were recovered throughoutthe Neville phase levels (ca.7,700--7,100 b.p.) at the typesite in New Hampshire and were actually more commonthere than the "classic" indented-base forms that are typi-cally associated in the literature with the Neville typename (Dincauze 1976: 27). Straight-based, straight-stemmed projectile points were associated with dates of7,880t145 b.p. (Dic-474) at the Russ site, locus 2, in theUpper Susquehanna River drainage of south-central NewYork (Funk and Wellman 1984: 84), ca. 7,300 b.p., at theDill Farm site, Connecticut (Pfeiffer 1986, cited in Funk1993: 181), 7,170t225 b.p. [GX-l1448] af North BowdoinRockshelter and 6,8251325 b.p. [GX-114471 at MuddyBrook Rockshelter (Funk 1989; 1993: 181).

Comparing this suite of dates with those obtainedthroughout eastern North America for sites with more"classic" Neville and Stanly forms confirms the con-temporaneity implied by their co-occurrence in well-sealed contexts at Neville, Russ, North Bowdoin Rock-shelter and other sites. A temporal range of 7,800-6,800b.p. may be suggested, with relevant radiocarbon datesperhaps clustering in the more recent portion of this range,ca.7 ,50V7,000 b,p,

Another form referable to the Middle Archaic inNiagara Frontier collections has a short, broad, straight-based stem and a broad triangular blade with a shallowlyrecurved barb on one or both shoulders. These pointsappear to have been roughly formed by percussion flakingwith minimal pressure retouch to regularize and resharpenblade edges. Bases and stems are unground. Four completepoints (BMS C21.29m, BMS C29614.099, BMSC29647.013 and RMSC 88.118.144) of this type wereidentified in this survey of curated collections, Three weremanufaciured from Onondaga chert and one (RMSC88.118.i44) was made from Bois Blanc chert. Additionalfragmentary examples and specimens in private collectionsare known.

Close analogs to these points have been recovered atthe lcehouse Bottom site, Tennessee, in stratigraphie asso-ciation with the site's Stanly and Morrow Mountain com-ponenfs (Icelrouse Foftorn Categories 11, i3 and 14, Chap-mnn lQ7"l' 1l li finr¡rpc tl lq\

^f f irr. lllnri¡*n¡ , ir. i-a.r r-,/.

the lower Tennessee River basin, similar points (calledthere "Stemmed-Barbed points") were reÇovered fromCultural Stratum 3 in association with Kirk Stemmed,


Figure 4. Regional distribution of Stanlyfi.Ieville, Morrow Mountain/Stark and Eva Cluster bifaces in the Niagara Frontierregion. Open symbols in shaded circles indicate specimens for which only county provenience is available. Shorelines ofthe lower Great Lakes approximate modem locations, rather than Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene positions.

Cypress Creek and Eva/Monow Mountain styles. Radiocar-bon dates for Cultural Stratum 3 at Morrisroe ranged from7,5301150 b.p. [SFU-130] to 7,1101250 [SFU-121] (Nance

1986: Table 1).'0 Nance (1986: 24--25) notes similaritiesbetv¡een this type and Cypress Hill points, but clearsimilarities are also evident between "Stemmed-Barbed"points and the EvaMorrow Mountain points from Morris-roe (Nance 1986: Figures 10-12). Similar points were pres-

ent in the "Eva horizon" at the Cave Springs site, Nashvillebasin, Tennessee, associated with radiocarbon dates span-

ning the period 7,30(H;,500 b.p. (Hofman 1986). One ofthe bifaces associated with a charcoal sample dated tot,390LIl0 b.p. [Beta-63528] at the West Water Street site,

Pennsylvania, represents a similar form with contractingstem, straight to slightly cûnvex base and a hookeef barb on

one shoulder of fhe blade (Custer et al. 1996: Figure 22e,

22f, respectively).V,/e prcpcsc thc provisional lsrn: "Byron Stem¡ned"

poini for this style in the Niagara Frontier and eonsider it tct

be a Middle Archaic diagnostic type on the basis of com-parisons to dated examples in mid-Atlantic and mid-

continental stratified sites. Like classic Neville/Stanly and"Neville variant" types, "Byron Stemmed" points appearto be present at a sufficient number of sites, scattered overa sufficiently wide region, to imply that they are not acci-dents or produets of a single flintknapper. Based on theposition of correlative types within stratified sequences

from the Tellico Basin, "Byron Points" are expected to betransitional between the Neville/Stanly and MorrowMountain/Stark Stemmed Clusters and appear to have a

temporai range of ca. 7,5û0-6,500 b,p..Classic Neville/Stanly points are present in small num-

bers in many collections and cannot easily be rnistaken foranything other than temporally precedent Kanawha points,with which they intergrade and from which they are gener-

aliy thought to have developecl (Broyles 197i; Chapman1975, 1977; Justice 1987). Stemmed "Neville variant" and"Byron Stemmed" points may, on the other hand, be less

immediaÉetry re*agnizable, Ancecloial eviricl¡cs sìJggesÉc

that they are frcquently dismissed by eolleetors andarchaeologists as "funny-looking Lamoka points." Severalfactors argue against this assignment.

ANTHROPOLOGY 35

Fi¡st, both of these forms share with Neville/Stanlypoints a narrowly constrained and overlapping range of var-iation in metric haft attributes (haft length, base width,shoulder/haft width and shoulder/haft angle), suggestingthat all were manufactured to fit into similarly socketedforeshafts or shaft openings. Second, as noted above, in sur-rounding regions projectile points identical to the "Nevillevariant" and "Byron Stemmed" types described in thispaper have been recovered from sealed and stratifieddeposits that also produced classic Neville/Stanly formsand were dated to the early Middle Archaic interval, yet didnot produce the weakly side notched or expanding baseprojcctilc points that define the classic Late ArchaicLamoka type (Ritchie l97la). Third, archaeological sur-veys directed by the senior author in upland portions ofGenesee County, New York, located both single- andmultiple-component sites producing either classicNeville/Stanly or Lamoka points. "Neville variant" and"Byron Stemmed" points were recovered from sites thatproduced Neville/Stanly points but were not associates ofthe Lamoka stylistic series on Lamoka phase sites.

At stratified sites in New England and in the mid-continental regions, Neville and Stanly points are suc-ceeded by bifaces with similar blade forms but contractingstems and rounded bases. The latter are known as StarkStemmed types in the Northeast and as Morrow Mountainvariants in the southeast and midcontinental regions. Theco-occurrence of Neville/Stanly and Stark Stemmedffor-row Mountain points, with transitional forms, in successivestrata at the Neville and Icehouse Bottom sites, amongothers, suggests that they represent temporally successivestages in a developmental sequence of stemmed pointforms.

Stark Stemmed (Dincauze 1976: 29-37) and MorrowMountain (Coe 1964: 3743, Justice 1987: 104-107) pointsare characterized by contracting stems with rounded bases,weakly rounded to angled shoulders, obtuse angles betweenshoulder and stem and an overall expedient approach tobiface preparation. Cross-sections are frequently thick andbiconvex. The points' edges were formed and thinned bydirect percussion flaking from all margins of the point withminimal pressure flaking used to define and sharpen theedges. Hafting areas are rarely ground (3.3?o at the Nevillesite) and are frequently incompletely thinned (377o of StarkStemmed points at the Neville site retained basal facets;Dincauze 1976 33). Differences between MorrowMountain and Stark Stemmed foms are minimal, and, as

noted by Dincauze (I976:29^32) they are "homotaxial andapparenfly Çoeval" styles (see also Justice 1987: 105).

Aithough similar in general form to the Rossville typeof tl:e earÌ1r llodiddle S/çodlanc'l Bu-c|¡[i]l pha*e (Rirchie1971a, Kinse;v et al. 1972), Sfark Stemmecl and l"{orrowMountain points have sharper shoulders, with a ciear breakin contour rather than the nearly smooth curve from base to

blade that characterizes Rossville points (Ritchie 197la:46). Further, the temporal and spatial distribution ofRossville points suggests non-overlap in the NiagaraFrontier region. The spatial distribution of documentedRossville points is constrained to the eastem seaboard ofthe Middle Atlantic and southem New England states, gen-erally east of the Appalachian summit and reaching theirfarthest west distribution in the major drainages penetrat-ing the eastern flanks of the Appalachian Plateau (Ritchie1977a, Fogelman 1988: 191, Funk 1993: 200).Temporally, the period in which Rossville points occur(ca. 2500-2100 b.p.) appears to be characterized in rheNiagara Frontier by late Meadowood and Fiopewellian-influenced projectile point styles.

Seven Stark Stemmed points were identified in thissurvey. One (BMS CZl862) was recovered in the 1920s byKarl Polland from the Gillmore Farm site, Town of Alden,Erie County. Another (BMS C2129c:2) was recoveredaround the tum of the century near the village of lrving, inthe Town of Hanover, Chautauqua County, New York.Five Stark Stemmed points (UB 1 0 99 I I 17 9, UB l09g / L37 6,UB I 099/ 1 3 8 8, UB 1 099/1 444 and UB 1099 I 1929) were col-lected at the end of the nineteenth century by Dr. A. L.Benedict from a site, or site complex, along the NiagaraRiver in the Town of Wheatfield, Niagara County.

It should be noted that with one exception(U81099/1929) the points identified here as SrarkStemmed types were manufactured with greater delicacythan Dincauze's type description implies and would prob-ably be classified as "Neville variants" in Dincauze's(1976: 29) taxonomic framework for the Neville site,However, Dincauze's "Neville variants" were found in thesame stratigraphic positions as Stark Stemmed points atthe Neville site, above "classic" straight- or concave-basedNeville points, and both share the contracting stems androunded bases characteristic of the Morrow Mountain andStark Stemmed types. Although these may be transitionalforms, it is equally likely that Dincauze's "Nevillevariants" are simply better-made Stark Stemmed formsand that the use of high-quality Onondaga chert in theNiagara Frontier promoted more consistently well-flakedexamples of the type than at the Neville site, where low-grade siltstones, tuffs and felsites were preferred formanufacturing these bifaces (Dincauze 197 6: 33).

Four additional projectile points in the surveyedNiagara Frontier collections (BMS C2l29c:1, BMSC2l29c:3, BMS C29616.189 and U81099//29) are suffi-ciently sirnilar to Stark Stemmed points to include themprovisionally as variants of the type. These "StarkStemmed variants" share the same range of variability incnetric attributes as lr{iagara F-rontier Siark Sremmcdspccimcns, diffcring only in hai'ing a basc shapecÍ, iii pari,by fracturing the corners of the stem or leaving part of thestriking platform intact to Çreate a faceted, rather than

BIILLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

thinned, proximal surface. As noted above, Dincauze(1976: 33) reports that more than one-third of StarkStemmed points from the Neville site had faceted bases

and, âs described below, coeval Morrow Mountain-relatedpoints from sites in the midcontinental region of the UnitedStates exhibit similar basal treatment.

"Stark Stemmed variant" points identified in this survey

were reçovered primarily from the same areas that pro-duced typical Stark Stemmedfforrow Mountain bifaces.

BMS C2129c:1 and BMS C2l29c:3 were collected in the

village of Irving, Town of Hanover, Chautauqua County.UB|O99[429 was recovered from the same site complex inNiagara County that produced five Stark Sternmed points,BMS C29616.189 was recovered from the Call's Field 3

site, locus 10, in the Town of Byron, Genesee County, NewYork in close proximity to loci characterized by Neville,"Neville variant" and "Byron Stemmedt' points-all ofwhich are suspected to be contemporary or antecedent

Middle Archaic types.The temporal range of Stark Stemmed and Morrow

Mountain points within the Northeast is not well-established, although their stratigraphic position at theNeville site and other locations in the midcontinentalregion clearly demonstrates a Middle Archaic age, At the

Neville site, Stark Stemmed points were found in greatest

numbers in Strata 5A and 48, overlapping with the prece-

dent Neville and the subsequent Merrimack Stemmedtypes. Radiocarbon dates from Stratum 5A include GX-1746 17,740t280 b.p.l, GX-1922 17,2lOtI40 b.p., at the

5Al4B interfacel and GX-2531 Í4,715t240 b,p.l. Dincauze(1976: 103) notes that the first sample listed replicatesdates from the underlying Stratum 58, while the last-listedsample was one of two from the same square that were

anomalously early, for unknown reasons, and that GX-2531dated a very small and possibly contaminated sample ofcharcoal. Two charcoal samples from the interface of the

overlying Strata 4A and 48 produced overlapping radiocar-bon dates of 5,910t180 b,p and 6,060È130 b.p. [GX-1748and GX-1921, respectively (Dincauze 1976: Table 8)1. Arange of 7,200-ó,000 b.p. encompasses the main strata

from which these points were recovered at their type site.

Similarly configured Morrow Mountain points wererecovered from Cultural Stratum 3 at the Morrisroe siie,Kentucky, in stratigraphic association with radiocarbondates of 7,530t150 b.p. (SFU-130), 7,180t130 (SFU-270),

7,110*250 b.p. (SFU-121) and 6,630t110 b.p. (Beta-10476). Overlying Cultural Stratum 2, from which suchpoints were absent, produced dafes of 6,440*110 b.p. and

5,580*100 b.p, lBera-1047 5 and Beta-704] 4, respectivelyl,suggesting a temporal range for this form between 7,5Û0

and 6,500 !r"p. (l{ance i986). ln easfern'Iennessee's ?-eiiicoI;asin, Morow Mcunlain le"¿els af the Hov,¡ard alrd Icehouse

Bottom sites were dated to 1,225*165 b.p. [GX-47041 and

6,995t245 b,p. [GX-4124.1, respectively (Chapman 1980:

Table 1).

Geomorphological data from the Niagara Frontier maysupport this dating at the local level, Five Stark Stemmedpoints (UB 1190i 1179, UB 119011376, UB 1190/1388,UBl190/1444, U81190/1929) and one "Stark Stemmedvariant" point (UBll90ll429) in the present sample werecollected from a site complex (U8309) located on the east-ern shoreline of the Niagara River, in proximity to thesouthem shoreline of post-glacial Lake Tonawanda.'t Datapresented by Pengelly (1990) and Pengelly et aI. (1997)suggest that this area, 175.0-i76.5 meters (575'-579')above modern sea level (Douglas Perelli, pers. comm.),would have been directly affected by fluctuations in LakeTonawanda's height,

Basal peat dates of 8,340t160 b.p. [BGS-1379] and

8,340t100 b.p. [BGS-1392], overlying thin lacustrine claydeposits, were obtained from bogs in the former basin ofLake Tonawanda's western extension onto the NiagaraPeninsula of Ontario by Pengelly (1990). Based on theirheights and correlative data from the eastem Lake Eriebasin, Pengelly et al. (1997:396) postulated a short-livedlacustrine high stand (ca. 8,750-8,250 b.p.) with a peakheight at 177-180 m (581'-591') AMSL, circa 8,500 b.p.Water levels apparently fell to approximately 172.5 m(564') AMSL by 8,000 b,p. (Ibid.: 396). Geo-archaeo-logical investigations in the Willoughby Bog, on theCanadian side of the Niagara River opposite U8309, indi-cate that water levels rose again in the western LakeTonawanda basin between 7,670t240 b.p, (BGS-1386)

and approximately 6,000 b.p., reaching peak heights of174.5-176 m (573'-577') AMSL around 7,000 b.p. (Ibid.:384-385). During this period, U8309 would have been

located on the eastem bank of the upper Niagara River,where it discharged into the end of a shallow, Iow-waterstage of Lake Tonawanda,

Approximately 6,000 b.p., Lake Tonawanda's watersstarted to rise yet again and to expand rapidly in responseto the renewed influx of Upper Great Lakes drainage intothe Lake Erie basin that initiated the regional Nipissing Itransgression (Ibid.: 397). Mapped shoreline features and

radiocarbon-dated lacustrine and near-shore depositsaround the eastern basin of Lake Erie suggest the water-plane of the ì{ipissing I lake reached a peak height ofapproximately 180 m (591') AMSL, circa 5,400-5,300b.p., and then dropped again to ca. 175.5 m (576') AMSLby 4,500 b.p, (Ibid. 397).

Data presented by Pengelly (1990) and Pengelly et al.(1997) thus suggests site U8390 would have been sub-merged during the Nipissing high stand, ca, 5,700-4,700tr.p., and also during an earlier Hoiocene high-stand, ca,t( 1i{t .R 75f} h n i)rrring the l¡fiddlc r\rchaic hnrvever the"r'* ----"-c) --'

site wouLd have been habitablc a.nd loeated in proxinrity toriverine, iacustrino and near-shore habitats of l-ake Tona-wanda and the Niagara River. The presence of Stark

ANTHROPOLOGY 37

Stemmed and "Stark Stemmed variant" projectile points atthis site, and the absence of either earlier Holocene or laterMiddle Archaic types, are consistent with the paleolacus-trine reconstructions presented by Pengelly (1990) andPengelly et al. (1997).

A notewo¡thy attribute of "Byron Stemmed," "Nevillevariant" and "Stark Stemmed variant" points in NiagaraFrontier collections is the intentional preparation qf flat-tened, or faceted, stem bases. On "Neville variant" pointsthe flattened stem base was prepared by retaining part ofthe striking platform from which the point was made, rathertltan basally thinning the stem, as was done on Neville,Stanly and Kanawha points. A straight-based "Nevillevariant" point with unfinished base was recovered at the'West Water Street site in association with a radiocarbondate of 7,390t110 b.p. [Beta-63528] (Custer et al, 1994:figure 77f). Although Cusrer et al. (1,994: 173) interpret thisas an unfinished Neville point because it lacks an indentedbase, the presence of utilized straighrbased specimens atthe same site (Custer et al. 1994: figure 78m, o-r) andextensive resharpening on similarly formed specimens fromthe Niagara Frontier and Middle Archaic components inTennessee (Chapman 1977) aryue against this explanation.

On "Byron Stemmed" points the same effect wasachieved by selecting a flake blank with cortex and orient-ing the preform so that the cortex-covered surface becamethe base of the stem. Chapman (1977:33-35) records that24Vo of Category 14 and 88Vo of Category 11 bifaces atIcehouse Bottom (both morphological correlates of "ByronStemmed" points) had unfinished bases with or withoutcortex. Since Category 14 bifaces were associated with thesite's Stanly component (dated7,790 215 b,p. IGX-41231,Chapman 1,977: 163-L64) and Category 11 bifaces werefouud in its late Middle Archaic Morrow Mountain com-ponent (dated 6,995t245 b.p. [GX-4124], Chapman 1977:164), an increased incidence of this attribute through theMiddle Archaic may be suggested.

On "Stark Stemmed variant" points, the faceted basaledge was made by striking multiple burination blows on acontracting stem or by intentionally fracturing the base tocreate a stem with a rounded profile when the blade is lyingflat and a flattened profile when viewed from the side."Contracting-stem, round-base" points recovered from theMorrisroe site, Tennessee, seem to represent the samc styie.Three of the four points illustrated have similarly formeclbases with fractured basal margins (Nance 1986: Figure13). This style first appears at Mo¡risroe in the middle por-tions of Cultural Stratum 3 (7,530t1.50 b,p-7,110t250 b.p.

[SFU-130 and SFU-121, respectively]) and becomes moreeommon in fhe overlying Cultural Siraium 2, whieh pro-duced radiocarbon dates of 6,440*110 [Beta,l0475l and5,580*100 lBeta-104141 (Nance I986: T'able l). l)íncauze(i976: 33) notes that 3'7Vo af Siark Sfemmed points at rheNeville site, New Flampshire, were charaoierized by

faceted stems, while Levine (1989: 9) noted that 75Vo ofStark points identified in a survey of upper Hudson Riverdrainage collections had faceted bases. This attribute wasnot noted for Neville points recovered from the sameregion, Based on reported radioca¡bon dates and generalsimilarities to the Morrow Mountain and Stark Stemmedtypes, an age range of 7,500-6,500 b.p. may be suspectedfor this relatively rare style in Niagara Frontier collections.

The apparent recurrence of these blunting basal modifi-cation techniques in disparate collections and in threetemporally linked projectile point types suggests that theyrepresent intentional manufacturing choices rather thanaccidents or damage in use or after burial. Comparisonwith reported collections from surrounding areas suggeststhat this approach to basal preparation is consistent with a

Middle Archaic attribution and suggests they were madeafter the main period represented by Neville/Stanly and'lNeville variant" bifaces. Based on available dates, rea-sonable temporal ranges for the "Neville variant" and"Byron Stemmed" styles might be ca.7 ,750-7,000 b.p and7,50M,750 b.p., respectively, while ca.7,5004,500 b,p.may be appropriate for the "Stark Stemmed variant" style.

To summarize, comparisons with data from stratifiedsites across the East suggest that Niagara Frontier assem-blages from the first two-thirds of the Middle A¡chaicperiod (ca. 8,000_6,600 b.p.) are characterized by a rangeof indented- and straight-based, straight to contractingstemmed points, among which are the contracting-stemmed and indented-based "true" Neville and Stanlypoint types. Correlates of Ki¡k Stemmed and Ki¡k Serratedpoints, V/ells Bridge points, "Neville variants" and thetentatively named "Byron Stemmed" points all appear tohave been manufactured and used during this period, andmay especially characterize the central portion of the span.Towards the end of this period, contracting-stemmed androunded base forms related to the Morrow Mountain andStark Stemmed Clusters appear. Although points belong-ing to these latter two clusters are typically recovered inrnidcontinental sites with basally notched Eva type pro-jectile points or knives (ca. 7,30G-6,500 b.p., Hofman1986) only one classic Eva point was identified in regionalNiagara Frontier collections (FEHM 988.139.060, fromFort Eri.e, Ontario).

The functional and regional stylistic implications of therange of variafion appareni in earlier Middle Archaicbiface assemblages are currently unexplored, However, theretention of striking platforms, intentional breakage, or theuse of a cortex surface to create dulled or flat proximalends on hafting elements may be a chronologically sig-nificanf stylistic eomponenf of this series, becoming rnorefrequent towards fhe end of the eighth millennium b.p.This suggests that "Neville variant" points may bereferable in the iower Great Lakes region to the end oi thcperiod represented by "ciassic" Neville/Stanly forms, serv,

38 BULLETIN OF THE BI.JFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

ing as a transition between these and a Middle Archaicphase in which Stark-like, "Byron Stemmed" or MorrowMountain related types predominate.

This paper provides the first descriptive analysis andidentification of Neville, "Neville variant," Stark Stemmed,"Stark Stemmed variant" and Eva-like projectile pointsfrom western New York, although similar forms have beenpreviously recognized in eastern and central New York(Funk and Wellman 1984, Levine 1989, Eisenberg 1991)and southern Onta¡io (Ellis et al. 1990). No Stanly or Mor-row Mountain Cluster components have been excavated inthe Niagara Frontier, yet all available evidence suggests

that a range of small, stemmed, broad-bladed projectilepoints marks the first two-thirds of the Middle Archaicinterval in the lower Great Lakes region, Cross-ties suggest

links with both far northeastern and midwesternarchaeological complexes, but stronger ties, overall, to thenortheastern regions where Neville and Stark Stemmedpoints, and their variants, prevail,

Stanlyl N eville C lus terBMS C29616.067, field or study number: CF3:7-FS67, State/Province:

New York, County: Genesee, Tow¡y'Site: Town of Byron, Call's Field #3,

locus 7, material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 2.2, maximum length

(mm): 32,0, maximum width (mm): 18.4, shoulder width (mm) 18.3, maxi-

mum thickness (mm): 4.4, base width (mm): 10.9, shoulder/haft width

(mm): 12.2, haft length (mm): 8.6, Ieft shoulder/stem angle: 100", right

shoulder/stem angle: 93o, bifurcation depth (mm): 0,8, bifurcation width

(mm): 6.7, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: straight

stem, indented base, cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding: absent,

notch or stem grinding: absent, bladc edge morphology: convex, bevel

resharpening: absent, senation: absent. Type: Neville/Stanly Stemmed.

BMS C30140, field or study number: ANR#52, StateÆrovince: New

York, County: Genesee, Town/Site: Town of Byron, Spring Creek #2,

material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 1.9, maximum length (mm): -,

maximum width (mm): 21.5, shoulder width (mm) 21.5, maximum thick-

ness (mm): 6.5, base width (mm): 10,7, shoulder/Traft width (mm): 12.7, haft

length (mm): 9.3, left shoulde¡/stem angle: 129o, right shoulder/stem angle:

111o, bifurcation depth (mm): 0.4, bifurcation width (mm): 5.9, complete-

ness: distal half missing, proximal end morphology: straight stem, indented

base, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grind-

ing: absent, blade edge morphology: -, bevel resharpening: absent, serra-

tion: absent. Notes: cortcx remaining. Type: Neville/Stanly Stemmed.

BMS C30141, field or study nunrber: ANR#60, StateÆrovince: New

York, County: Genesee, Town/Site: Town of Byron, Call's Field #3, locus

14115, material: Lockport chert, weight (grams): 2.8, maximum length

(mm): >29.?, maximum width (mm): -, shoulder width (mm) -, maximum

thiekness (mm): 5.?, base width (mm): 10.3, shouldcr/haft width (mm): -,

haft length (mm): 8,9, left shoulderfttem angle: 121', right shoulder/stem

angle: -, bifurcâtiÒn depth (rnm): 0,6, bifurcation v",idth (mm): 7.0, com-

pleteness: splil laterally, proximal end rnorphologyt stÌaight stem, inderrted

base, cross section: plano-convex/, basal grinding: heavy, stem grincling:

heavy,'olade edge rrrorphology: c'JnveJi, bevel iesharpening: absent, serra-

tion: light, Notes: thermally altererl and split laterally in half. Type:

Neville/Stanly Stemmed.

HLOM 186.24,43, field or study number: BMS study #9,State/Province: New York, County: Cenesee, TownL,/Site: -, material:

Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 4.5, maximum length (rnm): 40.1, maxi-

mum width (mm): 21.8, shoulder width (mm) 21,8, maximum thickness

(mm): 5.7, base width (mm): 12.4, shoulder/haft width (mm): 11.7, hafr

length (mm): 7.4, Left shoulder/stem angle: 107o, right shoulder/stem

angle: i13o, bifurcation depth (mm): 0.9, bifurcation width (mm): 4.9,

completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: straight stem,

indented base, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: âbsent, notch or

stem grinding: light, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening:

absent, senation: absent. Type: Neville/Stanly Stemmed.

RMSC 88.118.272, Lield or study number: A-226, StateÆrovince:

New York, County: Niagara, TowrVSite: Lockport, Pell site (Lkp 002),



thickness (mm): 5.6, base width (mm): 10.3, shoulder/haft width (mm):

10.5, haft length (mm): 9.7, left shoulder/stem angle: 123o, rightshoulder/stem angle: 120o, bifurcation depth (mm): 1.2, bifurcation width(mm): 7.8, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: straight

stem, indented base, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch

or stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel reshar-

pening: absent, serration: absent. Type: Neville/Stanly Stemmed.

RMSC 88.118.279, field or study number: A-223, StaþÆrovince:

New York, County: Niagara, TowrVSite: l,ockport, Pell site (Lkp 002),


>41.0, maximum width (mm): 27.8, shoulder width (mm) 27.8, maximum

thickness (mm): 5.8, base width (mm): 13.3, shoulder/haft width (mm):

13.8, haft length (mm): 8.3, left shoulder/stem angle: 90o, rightshoulder/stem angle: 87o, bifurcation depth (mm): 1.2, bifurcation width(mm): 7.5, completeness: tip missing, proximal end morphology: straight

stem, indented base, cross seclion: biconvcx, basal grinding: absent, notch

or stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel resha¡-

pening: absent, senation: absent. Notes: parallel collateral flaking to thin

dorsal side, random flaking on ventral side. Type: Neville/Stanly

Stemmed, more similar to Stanly than to Neville type descriptions,

BMS C21875a, field or study number: -, State/?rovince: New York,

County: Erie, TowrVSite: Town of Alden, Gillmore Farm site?, material:

Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 7.?, maximum length (mm): -, maximum

width (mm): 24.7, shoulder width (mm) 23.9, maximum thickness (mm):

7.1, base width (mm): 17.6, shoulder/haft width (mm): 19.2, haft length

(mrn); 10.5, left shoulder/stem angle: 143', right shoulder/stem angle:

110', bifurcation depth (mm): 1.2, bifurcation width (mm): 8.1, complete-

ness: distal half rnissing, proxirnal end rnorphology: straight stem,

indented base, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: absent, stem grind-

ing: absent, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpening: absent,

serration: absent. Notes: basally thinned on both faces, Type:

StanlyAlcville, more similar to published descriptíons of Staniy type.

Bl\{S C30142, field or study nurnber: ANR#55, State¡Province: New

York, County: Genesee, Towry'Sire: Town of tsyron, Call's Field #1, locus

6, materi¿l: ûnondaga cher1, weight (grarns): 8.3, màximurn lengfh (mm): -

, maxirnurn width (mm): 30.1, shoulder width (mm) 25.7, maximum thick-

ness (mm): '7.1, base width (mm): 18.1, shoulderlraft width (mm): i9.4,

haft length (nrn): 9.4, left shoulder/stem angle: 129', right shoulder/stem

ANTHROPOLOGY 39

^ngle: L26o, bifurcation depth (nrm): 1.6, bifurcation width (mm): 12.7,

completeness: distal half missing, proxirnal end morphology: straight stem,

indented base, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: heavy, notch stem

grinding: heavy, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening;

absent, senâtion: absent. Notes: parallel collateral flaking over part ofvsntral surface. Type: Stanly Stemmed, possibly t¡ansitional from Kanawha

Stemmed type.

BECHS 66-448, field or study number: I83, State/P¡ovince: NewYork, County: Chautauqua, Tow¡y'Site: Town oflrving, material: Onondaga

chert, weight (grams): 4.1, maximum length (mm): 38.8, maximum width(mm): 21.9, shoulder width (mm) 21,9, maximum thickness (mm): 6.6 ,

base width (mm):7.6, shoulder/haft widrh (mm): 11.6, haft lengrh (mm):

11.1, left shoulder/stem angle: 90", right shoulder/stem angle: lllo, bifurca-

tion depth (mm); N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness: com-

plete, proximal end rnorphology: straight stem, cross section: biconvex,

basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: light, blade edge morphol-ogy: shaight, bevel resharpening: absent, senation: absent. Type: ,,Neville

variant".

BMS C2l22a, field or study numbcr: , State/P¡ovince: Onrario,County: Niagara Regional Municipality, Towry'Site: Fort Erie, material:

Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 4.9, maximum length (mm): 50.6, maxi-mum width (mm): 22.4, shoulder widrh (mm) 22.4, maximum rhickness

(mrn): 5.7, base width (mm): 10.2, shoulderÆraft width (mm): 12.2, haftlength (mm): 10.5, left shoulder/stem angle: 107o, right shoulder/stem

angle: 88o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/A,completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: straight stem, cross

section: plano-convex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding:

absent, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpening: absent, serra-

tion: absent. Notes: asymmetrically resharpened. Type: "Neville variant".

BMS C16655a, field or study number: 28, State/Province: New york,

County: Niagara, Towry'Site: Lockport, material: Onondaga chert, weight(grams): 2.9, maximum length (rnrn): 33.0, maximum width (mm): 19.5,

shoulde¡ width (mm) 18,2, maximum thickness (mm): 5.3, base width(mm): 9.7, shoulder/haft width (mm): 10.?, haft length (mm): ':.2, leftshoulder/stem angle: 90o, right shoulder/stem angle: 108o, bifurcation depth(mm): N/4, bifurcation widrh (mm): N/4, completeness: complere,proxímal end morphology: straight stem, cross section: plano-convex, basal

grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology:convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: absent. Notes: asymmetri-

cally resharpened. Type: "Neville variant".

BMS C21861a:1, field or study number: -, State/?rovince: New york,

County: Erie, Towny'Site: Town of Alden, Gillmore Farm site, material:

Onon<iaga chert, weighr (grams): 3.9, maximum tength (mm): 33,8, maxi-mum width (mm): 23.ó, shoulder width (rnm) 23.6, maximum thickness(mm): 8.1, base width (mm): 10.0, shoulder/haft width (mm): 12.3, hafr

length (mm); 9.5, left shoulder/stem angle: 115., right shoulder/stem angle:

127', bifurcation depth (mrn): N/4, bifurcation widrh (mm): N/4, complere-

ness: complete, proximal end rnorphology: straight stem, cross section:

biconvex, basal grinding: abscnt, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge

morphology: slraight, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: absent. Notes:'hase refains soma of original flake platfonn, Typc: "Nevi!!o '¡¿rian(".

BMS C29614.û60, fiçld or study number: CF2:60, Srarelplo..,ince: New

York, County: Genesee, Town,/Site: T"own of tsyron, Call's Ficld #2,

material: Onondaga chert, rveight (grams): 4.2, maximurn length (mrn):

43.0, maximum width (mm): 18.0, shoulder width (mm) 18,0, maximumthickness (mm): 6.8, base width (mm): 10.3, shoulder/haft width (mm):

10.2, haft length (mm): 9.4, left shoulder/stem angle: ll9o, rightshoulder/stem angle: 128o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width(mm): N/4, completeness: tip missing, proximal end morphology: shaightstem, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: absenf, notch or stem grind_

ing: absent, blade edge mo{phology: straight, bevel resharpening: absent,

senation: absent. Type: "Neville va¡iant".

BMS C29614.109, field or study number: CF2:2-109, StareÆrovince:

New York, County: Cenesee, TowrVSite: Town of Byron, Call's Field #2,material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 5.6, maximum tength (mm):

38.2, maximum width (mm): 24.7, shoulder width (mm) 24.7, maximum¡hrckness (mm): ð.t, base wrdth (mû1): 1I.7, shoulder/haít width (mm):

12.7, haft length (mm): 10.7, left shoulder/stem angle: 86o, rightshoulder/stem angle: 101o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width(mm): N/4, completeness: complete, proximâl end morphology: st¡aight

stem, cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem

grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpening:

absent, senation: absent. Type: "Neville variant".

BMS C30143, field or study number: CFI:3, State/Province: New

York, County: Genesee, Tow¡y'Site: Town of Byron, Call's Field #1, Iocus3, material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 4.1, maximum length (mm):

36.3, maximum width (mm): 22.7, shoulder width (mm) 22.7, maximumthickness (mm): 5.7, base width (mm): 9.4, shoulder/haft width (mm):

12.5, haft length (mm): 7.6, left shoulder/stem angle: ll5o, rightshoulder/stem angle: 117o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width(mm): N/4, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: straightstem, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch o¡ stem grind_


senation: light. Notes: base is unthinned, leaving a remnant ofthe originalflake preform's striking platform. Type: "Neville variant".

BMS C30144, field or study number: ANR#58, Srate/Province: NewYork, County: Genesee, Towry'Site: Town of Byron, Call's Field #3, locus

5, material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 6.2, maximum length (mm): -

, maximum width (mm): -, shoulder width (mm) -, maximum thickness(mm): 7.8, base widrh (mm): 11.0, shoulder/haft width (mm): 8.2, haftlength (mm): 7.3, Ieft shoulderþtem angle: 93o, rìght shoulder/stem angle:

1480, bifurcation depth (mm): N/A', bifurcation width (mm): N/4, com-pleteness: tip missing and one barb damaged, proximal end morphology:straight stem, cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding: absent, notch orstem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpen,

ir,rg: absent, serration: light or pseudo-serration. Notes: severely heat

damaged. Type: "Neville variant".

FEHM 988.140.021, field or study number: -, Stareprovince:Ontario, County: Niagara Regional Municipality, Towry'Site: Fort Erie,Peace Briclge vicinity, material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 5.9,

maximum length (mm): 47.9, maximum width (mm): 19.0, shoulder width(mm) I8.6, maxinÌum thickness (mm): 8.2, base wiclth (rnnr): 7.9,shoulder/haft widtll (mm): i1,0, hafr lengrh (mm): 9.3, left shoulder/srem

angle: 87', right shoulder/stem angle: 133', bifurcation depth (mm); N/A,bifurcation widtl': (mm)l N/4, completenessl com¡.ilute, pruxirrral end mor-

nhologl,,: ttraight stern, cross sectio¡r: biconvex, basal grineling: absent,

notch or stem grindingl absent, blade edge morphology: straight, bevelresharpening: abserìt, senation: âbsent, Notes: stlaight stem with one


strong shoulder, large step fracture on other shoulder prevented completion;

minimal thinning on base to creåte a nanowing stem. Type: "Neville

variant".

FEHM 988.140,023, field or study number: -, State/Provincer Ontario,

County: Niagara Regional Municipality, TowrVSite: Fort Erie, material:



(mm):7.3, base width (mm): 10.0, shoulderlraft width (mrn): 11.7, haft

length (mm): 10.6, left shoulder/stem angle: ll8o, right shoulder/stem

angle: 117o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifu¡cation width (mm): N/4,

completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: straight stem, cross

section: bieonvex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent,

blade edge morphology: st¡aight, bevel resharpening: absent, serration:

absent. Notes: stem is thick, diamond shaped in cross-section, and basally

unthinned, retaining a flat faceted base that probably represents the original

flake preform striking platform; resharpened asymmetrically. Type:

"Neville variant".

M orrow M ountain C lusterBMS C2129m, field or study number: -, State/Province: New York,

County: Chautauqua, Towry'Site: Town of Irving, material: Onondaga chert,


26.3, shoulder width (mm) 26.3, maximum thickness (mm): 7.0, base width

(mm): 10.5, shoulderÂraft width (mm): 12.4, h^ft length (mm): 7."1, left

shoulder/stem angle: 85o, right shoulder/stem angle: 83o, bifurcation depth

(mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness: complete,

proximal end morphology: straight stem, cross section: twisted, basal grind-

ing: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: con-

vex, bevel resharpening: light?, senation: light. Type: "Byron Stemmed",

simila¡ to Icehouse Bottom Category 14 ("Short Stem, Broad Blade," Chap-

man L97'7:34-35) and Custer et al. 1996, figures 77f and 78h,k,m.

DMS C29614,099, field or study number: -, State/hovince: New York,

County: Genesee, TowrVSite: Town of Byron, Call's Field #2, locus 2,

material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 3,1, maximum length (mm):


thickness (mm): 6.1, base width (mm): 12.6, shoulder/Ïaft width (mm):

14.6, haft length (mm): 7.0, left shoulder/stem angle: 127o, right

shoulder/stem angle: 118', bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width

(mm): N/4, cómpleteness: complete, proximal end morphology: straight

stom, cross section: flattened, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grind-


serration: light. Notes: base of stem consists of unmodified cortex. Type:

"Byrcn Stemmed", similar to lcehouse Bottom Category 14 ("Short Stem,

llroad Blade," Chapman 1977:34-35) and Custer et al. i996, figures 77f

and 78h,k,m.

BMS C29647.013, fîeld or study number: CF2:3-13, StateÆrovince:

New York, County: Genesee, Town/Síte: Town of Byron, Call's Field #2'

locus 3, material: Onondaga chert, weight (grarns): 10.9, maximum length

(mrn): 35,1, maximum width (mm): 37.1, shoulder width (ntm) 37.1, maxi-

mum tnlcKllcss tfllIIll: IU.u, uaJ€ wIutII (IItM,r: ¿¿.4, ¡Iruulocr/!lñl I w!ullr

(mrt): 22,4, hafl length (mnr): 6.5, left shoulder/stem atrgle: B5', right

shoulcler/stem angle: 106", bifurcation depth (rnm): N/4, bifurcation width

(mm): l\J/A, complelencss: cornplete, proxímal end morphology: strâight

stcm, cross secíion: biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stern griud-

ing: light, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent,

serration: light. Notes: base of stem consists of unmodified cortex. Type:

"Byron Stemmed", similar to Icehouse Bottom Category 14 ("Short Stem,

Broad Blade," Chapman 1977:34-35) and Custer et al. 1996, figures 77f

and 78h,k,m.

RMSC 88.118,144, field or study number: A-309, State/Province:

New Yo¡k, County: Niagara, Tow¡y'Site: Lockport, Pell site (Lkp 002),

material: Bois Blanc chert, weight (grams): 5.6, maximum length (mm):


tbickness (mm): 7.2, base width (mm): 11.8, shoulder/haft width (mm):

14,8, haft length (mm): 8.1, left shoulder/stem angle: , right shoulder/stem

angle: , bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, com-

pleteness: tip missing, proximal end morphology: contracting stem, cross

section: biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent,

blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serration:

absent. Notes: basally thinned. Type: "Byron Stemmed", similar to

Icehouse Bottom Category 14 ("Short Stem, Broad Blade," Chapman

1977: 34-35) and Custer et al. 1996, figures 77f and 78h,k,m.

BMS C21862, field or study number: -, StateÆrovince: New York,

County: Erie, Towry'Site: Town of Alden, Gillmore Farm site, material:



(mm): ?,5, base width (mm): 7.4, shoulder/baft width (mm): 15.8, haft

length (mm): 12.2, left shoulder/stem angle: 109o, right shoulder/stem

angle: 104o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4,

completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: contracting stem,

cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding:

absent, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, sena-

tion: light. Type: Stark Stemmed.

BMS C2129c12, field or study number: -, State/Province: New York,

County: Chautauqua, Town/Site: Town of Irving, material: Onondaga

chert, weight (grams): 6.2, maximum length (mm)r 43.1, maximum width

(mm): 24.5, shoulder width (mm) 22.6, maximum thickness (mm): 6.9,

base width (mm): 11.2, shoulderûraft width (mm): 13.7, haft length (mm):

8.7, left shoulder/stem angle: 97", right shoulder/stem angle: I I 1o, bifurca-

tion depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness: com-

plete, proximal end mo¡phology: contracting stem, cross section: bicon-

vex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge

morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: absent. Type:

Stark Stemmed.

UIì 1099, field or study number: 1929, State/Province: New York,

County: Niagara, Town/Site: Wheatfield, U8309, material: Onondaga

cherl, weiglit (grams): -, maximum length (mm): 55.0, maximum width

(rnnr): 29.0, shoulder width (mnù 29.0, maximum thickness (mm): 9.0,

base width (mm): i2.0, shoulderlhaft width (mm): 17.0, haft length (mm):

12.0, left shoulder/stem angle: 140o, right shoulderþtem angle: 143o,

bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcat'on width (mm): N/4, completeness:

complete, proximal end morphology: contracting stem/rounded base, cross

section: biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent,

i:lade edge morphoiogy: convex, bevei resharpening: abserrt, serraiiorr:

íìbsent. Not{is: Ilase finished by percussion flaking around stem, Fits eias-

sic definition of Stârk Stemrned type (Dincauze 1976:29-37). Collected

by A. L. Benedict, July 26, 1900. Type: Stiuk Stemmed.

UB 1099, field or study nutnber: 1388, StateÆrovince: New York,

ANTHROPOLOGY 41

County: Niagara County, Town/Site: Town of Wheatfield, U8309, material:

Onondaga chert, weight (grams): -, maximum length (mm): 54.0, maximum

width (mm): 26.0, shoulder width (mm) 26.0, maximum thickness (mm):

9.0, base width (mm): 10.0, shoulder/haft width (mm): 14.0, haft lengrh(mm): 13.0, Ieft shoulder/stem angle: 104., right shoulder/stenl angle: 102o,

bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness:

complete, proximal end morphology: straight stem/rounded base, cross sec-

tion: lenticular, basal grinding: none, notch or stem grirrding: none, blade

edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpening: absent, senation: absent.

Notes: Base is completely flaked and thinned. Would probably be classified

as a "Neville variant" by Dincauze (19'16: 29). Recovered by A. L.Benedict, June 22, 1898. Type: Stark Stemmed.

UB 1099, field or study number: 1326, StatelProvince: New york,

County: Niagara, Town/Site: Wheatfield, U8309, material: Onondaga chert,

weight (grams): -, maximum length (mm): 42.0, maximum width (mm):

19.0, shoulder width (mm) 19.0, maximum thickness (mm): 6.0, base width(mm): 8.0, shoulder/haft width (mm): 12.0, hafr lengrh (mm): 11.0, tefr

shoulder/stem angle: 107o, right shoulder/stem angle: 14lo, bifurcationdepth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness: complete,

proximal end morphology: contracting stem,/rounded base, cross section:

plano-convex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade

edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: absent.

Notes: Base retains a facet from original preform's striking platform. Wouldprobably be classified as a "Neville variant" by Dincauze (1976:29). Col-lected by A. L. Benedict, Iune22,1898. Type: Stark Sremmed.

UB 1099, field or study number: 1179, StateÆrovince: New york,

County: Niagara, Towry'Site: Wheatfield, U8309, material: Onondaga chert,


19.0, shoulder width (mm) 19.0, maximum thickness (mm): 9.0, base width(mm): 7.0, shoulder/ïaft widrh (mm): 10.0, haft length (mm): 10.0, leftshoulder/stem angle: 104o, right shoulder/stem angle: 115., bifurcationdepth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness: complete,

proximal end morphology: straight stem/rounded base, c¡oss section:.diamond, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge

morphology: straight, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: absent. Notes:

Simila¡ to some "Neville vâriants" as defined in this paper and seems to be

an intergrade. Basal edge retains a facet from original preform's strikingplatform. Lateral margins heavily resharpened, leading to diamond,shaped

cross-section. Would probably be classified as a "Neville variant" by Din-cauze (1976:29). Found by A. L. Benedict, October ZB, lgg1-. Type: Srark

Stemmed.

UB 1099, field or study nurnber: 1444, Stdte/province: New york,

County: Niagara, Tow¡y'Site: Wheatfield, U8309, material: Onondaga chert,


27.0, shoulder width (mm) 27.0, maximum thickness (mm): 9.0, base width(mm): 8.0, shoulder/haft width (mm): 15.0, haft lengrh (mm): 13.0, teftshoulde¡/stem angle: 101o, right shoulder/stem angle: 89o, bifurcation depth(mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, complereness: hafr splir along

length, proximal end morphology: contracting stem/rounded base, cross

oection: lenticular, basal gúnding: absent, notcli r:r stem grinding: àbsent,

blade edge morphology: straight, bevel resharpening: absenl, serrafion;

absent. Notes: Would probably be classified as "Neville variant" by cÌefini-tions of Dincauze (19,a6:29). Coilected by Â. L. Benedícr, ,rçiil 30, 189g,

Type: Sfark Siemmed,

BMS C2129c:3, field or study number: -, StateÆ¡ovince: New york,

County: Chautauqua, Town/Site: Irving, material: Onondaga chert, weight(grams): 9.7, maxirnum length (mm): 52.2, maximum width (rnm): 25.2,shoulder width (mrn) 23.9, maximum thickness (mm): 8.4, base width(mm): 10.7, shoulde¡/haft width (mm): 12.3, hafr lengrh (mm): 5.0, leftshoulder/stem angle: 89o, right shoulder/stem anglc: 90o, bifurcation depth(mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness: complete?,proximal end morphoiogy: contracting stem, cross section: biconvex, basal

grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology:convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serration; light, Notes: base appears tohave been intentionally fractured to produce a rounded base, flat in cross-section, like BMS C2129c:1, UB 1099/1429, BMS C2t29c:3 and BMSC29616.189. Type: Stark Stemmed variant.

BMS C2129c:1, field or study number: -, StateÆrovince: New york,

County: Chautauqua, Towry'Site: Town of lrving, material: Onondaga

chert, weight (grams): 8.7, maximum length (mm): 58.5, maximum width(mrn): 27.4, shoulder width (mm) 27.2, maximum thickness (mm): 6.4,base width (mm): 11,0, shoulde¡/haft width (mm): l2.Z,haft length (mm):

7.3, left shoulder/stem angle:96", right shoulder/stem angle: 104o, bifurca_

tion depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness: com-plete?, proximal end morphology: contracting stem, cross section: bicon-vex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edgemorphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, senation: light. Notes:blade is leaf-shaped and formed by parallel collateral indirect percussion

flaking with minimal pressure retouch to regularize edges; proximal end ofthe stem appears to be intentionally fractured like UBl099/1429,C2l29c:2, C2l29c:3 and C29616.189 to create a flattened end on a con-tracting stem. Type: Stark Stemmed variant.

UB 1099, field or study number: 1429, State/Province: New york,

County: Niagara, Towry'Site: Wheatfield, UB309, material: Onondaga

chert, weight (grams): -, maximum length (mm): 40.0, maximum width(mm): 23.0, shoulder width (mm) 23.0, maximum thickness (mm): 9.0,

base width (mm): 8.0, shoulder/haft width (mm): 12.0, haft length (mm):

11.0, left shoulder/stem angle: 106o, right shoulder/stem angle: 1030,

bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/A, completeness:

complete?, proximal end morphology: parallel stem,/rounded base, cross

section: biconvex, basal grinding: absent, notch or stem grinding: light,blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serration:

absent. Notes: Rounded base appears to have been formed by removingburinated flakes from the corners of the stem. Collected by A. L. Benedict,

April 30, 1899. Type: "Stark Stemmed variant."

BMS C29616,189, field or study number: CF3:10-189,State,frovince: New York, County: Cenesee, Towry'Site: Town of Byron,Call's Field #3, locus 10, material: Lockport chert, weight (grams): 11.2,

maximum iength (mm): 55.5, maximum width 1mm): 28.0, shoulde¡ width(mrn) 25.3, maximum thickness (mm): 7,9, base width (mm): 12.5,

shoulder/haft width (mm): 13.0, hafr length (mm): 8.6, left shoulder/stern

angle: i34o, right shoulcler/stem anglel 114o. bifurcation cfepth (nrm)l N/A,bifu¡cation rvidth (mm): N/4, completeness: complete?, proximal endmorphology: straight stcm, rounded fractured base, cross section: bicon-vex. basal grilding: ¿bsent, noÍch or stem grinding: airsent, blade er)ge

morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: abscnt, serratíon: absent. Nôtes:r.t^l^ :. r^^fL)raoe is iÈa1-siiapeo aiiú ioiiiied úy paraiicl cullateral jntiireci percussion

flaking with minimal pressure retouch to regularize edges; proximal end of

42 BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATTIRAL SCIENCES

the stem appears to be intentionally fractured like UB 1099/1429, C2l29c:2,

C2l29c:3 and C29616.189 to create a flattened end on a contracting stem.

Type: Stark Stemmed variant.

Eva ClusterFEHM 988.ß9.060, field or study number: -, State/Province: Ontario,

County: Niagara Regional Municipality, Tow¡y'Site: Fort Erie Scout Camp,

material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 12.0, maximum tength (mm):

40.5, maximum width (mm)r 42.2, shoulder width (mm) 42.2, maximum

thickness (mm): 7,8, base width (mm): 21.8, shoulder/haft width (mm)l

18.2, haft length (mm): 8.5, left notch width (mm): 4.2,nght notch width

(mm): 7.4, left notch depth (mm): 7.6, right notch depth (mrn): 7.9, left

notch angle: 22o, nght notch angle: 31o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/A,

bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness: complete, proximal end mor-

phology: basally notched, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: absent,

notch or stem grinding: absent, blade edge morphology: straight, bevel

resharpening: absent, serration: absent. Notes: very heavily resharpened

with knife-like wear resulting in asymmetric reduction of the lateral blade

margins, deeply basally notched with long projecting barbs extending to the

plane of the stem base, ends of notches formed by the removal of large hert-

zian flakes, straight base. Type: Eva?

Heavy Based Side Notched Cluster (N=8; Figure 5; Plates

6, 8)

Funk (1988, 1993) has proposed that the late MiddleArchaic period in New York State is characterized by an

unnamed tradition similar to the Big Sandy (II) and Rad-

datz complexes of the midwestem states. These complexes

are characterized by large, broad, side-notched projectilepoints with squared basal ears. Grinding of the bases and

notches is common on the midwestem forms, but rarelyincludes the lateral margins of the basal ears. Beveling is

not characteristic and blade edge serration is extremelyrare, especially relative to its presence on earlier sidenotched forms, such as Big Sandy (I) and Graham Cave

Side Notched (Justice 1987).In the lower Great Lakes region, this tradition is thought

to have developed into the early Late Archaic Laurentiantradition with its characteristic Otter Creek, Vosberg and

Brewerton series bifaces (Funk 1988). Consequently, Funk(1991a: 9) suggests the term "proto-Laurentian" to describethis material. Although only one taxonomic unit. the "SouthHill" phase of southeastern New York state, has been provi-sionally defined for this tradition, Funk (1988, l99la, 1993:188*190) has amassed data to suggest the presence ofrelated phases throughout the state at the end of the MiddleArchaic.

The most frequently cited diagnostic artifact type foundon sites provisionaily assigned to fhis tradition are "ûtterCreek peiints or very similar large side-notched poiuts [that]conform lo the original fütter Creekj type description,.L:..ff,, 1,. s,.*--,, .,l- rt-,, 1..,f{:'-,, ,,1,"."-,.*q,., ,r,.,,.- *,.{,.i,,... ,.4þ!!Iç!!J lll tçtt!lù r-rl tr!\. rtarrrrrË Llurrrçrrrò, uuli, rl(rrul¡çù ur

rnedium size, squared tangs, and a straight to slightly

incurvate base, all of which are usually ground. The bladeis broad with triangular to excurvate edges and relativelythick, but is short in contrast to the relatively straight-sidedblades on a majority of points from Vergennes sites in theChamplain Valley" (Funk 1993: 188), A smaller form,"intermediate between the Otter Creek and BrewertonSide-Notched types" is also generally present at sites ofthis period (Ibid.: 188, Plate 9, nos. 2-7).

Illustrated examples of this type from the McCulleyNo. 1 site, Delaware County, New York (Funk 1993: Plate9), and from the Shafer site, Schoharie County, New York(Funk 1988: Figure 13) suggest that the larger variantproto-Laurentian side-notched points assigned to the BlueHill phase are, overall, more massive than "classic" OtterCreek points and differ in basal configuration, havingnearly straight basal edges, a thick basal pediment, widebasal ears with parallel lateral edges and relatively highlyplaced, deep and narrow side notches. The bases on illus-trated examples of the larger variant points from theMcCulley (Funk 1993: Plate 9, no. 1) and Shafer (Funk1988: Figure 13, nos. 11-14) sites range in width from3.7-5.0 cm, with a mode around 4.M.3 cm. In com-parison, classic Otter Creek points from Vergennes sites inthe Champlain Valley range from 2.5-3.2 cm in maximumbasal width (Ritchie 79'11.a: Plates 2O-22). Thus, whilethere seems to be no reason to doubt a relationship to theOtter Creek form, these larger points are called here"Heavy Based Side Notched points" to differentiate themprovisionally from later Archaic forms. Funk's illustrationssuggest that resharpening strategies applied to these pointstypically resulted in greater attrition to their blades' lateraledges and length than to the width of the blade at itsproximal end, Heavily resharpened examples in local col-Iections exhibit relatively small triangular blades sittingatop overly massive hafting elements.

Heavy Based Side Notched points appear to differ frombifaces of the Thebes Cluster in having squared, ratherthan rounded, basal ears and bifacial, symmetrical edgeretouch. Serration appears to be missing and alternateblade retouch is not indicated. Both attributes are com-moniy found on Thebes bifaces. Key differences withEarly Side Notched Cluster bifaces include deep basalthinning, radically incurvate basal margins, downtumingears and broad, U-shaped side notches placed nearly atright angles to ihe long axis of the point or angling slightlyupward into the blade. These attributes are found on EarlySide Notched Ciuster bifaces but do not seem to be typicaiof the Heavy Based Side Notched points.

The few available radiocarbon dates on componentsproducing "Heavy Baseri Side lt{otcïrecì points" in NewYork clusler af the end of the sevenlh millennit¡m Lr.p. (ea.

6.300-5,700 b.p.), The basal zone of the Shafcr site pro-d'r¡ced a date ot ó,290f l9C to.p. (DIC-218) and a date of6"025*205 b.p,, obtainecl on bone apafiie from a Çremâted

ANTHROPOLOGY

Figure 5. Regional distribution of Heavy Based Side Notched Cluster bifaces in the Niagara Frontier region. Open sym-bols in shaded ci¡cles indicate specimens for which only county provenience is available. Shorelines oi the lower GreatLakes approximate modem locations, rather than Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene positions.

43

burial at the Clark site, along the St, Lawrence River, mayalso relate to this tradition. At the Sylvan Lake Rockshelter,a point intermediate between "Heavy Based Side Notched,'and classic Otter Creek forms was stratigraphically associa-ted with a date of 5,670t75 b.p, [GX-11447], while rypespecimens of the "Heavy Based Side Notched" form wereassociated with a date of 5,7301110 b,p. at McCulley No. I(Funk 1991a). No sites producing such projectile pointshave been directly dated in western New York. However,the Zawatski Terracc site, aiong the Aiiegheny River inCattaraugus County, produced a feature without associatedartifacts dated to 6,210tJ.2A b.p. [DIC-355]. This was over-lain by levels with Brewerton Side Notched forms andhearths dated 5,630t115 b.p. [DIC-352] and 5,660t75IDIC-3561 (Calkin and Miller l9t7: 3ffi*lil). The larierdates suggest termiili ante quem for proto-Laurentianmanifestations in westem New York.

Eight exampl"s "onforming fo þInk's dcscripfrcns andpr,rblishe.d photogra.phs of "!Icav5, Based Side Notclre<Jpoirrfs" were icientifieri in Niagara F'rontier coiiections,Three (BECHS 55-1074, BMS EdA 1006 and BMS EdA

089) can only be attributed to the Niagara Frontier region,most likely to Erie County, New York. HLOM 196.34.371-BMS Study #10 is from Genesee County, New york, butneither site nor township provenience is available. BECHS66--437 is from the Bamard Street Site, on the northemfloodplain terrace of the Buffalo River in the city of Buf_falo, Erie County, New York, BMS C22lla was found onBemus Point, along the northern sho¡eline of LakeChautauqua, Chautauqua County, New york" BMSC24955 was recovered during excavations at the Hiscocksite, Town of Byron, Genesee County, unfortunately fromdisturbed contexts, BMS C29795 was collected from anunrecorded site located in the Spring Creek drainage,Town of Byron, Genesee County. AII identified examplesare manufactured from ûnondaga chert, while recorde,jsife locations include major stream margins, iake shoresand upland settings.

BECHS 55-1014, fielrJ r:r study nurntrer: -, State/province: tr.ewYork, County: Ë,rie?, 'fown/Site: -, material: Onondaga chert, weight(grams): 10.8, maximum length (rnm): 39,9, ma,ximum rvidth (mm): 31.9,

44 BULLETIN OFTHE BUFFALO SOCIETY OFNATTIRAL SCIENCES

shoulder width (mrn) 28.9, maximum thickness (mm): 9,0, base width

(mm): 31.9, minimum haft width (mm): 17.6, haft length (mm): 14.5' left

notch width (mm): 8.0, right notch width (mm): 10'0, left notch depth

(mm): 6.7, right notch depth (mm): 6.2, left notch angle: 83', right notch

angle: 90", bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/A'

completeness: cornplete, proximal end morphology: side notched, cross

section: plano-convex, basal grinding: heavy, notch or stem grinding:

heavy, blade edge morphology; convex, bevel resharpening: absent' serra-

tion: absent. Type: Heavy Based Side Notched.

HLOM 186.34'37, field or study number: BMS study #10'

State/Province: New York, County: Genesee, TowrVSite: -, material:

Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 10.8, maximum length (mm): 43,3, maxi-

mum width (¡nm): 30.8, shoulder width (mm) 2B'3, maximum thickness

(mm): 8.5, base width (mm): 30.8, minimum haft width (mm); 22.0' haft

length (mm): 12.6,bft notch width (mm): 7'1, right notch width (mm): 6'3,

left notch depth (mm): 3.8, right notch depth (mm): 3'4, left notch angle:

74o, right notch angle: 97o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width

(mm): N/4, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: side

notched, cross section: bifacially beveled, basal grinding: heavy, notch or

stem grinding: light, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening:

light, senation: light. Notes: grinding extends over base and ears into

notches. Type: Heavy Based Side Notched.

BECHS 66-437, field or study number: 149, State/Province: New

York, County: Erie, Towry'Site: Buffalo, Barnard Street site, material:

Onondaga chel, weight (grams): 10.7, maximum length (mm): 46.5' maxi-



Iength (mm): 14.8, teft notch width (mm): 9.6, right notch width (mm): 8'5'

left notch depth (mm): 5.7, right notch depth (mm): 7.7, left notch angle:

84", right notch angle: 82o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width

(mm): N/4, completeness: tip missing, proximal end morphology: side

notched, cross section: plano-convex, basal grinding: heavy, notch or stem

grinding: heavy, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening:

absent, senation: light. Type: Heavy Based Side Notched'

BMS EdA 1006, field or study number: -, State/Province: New York,

County: Erie?, Tow¡y'Site: -, material: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 6.6,


(mm) 23,6, maximum thickness (mm): 7'4, base width (mm): 28.7' min!

mum haft width (mm): 17.3, haft length (mm): 12.6,left notch width (mm):

4.5, right notch width (mm): 8.2, left notch depth (mm): 4.2, right notch

depth (nrm): 3.7, left notch angle: 93o, right notch angle: 8lo, bifurcation

depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness: complete,

proximal end morphology: side notched, cross section: plano-convex, basal

grinding: heavy, notch or stem grinding: heavy, blade edge morphology:

convex, bevel resharpening: absent, serration: absent, Notes: heavily reshar-

pened, Ieaving a small triangular blade ovel large squared base. Type:

Heavy Based Side Notched.

BFvfS C2211a, field or study number: -, State/Province: Nerv Yotk,

County: Chautauqua, Town/Site: Bemus Point, L¿rke Chautauqua, ¡naterial:

Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 10,6, maxilnum length (mm): -, maximum

ç¿idth (n¡r:): 31.5. shoulder i'"'ic!th (rnrn) 27,?, maximum thickness Qnnt):

e < Lô¡â,,,;.{rh .--\. ?1 Á ¡ri¡irn',[r lrqfr wi.ltlr lmnrl lR0 h¡fl lenollr

(mm): 14.1, left notch width (mm): 6.2, right notch width (mm): ?.8, ieft

notch depth (mm): 5.6, right notch depth (mm): 5.4, left notch angle: 95o,

right notch angle: 92", bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcation width

(mm): N/4, completeness: tip missing, proximal end morphology: side

notched, cross section: biconvex, basal grinding: light, notch or stem

grinding: heavy, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening:

absent, senation: light. Notes: tip removed by large impact fracture,

squared basal ears, side notches produced by removal of large hertzian

flake removals from each side, leaving broad semi-circular flake scars sur-

rounding notch termini on bodr faces. Type: Heavy Based Side Notched.

BMS EdA 089, field or study number: -, StateÆrovince: New York,

County: Erie?, Towry'Site: -, materiai: Onondaga chert, weight (grams): ,


(mm) 27,2, maximum thickness (mm): 6,7, base width (mm): -, minimum

haft width (mm): 17.3, haft length (mm): 15.2, left notch width (mm): 7.5,

right notch width (mm): -, left notch depth (mm): 6.6, right notch depth

(mm): -, left notch angle: 87o, right notch angle: -, bífurcation depth (mm):

N/4, bifurcation width (mm): N/4, completeness: right basal ear snapped,

proximal end morphology: side notched, cross section: plano-convex,

basal grinding: heavy, notch or stem grinding: light, blade edge morphol-

ogy: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, se¡ration: absent' Notes: based

on extrapolation from the remaining portion, the base of this point would

have been -29.8 mm wide, haft ears are squared, basal edge is straight;

grinding is present on the basal edge and in the interiors of the notches but

does not extend around the margins of the ears. Type: Heavy Based Side

Notched,

BMS C24955, field or study number: -, State/?rovincc: New York,

County: Genesee, Towr/Site: Byronfliscock site, material: Onondaga

chert, weight (grams): 19.7, maximum length (mm): 58.7, maximum width

(mm): 36.8, shoulder width (mm): 36.8, maximum thickness (mm): 8.7,

base width (mm): 31.1, minimum haft width (mm): 19.4, haft length (mm):

14.1, left notch width (mm): 8.4, right notch width (mm): 7.9, left notch

depth (mm): 6.7, right notch depth (mm): 7.8' left notch angle: 65", right

notch angle: 72o, bifurcation depth (mm): N/4, bifurcat'on width (mm):

N/A,, completeness: complete, proximal end morphology: side noæhedflat

base, cross section: lenticula¡, basal grinding: light, notch or stem grinding:

absent, blade edge morphology: convex, bevel resharpening: absent, sena-

tion: absent. Notes: læft basal ear may have been damaged and reworked

in use. Blade formed by soft hammer percussion flaking followed by pres-

sure retouch along margins. Side notches formed by multiple, massive

flake removals from both sides, leaving large Hertzian scars at inner termi-

nations of notches, Type: Heavy Based Side Notched.

BMS C29795, field or study number: -, StateÆrovince: New York,

County: Genesee, Towry'Site: Byron, Spring Creek drainage, material:

Onondaga chert, weight (grams): 1.8, ¡naxir¡ru¡¡r length (mm): N/4, rnaxi-

mum width (mm): 26.9, shoulder width Qnm): N/4, ¡na,ximum thickness

(mm): N/4, base width (mm): 26.9, minimum haft width (mm): i8'0, haft

length (mm): N/4, left notch width (mm): N/4, right notch width (mm):

N/4, left notch depth (mm): =5.2, right notch depth (mm): =3.9, left notch

angler N/4, right notch angle: N/4, bifurcation depth (mm): N/ê', bifurca-

tion rvidth (mm): N/^A, completeness: proximal end only, proximal end

morphology: sidË notched/flàt base, cross section: N/,4', basai grinding:

light, notch or stem grinding: heav¡,, blade erige mnrphology: ìl{/,4, bevel

resharpening: N/4. senation: N/4. Notes: Iìasal configuration matches that

of ilMS C24955 ciosely and was probably founcl withirr a onc kilometer

radius of that specimen. Basal configuration leaves tlo doubt of stylistic

ANTHROPOLOGY 45

attribution, Type: Heavy Based Side Notched.

RESUMÉAND DISCUSSIONPerspectives on Early Holocene prehistory in the NiagaraFrontier have evolved dramatically over the past century.At the turn of the twentieth century, discussions aboutregional prehistory focused on the relationships betweenIroquoian and pre-Iroquoian, presurned Algonquian, cul-tures. The Native American past was considered to havelittle time depth, at most a few thousand years prior toEuropean contact (Beauchamp 1900: 26), and traditionalstories and legends of the Native Americans living in theNortheast were viewed as important guides to social andcultural changes in the region's prehistory (Morgan 1904,Houghton 1909). Archaeological investigations, then intheir infancy, viewed the entire material culture record ofthe region as potentially useful sources ofdata for interpret-ing this epic story of conflict between two great cultural orlinguistic groups.

The discovery of stone tools with the bones of extinctPleistocene mammals in the American West during the1930s, and the recognition that similar stone tools werefound throughout Nofh America, shattered this view of a

short chronology and left a vast void between the knownrecord of ceramic-producing agriculturalists and the emerg-ing picture of Late Pleistocene hunters. Ritchie's (1932,1936) demonstration that relatively complex, and possiblysedentary, hunter-gatherers had occupied northeasternNorth America even before the producers of "Algonquian"ceramics, ushered in consideration of a new "archaic" ageof culture-history in North America.

By the 1950s and early 1960s, investigations intoArchaic culture-history had led to the discovery of deeplyburied, well-stratified cave and riverbank sites in manyparts of North America. These investigations revealed longseries of successive Archaic cultural phases and, with theadvent of radioca¡bon dating, the antiquity of these differ-ent Archaic cultures began to be understood. In the North-east, however, deeply buried sites with well-separated stratawere late to be located or investigated and the prevailingparadigrn for interpreting the region's Archaic prehistoryremained Ritchie's original framework, codified in seminalworks of taxonomy (1961, l97la) and culture-history(1965, i969).

In Ritchie's original view, the earliest Archaic culture inthe region was the Lamoka phase, which was succeeded byBrewetton, Frontenac Island and a series of other pre-agricultural, hunting and gathering phases (Ritchie 1 965).The discovery, based on radioearbon dating, that all ofthese were Late Holocene cultures, colnparable to otherregions' I-ate Archaic phases, left a 5,000 year hialLrs inNorfheastem prehistory. T'he preferreel explanation for thislriatrrc ¡rntiì thn ìota f O7r'lc ",ac ti.ar lìo-1., -L¡^i^^^^^ f.^-^^i[¡¡ui J ra¡ tj !tvtvçurtu uutu(t!

forests bianketed the Northeast a¡rd created an effeclive

barrier to human exploitation and occupation of the region.Only with the replacement of that ecosystem by mixeddeciduous forests in the Late Holocene could the region befully settled. Interpretations of apparent Early Holoceneartifacts in scattered sites around the Great Lakes regionsuggested that they represented unusual, short-lived,unsuccessful or seasonal forays into the boreal Northeast(Ritchie 1979), that they were actually Late Holocene"look-alikes" for Early Holocene types from other regions(Fitting 1964), or that the regions in which such artifactswere found were actually fairly far south and demonstratedthe frontier beyond which Early Holocene settlementswere uncommon or absent (Ritchie and Funk 1971).

By the late 1970s, however, excavations at a smallnumber of sites in the Nofheast (Dincauze L976, Dumontand Dumont 1979, Funk 1979, Tomkins and DiMaria1979) demonstrated the presence of Early Holocenearchaeological sequences with chronometric and stylisticlinks to better-known series from the Midwest and mid-South. Subtle but significant differences from southernEarly Holocene sequences also suggested that early nofh-eastem hunter-gatherers had developed their cultures insitu, ruther than being part-time visitors or unsuccessfulpioneers.

About the same time, researchers in the heartland ofthe proposed Great Lakes "boreal desert" began to ques-tion its ecological foundations and demonstrated thepresence of a relatively wide range of apparent EarlyHolocene artifact styles in the region (Calkin and Milter1977, V/right 1978, Trubowitz 1979). Although significantstarts were made by these investigators, their initial effortswere not followed up, and greater advances in understand-ing Early Holocene prehistory were made in other parts ofnortheastem and midcontinental North America.

Throughout much of eastern North America, researchon Early Holocene hunter-gatherers has proceeded wellbeyond matters of chronology, style and basic culture-history. Current research in these areas tracks, and contrib-utes to, more general theoretical concerns with post-glacialadaptations, variability in hunter-gatherer social organíza-tion, the emergence of sedentism, questions of diet andsubsistence, plant domestication, technological change,cerernony and symbolism. In the Greai Lakes region, itwill be impossible to make significant contributions tothese issues until we establish the basic framework of a

chronometric cultural taxonomy for the Early Holocene.Following the leads established in surrounding regions

rfitrinÞ' thc nasf fwo rlecadcs iT nnw seemc nncqihle fn-__"_-_Þ ''-- r-'*- ""establish a provisional culture-historical framework for theEariy and Middle Archaic periods in Vy'estern I\ew Yorkanri ndincent f)ntario The lncni F.¡rlv ,Arr-hain scnn.n.Êbegins af the end of thc Pleistocene with the appearance ofa series of side-nofched projecfile point forms. Some, likethe Hi-Lo (ca. 10,40G-9,750 b.p.) and Hardaway (ca.


10,000-9,500 b.p.) forms, exhibit clear stylistic linkages toprecedent Paleoindian forms and are only broadly side-notched. Others, like Big Sandy (I) (ca. 10,30G-9,750 b.p.),Kessel (ca. 10,000-9,500 b,p.) and cunently un-named, butrelated, side-notched members of the Early Side NotchedCluster (ca, 10,25G-9,500 b.p.) seem more distinct fromPaleoindian prototypes. The significance of the apparentdifferences in style and production strategies seen in these

bifaces and the implications of their possible con-temporaneity within the region represent currentlyunexplored questions.

By the middle of the tenth millennium b.p., Thebes and

Kirk Corner Notched Cluster bifaces are represented in the

archaeological sequences of midcontinental and south-eastern North America. A restricted range of the variedforms found within the Thebes Cluster is represented inNiagara Frontier collections. The small number of ThebesCluster points identified in these collections and the limitedrange of styles they represent reinforces suggestions based

on broader regional research that western New York is nearthe distributional limit of Thebes Cluster forms (ca.

9,750-9,250 b.p.).In contrast, the Kirk Corner Notched Cluster is well-

represented in Niagara Frontier collections. Representativespecimens of Chapman's earlier "Lower Kirk" (ca.9,500-9,200 b.p.) and later "Upper Kirk" (ca. 9,500-8,500b.p.) groups were present in collections with site, townshipand county provenience. Surprisingly, bifaces similar tothose from the Nettling site, in southern Ontario, werepoorly represented in the Niagara Frontier collections.

The Bifurcate tradition (sensø Chapman 1975) is pres-

ent within the Niagara Frontier, but is not the pre-eminentEarly Holocene taxon implied by earlier studies. The prom-inence of bifurcates in past discussions may be a dual pro-duct of their historical role in research on the Early Archaicand their uniquely identifiable form. MacCorkle Stemmed(ca. 8,900-8,500 b.p.), St. Albans Side Notched (ca.

8,800-8,500 b.p,), LeCroy Bifurcated Base (ca,8,500-8,200 b.p.) and Kanawha Stemmed (ca. 8,200-7,800b,p.) points were identified in local collections. At theirearlier end, dates for the Bifurcate tradition overlap thoseof the later, large Kirk Corner Notched series. The limitednumber of early bifurcaie forms found in Niagara Frontiercollections, compared with the relatively strong representa-tion of large Kirk Corner Notched points, may suggest thatthe bifurcate series was adopted here later than in areas far-the¡ south, where large (and presumed early) bifu¡cates aremñrê .^ffiffi^n /Qtnthere 1 OOÁ\

The appearance of Neville/Stanly points, the first in a

sequence (ca. 7,900-6,600 b.p.) of small points with well-developerf shouiders on¡ q¡¡aight rn eonfraerirlg slerrs.marks fhc bcginnino of thc Middlc Archaic oeriorl Thcwicie array of stemmeci forrns produceci in ihis perioriappear to have chronological irnplications, although rvith

considerable overlap among styles. "Classic" Neville/Stanly forms (ca. 7,900-7,250 b.p.) are probably the ear-liest, developing formally from Kanawha and Kanawha-like forms at the end of the Bifurcate tradition. These arefollowed, provisionally, by "Neville variant" (ca.7,750_7,000 b.p.), "Byron Stemmed" (ca. 7,50G-6,750 b.p.) andStark/Stark variant points (ca. 7,250-6,500 b.p.).

Funk's (1988, 199L, 1993) masterful compilation ofdata on the late Middte Archaic indicates that the end ofthe Middle Archaic is probably marked by the productionof "proto-Laurentian" broad side-notched points formallysimilar to, but differentiable from, Otter Creek andBrewerton Side-Notched forms. The apparent gap betweenthe end of the Middle Archaic Stemmed tradition, ca.

6,500 b.p., and the appearance of "proto-Laurentian" tradi-tion diagnostics, ca. 6,300 b.p., will probably disappearwith further research and radioca¡bon dates from the GreatLakes region, yet it is also possible that the mid-seventhmillennium b.p. should be characterized by one or moreadditional types of hafted biface, Possible candidates forthis period include straight stemmed, crude, narrow pointssimilar to the Merrimack Stemmed type that follows StarkStemmed through much of New England. Potential corre-lates to this type exist in many Niagara Frontier collec-tions, classified as "large Lamokas," "Bare Island points"or "untyped Narrow Point" styles. The reality andchronological significance of these overlapping and poorlydefined types are open to question and constitute a

worthwhile subject for research,As none of the artifacts studied in these Niagara

Frontier collections came from excavated sites with asso-

ciated radiocarbon dates, the temporal ranges outlinedabove are necessarily provisional and must ultimately be

verified by stratigraphically controlled excavations,radiometric dates or demonstrable associations with sealedgeomorphic features of known age. However, the implica-tions of temporal overlap between styles and the possibleproduction of several styles of hafted biface at any giventime are intended and reflect both the suggestions of avail-able dating and the frequent use of multiple hafted bifacestyles by ethnographically documented stone tool-usingsocieties (e.g. Murdoch 1892, Nelson 1896),

m I I Ll------ Ll-- î,-- -f ----:--¿:l- | 'raore r sllows ills rrËquclluy ur PruJecure purn¡.s tn tne

Niagara Frontiçr sarnple through the Early Hoiocene. Inconstructing this table, projectile points referable to namedtypes were allocated proportionally to each of the 500-yearblocks during which they are thought to have been pro-duced. For ex-ample, "Byror points" were split evenlybetween the two 500-year intervals (7,500-7,000 b,p. and

7,û00-6,500 b.p.) they are thought tû represent. The table,fherefore, provicÍes an heurisfic framervork for vislralizingthe temporal distributio¡r of projectile points identified inihis survey, To ihe exient that the collections we analyzedare representative of the larger population of Early

ESTTMATED

TEN,IPORAL INTERVAL BIFACE STYTES PROPOSED FoR INTERVAL N

6,500 - 6,000 b.p. Heavy-Based Side Notched I

7,000 - 6,500 b.p. Byron, Stark, Stark variant, Eva 12

7,500 - 7,000b.p. Neville, Neville variant, Byron, Stark 13

8,000 - 7,500b.p. Kanawha, Neville, Neville variant, 11

8Æ00 - &000 b.p. LeCroy, Kanawha 1"1

9,000 - &500 b.p. Upper Kirk (large and small varieties), St. Albans group 17

9,500 - 9,000 b.p. Thebes, Lower Kirk, Upper Kirk (small variety) 12

10,000 - 9,500 b.p. Hi-Lo, Hardaway, Early Side Notched, Thebes 12

10Æ00 - 10,000 b.p. Hi-Lo, Early Side Notched 6

ANTHROPOLOGY

Table 1. Provisional temporal distribution of Early Holocene bifaces reported in this sample. Bifaces were assigned propor-tionally to specific 500-year blocks based on chronological data summaizedïn the text. It is assumed that more than onestyle may have been in use, concurrently or sequentially, during each interval.

47

Holocene projectile points and sites that exist in theNiagara Frontier, it may also provide an initial sense ofperiods that are more heavily represented, or are less com-monly recognized, within the larger region. The EarlyArchaic Kirk horizon and a Neville/Stanly phase during theearly Middle Archaic seem to be the most commonlyrepresented intervals. The observed temporal distribution ofbiface types in Niagara Frontier collections shows statis-tically significant between-cell variation from 10,000 to6,000 b,p. (X'1=3.665, df=7, .80sps.90). Bifaces assignedto the 8,50G-9,000 b.p. interval are present in significantlygreater numbers than would be expected by chance in anevenly distributed sample of this size (n=96). Conversely,bifaces representing the Heavy Based Side Notched clusferand assigned to the 6,50ù4,00û b.p. interval appear io beunder-represented relative to eariier periods. The signifi-cance and implications of these observations remain to bedetermined through further field research,

Moving beyond chronology, one intriguing pattem toemerge from the Niagara Frontier eollecticns is that theearliest part of the Holocene archaeological sequenceseems to show closer cultural connections to Early Archaice.levelopments in the midconfinent than to trajectories ofcultural change in northern Appalachia, the far Norfheast orthe East Coast. ¡{.s a result of cunenf polifical boundar.iesand past researçhers' orientations, the latter regions have

been the standard areas to which archaeological research-ers and avocational archaeologists working in westernNew York have looked to find parallels for patterning intheir data. However, Hi-Lo, Thebes and Early Side-Notched types, which are common elements in mid-continental Early Archaic sequences, appear to be presentin the Niagara Frontier but are unreported from areas far-ther east than central New York State or the AlleghenyRiver drainage of Pennsylvania.

This pattem of midcontinental linkages in the NiagaraFrontier perpetuates connections established during theLate Pleistocene. Hi-Lo, Holcombe, Crowfield and Bamespoints have been identified in collections from WestemNew York (Smith et al. 1994; Tankersley 1995; Smirhi995, Tankersiey et al. 1996, 1991). All of these Paleo-indian to Early Archaic styles are recognized in southernOntario (Ellis and Deller 1990,1997; Ellis et al. 1990), thewestem basin of Lake Erie (Stothers 1996), fhe upper OhioRiver drainage of western Pennsylvania (Adovasio ef al.199-5) and tlre trnner midwesf lftrqtice I9R7\ h¡¡t âre rcrelrr-_-_ *rI.*- G:-J :q¡-_:j

-^-^*r^À ç-^- ^-^^- f^-+L^- ^^^+ ^..J *^-.LrvyvrLvu ¡¡urlt qlvoù tatltvl !4ül dilu ¡tutt¡t,

l\either lanceolate Flano-like bifaces nor concave*based tríangxioid points clerived frcm tr-ete Falecindianfor¡rs werç presenf in any surveyed Niagara Frontier col-lcctions, 'fhese have beon proposed as the eariiesiHolocene diagnostics in New England, the Maritime


Provinces and the Middle Atlantic States east of theAppalachian Mountains (Ritchie 1980: 16-19, Doyle et al.1985, Ellis and Deller 1990, Funk 1991b:60, Jones 1997).

Lanceolate, Agate Basin-like projectile points havebeen reported along a narrow band stretching eastwardfrom Lake Superior (Julig 1984, 1994) through the St.

Lawrence drainage into northernmost New England and theCanadian Maritime provinces (Doyle et. al. 1985). Radio-carbon dates from sites producing these lanceolate pointscluster in the interval 9,600-9,300 b.p. (Julig 1984, 1994;Jones 1997), suggesting that lanceolate points in the north-em Great Lakes and far Northeast are contemporaries ofEarly Side Notched, Thebes and early Ki¡k Corner NotchedCluster diagnostics in areas farther to the south, includingthe Niagara Frontier. Later dates from sites with lanceolatepoints in the Gaspé Peninsula are contemporary with the

Neville phase, suggesting that their production continuedinto the Middle Archaic period in the Canadian Maritimeprovinces (Jones 1997 : 7 5).

Concave-based, basally thinned triangular points,another hypothesized earliest Early Archaic diagnostic onthe East Coast (Funk 1991b), have been dated to the Earlyand Middle Archaic periods (ca. 8,800-6,000 b.p.) in theMaritime Provinces (Keenlyside I99I: L7I), Newfoundland(McGhee and Tuck 1975, Tuck 1977) and New Jersey(Cavallo 1981, Funk 1991b), Although a derivation fromLate Paleoindian forms has been suspected, no chrono-metric or stratigraphic evidence to support this hypothesishas yet come to light (Funk 1991b, Jones 1997).

The absence of these far northeastern and East CoastEarly Holocene forms, coupled with the presence of mid-continental styles in the Niagara Frontier, has potentiallysignificant implications for understanding patterns ofcolonization, interaction and adaptation within the North-east during the first millennia following deglaciation (see

Ellis and Ðeller 1991 for a¡r extension of this view into theEarly Paleoindian period). These macro-regional dif-ferences in diagnostic artifact styles should also serve as

reminders that the range of artifact- and assemblage-levelvariability within an area as large as the Northeast is likelyto be much greater than initial taxonomies or culture histor-ies have suggested, For a region like New York State,which incorporates several major geographic zones, an

over-reliance on cuiturehistorical models and typoiogiesderived from excavations in the eastern, coastal and east-

central portions of the stare (e,g. Ritchie 1969, 1971a,I97lb,1980; Funk i976) may hinder, rather than advance,fhe rlcvclnnrnenf nf Acctttl.t.. reoinnal nhrnnnlooieq

Developing an understanding of Archaic period culturalsequences in the Niagara Frontier may require temporarilyniacins iesc reiiance on R.itchie's familiar lRxonom*¡ nndpa;ring greâtcr âffcrlfion to work r;nderway in closer and

geographically reiateci regions of the Great l-¿kes and Mici-west, including southem Ontario (e.g. Ellis and Ferris

1990), western Pennsylvania (Adovasio et al. 1995) andOhio (Stothcrs 1996).

While stylistic cross-ties suggest connections betweenthe midcontinental region and the Niagara Frontier duringthe earliest Early Holocene, patterns of raw materialutilization differ. It has recently been suggested that long-distance movements of lithic raw materials characterizethe Early Archaic record in the Lake Erie basin and sur-rounding regions, implying highly mobile settlement-subsistence systems similar to Late Pleistocene Paleo-indian strategies (Ellis, Kenyon and Spence 1990; Ellis,Wortner and Fox 1991; Custer et aL. 1994; Stothers 1996,'t'.-L^-"1-., -r ^l l OO?\ 'Fhaca vi-"," -^l'^ rL^^^ ^f¡4¡¡ÀW¡ù¡WJ vL uL. t// ¿/r ¡¡¡vùv r¡vvlù vv¡¡v r¡¡vùv u¡

archaeologists working in the Mid-Atlantic region who see

few differences, other than changes in artifact forms,between Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene humanadaptations and who suggest that the Early Archaic shouldbe incorporated within the Paleoindian period (Custer1989).

Data gathered in this study contrasts markedly withsuch a model. In curated Niagara Frontier collections,92Toof diagnostic Early Holocene artifacts were made fromlocally available Onondaga chert. Another 4Eo weremanufactured from Silurian Lockport Formation chert,which is available in glacial till throughout the region andin outcrops less than 50 kilometers from all of the siteswhere these artifacts were found. Vein quartz (n= Ispecimen) is available in secondary (i.e. glacial) depositsthroughout the region, while Bois Blanc (n= 2 specimens)and Haldimand (n=1 specimen) cherts outcrop along thesouthern shorelines of the Niagara Peninsula just west ofthe area included in this survey (Eley and von Bitter 1989:29-30). Only one artifact, a Lost Lake point of the EarlyArchaic Thebes Cluster, was manufactured from rawmaterial that originated more than 50 kilometers from itsfindspot. In total, 997o of all the Early Holocene diag-nostics identified in this survey were made from rawmaterials available at bedrock sources within 50 km of thesites in which they were found, At least 907o of these toolswere recovered from locations less than 20 km from pri-mary sources of their lithic raw materials,

In contrast, Paleoindian site collections from westemNew York and adjaceni Ontario lypically include a rangeof non-iocai lithic raw materials transported hundreds ofkilometers from their nearest source areas, These materialscan account for 15Vo or more of the total lithic assem-

blages at such sites (Gramly 1988, Ennis et al. 1995,Tenkerslev et al. lÇQ6. Tankerslev et al. 1ÇÇ71 F.llis arrd^""""-'-'J J -- "

Deller (199?) note that presumed Late Paleoindian (Barnesand Crowfield pirase) sites in the treat Lakes region showan increasing use of iocaily available lithic resourcesfhrough time, so the Early Holocene patterns identified inthis survey may perhaps be seen as an extensiorr of fhaftrend.

ANTHROPOLOGY 49

Further, Early Holocene hunters and gatherers in theNiagara Frontier were aware of, and utitized, LockportFormation chert, a lithic resource that occurs in relativelysmall pieces, is available at few known outcrops and is rel-atively intractable due to its high fossil content. A Hi-Lopoint from the Pell site provides the earliest recorded use ofthis material while further Early Archaic use is evidencedin points referable to the Bifurcate tradition, Lockport chefwas used to produce Neville/Stanly points and appears tobe a ubiquitous, minority component of debitage from sitesof this period in upland Genesee County, Given the readyavailability of high-quality Onondaga chert throughour theregion, this exploitation of a lower-grade and highly local-ized lithic resource stands in opposition to the expectationsof models which view both Paleoindian a¡rd Early HoloceneNative American lithic procurement systems as beinghighly mobile and characterized by the movement of high-quality cryptocrystalline materials over long distances.

Evidence from the Niagara Frontier suggests, instead,that by the beginning of the Holocene hunter-gatherers inthe region had "settled in," knew the locations and poten-tials of even poor-quality lithic raw materials and found itmore expedient to incorporate procurement of thosematerials into their annual economic cycles than to acquireexotic raw materials. In short, the lithic utilization trendsobserved in curated Niagara Frontier Early Holocene col-lections have more in common with expectations for LateHolocene settlement-subsistence patterns than they do withgeneral views of Paleoindian approaches to lithic resourceutilization or the expectations of recently proposed modelsfor the Early Archaic in the Great Lakes region.

CONCLUSION: CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTUREData presented in this paper suggest that the EarlyHolocene archaeological record in the lower Great Lakesregion is richer and more interesting than has previouslybeen recognized. We hope to have shed some light on the"missing years" of regional post-glacial prehistory, yet theEarly and Middle Archaic periods still remain poorlyunderstood, The connections we have drawn are undeniablybased heavily on arguments of stylistic similarity to collec-tions from better-studied areas. These arguments must betested against data collected from controlled excavations inthe lower Great Lakes region,

The location, excavation and analysis of a series ofarchaeological sites dating to the Early Holocene period istherefore the most obvious and most immediate challengefor the future. Excavation." will enalile us to verif;, or refufethe hypotheses laid out in this paper and to confi¡m orreject T"rubowitz' earlier work concerning the temporalplacement of specifie projectile poinf. f.ypes and their rângesof variation. T-hey ma¡r also allow a,elditio¡ra.l chronologi-cally sensitive afiifaci fypes io be ideniiüeri, facilitatíng theplocess of dating Early Holocene sites rvithin the regional

archaeological record. With persistence, informationrelevant to reconstructing settlement patterns and sub-sistence systems will also be acquired. All of these datawill be needed to establish usable frameworks for assign-ing sites and features to components and phases in a localculture-historical sequence and for addressing larger issuesof adaptation, social integration, cultural change andstability during the early post-glacial period.

Among the issues still needing attention is a recon-sideration of the ultimate significance of the Ritchie-Fitting hypothesis. The identification of a relatively com-plete sequence of diagnostic artifact types spanning theEarly Holocene period in westem New York challengesthe gross outlines of that paradigm, but does not neces-sarily invalidate it. In recent surveys, Funk (l99la,b;1993) and Funk and Wellman (1984) have argued that thescarcity of Early Holocene cultural remains in upstate NewYork accurately reflects lower prehistoric populationdensities during the first half of the Holocene than in suc-ceeding millennia. This represents a shift from the viewsexpressed in the original Ritchie-Fitting hypothesis-thatthe first half of the Holocene represented an occupationalhiatus or a phase of extremely limited land-use sand-wiched between Late Pleistocene and Late Holocene peri-ods characterized by relatively large populations orextensive land-use patterns, Relative to these bracketingperiods, the first four millennia of the Holocene are stillgenerally seen as a time of relatively low populationdensities and few archaeologically recoverable traces.

However, differences in the number of known archaeo-logical sites in sequential, temporally defined phases canrelate to past demographic adjustments or alterations inpatterns of land use, as well as to differences in site loca-tion, preservation, modem land-use or research interests.Currently, we have too little data to build adequate modelsof settlement-subsistence systems, site types or economicstrategies for any period in the Early Holocene. Until thatis possible we cannot state with any confidence that therewere more, or fewer, people in the region during the Earlyand Middle Archaic periods than during the Late pleisto-cene. In short, we can now say that the more extremeexpectations of the Ritchie-Fitting model are not met bythe Eariy Holocene record from the Niagara Frontier, butwe can neither accept nor reject its central hypothesis thatregional population densities were lower than preceding orsucceeding spans of time.

Vy'e also cannot verify or simplistically assume that theprescncc of a sccming!y ccntinucus sequence of changingprojectile poini siyles in ihe lower Grcat Lakes region,analogous to fhaf found in surrounding areas, implies con-tinuous occupatíon through the Earl3r F{olccene. ûur cr¡¡i-trol over typolngical variabrility end irs chron<-.logicaì sig-nificance through this span is far too ruciimentary to dis-tinguish between thc record of a successful resident popu-


lation and one produced by episodic cycles of colonization,occupation, abandonment and reoccupation. We are unableto monitor fluctuations on a temporal scale approachinghuman generations, the critical scale for evaluating detailedmodels of adaptation or other cultural processes.

Stripped of its most extreme positions, the Ritchie-Fitting model simply proposes that for much of the EarlyHolocene the region's biomass productivity was too low tosustain large or successful human populations and thatmany areas were substantially unoccupied. As Trubowitzand Miller recognized, the gross structure of the palyno-logical record for the lower Great Lalces does not supportthe view of a monolithic, low-productivity boreal forest, as

Ritchie and Fitting proposed. However, we cannot, on thebasis of available data, reject the possibility that the EarlyHolocene landscape was one characterized by high biomass"oases" scattered across the landscape and separated fromone another by lower-productivity forest. Many EarlyHolocene localities recorded in this survey are closely con-nected to wetlands, stream channels and lake shores, per-haps indicating a focused wetland-oriented settlement sys-tem similar to that proposed by Nicholas (1988, 1994) forupland-wetland mosaics in southem New England.

Thus, in the absence of adequate control over chrono-logically sensitive diagnostics, without detailed informationon regional resource distributions and with too littlearchaeological data to reconstruct regional settlement pat-terns, it may be impossible for us now to distinguish a

record of cyclical occupation and abandonment of resource-rich localities within the lower Great Lakes region from a

record of long-term regional cultural continuity and in situdevelopment, However, these very different models havesignificant implications for evaluating the Ritchie-Fittinghypothesis, for understanding the responses of hunter-gatherers to changing Holocene ecosystems and for imple-menting the policy guidelines of the Native AmericanGraves hotection and Repatriation Act, which requiresarchaeologists, museum curators and tribal representativesto establish direct relationships of cultural affiliationbetween living Native American communities and thematerial and human remains of ancient cultures.

In surveys of eastem and south-central New York riverbasins, Funk (i976, 1991a, 1991b, 1993) and Funk andWellman (1984) found evidence to suggest continuity indiagnostic artifact styles through the Early Holocene,Nonetheless, the numbers of sites from this period sug-gested to them far lower populations or far less-intensivepattems cf land"use fhan in later parts cf the llclccene.Funk and Wellman (1984: 87-88) adva¡rced five hypo-theses to explain this observation; 1) Early Holocenehunter-gathererr may have produced, used and cliscardeddiagncstic artifacfs at significantly iower rates fhan didiater resicients of the same regions, 2) Iiarly Floiocene siresmay have been differentially destroyed by modern urban

and rural development, 3) Early Holocene sites may havebeen differentially distributed in valley bottoms and arenow deeply buried beneath later Holocene alluvium, 4)Early Holocene human subsistence-settlement patternsmay have been substantially different from later strategiesof land use, with greater use of poorly studied uplands andheadwaters regions, and 5) Early Holocene diagnosticartifacts may have been unrecognized or confused withbetter-known later Holocene types.

After reviewing these hypotheses, Funk and Wellman(1984: 88) concluded that "in prehistoric reality, sites andassociated debris were much more sparsely represented inEarly Archaic than in Late Archaic times [and] it is likelythat this sparseness was, at least in upstate New York, areflection of the relatively limited biological carryingcapacity of the dominant vegetation cover at the time ofthe Pine-Oak period, ca. 8000-6000 8.C." Of the fivehypotheses they suggested, numbers one through threewere deemed unlikely on a priori bases or could not beverified in the absence of clearly supporting evidence.Hypotheses four and five were considered potential, if par-tial, explanations for the observed patterns, requiring moreextensive survey coverage in upland areas and moredetailed examination of extant collections.

Based on the data presented in earlier parts of thispaper, it should be clear that the authors feel many EadyHolocene diagnostics have been incorrectly identified as

later Holocene types and that it is possible, by castinginterpretive and analytical nets wider, to re-evaluate oldercollections and to restore many of these specimens to theirproper places in regional culture-historical sequences. Iffhis paper has demonstrated that conclusion, Funk andWellman's fifth hypothesis is supported and a strong casecan be made for reviewing the basis on which past concep-tions of the regional Early Holocene record were built.

With regard to Funk and \ùy'ellman's fourth hypothesis,we are still at too early a stage to know how commonEarly and Middle Archaic sites are in much of our region,especially relative to the material records of preceding orsucceeding phases. However, the results of a high-intensity, full-Iandscape survey undertaken from 1992-1995 in the Spring Creek drainage, an upland, headwatersregion in Genesee County, NY, suggest that the EarlyHolocene millennia were not periods of particularlylimited land use there (Figure 6). In the Genesee Countystudy area, investigated as part of the Buffalo Museum ofScience's Western New York Prehistoric I-and-Use Survey(WNY+), Harl5r ¿¡¡¿ À4itldle Archaic components were farIess common than sites of Late and Terminal Archaichunfer-gathefers but were as common as, or even more fre-quently encounterecl than Paleoindian <¡r Middle and l-ateWoodland sites.

Comparison of the Spring Creek survey data with thetemporal distfibution of archaeological compononts

ANTHROPOLOGY

Â, Sprinç Geek swer', upl¡¡d Cøæe CoutvNun6e of comporimtS pø 1000 yæ,by'zuþciod. n=6,â omporìane

Pe.lælndio IlteA¡duic 4,000 A¡draíc

Tmin¡l E-ly Middle2,800 2,200 Woodlånd 1,000

Radiocarbon Years 8.P., uncalibrated

Figure 6. Temporal distribution of assignable prehistoric components identified in the V/NY+ survey of the headwaters ofthe Spring Creek drainage, Genesee County, New York. The y-axis records the number of components per 1000 yeats ineach archaeological subperiod. The span of each subperiod reflects current usage, based on uncalibrated radiocarbondates.

10,000

identified within the I-390 survey conidor (along the wallsof the main valley of the Genesee River, Trubowitz 1983),and with the temporal distribution of projectile points in theHolland Land Office Museum's collection from uplandGenesee County, NY, suggests potentially important pat-terning at the regional level (Figure 7). In all three casestudies, the Early Holocene archaeological record docu-ments a rise from the Paleoindian to the Early Archaic peri-ods. Significantly, the reported frequency of Early Archaicsifes a¡rd projectile points is higher in the uplands than inthe major river valley segûrellts studied by Trubowitz, TheMiddle Archaic record documents further divergence, withincreases over Early Archaic levels around wetlands in theSpring Creek drainage and fall-offs elsewhere.

Tlie higher reported frequencies of Early and lr4iddleArchaic sites in the upland settings of the Genesee drainage(F{LOM an<i Spring Creek collections), relative to better-sturíie.f tnrnk rirer r.,aileys (i-390 conidor) suggcsts fhatFr¡nk and Wellman's third a¡id fourth hypotheses requir:eserious considerafion and should be tesfed further.However, our experience indicates that sites of aii time

periods in the upland suryey areas are typically small, arecharacterized by low densities of material remains andhave few diagnostic artifacts. Evaluating this hypothesisproperly will require intensive, total coverage surveys,each conducted over a number of years with repeatedexamination and mapping of all lithic scatters identified.

These rough comparisons of data from the NiagaraFrontier region clo not contradict the view that EarlyHolocene sites are less common than Late Archaic com-ponents in the region (Funk 1991a, Ig93; Funk andWellman 1984). In all three Genesee area case studies,rapid increases in site and afifact frequencies charucteñzethe Late and Tenninal Archaie periods and, with theexception of a ubiquitous decrease in site or aflifact num-bers during the Midclle Woociiand period, each of the casestudies Cocuments different re$ponses during the Wood-iand sequence. Overaii, the data, rough as it is, points tofhc l-ate and 'lerminal Archaie periods as intercsting airdanon:alous phases in regi.onal prehisiory, characterize<l hy-,--¿:--,1 -,-l-- : -.- , -:-- I !parfrcu.larly rniensrve land-use and/or high populationdensities. It may be less important to ask why Ëarly

5t


I I-390 swev, Gmæ Rivs t¡u¡I valev% componrÉnts/1000 yer intwaln=190 omponqts

¿l Spring CræJ< swey, upland Caæ Couty% corirponents/l0(Ð yea intwaln=óSorq)onmb

0 Genffi Coutv upland ü{LOM ollætionl%projecdle points71000 yeil i¡twaln=203 projectile poi¡ts

Tmirul Early Mtddk10,000 4,000 A'dui" 2,800 2,200 Woodlmd 1,000

Radiocarbon Years 8.P., uncalib¡ated

Figure 7. Temporal distribution of prehistoric components identified in surveys of the Spring Creek drainage, Genesee

County, New York and the main valley of the Genesee River (data from Trubowitz 1983), compared with the distribtutionof diagnostic projectile points in the Holland Land Office Museum collection from upland Genesee County, New York,The y-axis records the number of components or projectile points per 1000 years in each archaeological subperiod, whilethe span ofeach subperiod reflects current usage based on uncalibrated radiocarbon dates.

I¡teA¡dr¡lc6.000

Holocene sites are so rare than to wonder why sites of LateArchaic hunter-gatherers are over-represented relative toearlier and later periods. Is it possible that the low site

densities and limited site visibility that seem to characterize

Early and Middle ,Archaic and Early to Middle V/oodlandsite distributions in upstate New York are more typicalrecords of hunting-gathering and incipient horticulturalsocieties in this region? If so, what does the mid-Holoceneflorescence imply and how could we reorient our research

foci to movÕ tc\¡/arC Çcnsiderations of the behavioral pat-

ierns that gener?ited ihese distribuiions through time and

acfoss space?'I'L^ ^-;^+^.--- ^a - l-'.^..-.1 'lì",.,¿4ô lìa.l., TJnl^-^-nI r!\, \,^)srçrr[. r\rt¡5 d¡r\!

recçrd in the lower Greaf Lakes region challengcs regionalarchaeologists to explore the social and economic dimen-sions of early post-Pleistocene hunting and gathering cul-

tures within the context of evolving post-glacial and mid-Holocene environmental contexts, Over the past decade,

archaeologists and anthropologists have recognized thattemperate zone hunter-gatherers' adaptations and socialstructures encompassed a greater range of variability than

that reflected among the hunter-gatherers who persisted

until recent times in ecologicaliy marginal parts of the

world. Sedentism, storage, incipient horticulture, invest-ment in stationary facilities such as weirs, complexmortuary programs and formalized cemeteries, warfare"slavery and incipient class formation have been doeu-mented among ethnographicaily reported and archaeologi-cally reÇcinsfructed îeñlperatt and northern hunÍer-gatherørsoci,eties (Phillips and Brown 1983" Price and Brown198s).

Cunent models of Early Arehaic cuiturai dynamics in

ANTHROPOLOGY 53

the midcontinental and southeastern United States viewthose regions' earliest Holocene hunter-gatherers as highlymobiie, generalized foragers, in some cases traversingannual ranges more extensive than historically documented

Arctic caribou hunters or central desert Australian abori-gines (Anderson and Hanson 1988), These broad-rangingadaptations are viewed as responses to the development ofrelatively productive, fine-grained or homogeneousregional resource bases, in which short but frequent tripsbetween areas ofparticularly abundant production would be

a more effective strategy for locating population relative toresources than sedentism or partial residential stability on aseasonal or year-round basis (Binford i980, Cabie i996),

However, in northem regions, where seasonal variationsin temperature and insolation vary sufficiently to createseasons of abundance and winters of need, other adapta-

tions may be required to smooth out disparities in thetemporal availability of resources (Halstead and O'Shea1989), Nicholas' (1988, 1994) work in southern NewEngland suggests that by the Early Holocene much of theformerly glaciated landscape in the Northeast had attaineda coarse-grained regional resource structure, with certainlandforms (particularly post-glacial lakes and wetlands)harboring biotic communities far more productive thanothers. These "oases" wefe separated, one from another, byintervening zones of far lower productivity that providedsubsidiary resources but were rarely foci of settlement orsubsistence activities. When this regional framework is

combined with paleo-climatological modeis suggestingboth longer/colder winters and hotter/drier summers (Davis1984, Gunn 1996), the recunent use of specific, highly pro-ductive and highly predictable resource zones throughlogistically oriented settlement and subsistence strategies(seresø Binford 1980) is a reasonable expectation from cur-rent theoretical perspectives on hunter-gatherer land-use.

Bulk storage, a strategy for insuring the provision ofresources in times of need through the application ofintensive labor during periods of abundance and inanticipation of delayed retums, is another approach fordealing with seasonally fluctuating resource distributions.Storage systems are frequently linked to procurementstrafegies that intensively exploit faunal or floral resourceswhen they can be captured or gathered in abundance duringrestricted periods of time and can be processed for storageefficiently near the site of their procurement. Caribou andbuffalo drives, anadromous fish harvests and large-scaleacorn and seed gathering camps are familiar manifestationsof logistieally organized strategies cmployed by ethno-graphically documented North American hunting andgathering societies. FIowever, direct correiations betwcenhigh seasr:rnality anel k:gistically organieed subçistence/settlement systems or fine-grained resource structures andforaging adaptations may be simplistic.

The annual cycle over which a region's different

resources become available and the procurement costsneeded to acquire them, given available technology, havedirect impacfs on the ability of groups occupying thoseregions to acquire alternative resources or to pursue fall-back strategies in times of crisis. Complex interactionsbetween spatially defined distributions of resources, thetemporal structure of their availability, technology andsocial structure can create dynamic patterns of changethrough time that may appear as archaeologically chaoticsequences in the absence of reliable, fine-grained data onecological, technological and social organization. ln areas

with such data, it can be demonstrated that changes intechnoiogy, social organization, resource bases or climatecan lead stable populations to shift between foraging andcollecting strategies, with significant changes in materialculture, over short periods of time (e.g. Minc and Smith1989). Developing adequate models of the subsistence-settlement systems and organizational strategies employedby Barly Holocene hunter-gatherers in the lower GreatLakes region will require the acquisition of detailed dataon site distributions, material culture assemblages andenvironmental patterning. While little of this data is cur-rently in hand, legacies of high-quality paleo-environmental research done in the region and archivedcollections containing diagnostic Early Holocene materialculture provide firm foundations on which to build.

The potential significance of such research extendsbeyond the local region. Archaeological fieldwork innortheastem and midcontinental North America suggesfs

that some early and mid-Holocene hunter-gatherers mayhave been part-time cultivators or intensive gatherers ofwild plants, proficient hunters, and fishermen who used

nets, weirs and lines to capture near-shore, riverine, anddeep-water species of fish and mollusks. A broad-scalepre-agricultural economy may, in places, have permittedseasonal, part-year or full-year settlement stability withresidential bases better comprehended as homesteads,hamlets or villages than as camps or loci. Cemeteries,Iong-distance exchange networks and elements of portableart hint, in places, at a rich spiritual life and potentiallycomplex social arrangements. In other areas, and at differ-ent times, regional records suggest the decoupling of these

different comporlents and the emergence of more fluidsocial arrangements. The causes of ihese changes and theirimplications for long-term sociai change are poorlyunderstood.

Across eastem North America, regional variations ineconomic intensification, sedentism. and complexity dur-ing the Early and Middle Hclocene are sfarting to be per-ceiveci. These giimpses suggest that the iong archaeoiogi-cai rccord preieiu.eori by Arehaie Periocl h.r"xrter-gatherers ineastem North America still has great potential for con-tributing to an improved understanding of the richness and

cliversity of pre-agriculturai adaptations and to knowledge


about human settlement and use of the dynamically evolv-ing landscapes of the early post-glacial period. There is no

reason to think that the archaeological record of the lowerGreat Lakes region is incapable of contributing significantand innovative information to emerging perspectives on the

Early Holocene cultural landscape.

ENDNOTESt Although it has become common for Great Lakes archaeo-

logists to incorporate Brewerton, Vergennes and relatedLaurentian phases, dating to 5,500-5,200 b.p., in the

Middle Archaic, this paper follows the original periodiza-tion for the Archaic established by Fowler (1959) and

endorsed by Funk (1991a). The termination of the MiddleArchaic is, therefore, placed at 6,000 b.p., with Laurentiancomponents considered early Late Archaic manifestations.

, It is likely that some of these hafted bifaces were utilizedas knives, saws or other cutting tools, and some wereclearly reworked to serve as hafted scrapers at some pointin their use-lives. Detailed use-wear studies to determinetool function were, however, beyond the scope of thislimited study and, therefore, we use the terms hafted biface,projectile point and point interchangeably throughout thispaper, following general çustom.

3 Due to an error that was not identified until this manu-script was going to press, Broyles' dates, run by the Univer-sity of Michigan and Yale University radiocarbon datinglabs, are reported herein with halved sigma levels. To bringBroyles' dates into conformity with her published record(Broyles 1.97I), al| error margins on dates from St. Albansshould be doubled.

a Although the vicinity of the Shelby site is the best candi-date for the "Fort Neuter" collection at the BuffaloMuseum of Science, it is also possible that proximity toanother presumed Iroquoian fortified village site was

implied by the recorded site name, Nevertheless, the term"Fort Neuter" implies an origin near a site west of the

Genesee River valley, in western New York or adjacent

Ontario, the homeland of the Contact period Neutral (or

Neuter as it was colloquially called in the early twentiethcenfury) coniederacy (Lennox and Fitzgerald 1990).

5 But see endnote 4 for alternative interpretations.

a Stothers (1996: Tables 2*5) presents data on EarlyArchaic prcjectile point frequencies from four d:ainagesegments in two river basins aiong tire southern shore ofwÊstom Lake H,rie, witb cnnsistent referenee to Kirk Ðçrmer

Notched" Thebes and bifurcate types. On average, the ratioof Kirk Corner Notched and 'lhebes points (combinecl) tobifurcatesranged from i.86: i to 0.86: i, with an average

ratio of 1.23: I across all reported collections from thewestern Erie basin, In the Niagara Frontier collectionsstudied here, the ratio of Ki¡k Corner Notched and Thebespoints (combined) to bifurcates was 1.61 : 1. KirkStemmed points, although cited by Stothers (Ibid.) as an

Early Archaic type, have been found more frequently to becorrelates of post-bifurcate, early Middle Archaic tradi-tions (Broyles 1971: 29, Chapman i977, Cable 1996) andwere excluded from these comparative calculations,

? The infrequency òf this trait in the Niagara Frontier,throughout the Early Archaic sequence, may be sig-nificant, especially when compared to its reportedincidence in regions farther south,

s An additional Neville point base in the collections of theBuffalo Museum of Science (BMS C29652) was excavatedin 1956-57 by Mr. Howard Lindell from the westernshoreline of Kipp Island, in Seneca County's MontezumaMarsh wetlands. Although outside the Niagara Frontier,this specimen demonstrates a distributional link betweenthe Neville specimens described here from western NewYork and those areas farther east where the type is well-documented.

, Note that this usage différs from that of Dincauze (L976:

29) who refers to straight-stemmed points with roundedbases, intermediate in form between the Neville and StarkStemmed types, as "Neville variants." In this paper, pointswith that configuration are refered to as "Stark variants" inrecognition of the convex bases they share with the StarkStemmed type.

'0 Another radiocarbon date, 6,630t110 lBeta-l0476],from "Cultural Stratum 3, middle" at Morrisroe was inreverse chronological order relative to other dates obtainedfrom the lower and upper portions of CS3 (Nance 1986).This date is similar to those received from the site's over-lying Cultural Stratum 2 and may be intrusive from thatlevel.

" Lake Tonawanda is the name given to a post-glacialextension of Early Lake Erie, filling the Tonawanda Creekdrainage between the Niagara and ûnondaga esca{pments,At its height in the Late Pleistocene, Lake Tonawandaextended nearly 60 miles eastward from Niagara Falls butfluctuated rapidly in extent and depth due to isostaticrebound, changes in Great Lakes drainage pattems and sillheisht adiustments at the lake's ouflets (Tinlcler et al.1992). Carrelative high-water sfänds and slrandlines on theNiagara Pcninsula of ûntarir.¡ reprôsenf fluctuations in ct¡n--

temporary wcstwald extensions of fhe sanre body of waterbut have been given the name Lake Wainfleet to avoidconfusion with previously established literature on Lake

ANTHROPOLOGY 55

Tonawanda that did not recognize its extent in Ontario(Kindle and Taylor 1913, D'Agostino 1958, Calkin andBrett 1978, Calkin and Feenstra 1985, Pengelly 1990,Tinkler et al. 1992, Pengelly et al. 7997).

ACKNO\ryLEDGEMENTSThe authors thank Walter Mayer (Buffalo and Erie

County Historical Society), Jane Davies and Erin Wilson(Fort Erie Historical Museum), Jan Sheridan and DennisFarmer (Holland Land Office Museum), Brian Nagel,Charles Hayes and Betty Prisch (Rochester Museum andScience Center), Douglas Perelli and Elaine Herold (StateUniversity of New York at Buffalo) for making collectionsaccessible to this project. We also wish to thank JamesPengelly and Keith Tinkler (Brock University) for review-ing draft segments of this manuscript and providing usefulcomments based on their continuing research. Any errors oromissions remaining despite these individuals' best effortsare those of the authors alone.

BIBLIOGRAPHYAdovasio, J. M., G. F, Fry, J. Zakucia and J, Gunn1974 The Boarts site: a lithic workshop in Lawrence County;

Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Archaeologìst 44(1-2): 31-11,2.

Adovasio, J. M., R. Fryman, A. G. Quinn, D. C. Dirkmaar and D. R.Pedler

1995 The Archaic of the Upper Ohio Valley: a view from Meadow-croft Rockshelter. Paper presented for the symposium .,Hunter-

Gatherers into Horticulturalists: The Archaic prehistory of theOhio Area," Ohio Archaeological Council, 17-18 November1995, Cleveland, OH.

Allen, Kathleen

1988 Ceramic Style and Social Continuity in an lroquoian Tribe.Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, State Univer-sity of New York at Buffalo.

Anderson, David G.

1995 Recent advances in Paleoindian and Archaic period research inthe southeastem United States. Archaeology of Eastern NorthAmerica 23: 145-176.

Ande¡son, David G. and Glenn T. Hanson

1988 Early Archaic settlement in the Southeastem United Sfates: a

case study. American Antiquity 53: 262-286.

Anderson, David G. and Kenneth E. Sassamarr (editors)

1996 The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast. Tuscaloosa:University of Alabama Press.

Anderson. David S., Lisa D. O'Steen and Kenneth E. Sass¡,man

1996 Environmental and chrouological consiclerations. Chapter 1 inThe Føleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast, edited by David

G, Anderson and Kenneth E. Sassaman, pp. 3-15. Tuscaloosa,AL: University of Alabama Press.

Ashton, Roger L.1994 Evidence of Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic occupation in

Washington County, New York. The Bulletin, Iournal of theNew York State Archaeological Association 107:2O-24.

Beauchamp, V/illiam M.1900 Aboriginal occupation of New York. Bulletin of the New york

State Museum32(7).

1894 The origin of the Iroquois. The American Antiquarian 16:

6t-ó9.

Binford, Lewis R.

1980 Willow smoke and dogs' tails: hunter-gatherer settlement sys-tems and archaeological site formation, American Antiquity 53:262-286.

Broecker, W. S. and G. H. Denton1990 What drives glacial cycles? Scientific American 262: 48-56.

Brown, James A. and Robe¡t K. Viera1983 What happened in the Middle Archaic? Inrroduction to an

ecological approach to Koster Site a¡chaeology. In ArchaicHunters and Gatherers in the American Midwest, edited byJames L. Phillips and James A. Brown, pp. 165-196. NewYork: Academic Press.

Broyles, Bettye J.

l97l Second Preliminary Report: The St. Albans Site, KanawhaCounty, West Virginiø. Morgantown: West Virginia Geologicaland Economic Survey, Report of archaeological Investigations,Number 3,

Cable, John S.

1996 Haw River revisited: implications for modeling terminal LateGlacial and Early Holocene hunter-gatherer settlement systems

in the Southeast. Chapter 7 in The Paleoindían and EarlyArchaíc Southeast, edited by David G. Anderson and KennethE. Sassaman, pp. 107-148. Tuscaloosa, AL: University ofAlabama Press.

Calkin, Parker E. and C. Brett1978 Ancestral Niagara River drainage: stratigraphy and

paleontological setting. Geological Society of America Bulletin89:1140-1154.

Calkin, Parker E. and B. H. Feenstra

1985 Evolution of the Lake Erie Basin. In Quatemary Evolution oflhe I vrêtt I rì¿Fc Dri!lÊ^ hrr t. ¡ k ..,ñ_^r!r dhd Þ [; ¡'^lì.i* "-.,udrÃ¡rl, PP.1Á^ 1-^ ^^..r^-:'+>. ¡ /(,. u(t,t()Ël ut ,^!,\su! i(¿¡r(¡il u.j t0n4ü(í, Jp!¿:lãl !.t¿pc¡30.

56 BULLETIN OF THE BTIFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

Calkin, Parker E. and Kathleen E. Miller Report. Cultural Resource Management report prepared for

1977 Late Quatemary environment and man in western New York. U.S, Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore Dishict.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 288:297-312.D'Agostino, J. P.

Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse 1958 Lake Tonawanda: History and Developmenf. Unpublished

1983 Handbook of Atabamø Archaeology, Part 1, Poínt Types. M,A. thesis, Þepartment of Geology, State University of New

Huntsville, AL: Alabama Archaeological Society. Yo¡k at Buffalo.

Cavallo, John Davis, O.

1981 Turkey Swamp; a Late Paleo-Indian site in New Jersey's coas- 1984 Multiple thermal maxima during the Holocene. Science 225:

tat plain. Archaeology of EasternNorth America 9: 1-18. 617419.

Chapman, Jefferson DeJarnette, David L., E. Kurjack and J. Cambron

1980 The Early and Middle A¡chaic periods: a perspective from lg62ExcavationsattheStanfield-WorleyBluff Shelter. Journølof

eastern Kentucky. In Proceedings of the Conference on AlabamaArchaeologyS(l-2):l-L24.

Northeastern Archaeology (Departnent of AnthropologyResearch Reports Number /9), edited by James A. Moore, pp. DeRegnaucourt, Tony

123-132. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts. 1992 A Field Guide to the P¡ehistoric Point Types of Indiana and

1.977 Archaic Period Resea¡ch in the Lower Little Tennessee River Ohio, Revised Edition. Occasional Monographs of the Upper

Valley-1975, Icehouse Bottom, Harrison Branch, Thirty Acre Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum, Number l.Island, Calloway Island, University of Tennessee Department ofAnthropology, Report of Investigations, No. I 8. Dincauze, Dena F.

1975 The Rose Island Síte. University of Tennessee Department of lgT6TheNeville Site:8,000Years at Amoskeag,Mønchester,New

Anthropology, Report of Invesligations, No. 14. Hampshire. Cambridge: Peabody Museum Monographs 4.

Cha¡les, Douglas K, and Jane E. Buikstra Doyle, R. 4., N. D. Hamilton, J. B. Petersen and D. Sanger

1983 A¡chaic mofuary sites in the central Mississippi drainage: dis- 1985 Late Paleo-Indian remains from Maine and their conelations

tribution, structure and behavioral implications. In Archaic in Northeastern prehistory. Archaeology of Eastern North

Hunters and Gatherers in the American Mídwest, edited by America 13: L-34.

James L, Phillips and James A. Brown, pp. 117-146. New York:

Academic Press. Dragoo, Don W,

7959 Archaic Hunters of the Upper Ohio Valley. Pittsburgh, PA:

Coe, Joffre L. Carnegie Museum Anthropological Series, no. 3.

1964 The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transac-

tions of the American Philosophical Society 54(5). Driskell, Boyce N.

1996 Statified Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene deposits at

COHMAP Dust Cave, northeastern Alabama. Chapter 16 in The

1988 Climatic changes of the last 18,000 yeæs: observations and Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast, edited by David G.

model simulations. Scíence241:1043-1052. Ande¡son and Kenneth E. Sassaman, pp, 315-330. Tuscaloosa:

University of Alabama Press,

Cowan, Verna 1994 Stratigraphy and chronology at Dust Cave. Journal of1991 The Middle Archaic in the Upper Ohio valley. Journa! of AlabamaArchaeology4Ù:17-34.

Middle Atlantic Archaeology 7: 43-52,Dumont, Elizabeth M, and Lewis A. Dumont

Custer, Jay F. 1979 Of paradigms and projectile points: two perspectives on the

1.989 Prehistoric Cultures of the Delmarva Península: An Early Archaic in the Northeast. The Bulletin, Journal of the

Archøeologicat Study. Newark: University of DelawarePress. NewYorkState Archaeological Associarion 75: 38-51,

Custer, Jay F,, Scott C. IVatson, and Daniel N. Bailey Dwyer, Thomas R., Henry T. Mullins and Steven C. Good

1996 A summary of Phase lll data recovery excavations at the Tvest 1996 Paieoclimatic irnplicafions of Holocene lake-levei fluclua-

'rlr/¿fur Sircti Sirc (-,6CN175ì I.ot.k Il¿vcn. Clir,ír,¡r Cr¡r,¡rt.t, 1io¡rs,OwasccLakc, ltlcwYark.Gru!og;t24(6):519 522.

Penns..,l.r¡ni;:. p n rr, ", ¡,,.., ^ A tnh't o ^

I ^

o ; r I Á/i/ t l' ! -5:1..' ù¿¿'¿ùJ'Y.¡r'!'¡! . \¡t'¡'-t .,,....,'.,ó". ,.,\,/

1994 Data Recovery Investigafions of the West Water Street Site Edwards, Thomas W. D, and V/illiam M. Buhay

(36CN175), Lock Hat,en, Clinton County, Pennsylvania, Final 1994 Isotope paleoclimatology in southern Ontario. LnGreat l"akes

ANTHROPOLOGY

Archaeology and Paleoecology: Exploring Interdisciplinary Ennis, Rachel, Marc Hess, John D. Holland, Vivian Honsinger,Initiativesfor the Nineties, edited by RobertI. MacDonald, pp. Kevin P, Smith, Kenneth B. Tankersley and Stanley Vander-197-208, Waterloo, Onta¡io: The Quatemary Sciences lnstitute, laan

University of Waterloo. 1995 Survey and test excavations at the Arc Site, Genesee County,New York. Current Research in the Pleistocene 1995: 9-10,

Eisenberg, Leonard

1991 The Mohonk Rockshelter: a major Neville site in New York Fergusson, John P.

State, In The Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Lower Hud- 1996 The Haviland Site: the Early Archaic in Schoharie County.sonValley and Neighboring Regions: Essays in Honor of Louis The Bulletin, Journal of the New York State ArchaeologicalA. Brennan, edited by Herbert C. Kraft, pp. 159-176. Associationl,l0:1-15.Occasional Publications in Northeastern Anthropology, No. 11.

Fie, Shannon M,, John Fountain, Eleazm D. Hunt, Ezra Zubrow,Eley, Betty E. and Peter H. VonBitter Robert Jacobi, Kim Bartolotta, John Brennan, Kathleen Allen1989 Cherts of Southern Ontario. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. and Peter Bush

1990 The analysis of encrustations in Iroquois ce¡amic vessels:

Ellis, Chris J. and D. Brian Deller implications for the delineation of food resource areas. MASCA1997 Variability in the archaeological reco¡d of norflreastem Early Newsletter26.

Paleoindians: a view from southern Onta¡io. Archaeology ofEasÍern North America 25 l-30. Fitting, James E.

1990 Paleo-Indians, Chapter 3 in The Archaeology of Southern 1975 The Archaeology of Michigan: A Guide to the Prehistory ofOntario to A.D . 1650, edited by Chris J. Ellis and Neal Fer¡is, the Great Lakes Regíon (revised edition). Bloomfield Hills, MI:pp. 37-63. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS, Cranbrook Institute of Science.

Number5.London:OntarioArchaeologicalSociety. 1968 Enviromental potential and the postglacial readaptation in1986 Post-glacial Lake Nipissing "waterworn" assemblages from the eastern North America. American Antiquìty 33(4): 441445.

southeastern Huron basin area, Ontario Archaeology 45:39-60. 1964 Bifurcate-stemmed projectile points in the eastern United1982 Hi-Lo materials from southwestem Ontario. Ontario Archaeol- States. Amerícan Antiquity 30(l):92-94.

1963 The Hi-Lo site: a Late Paleo-Indian site in Michigan. I4zls-ogy 38" 3-22' 1 963ronrr,

Arrhaeologisr 44(z): 87-96.Ellis, Ch¡is J. and Neal Fenis (ed,)

1990 The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Fogelman,GaryL.Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, Ontario 1988 Projectile Point Typology for Pennsylvania and theArchaeological Society. London: Ontario Archaeological Northeast. Turbotville: Fogelman Publishing Company.Society.

Fowler, Melvin L.Ellis, Ch¡is J,, Ian T. Kenyon, and Michael W. Spence 1959 Summary Report of Modoc Rockshelter, 1952, 1953, 1955,1990 The Archaic. Chapter 4 in The Archaeology of Southern 1956. Illinois State Museum Report of Investigatíons 8.

Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Cfuis J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, Springfield.pp. 65-1.24, Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, 1957 Ferry Site, Hardin County, Illinois. Illinois State Museum,OAS, Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society. Scientific Papers 8(1).

Ellis, Christopher J., Stanley rffortner and William A. Fox lrritz, P., A. V. Morgan, U. Eicher and J. H. McAndrews1991 Nettling: an overview of an Early Archaic "Kirk Corner- 1987 Stable isotope, fossil coleoptera and pollen stratigraphy in

Notched Cluster" site in southwestern Ontaria. Cønadiøn Late Quaternary sediments from Ontario and New York State.

Journal of Archøeology 15:144. Falaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 58:1.83-202.

Englebrecht, William1.994 The Eaton Site: preliminary analysis of the lroquoian com- Funk, Robert E.

ponent. The Bulletin, Journal o.f the New York State !993 Archaeological Investigations in the [Jpper Susquehønna

Archaeological A,ssociatìon 107: i-8" Valley,NewYork,State,Volume 1, Buffalo: PersimmonP¡css,199i Erie. TheBulletin,Journal of the NewYorkState Archøeologi- 1991a The Middle A¡chaic i¡r l.lew Yark, Journal of Middte

cal Assotiation 102 1-1"2. Atlantic Archaeology 7:7*18.1987 Factors maintaining low population density anong the l997bLate Pleistocene and Early Holocene human adaptations in

prehistoric New York lroquois. American Antiquíty 52(1)i the Lower l{udson Valley. In The Archaeology and Eth-13--27, nohisfory of the Lower Hudsorr Valley and Neighhoring

5',1

58 BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATT]RAL SCIENCES

Regions: Essays in Honor of Louis A. Brennan, edited by Her- the early Holocene: evidence from Lake Superior. Science 224:

bert C. Kraft, pp. 49-67. Occasional Publications in 61-63.

Northeastem Anthropology, No. I 1.

1989 Some conhibutions of archaeology to the study of cave and Halstead, Paul and John O'Shea

rocksheltersediments: examplesfromeastemNewYork. Manin 1989 Bød Year Economics: Cultural Responses to Risk andthe Northeast 37: 35-112. Uncertainty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1988 The Laurentian concept: a review. Archaeology of Eastern

North America L6: L42. Ilansen, Eric G.

1979T'he Early and Middle A¡chaic in New York as seen from the 1993 The A¡chaic Period of Western New York. In Prehistory ofUpper Susquehanna Valley. The Bulletin, Journal of the New WesternNewYork,edited byElaineB. Herold,pp. 15-21. Buf-YorkState Archaeological AssociationT5:23-37. falo: State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of

1976 Recent contributions to Hudson Valley prehistory, New York Anthropology, Archaeological Survey.

State Museum and Science Service Mernoir 22. Albany.

Hansen, Eric G, and John McKendry

Funk,RobertE.andBethWellman 1991 The McKendry Site: a multicomponent, shatified site in1984 Evidence of Early Holocene occupations in the Upper ChautauquaCounty,NewYork. OhioArchaeologist4l(4).

Susquehanna valley, New York State. Archaeology of Eastern

North America 12: 81-109. Hofman, Jack L,1986 Eva projectile point breakage at Cave Spring: pattern recogni-

Gaudreau, Denise C. tion and interpretive possibilities. Midcontinental Journal of1988a The distribution of Late Quatemary forest regions in the Archaeology 11(l): 79-96.

Northeast: pollen data, physiography, and the prehistoric record.

In Holocene Humøn Ecology in Northeastern North America, Holmes, William Henry

edited by George P, Nicholas, pp. 215-256. New York: Plenum 1897 Stone implements of the Potomac-Chesapeake tidewater pro-

Press. vince. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Eth-

1988b Paleoecological interpretation of geographic pattems in pol- nology 7893-94: 1-156.

len data: spruce and birch in northeastem North America. InLate Pleislocene and Early Holocene Pøleoecology ønd Houghton, Frederick E.

Archaeology of the Eastern Grea! Lakes Region, edited by 1909 Indian village, camp and burial sites on the Niagara Frontier,

Richard S. Laub, Norton G. Miller and David W. Steadman, pp. Bulletin of the Buffalo Socìety of Naturøl Sciences 9(3):15-29. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 263-374,Volume 33.

Jeffries, Richard rl/.

Gramly, R. Michael 1995 The status of Archaic period research in the midwestern

1988 Palaeo-Indian sites south of Lake Ontario, western and central United States. Archaeology of Eøstern North America 23:New York State. In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene 119-144.Paleoecology and Archeology of the Eastern Great Lakes 1988 A¡chaic period research in Kentucky: past accomplishments

Region, edited by Richard S. Laub, No¡ton G. Miller and David and future directions. In Paleoindian and Archaic Research inW. Steadman, pp. 265-280. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Kentuclq, edited by Charles D. Hockensmith, David Pollack

Natural Sciences, Volume 33. and Thomas N. Sanders, pp. 85-126, Lexington: Kentucky

Heritage Council.

Griffin, John W.

1974 Investigations in Russell Cave. National Park Service Publica- Jochim, Michaei A.

fions in Archaeology Number 13. Washington, DC: Department L976 Hunter-GãIherer Su-bsistence oncl. Settlement: A Predictive

of the Interior, National Park Service. Model.New York: Academic Press.

Gunn, Joel Jones, Brian D.

1996 A frarnework for the Paleoindian/Early A¡chaic t¡ansition. 1997 Thø Late Paleoindian Hidden Creek Site in southeastem Con-

Chapter 21, inThe Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast, necticut. Archaeologyof EasternNorthAmerica2S:45-80.edited by l)avid G. Anderson ancl Kenneth F. Sassaman, pp"

415 420. Tuscaloosa, ÂL: U¡liveisity of Âlatrarna Prcss, Joyce. Âithur A.

i988 Early/Midclle Holocene environrnents in fhe Miclclle AtlanticHalfman, J. D. and T. C. Johnson region: a revise<i reconstruction. Tn Holocene Human Ecology

1984 Enhanced atmospheric circulation over North.A.rnerica during in Northeastet'n North.America, edited by George P. Nicholas,

ANTHROPOLOGY 59

pp. 185-214. New York: Plenum press.

Julig, Patrick J.

1984 Cummins Paleo-Indian site and its paleoenvironment, ThunderBay, Canada. Archaeology of Eastern North America lZ:192-209.

1994 The Cummins Site Complex and Paleoindian Occupations inthe Northwestern Lake Superior Region. Ontario Archaeo-logical Reports 2, Toronto: Ontario Heritage Foundafion.

Justice, Noel D.

1.987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental andEastern United States: A Modern Survey and Reference.Bloomington: University of Indiana press.

Karrow, P, F. and B. G. Wamer1990 The geological and biological environment for human occupa-

tion in southem Ontario. Chapter 2 in The Archaeology ofSouthern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Cluis J. Ellis and NealFenis, pp. 5-36, Occasional Publication ofthe London Chapter,OAS, Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society,London Chapter.

Keene, Arthur S.

1981 Optimal foraging in a non-marginal environment: a model ofprehistoric subsistence strategies in Michigan. In Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strate gies : Ethno graphic and Archaeologi -cal Analyses, edited by Bruce ÏVinterhalder and Eric AldenSmith, pp. 17 l-193. Chicago: University of Chicago press.

Keenlyside, David L.1991 Paleoindian occupations of the Ma¡itimes Region of Canada.

ln Clovis: Origíns ønd Adaptations, edited by R, Bonnichsonand K. Tummire, pp. 163-173. Corvallis, OR: Center for theStudy of the First Americans, Oregon State University.

Kimball, Larry R.

1996 Early Archaic settlement and technology: lessons from Tellico.Chapter 8 in The Paleoindiøn and Eørly Archaic Southeast,edited by David G. Anderson and Kenneth E. Sassaman, pp.149-186. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama press,

Kindle, E. M. and F, B. Taylor1913 Niagara Folio. United States Geological Survey .Arløs, No.

190. Washington, DC.

Kinsey, W. F., H. C. K¡aft, P. Marchiando and D. J. We¡ner1972 Archaeology in the Upper Ðelaware Valley. pennsylvania

Historical and Museum Commissinn, Anthro¡rological Series,|,1o. 2. Flarrisburg, PA.

Kutzbach. J. E. and P. .L Guetfer

1986 The influence of changing orbital parameters and surfaceboundary conditions on climate sirnulations for the past 1g,000

years. Journal ofAtmospheric Sciences 43: 1726-1759.

Laub, Richard S., Mary F. DeRemer, Catherine A, Dufort and Wil_liam L. Pa¡sons

1988 The Hiscock Site: a rich Late Quatema¡-y locality in westernNew York State. In Late Pleistocene and Early HolocenePaleoecology and Archeology of the Eastern Great LakcsRegion, edited by Richard S, Laub, Norton G, Miller and DavidW. Steadman, pp. 67-81. Bullerin of the Buffalo Society ofNatural Sciences, Volume 33.

Laub, Richard S., John Tomenchuk and Peter L. Storck1996 A dated mastodon bone artifact from the Late pleistocene His-

cock Site. Archaeology of Eastern North America 24: l-17 .

Lennox, Paul A,1995 The Kassel and BIue Dart Sites: two components of the Early

A¡chaic, Bifurcate Base hojectile Point Tradition, WaterlooCounty, Ontario. Ontario Archaeology 56: l-32.

Lennox, Paul A. and lVilliam R. Fitzgerald1990 The culture history and archaeology of the Neuhal Iro_

quoians, Chapter 13 in The Archaeology of Southern Ontarioto A.D. 1650, edited by Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp.405456. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS,Number 5, London: Ontario Archaeological Society.

Levine, Mary Ann1989 New evidence for postglacial occupations in the Upper Hud_

son Valley. The Bulletin, Journal of the New york StateArchaeologícal Association 98: 5-1.2.

Lewis, Thomas M. N. and Madeline Kneberg7955 Eva: An Archaic Sir¿. Knoxville: The Unive¡sity of Tennes_

see Press.

Lewis, C. F. M and T, W, Anderson1989 Oscillations of levels and cool phases of the Laurentian Great

Lakes caused by inflows from glacial Lakes Agassiz andB arlow-Oj ibw ay. J o ur na. I of P al e o limi no I o gy 3 : 99-l 46.

Lowery, Da¡rin and Jay F. Custer

1990 Recent archaeological investigations at the Crane point site,Talbot County, Maryland. Current Reseørch in the pleistocene

7:31-32.

Mason, Ronald J.

1.981, Greal Lakes Archaeology. New York: Acade¡nic F¡ess.

McAndrews, J. H.

i994 Foilen cliagrarns f'or s¿rrthern üntario applied to archaeology.ln /1---t I ^r.-. À--L--^t^-,, ^-) D-t--^, , .ttt \ L,t¿/gr- L¡lrtu! tttgInterdisciplinary Initiatives for the Nineties, edited by Robe¡t I,MacDonald, pp. 1i9-196. V/aterloo, Ontai.io: The euaternary

60 BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATI.IRAL SCIENCES

Sciences Institute, University of Waterloo'

McGhee, Robert and James A. Tuck

1975 An Archaic Sequence from the Strait of Belle Isle, Labrador.

Archaeological Survey of Canada, Mercury Series, Paper No.

34. Ottawa: National Museum of Man.

McNett, Cha¡les W. (ed.)

1985 Shawnee Minisink: A Su'atìfied Paleoindian'Archaic Site in

the Upper Delaware Valley of Pennsylvania. Orlandol

Academic Press.

Michie, James L.

1996The Taylor Site: an early occuPation in cenftal South Carolina.

Chapter 12 in The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast,

edited by David G. Anderson and Kenneth E. Sassaman, pp.

238-269. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press'

Michels, Joseph W.

1968 Settlement pattern and demography at Sheep Rock Shelter:

thei¡ role in culture contact. Southwestern Journal of Anthropol'

ogy 24: 6Ç81.

Michets, Joseph W. and ha F. Smith (eds.)

1967 Archaeological Investigations of Sheep Rock Shelter. Univer-

sity Park: The Pennsylvania State University, Department of

AnthropologY

Miller, Norton G.

1973 Late-glacial and Postglacial VeSetation Change in South-

western New York.S/øle. New York State Museum and Science

Service, Bulletin 420. Albany: The University of the State of

New York.

Minc, Leah D. and Kevin P, Smith

1989 The spirit of survival: cultu¡al responses to resource variability

in North Alaska. Chapter 7 in Bad Yeør Economics: Cultural

Responses to Risk and IJncertainty, edited by Paul Halstead and

John M. O'Shea, pp. 8-39 Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

Morgan, Lewis H.

1.904 League of the Ho-de-no-satt'nee, or Iroquois. Edited by H. M.

Lloyd. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co.

Murdoch, Iohn1892 Ethnological results of the Point Bauow Expedition, Annual

Reporl of the Bureau of American Ethnology 9' Washinglon,

D.C,: U.S, Governmetrt Printing Office.

r- --f- r 1

I\¿inue, Jästr u., -,__r ___l:-^^-L^-lyti(; IlÌe lv.lÛlT¡siÙu Jlìc. ploJccltlc PÚlna a)p¿s ¿,¡ì¡r I;tLrlui'ôr¡ii;rì

dates ftom the lower "Iennessee River valley. Midcontinental

Journal of Archaeology 1 1(1); 1 1-50.

Nelson, Edward W,

1896 The Eskimo Around Bering Strait. Annual Report of the

Bureau of American Ethnology 18(1). Washington, D.C.: U.S'

Govemment Printing Office.

Nicholas, George P.

1994 Prehistoric human ecosystems in the Northeast: interpreting

past landscapes a¡rd land use. In Great Lakes Archaeology and

Paleoecology: Exploring InterdisciPlinary Initiatives for the

Nineties, edited by Robert I. MacDonald, pp. 117-140. Water-

loo, Ontario: The Quatemary Sciences lnstitute, University of

Waterloo.

1988 Ecological ieveiing: the a¡chaeology and envi¡onmental

dynamics of Early Postglacial land use. ln Holocene Human

Ecology in Northeastern North America, edited by George P'

Nicholas, pp.257-296. New York; Plenum Press.

Pengelly; James W.

1990 Lake Erie levels in the northeastem Erie Basin and fhe forma-

tion of ephemeral Lake \ilainfleet in the southern Niagara

Peninsula during the Holocene Period. Honors B.A. thesis,

Brock University, St. Catherine's, Ont.

Pengelly, James W,, Keith J. Tinkler, V/illiam G, Parkins and F¡an'

cine M, McCarthy

1997 12,600 years of lake level changes, changing sills, ephemeral

lakes and Niagara Gorge erosion in the Niagara Peninsula and

eastern Lake Erie Basin. Journal of Paleolímnology 17:

377408,

Petersen, James B.

1995 Preceramic archaeological manifestations in the Far

Northeast: a review of current resea¡ch. Archaeology of Eastern

N orth Americ a 23 : 207 -229.

Petersen, James B. and Nancy Asch Sidell

1996 Mid-Holocene evidence of Cucurbita sp. from cenhal Maine.

Ame r ic an Antiquity 61 (4)t 685-698'

Phillips, James L. and James A. Brown (eds.)

1.983 Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in the Americøn Midwest.

New York: Acatlemic Press.

Price, T. Douglas and James A. Brown (eds.)

1985 Prehistoric Hunler-Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural

Complexity. Orlando: Academic Press.

tu-.^- ^l ^€ U ^-i nL^-l^. e^fôLt'

¡ lUlçlr V¡d l¡, d¡lu vrrdrwr ùv¡r¡\J

1965 The McKibben Site (33TR57), Trumbull County, Ohio: a

contribution to the late Paleo-Indian and Archaic phases of

tlill¿t. Mit l,ig,rn t\t,,hur,,i,,vi,r¡ t 1(i): ? 40.

Ritchie, william A.

1980 The Archaeolagy of New York State, Ret'ised Edition, Høt'

ANTHROPOLOGY

rison, NY: Harbor Hill Books. 58-83. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

1979 Some regional ecological factors in the prehistory of man. The

Bulleîin, Journal of the Ncw York State Archaeological Associa- Schwert, Donald P, and Alan V, Morgantion75:14-22. 1980 Paleoenvironmental implications of a late glacial insect

1971b The Archaic in New York. The Bulletin, Journal of the New assemblage from northwestern New York. QuaternaryYork State Archaeological Association 52:2-12. Research 13: 93-l 10.

1.971a A Typology and Nomenclature for New York ProjectilePoints, Revised Edition. New York State Museurn and Science Schwert, Donald P., T. W. Anderson, A. Morgan, A. V. MorganService, Bulletin No. 384, revised, Albany: The University of and P. F. Ka¡¡owthestateofNewYork. 1985 Changes in Late Quaternary vegetation and insect com-

1969 The Archaeology of Martha's Vineyard. A Framework for the munities in Southwestem Ontario. Quaternøry Research 23:PrehÌstory of Southern New England. Ga¡den City, NY: The 205¿26.Natural History hess.

1965 The Archaeology of New York State. Garden City, NY: The Shoshani, Jeheskel, Amold R. Pitting and Henry T. ti/rightNatural History hess. 1989 Kessell Side-notched point: first record from Michigan, Cør-

196l A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. rent Research in the Pleistocene 6: 22-23.New York State Museum and Science Service, Bulletin No. 384.

Albany: The University of the State of New York. Smith, Edwa¡d E., Jr.1936NewevidencerelatingtotheArchaicoccupationof New York. 1995 The Swan's Landing Site (12Hr304): an Early Archaic (Kirk

Researches and Transactions of the New York State Horizon) site in Harrison County, South-Cenhat lndiana. Mid-Archøeologicøl Association 8(l). continental Journal of Archaeology Z0(2): l9Z-238.

1932 The Lamoka Lake Site. Researches and Transactions of the

New York Stqte Archaeological AssociationT(4). Smith, Kevin P.

1995 Paleoindian manifestations in the Spring Creek drainage,Ritchie, William A. and Robert E. Funk Genesee County, NY. Current Research in the Pleistocene 12:1.973 Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the Northeøsl. New Yo¡k 4345.

State Museum and Science Service Memoir 20. Albany: TheUniversity of the State of New York. Smith, Kevin P., John D. Holland and Kenneth B. Tankersley

1971 Evidence for Early A¡chaic occupations on Staten Island. 1994 Wanderers of the wetlands? The late Pleistocene occupationPennsylvaniaArchaeologist4l(3):45-61. of Western New York. Paper presented at the Society for

American Archaeology, 59th Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA,Robinson, Brian S, 23 April,l994.1996 A regional analysis of the Moorehead burial tradition:

8500-3700 B.P. Archøeology of Eastern North America 24: Starbuck, David R. and Charles E. Bolian (eds,)

95-148. L980 Early and Middte Archaic Cultures in the Northeast.Occasional Publications in Northeastem Anthropology, No. 7.

Robinson, B. S., J. B, Petersen and A. K. Robinson (editors) Rindge, NH: Department of Anthopology, Franklin Pierce1992 Eørly Holocene Occupation in Northern New England. College.

Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology 9. Augusta:Maine Archaeological Society and Maine Historic Preservation Storck, Peter J,

Commission. 1984 Glacial Lake Algonquin and Early Paleo-India¡r settlement

patterns in southcentral Onta¡io. Ontario Archaeology 4l:Rodgers, C. Lanier 3-28.1968 The Habron Site, Warren County, Virginia, Archaeological

Society of Virginia, Quarterly Bulletin23(2):90-98. Srothers, David M.1996 Resource procurement and band territories: a model for lower

Rossignol, Jacqueline and LuAnn Wandsnider Creat Lakes Paleoindian and Early A¡chaic settlement systems.1992 Space, Time and Archaeological l.andscapes, New Yo¡k: Archaeologyof EasternNorthAmerica24:173-216.

Flenum Press.

Styies, Bonnie W., Steven R. Ahle¡, a$d h4elvin L. FowlerQqccem¡n Kenneth Ë 10ç? I\t^^^^ D^^L Çh^1.^- -^.,ì.;t^,1 Í¿ Á,.^t ^;^ rt"."^,.--,, -.-- -ttt4tLt(tJ unu1996 Èa¡lv .Archaic settlement ir.r the South Carolina coastal plain. Gøtherers in the Americøn Midwest, edited by James L. phillips

Clrapier 4 in'l'he Paleoindian and Early Archaíc Southeast, and James A. Brown, pp. 26t-298. New York: Academicedited by David G. Ande¡son and Kenneth E. Sassaman. pp. hess.

6t


Tankersley, Kenneth B. Demographíc Patterns of North-Central Pennsylvania, W]J-

1995 Seasonality of stone procurement; an Early Paleoindian exam- liamsport, PA: The Lycoming County Historical Society.

ple in northwestern New York State. North AmericanArchøeologist 16: 1*16. Watson, Gordon D.

1990 Paleo-India¡ and Archaic occupations of the Rideau Lakes.

Tankersely, Kenneth 8., Iohn D. Holland and Royce L. Kilme¡ Ontario Archaeology 50 5-26.

1996 Geoa¡chaeology of the Kilmer Site: a Paleoindia¡r habitation in

tlre Appalachian Uplands. North American Archaeologist 17(2): Webb, Thornpson, III and Pahick J. Bartlein

93-1 11. 1988 Late Quatemary climatic change in eastem North America:

the role of modeling experiments and empirical studies. In Late

Tankersley, Kenneth 8., Stanley Vanderlaan, John D. Holland and Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archeology

Stephen Bland of lhe Eastern Great Lakes Region, edited by Richard S. Laub,

1997 Geochronology of the Arc sitet aPaleoindian habitation in the Norton G. Miller and David W. Steadman, pp. 3-13. Bulletin

Great Lakes region, Archaeology of Eastern North America 25'. of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Volume 33.

3144.White, Marian E,

Tinkler, Keith J., James W. Pengelly, William G. Parkins and Jaan 1976 Late Woodland archaeology in the Niagara Frontier of New

Terasmae York and Ontario, ln The Late Prehistory of the Løke Erie

1992 Evidence for high water levels in the Erie basin during the Drainage Basin: A 1972 SymposiumRevised, edited by David

Younger Dryas chronozone, Journal of Paleolimnology 7: S. Brose, pp. 11G-136. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of

215-234, Natural History.

1961 Iroquois Culture History in the Niagara Frontier A¡ea of New

Tompkins,R, CurtandlauraDiMaria York State. Anthropological Papers of the Unìversity of1979 Excavations at Muddy Brook Rockshelter, 7975-7976: a MichiganMuseumof Anthropology,No. 16, AnnA¡bor.

progress report. The Bulletin, Journal of the New York State

Archaeologicøl Associøtion7í:58-44. Winterhalder, Bruce and Eric Alden Smith

1981 Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic ønd

Trubowitz,Neall. Archaeological Analyses. Chicago: University of Chicago

1983 Hìghway Archaeology and Settlement Study in the Genesee Press.

V ølley. Occasional Publications in Northeastern Anthropology,

No. 8. George's Mill, New Hampshire. Wortner, Stanley, William Fox and Christopher Ellis

1979 The Early Archaic in westem New York. The Bulletin, Journal 1990 An Early Archaic lithic assemblage from the Nettling Site in

of theNewYorkstateArchaeologicalAssociation7\:52-57. southwestem Ontario. Current Research in the Pleistocene 7:

57-59.

Tuck, James A.

1977 Ewly cultures on the Sftait of Belle Isle, Labrador. ln Amerinds Wright, James V,

and their Paleoenvironments in Northeastern North America, 1978 The implications of probable Early and Middle Archaic pro-

edited by Walter S. Newman and Bert Salwen. Annals of the jectile points from southern Ontario. Canødian Journal ofNew York Academy of Sciences 288: 412480. Archaeology 2: 5918.

Turnbaugh, V/illiaur A.

1975 Møn, Land and Time: The Cultural Prehistory and

ANTHROPOLOGY

PLATES 1-8

63


PLATE 1: Hi-Lo, Dalton, Early Side Notched and Thebes Cluster bifaces from Niagara Frontier collections.

Top rowHi-Lo and Dalton Cluster bifaces (left to right): BMS C24357, BMS C2l29a, RMSC 88.118.230, RMSC 88.118.123,

RMSC 88.118.97, RMSC 88.118.98, BMS Ci7588,

Center rowEarly side Norched clusrer bifaces (left ro righr): BECHS 66-448, BMS C16221a, BECHS 60-805, BMS C2352d, RMSC

88. 1 18.150, RMSC 88. I 18. 169, RMSC 88, I 18. 159.

Bottom rowThebes Cluster bifaces (left to right): RMSC 88.118.300, RMSC 88.118.296, BECHS 60-805, BMSC C1256, BMS

c21856, BMS C2237b.

ANTHROPOLOGY 6s

66 BULLETIN OF THE BUPTALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

PLATE 2: Kirk Corner Notched Cluster bifaces from Niagara Frontier collections,

Top row (left to right):BECHS 76-34, BMS C2352c, BMS C2l29b:1, BECHS 60-805, BMS C2225a, BMS C2352d, BMS C16221c, RMSC88.1 18.1 19.

Center row (left to right):BMS C30137, BMS 8d41158, BMS Ed41131, BMS CZI29\:2, BMS C21876a, BMS C29613.004,RMSC 88.118.108.

Bottom row (left to right):BMS Ed41065, BMS C21868, BMS 5797a, BMS Ed41251,

BECHS 60-805 and BECHS 76-34 reproduced courtesy of the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society. RMSC 88.118.108 and

RMSC 88.118.1l9 reproduced courtesy of the Rochester Museum and Science Center.

ANTHROPOI-OGY 67

68 BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATT]RAL SCIENCES

PLATE 3: Bifurcate Tradition bifaces from Niagara Frontier collections,

Top row (left to right):BMS C29275, RMSC 88.118.219, BMS 8dA1120, BMS EdA964, BECHS 66-446, BMS C2149i, RMSC 88.118.217.

Bottom row (left to right):RMSC 88.118.213, RMSC 88,118,216, RMSC 88.118.215, RMSC 88.118.214, BMS C30138, BMS Ed41126, BMS

c30r39.

BECHS 66-446 reproduced courtesy of the Buffato and Erie County Historical Society. RMSC 88.118.213' RMSC 88.118.214' RMSCgg,11g.215, RMSC gg.11g.216, RMSC gg.118.217, RMSC S8,118.219 reproduced courtesy of the Rochester Museum and science

Center,

ANTHROPOL,OGY 69


PLATE 4: Neville/Stanly Cluster bifaces from Niagara Frontier collections.

Top row (left to right):RMSC 88.718.279, RMSC 88.118.272, BMS C29616,067, BMS C30141, BMS C30140, BMS C29652*, BMS C21975a,BMS C31042.

Bottom row (left to right):BMS C21861a, BMS C16655, BECHS 66-448,8M5 CTlzza, BMS C29614.060, BMS C29614.109, BMS C30143, BMSc30t44.

* BMS C29652 is from Kipp Island, Seneca County, New York and has been included for comparative purposes only. See endnote 8.BECHS 66-448 reproduced courtesy of the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society. RMSC 88.118.279 and RMSC 88.118.272reproduced courtesy of the Rochester Museum and Science Center.

ANI'HIìOPOLOGY 7l

72 BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF- NATURAL SCIENCES

PLATE 5: Morrow Mountain/Stark Stemmed Cluster bifaces from Niagara Frontier collections.

Top row (left to right):RMSC 88.118.144, BMS C2129m, BMS C29647.013, BMS C29614.099,

Second row (left to ríght):BMS C21862, UB 1099/1388, UB r09911444,U8109911929.

Third row (left to right):BMS C2129c:2, UB \09911179,U8 109911376.

Bottom row (left to right):BMS C2129c:3, BMS C2I29c:1, BMS C29616.189, UB 109911429,

RMSC 8S.118.144 reproduced courtesy of the Rochester Museum and Science Center, UB 1099/1388, UB 1099/1444,U8 109911929,

UB 1099/1179, UB 1099/1376 and UB 109911429 reproduced courtesy of the Marian E. White Resea¡ch Museum, Department ofAnthropology, Sfate University of New York at Buffalo.

ANTi{ROPOLOGY

'14 BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

PLATE 6: Heavy Based Side Notched Cluster bifaces from Niagara Frontier collections.

Top row (left to right):BMS Ed41006, BMS C2ZLIa, BMS EdA089.

Center row (left to right):BMS C29795.

Bottom row (left to right):BMS C24955, BECHS 66-437, BECHS 55-1074.

BECHS 66-437 and BECHS 55-L074 reproduced courtesy of the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society.

ANTI]ROPOLOGY 75

76 BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATI-IRAL SCIENCES

PLATE 7: Early and Middle Archaic bifaces in the Holland Land Office Museum collection,

Top row (left to right):HLOM 96.321[HLOM 186.24.37|B}'/.S Study #12], HLOM 96.327 IHLOM 186.24.37|BMS Study #14], HLOM 96.324

IHLOM 186.13.33/BMS Study #51, HLOM 96.318* IHLOM 186,13.33/BMS Study #11], HLOM 96.328 [HLOM1 86.33,36/BMS Srudy #41.

Bottom row (teft to right):HLOM 96.325 IHLOM-/BMS Study #8], HLOM 96.326 THLOM-ÆMS Study #71, HLOM 96.319 IHLOM 186.7.4018MSstudy #61, HLOM 96.3t7 [HLOM 186.24,43ßMS Study #9], HLOM 96.322 IHLOM 186,34.37BMS Srudy #10].

* HLOM 96.318 is not described in this report but appears referable to the Kirk Comer Notched Cluster

All specimens on this plate reproduced courtesy of the Holland Land Office Museum. Catalogue numbers in brackets are those

reported in this manuscript. Preceding numbers (e.g. HLOM 96,325) represent permanent catalogue numbers that were assigned to

these artifacts during the time this manuscript was in preparation,

AN'|HROPOLOGY 77

78 BULLETIN OF THE BU¡RALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

PLATE 8: Early and Middle Archaic bifaces in the Fort Erie Historical Museum collection.

Left to right:FEHM 988.139.021, FEHM 988.139.058, FEHM 988,140.023, FEHM 988.140.021, FEHM 988.139.060.

All specimens on this plate reproduced courtesy of the Fort Erie Histo¡ical Museum, Ridgeway, Ontario.

ANTI]ROPOLOGY 79

the early and middle archaic in the niagara frontier: documenting the "missing years" in...

Documents

periods thaf

late voodland periods

early holocene period

rchaic subperiods

major periods paleoindian

archaic period culturehistory

iithe early

lower great iakes region