the early industrial and transportation revolution
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The Early Industrial and Transportation Revolution. AMERICAN GROWTH AND PROGRESS. Population growth 1800 = 5.5 million to 33 million by 1861 13 states to 33 states by 1861 Expansion of cities Flow of Immigration – 1830’s to 1860’s Why? Potato famine and European problem Irish - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Early Industrial and The Early Industrial and Transportation RevolutionTransportation RevolutionThe Early Industrial and The Early Industrial and
Transportation RevolutionTransportation Revolution
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1. Population growth• 1800 = 5.5 million to 33 million by 1861• 13 states to 33 states by 1861 • Expansion of cities
2. Flow of Immigration – 1830’s to 1860’s• Why? Potato famine and European problem
• Irish• German 48er’s
• Hated by “Nativists”
3. Transformation of American Industry• Industrial Revolution – why?
• American System• Sectionalism
• Industrial pioneers
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Westward Movement
Americans marched quickly toward west very hard w/ disease & loneliness
Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious & ill-informed
Westward movement molded environment tobacco exhausted land “Kentucky blue grass” thrived
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5.3
mil
lion
Population Growth from 1620 to 1860
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City growth
Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by
1850
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The March of the Millions The March of the Millions The March of the Millions The March of the Millions
High birthrate accounted for population growth
Population doubling every 25 years
Near 1850s, millions of Irish, German came Beginning in 1830, immigration in the US
soared
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Irish ImmigrationIrish Immigration Irish Potato Famine 1845-1849 Main ports of entry – New York,
Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston Irish were too poor to move inland and
farm so they stayed in the cities Boston did not particularly like the Irish –
catholic, illiterate, poor “No Irish need apply!”
Ancient Order of Hibernians Benevolent society to help Irish Spawned “Molly Maguires” (miners union)
Gradually improved and became active politically
NY’s Tammany Hall, Irish political machine
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German ImmigrationGerman ImmigrationMost Germans came due to crop failures
Germans better off than Irish, came west, many to Wisconsin
A few were political refugees from collapse of democratic revolutions in 1848
German contributions include Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, kindergarten, and abolitionists
Some Americans were suspicious because they tried to preserve language, culture and lived in separate communities, and drank beer
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Sources of Immigration,
1820-40
Sources of Immigration,
1820-40
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Sources of Immigration,
1840-60
Sources of Immigration,
1840-60
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Settlements of ImmigrantsSettlements of Immigrants
•Irish in Northeastern cities: New York and Boston
•Germans would settle in Midwest
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Early NativismEarly Nativism American “nativists” feared 1840s &
1850s invasion of immigrants Took jobs, grew Roman Catholicism Catholics built their own schools, were #1
denomination by 1850 1849: Nativists form Order of the Star-
Spangled Banner, developed into “Know-Nothing” party
Wanted immigration restrictions Nativists occasionally violent, burned Boston
convent (1834) Philadelphia Irish fought back, 13 killed in
several days of fighting (1844)
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A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production
Technological innovations brought production from farmhouse to factories Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S. Beginning of US Factory System
US slow to embrace factory system Scarce labor Little capital Superiority of British factories
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Promote nationalism was internal improvements to unite the US.
•Transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers.•1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation•1860, the railroad is added
american system
Provide economic growth •Americans buying American goods •American self-sufficiency.•Protective tariff (allows US factories to grow)•2nd Bank of the United States
3 Sections working together to build the country
Henry Clay, Congressmen
from Kentucky
Henry Clay, Congressmen
from Kentucky
John C. Calhoun, US Senator from South
Carolina
John C. Calhoun, US Senator from South
Carolina
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EconomyEconomy
LeaderLeader
____________________
Role ofRole ofGovernmentGovernment
NORTHEASTNORTHEAST•Business and Business and
ManufacturingManufacturing•Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster
________________________•Wanted TariffsWanted Tariffs•Backed internal Backed internal
improvementsimprovements•Wanted end to Wanted end to
cheap public cheap public landland
•Increasingly Increasingly nationalisticnationalistic
•Against Slavery Against Slavery and believed the and believed the U.S. Govt. must U.S. Govt. must
abolish it.abolish it.
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SOUTHSOUTH•Cotton growingCotton growing
•John C. John C. CalhounCalhoun
__________________________•Opposed tariffs Opposed tariffs and government and government
spending on spending on American American
SystemSystem•Increasingly Increasingly supportive of supportive of states’ rightsstates’ rights
•Pro-slavery and Pro-slavery and opposed any opposed any
steps of the U.S. steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and Govt. to try and
abolish it.abolish it.
EconomyEconomy
LeaderLeader
____________________
Role ofRole ofGovernmentGovernment
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WESTWEST•Frontier Frontier
agricultureagriculture•Henry ClayHenry Clay
__________________________•Supported Supported
internal internal improvements improvements •Wanted cheap Wanted cheap
landland•Loyal to the Loyal to the
U.S. Govt.U.S. Govt.•Against Against
slavery but slavery but some supported some supported
letting the letting the people decide people decide
the slavery the slavery issueissue
EconomyEconomy
LeaderLeader
____________________
Role ofRole ofGovernmentGovernment
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Population shift because of westward expansion the West demanded transportation. The Land Act of 1820, gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80
acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash
Erie Canal started in 1817 and completed in 1825 NY Governor DeWitt Clinton built the Erie Canal Connected New York City from Hudson River with the Great Lakes and the West
Clinton’s Big Ditch--------Other canals follow
Navigable rivers and the steamboat the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.
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Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System
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Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840
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HighwaysBad roads made transportation highly
unreliable
The National Road begun in 1811 and completed by 1832 Connected Maryland to Illinois. Built by US government
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Cumberland (National Road), 1811
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Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s
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•Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and
the infant industry.
•Because of the British
blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for
internal transportation improvements.
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The Railroad Revolution,1850s
The Railroad Revolution,1850s
1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy
Americans demanded transcontinental railroad to California. Completed by 1869.
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Pioneer Railroad PromotersPioneer Railroad Promoters1800 to 1850: Roads, canals, navigable
rivers with steamboats were the main modes of transportation.
1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy
Competition between Railroads and Canals
Obstacles opposition from canal backers danger of fire poor brakes difference in track gauge meant changing trains
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Map rr
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Effects of the Transportation Revolution
Effects of the Transportation Revolution
1860-61, Pony Express connected East-West
Telegraph instantly sent messages across US
Attraction of many large capital investments and encouraged risk taking in the US economy
People moved faster and country expanded Unifying spirit among fellow country men A need for a transcontinental railroad that
connected east to west
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•Telegraph revolutionized communication
•Would replace the Pony Express by
1861
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Trails
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•Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
•Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories. •Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry.
•Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill
of its day
Samuel Slater was the "Father of the "Father of the American Factory American Factory
System."System."
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Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom
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The Lowell MillsThe Lowell MillsAmericans beat the British at their
own game, made better factoriesFrancis C Lowell (a British
“traitor”) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody Together they improved the mill and
invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing
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The Lowell MillsThe Lowell MillsAmericans beat the British at their
own game, made better factoriesFrancis C Lowell (a British
“traitor”) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody Together they improved the mill and
invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing
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The Lowell System Lowell,
Massachusetts, 1832
Young New England farm girls Supervised on and off the job Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a day Escorted to church on Sunday
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Women & the EconomyWomen & the Economy1850: 10% of white women working for
pay outside home Vast majority of working women were single Left paying jobs upon marriage
“Cult of domesticity” Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker
Empowers married women Increased power & independence of women in
home led to decline in family size
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Workers & Wage Slaves
Workers & Wage Slaves
With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of “wage slaves” developed
Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc.
Labor unions illegal
1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10
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Workers & Wage SlavesWorkers & Wage Slaves1820s & 1830s: right to vote for
laborers Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved
conditions Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better
conditions
1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher wages or 10-hour day 1837 depression hurt union membership
Commonwealth v. Hunt Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal
conspiracies as long as they were peaceful
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•1830s, Industrialization
grew throughout the North…
•Southern cotton shipped to Northern
textile mills was a good working relationship.
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Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try
anything. anything.
They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, then innovators. innovators.
Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try
anything. anything.
They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, then innovators. innovators.1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.
1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “
1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.
1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “
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•Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry.
•He is also noted for the concept of mass production and
interchangeable parts by creating dyes for pistols and rifles.
•Very important early pioneer in America’s industrial revolution.
Cotton Production
The invention which changed
the South, cotton and slavery.
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Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine
Cotton gin invented in 1793 50 times more effective than hand picking
Raising cotton more profitable South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton”
New England factories flourish with Southern cotton
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1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable
steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel.
The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation
from 1808 through 1930.
1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable
steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel.
The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation
from 1808 through 1930.
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John Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel Plow
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Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper
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Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph
“WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”“WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”
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Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
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Elias Howe & Isaac Singer1840s
Sewing Machine
Elias Howe & Isaac Singer1840s
Sewing Machine
Perfected by SingerGave boost to northern industry
Became foundation for ready-made clothing industry
Led many women into factories
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From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat), Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)
From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat), Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)