the early ottoman empire 1281 - 1600s
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The Early Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1600s. Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326. Beginnings. Gazi warriors are “fighters for the faith” and their excellent skills help to expand Ottoman territory into new areas in 13 th -14 th centuries - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326
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Beginnings• Gazi warriors are “fighters for the faith” and their excellent
skills help to expand Ottoman territory into new areas in 13th-14th centuries
• Osman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty, was a gazi warrior and commanded great loyalty from his followers
• 1071 Seljuq Turks defeated the Byzantines. In 1277 they defeated the Mongols – individuals able to carve out principalities in Anatolia in the midst of this upheaval
• Osman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty, was a gazi warrior and commanded great loyalty from his followers
• Osman succeeded in expanding his small territory into new areas in 13th-14th centuries
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Military Organization
• In the Balkans, Ottomans forced Christian families to surrender young boys to military and state service: devshirme-Often grew up to be exceptionally loyal Janissaries (infantry) and sate administrators• Sipahis: Cavalry maintained with income from their fiefs (timar lands). But peasants on their land not serfs
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Janissaries
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The Golden Age of the Ottomans
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Ottoman Expansion• Mehmed I and Murad II presided over the
period of final consolidation of Ottoman power in Europe
• Must concurrently deal with unrest in Anatolia in addition to Balkan campaigns and threats from Hungary
• 1439: occupy Serbia but are still unable to capture Belgrade, still a Hungarian border fortress
• 1444: Victory at Varna important for the fate of the rest of the Balkans and Constantinople
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Mehmet II: 1444-1445; 1451-1481
(“The Conqueror”)
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Fall of Constantinople
• 1453: Constantinople falls to Ottomans under Mehmed II “The Conqueror”
• Renamed Istanbul• Transformation from warrior sultan to
emperor of “two lands” (Europe, Asia) and “two seas” (Black Sea, Mediterranean)
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The Fall of Constantinople: 1453
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Suleiman the Magnificent:(1520-1566)
Suleiman’s Signature
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Suleyman the Magnificent (cont.)• 1526: Battle of Mohacs in Hungary, won by the
Ottomans under Suleyman the Magnificent. Height of Ottoman power.
• Suleyman also known as “Kanuni” i.e. Lawgiver: reconciles Islamic Law with requirements of Ottoman administration
• Besieges Vienna. • Builds naval power• Expands into Asia• Encourages learning
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The Ottoman Empire During the 16c
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The Ottoman Bureaucracy
SULTANSULTAN
DivansDivans
Social / MilitaryDivans
Social / MilitaryDivans
Heads of Individual
Religious Millets
Heads of Individual
Religious Millets
Local Administrators& Military
Local Administrators& Military
Landowners / Tax CollectorsLandowners / Tax Collectors
MuslimsMuslims JewsJews
ChristiansChristians