the earth and its peoples chapters 15-18 vocabulary
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Arawak
Amerindian peoples who
inhabited the Greater
Antilles of the Carribean
at the time of Columbus
AtahualpaLast ruling Inca emperor
of Peru, executed by the
Spanish
Atlantic Circuit
the network of trade routes
connecting Europe, Africa,
and the Americas; underlay
the Atlantic system
Atlantic system
network of trade links after
1500 that moved goods, wealth,
people and cultures around the
Atlantic Ocean basin
balance of power
policy in international relations
in which the major European
states acted together to prevent
any one of them from becoming
too powerful
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caravel
small, highly manuverable
ship used by the Spanish
and Portugese in the
exploration of the Atlantic
Catholic Reformation
religious reform movement in Latin
Christian Church, begun in response to
Protestant Reformation; clarified
Catholic theology and reformed clerical
training and discipline
chartered company
groups of private investors who
paid an annual fee to France
and England in exchange for a
trade monopoly over the West
Indies colonies
Christopher Columbus
Led expeditions across the
Atlantic, reestablishing
contact between the Old
World and the Americas
Columbian Exchange
the exchange of plants,
animals, diseases, and
technologies between the
Americas and the rest of the
world
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conquistadors
early 16th century Spanish
adventurers who
conquered Mexico, Central
America, and Peru
Council of the Indies
the institution responsible for
supervising Spain's colonies
in the Americas from 1524-
early 18th century
coureurs de bois
"runners of the woods"; French
fur traders who lived among
and often married with
Amerindian peoples of North
America
creolessomeone of European
descent born in the New
World
deforestationthe removal of trees faster
than forests can replace
themselves
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driver
a privileged male slave
whose job was to ensure
that a slave gang did its
work on a plantation
Dutch West India
Company
Trading company chartered
by the Dutch government to
conduct its merchants' trade
in the America's and Africa
encomienda
grant of authority over a population of
Amerindians in the Spanish colonies;
provided the grant holder with cheap labor
and periodic payments of goods from the
Amerindians, but obligated the grant
holder to Christianize the Amerindians
English Civil War
conflict over royal versus
Parliamentary rights; checked the
growth of royal absolutism and
ensured that England would be a
constitutional monarchy
Enlightenment
philosophical movement in eighteenth
century Europe that fostered the belief
that one could reform society by
discovering rational laws that governed
social behavior and were just as scientific
as the laws of physics
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Ferdinand MagellanPortugese navigator; first
to sail around the world
(1519-1522)
Francisco Pizzarro
Spanish explorer who led
the conquest of the Inca
Empire of Peru in 1531-
1533
gentryclass of landholding
families in England below
the aristocracy
Gold Coast
west-African region in
modern day Ghana named
for gold exports to Europe
from the 1470s onward
Habsburg
powerful European family that
provided many Holy Roman
Emperors; founded in the
Austrian Empire, and ruled
16th and 17th century Spain
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HausaAgricultural and trading
people of central Sudan in
west Africa
Henry the Navigator
Portugese prince who promoted
the study of navigation and
directed voyages of exploration
down the western coast of
Africa
Hernan CortesSpanish explorer and
conquistador who led the
conquest of Aztec Mexico
Holy Roman Empire
Loose confederation of
mostly German states,
headed by an emperor
elected by the princes
House of Burgesseselected assembly in
colonial Virginia, created
in 1618
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indentured servant
a migrant to British colonies in
the Americas who paid for
passage by agreeing to work
for a set term
indulgence
forgiveness of the punishment
due for past sins, granted by
the Catholic Church authorities
as a reward for a pious act
Iroquois Confederacy
alliance of northeastern Amerindian
peoples that made military and
diplomatic decisions through a council of
representatives; allied first with the
Dutch, and later with the English
joint-stock company
a business that sold shares to
individuals to raise money for
its trading enterprises (often
backed by a government
charter)
Little Ice Age
century-long period of cool
climate that began in the
1590s; notable ill-effects on
agriculture in northern Europe
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manumission a grant of legal freedom to
an individual slave
maroon a slave who ran away
from his or her master
mercantilism
Eurpean government policies designed to
promote overseas trade between a
country and its colonies; the British
system was the Navigation Acts, the
French was the Exclusif
mestizosomeone of mixed
Amerindian and
European descent
Middle Passage
part of the Atlantic Circuit
involving the transportation of
enslaved Africans across the
Atlantic to the Americas
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MoctezumaLast Aztec emperor,
overthrown by Hernan
Cortes
mulatto someone of mixed African
and European descent
New France
French colony in North
America, with a capital in
Quebec, founded in 1608;
fell to the British in 1763
papacy
central administration of
the Roman Catholic
Church, of which the pope
is head
Pilgrims
English Protestants who
established Plymouth Colony
in Massachusetts in 1620 to
seek religious freedom
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plantocracythe rich men who owned
most of the slaves and
most of the land
Potosi
in Bolivia, one of the richest
silver mining centers and
most populous cities in
colonial Spanish America
Protestant Reformation
religious reform movement in Latin
Christian Church (beginning in
1519); resulted in several new
Christian denominations
(Lutherans, Church of England)
Puritans
English Protestants who
believed that God predestined
souls to heaven or hell before
birth; founded Massachusetts
Bay Colony in 1629
Renaissance (European)
"rebirth" of Greco-Roman
culture; period of intense
artistic and intellectual
activity
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Royal African Company
a trading company chartered
by the English government in
1672 to conduct trade on the
Atlantic coast of Africa
Scientific Revolution
intellectual movement in Europe;
initially associated with planetary
motion and other aspects of physics
(Copernican theory, gravity); laid
the groundwork for modern science
seasoning
a period of adjustment to new
climates, disease enviroments,
and work routines experienced
by slaves newly arrived in the
Americas
Songhai
A people, language, and empire in
western Sudan; at its height, it
stretched from the Atlantic to the
Hausa lands, and was a major
player in the trans-Saharan trade
stock exchange
a place where shares in a
company or business
enterprise are bought and
sold
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Tupac Amaru II
Member of the Inca aristocracy
who led a rebellion against
Spanish authorities in Peru in
1780-81; later captured and
executed with his family
Vasco da Gama
Portugese explorer; led
the first naval expedition
from Europe to sail to
India
Versailles
huge palace built for
French King Louis XIV
south of Paris in the town
of the same name
witch-hunt
pursuit of people suspected of
witch-craft; especially in
northern Europe in late
sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries
Zheng HeMuslim imperial eunuch
who traveled through the
Indian Ocean (1371-1435)