the east asian experience of economic development and cooperation
DESCRIPTION
The East Asian Experience of Economic Development and Cooperation. Kenichi Ohno National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies. Background. Polarization of the developing world into high and low performers East Asia as a high performing region --Diversity in size, income, culture, etc. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The East Asian Experience ofEconomic Development and CooperationKenichi OhnoNational Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
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BackgroundPolarization of the developing world into high and low performersEast Asia as a high performing region--Diversity in size, income, culture, etc.--Failures and bad periods also existed--But high growth was sustained in most countries and over the long run
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Graph: GDP in EA vs Africa
Graph1
661852
9601024
14191311
18701484
27001385
36331368
Africa
East Asia
Source: Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, 2001
East Asia
Africa
Per Capita GDP(In 1990 international Geary-Khamis dollars)
16WorldPerCapitaGDP
World Per Capita GDP by Regions, Annual Estimates, 1950-98
(million 1990 international Geary-Khamis dollars)
Western EuropeUSAEastern Europe and Former USSRLatin AmericaEast AsiaAfrica
19504594956126012554661852
1960693011328366331679601024
197010297150305183401614191311
198013226185776236541318701484
199015988232146446505527001385
199817921273314354579536331368
Source: Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, 2001
AfricaAsiaExportData
13. Africa & East Asia 1960s-90s
Growth Per Capita GNP (%)Share in World Export (%)
East AsiaAfricaEast AsiaAfrica
60s5.82.460s4.93.9
70s6.43.170s5.83.3
80s5.50.680s9.82.7
90s5.70.590s15.71.6
Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, White Paper on International Trade 2001, p.78.
2001P78
13AsiaAfricaGNP
13AsiaAfricaGNP
4.93.9
5.83.3
9.82.7
15.71.6
(%)
East Asia
Sub Saharan Africa
East Asia
Africa
Share in World Export
12Growth1960-2000Data
5.82.4
6.43.1
5.50.6
5.70.5
(%)
East Asia
Africa
Growth Per Capita GNP
Sheet3
Growth in GDP 1960-2000
(%)JapanTaiwanKoreaMalaysiaThailandIndonesiaChinaHong KongSingaporePhilippinesVietnamMyanmar
196013.36.31.29.20.71.50.5
196111.96.95.85.24.28.35.64.2
19628.67.92.17.8 0.614.27.04.810.0
19638.89.49.18.0 0.415.79.97.0 6.5
196411.212.29.76.74.88.6 3.53.59.2
19655.711.15.77.80.014.57.55.2 4.5
196610.28.912.211.52.31.711.14.4 4.9
196711.110.75.98.12.31.711.86.19.2
196811.99.211.38.111.13.313.95.610.1
196912.09.013.87.96.011.313.74.88.0
197010.311.48.810.67.59.213.74.61.3
19714.412.99.27.14.97.07.112.54.92.4
19728.413.35.99.44.19.410.313.44.8 1.0
19738.012.814.411.710.011.312.411.59.22.6
1974 1.21.27.98.34.27.62.36.35.02.7
19753.14.97.10.84.95.00.34.16.44.1
19764.013.912.911.69.36.916.27.58.06.1
19774.410.210.17.89.98.811.77.86.26.0
19785.313.69.76.710.57.811.78.58.65.56.5
19795.58.27.69.35.36.37.611.59.36.35.2
19802.87.3 2.27.44.89.97.910.19.75.222.4
19813.26.26.76.96.07.94.49.29.62.94.4
19823.13.67.35.95.32.38.32.76.93.65.4
19832.38.511.86.35.54.210.45.78.21.94.4
19843.910.69.47.85.87.017.310.08.3 7.34.9
19854.45.06.9 1.04.62.513.50.4 1.6 7.32.9
19862.911.611.61.04.95.98.810.81.83.43.4 1.1
19874.112.711.55.49.54.911.613.09.54.33.9 4.0
19886.27.811.38.913.35.811.38.011.16.85.1 11.4
19894.88.26.49.212.27.54.12.69.46.27.83.7
19905.15.49.59.711.67.23.83.48.13.02.32.8
19913.87.69.18.78.47.09.25.17.0 0.56.0 0.7
19921.06.85.17.87.96.514.26.36.40.38.69.7
19930.36.35.88.38.36.513.56.110.42.18.16.0
19940.66.58.69.28.87.512.65.410.54.48.87.5
19951.46.08.99.58.68.210.54.78.84.89.59.8
19963.65.77.18.26.77.89.74.77.05.59.56.4
19971.86.75.07.3 1.44.58.85.08.55.28.25.7
1998 1.04.6 6.7 7.4 10.5 13.17.8 5.3 0.1 0.63.55.8
19990.75.410.96.14.40.87.13.06.93.44.210.9
20002.25.99.38.34.64.88.010.510.34.05.55.5
2001(Est.) 0.4 1.93.00.41.83.37.30.1 2.13.44.7-
Source: Economic Planning Agency, Asian Economic 1997,
IMF, The World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database, April 2002 [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2002/01/data/index.htm#2].
World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002, Angus Maddison The World Economy. A Millennial perspective, 2001.
GDP
19962591213570598
19972613154599190
19982539986564211
1999624582
2000
IMF, International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1990.
218841960
219941961
229501962
255031963
239561964
263721965
252391966
240671967
265011968
286101969
East Asia
Sub Saharan Africa
Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, White Paper on International Trade 2001, p.78.
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Graph: growth over time
GDPGrowth
13.3-1.4
11.9-29.7
8.6-6.5
8.810.7
11.216.5
5.717
10.217
11.1-7.2
11.9-6.5
1219.3
10.323.3
4.47
8.42.9
88.3
-1.21.1
3.18.3
4-2.7
4.47.8
5.311.7
5.57.6
2.87.9
3.24.4
3.18.3
2.310.4
3.917.3
4.413.5
2.98.8
4.111.6
6.211.3
4.84.1
5.13.8
3.89.2
114.2
0.313.5
0.612.6
1.410.5
3.69.7
1.88.8
-17.8
0.77.1
2.28
-0.47.3
[Japan & China]
%
Source: Economic Planning Agency, Asian Economic 1997. For the data of 1997-2001, IMF, The World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database, April 2002. For the data of China 1960-1977, National Bureau of Statistics of the PRC, China Statistical Yearbook 1985.
Japan
China
GDP Growth 1960-2001
GDPGrowthNIES
6.31.219601960
6.95.819618.3
7.92.114.27
9.49.115.79.9
12.29.78.6-3.5
11.15.714.57.5
8.912.21.711.1
10.75.91.711.8
9.211.33.313.9
913.811.313.7
11.48.89.213.7
12.99.27.112.5
13.35.910.313.4
12.814.412.411.5
1.27.92.36.3
4.97.10.34.1
13.912.916.27.5
10.210.111.77.8
13.69.78.58.6
8.27.611.59.3
7.3-2.210.19.7
6.26.79.29.6
3.67.32.76.9
8.511.85.78.2
10.69.4108.3
56.90.4-1.6
11.611.610.81.8
12.711.5139.5
7.811.3811.1
8.26.42.69.4
5.49.53.48.1
7.69.15.17
6.85.16.36.4
6.35.86.110.4
6.58.65.410.5
68.94.78.8
5.77.14.77
6.7558.5
4.6-6.7-5.3-0.1
5.410.936.9
5.99.310.510.3
-1.930.1-2.1
[Newly Industrializing Economies]
%
Source: Economic Planning Agency, Asian Economic 1997. For the data of 1997-2001, IMF, The World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database, April 2002.
Taiwan
Korea
Hong Kong
Singapore
Real Growth 1960-2001
GDPGrowthASEAN4
19609.20.71.5
19615.24.25.6
19627.8-0.64.8
19638-0.47
19646.74.83.5
19657.805.2
196611.52.34.4
19678.12.36.1
19688.111.15.6
19697.964.8
197010.67.54.6
7.14.974.9
9.44.19.44.8
11.71011.39.2
8.34.27.65
0.84.956.4
11.69.36.98
7.89.98.86.2
6.710.57.85.5
9.35.36.36.3
7.44.89.95.2
6.967.92.9
5.95.32.33.6
6.35.54.21.9
7.85.87-7.3
-14.62.5-7.3
14.95.93.4
5.49.54.94.3
8.913.35.86.8
9.212.27.56.2
9.711.67.23
8.78.47-0.5
7.87.96.50.3
8.38.36.52.1
9.28.87.54.4
9.58.68.24.8
8.26.77.85.5
7.3-1.44.55.2
-7.4-10.5-13.1-0.6
6.14.40.83.4
8.34.64.84
0.41.83.33.4
[ASEAN4]
%
Source: Economic Planning Agency, Asian Economic 1997. For the data of 1997-2001, IMF, The World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database, April 2002.
Malaysia
Thailand
Indonesia
Philippines
GDP Growth 1960-2001
12Growth1960-2000Data
Growth in GDP 1960-2000
(%)JapanTaiwanKoreaMalaysiaThailandIndonesiaChinaHong KongSingaporePhilippinesVietnamMyanmar
196013.36.31.29.20.7 1.41.50.5
196111.96.95.85.24.2 29.78.35.64.2
19628.67.92.17.8 0.6 6.514.27.04.810.0
19638.89.49.18.0 0.410.715.79.97.0 6.5
196411.212.29.76.74.816.58.6 3.53.59.2
19655.711.15.77.80.017.014.57.55.2 4.5
196610.28.912.211.52.317.01.711.14.4 4.9
196711.110.75.98.12.3 7.21.711.86.19.2
196811.99.211.38.111.1 6.53.313.95.610.1
196912.09.013.87.96.019.311.313.74.88.0
197010.311.48.810.67.523.39.213.74.61.3
19714.412.99.27.14.97.07.07.112.54.92.4
19728.413.35.99.44.19.42.910.313.44.8 1.0
19738.012.814.411.710.011.38.312.411.59.22.6
1974 1.21.27.98.34.27.61.12.36.35.02.7
19753.14.97.10.84.95.08.30.34.16.44.1
19764.013.912.911.69.36.9 2.716.27.58.06.1
19774.410.210.17.89.98.87.811.77.86.26.0
19785.313.69.76.710.57.811.78.58.65.56.5
19795.58.27.69.35.36.37.611.59.36.35.2
19802.87.3 2.27.44.89.97.910.19.75.222.4
19813.26.26.76.96.07.94.49.29.62.94.4
19823.13.67.35.95.32.38.32.76.93.65.4
19832.38.511.86.35.54.210.45.78.21.94.4
19843.910.69.47.85.87.017.310.08.3 7.34.9
19854.45.06.9 1.04.62.513.50.4 1.6 7.32.9
19862.911.611.61.04.95.98.810.81.83.43.4 1.1
19874.112.711.55.49.54.911.613.09.54.33.9 4.0
19886.27.811.38.913.35.811.38.011.16.85.1 11.4
19894.88.26.49.212.27.54.12.69.46.27.83.7
19905.15.49.59.711.67.23.83.48.13.02.32.8
19913.87.69.18.78.47.09.25.17.0 0.56.0 0.7
19921.06.85.17.87.96.514.26.36.40.38.69.7
19930.36.35.88.38.36.513.56.110.42.18.16.0
19940.66.58.69.28.87.512.65.410.54.48.87.5
19951.46.08.99.58.68.210.54.78.84.89.59.8
19963.65.77.18.26.77.89.74.77.05.59.56.4
19971.86.75.07.3 1.44.58.85.08.55.28.25.7
1998 1.04.6 6.7 7.4 10.5 13.17.8 5.3 0.1 0.63.55.8
19990.75.410.96.14.40.87.13.06.93.44.210.9
20002.25.99.38.34.64.88.010.510.34.05.55.5
2001(Est.) 0.4 1.93.00.41.83.37.30.1 2.13.44.7-
Source: Economic Planning Agency, Asian Economic 1997.
For the data of 1997-2001, IMF, The World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database, April 2002.
World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002, Angus Maddison The World Economy. A Millennial perspective, 2001.
GDP
19962591213570598
19972613154599190
19982539986564211
1999624582
2000
For the data of Myanmar 1960-1967, IMF, International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1990.
For the data of China 1960-1977, National Bureau of Statistics of the PRC, China Statistical Yearbook 1985.
218841960
219941961
229501962
255031963
239561964
263721965
252391966
240671967
265011968
286101969
-
GDPGrowth
13.3-1.4
11.9-29.7
8.6-6.5
8.810.7
11.216.5
5.717
10.217
11.1-7.2
11.9-6.5
1219.3
10.323.3
4.47
8.42.9
88.3
-1.21.1
3.18.3
4-2.7
4.47.8
5.311.7
5.57.6
2.87.9
3.24.4
3.18.3
2.310.4
3.917.3
4.413.5
2.98.8
4.111.6
6.211.3
4.84.1
5.13.8
3.89.2
114.2
0.313.5
0.612.6
1.410.5
3.69.7
1.88.8
-17.8
0.77.1
2.28
-0.47.3
[Japan & China]
%
Source: Economic Planning Agency, Asian Economic 1997. For the data of 1997-2001, IMF, The World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database, April 2002. For the data of China 1960-1977, National Bureau of Statistics of the PRC, China Statistical Yearbook 1985.
Japan
China
GDP Growth 1960-2001
GDPGrowthNIES
6.31.219601960
6.95.819618.3
7.92.114.27
9.49.115.79.9
12.29.78.6-3.5
11.15.714.57.5
8.912.21.711.1
10.75.91.711.8
9.211.33.313.9
913.811.313.7
11.48.89.213.7
12.99.27.112.5
13.35.910.313.4
12.814.412.411.5
1.27.92.36.3
4.97.10.34.1
13.912.916.27.5
10.210.111.77.8
13.69.78.58.6
8.27.611.59.3
7.3-2.210.19.7
6.26.79.29.6
3.67.32.76.9
8.511.85.78.2
10.69.4108.3
56.90.4-1.6
11.611.610.81.8
12.711.5139.5
7.811.3811.1
8.26.42.69.4
5.49.53.48.1
7.69.15.17
6.85.16.36.4
6.35.86.110.4
6.58.65.410.5
68.94.78.8
5.77.14.77
6.7558.5
4.6-6.7-5.3-0.1
5.410.936.9
5.99.310.510.3
-1.930.1-2.1
[NIEs]
%
Source: Economic Planning Agency, Asian Economic 1997. For the data of 1997-2001, IMF, The World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database, April 2002.
Taiwan
Korea
Hong Kong
Singapore
GDP Growth 1960-2001
GDPGrowthASEAN4
19609.20.71.5
19615.24.25.6
19627.8-0.64.8
19638-0.47
19646.74.83.5
19657.805.2
196611.52.34.4
19678.12.36.1
19688.111.15.6
19697.964.8
197010.67.54.6
7.14.974.9
9.44.19.44.8
11.71011.39.2
8.34.27.65
0.84.956.4
11.69.36.98
7.89.98.86.2
6.710.57.85.5
9.35.36.36.3
7.44.89.95.2
6.967.92.9
5.95.32.33.6
6.35.54.21.9
7.85.87-7.3
-14.62.5-7.3
14.95.93.4
5.49.54.94.3
8.913.35.86.8
9.212.27.56.2
9.711.67.23
8.78.47-0.5
7.87.96.50.3
8.38.36.52.1
9.28.87.54.4
9.58.68.24.8
8.26.77.85.5
7.3-1.44.55.2
-7.4-10.5-13.1-0.6
6.14.40.83.4
8.34.64.84
0.41.83.33.4
[ASEAN4]
%
Source: Economic Planning Agency, Asian Economic 1997. For the data of 1997-2001, IMF, The World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database, April 2002.
Malaysia
Thailand
Indonesia
Philippines
Real Growth 1960-2001
12Growth1960-2000Data
Growth in GDP 1960-2000
(%)JapanTaiwanKoreaMalaysiaThailandIndonesiaChinaHong KongSingaporePhilippinesVietnamMyanmar
196013.36.31.29.20.7 1.41.50.5
196111.96.95.85.24.2 29.78.35.64.2
19628.67.92.17.8 0.6 6.514.27.04.810.0
19638.89.49.18.0 0.410.715.79.97.0 6.5
196411.212.29.76.74.816.58.6 3.53.59.2
19655.711.15.77.80.017.014.57.55.2 4.5
196610.28.912.211.52.317.01.711.14.4 4.9
196711.110.75.98.12.3 7.21.711.86.19.2
196811.99.211.38.111.1 6.53.313.95.610.1
196912.09.013.87.96.019.311.313.74.88.0
197010.311.48.810.67.523.39.213.74.61.3
19714.412.99.27.14.97.07.07.112.54.92.4
19728.413.35.99.44.19.42.910.313.44.8 1.0
19738.012.814.411.710.011.38.312.411.59.22.6
1974 1.21.27.98.34.27.61.12.36.35.02.7
19753.14.97.10.84.95.08.30.34.16.44.1
19764.013.912.911.69.36.9 2.716.27.58.06.1
19774.410.210.17.89.98.87.811.77.86.26.0
19785.313.69.76.710.57.811.78.58.65.56.5
19795.58.27.69.35.36.37.611.59.36.35.2
19802.87.3 2.27.44.89.97.910.19.75.222.4
19813.26.26.76.96.07.94.49.29.62.94.4
19823.13.67.35.95.32.38.32.76.93.65.4
19832.38.511.86.35.54.210.45.78.21.94.4
19843.910.69.47.85.87.017.310.08.3 7.34.9
19854.45.06.9 1.04.62.513.50.4 1.6 7.32.9
19862.911.611.61.04.95.98.810.81.83.43.4 1.1
19874.112.711.55.49.54.911.613.09.54.33.9 4.0
19886.27.811.38.913.35.811.38.011.16.85.1 11.4
19894.88.26.49.212.27.54.12.69.46.27.83.7
19905.15.49.59.711.67.23.83.48.13.02.32.8
19913.87.69.18.78.47.09.25.17.0 0.56.0 0.7
19921.06.85.17.87.96.514.26.36.40.38.69.7
19930.36.35.88.38.36.513.56.110.42.18.16.0
19940.66.58.69.28.87.512.65.410.54.48.87.5
19951.46.08.99.58.68.210.54.78.84.89.59.8
19963.65.77.18.26.77.89.74.77.05.59.56.4
19971.86.75.07.3 1.44.58.85.08.55.28.25.7
1998 1.04.6 6.7 7.4 10.5 13.17.8 5.3 0.1 0.63.55.8
19990.75.410.96.14.40.87.13.06.93.44.210.9
20002.25.99.38.34.64.88.010.510.34.05.55.5
2001(Est.) 0.4 1.93.00.41.83.37.30.1 2.13.44.7-
Source: Economic Planning Agency, Asian Economic 1997.
For the data of 1997-2001, IMF, The World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database, April 2002.
World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002, Angus Maddison The World Economy. A Millennial perspective, 2001.
GDP
19962591213570598
19972613154599190
19982539986564211
1999624582
2000
For the data of Myanmar 1960-1967, IMF, International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1990.
For the data of China 1960-1977, National Bureau of Statistics of the PRC, China Statistical Yearbook 1985.
218841960
219941961
229501962
255031963
239561964
263721965
252391966
240671967
265011968
286101969
-
Graph: size comparison
SizeD
1.SIZE
East Asian GNPEast Asian PopulationGNP ($ billion)Population (million)[Total $7,013 billion][Total 1,935 million]
% of World% of World
China3%21%1,0631,26215%65%
Japan14%2%4,51912764%7%
Korea & Taiwan2%1%7116910%4%
ASEAN2%8%72047710%25%
TOTAL22%32%7,0131,935100%100%
*World TTL=31315*World TTL=6057GNPPopulation
Hong Kong1767
Singapore994
Malaysia7923
Thailand12261
Philippines7976
Indonesia120210
Vietnam3079
Cambodia312
Lao PDR25
Myanmar1048
Taiwan29022
Korea42147
1SIZE
0.15156786970.64441655850.10140174260.1026138292
0.65219638240.06563307490.03565891470.2465116279
at Actual Exchange Rate
Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002; For Taiwan, ADB, Key Indicators 2001.
East Asian Population
East Asian GNP
(32% of World Total)
(22% of World Total)
China
China
China
Japan
Korea & Taiwan
ASEAN
SIZE (2000)
Japan65%
Korea & Taiwan4%
Korea & Taiwan10%
ASEAN24%
-
Graph: wars and conflictsWars, Crisis and Internal Troubles
TImeline
19501955196019651970197519801985199019952000 -
ChinaEnd of World War II
1949 Independence1979 Policy of Reform and Opening Up begins
1958-60 Great Leap Forward1976 Death of Mao Tse-tung1997 Hong Kong Handover
Death of Deng Xiao-ping
1966-76 Cultural Revolution1989 Tiananmen Square Incident
North-East AsiaChina-Taiwan Problem
1947 Riots against Government [Taiwan]1979 Assassination of President Park [Korea]
1961 Coup d'etat [Korea]1973-741979-801997-98
Oil ShockOil ShockAsian Crisis
1950-53 Korean War
Korean Peninsula Problem
South-East Asia: Indochina
1946-54 Indochina War [Vietnam]1986 Doi Moi (Renovation) Policy begins [Vietnam]
1954 Division of Vietnam into South & North
1979-89 Vietnam invades Cambodia
1965-75 Vietnam War [Vietnam]
1976 Reunification of Vietnam
1958 Coup d'etat by Sarit [Thailand]
1971 Military coup d'etat [Thailand]
1960-61 Coup d'etat [Laos]
1975-78 Khmer Rouge - Pol Pot Regime [Cambodia]
1962 Coup d'etat by Revolutionary Council [Myanmar]1988 Military coup d'etat by SLORC [Myanmar]
South-East Asia: Maritime Countries
1957 Independence as Malaya [Malaysia]1985-86
Oil Price Decline
1963 Federation of Malaysia [Malaysia/Singapore]
1965 Coup d'etat - End of Sukarno years
[Indonesia]
1965 Independence from Malaysia
[Singapore]
1969 Riots [Malaysia, Singapore]
1965-86 Marcos Dictatorship [Philippines]
Sheet2
Sheet3
-
East Asian DevelopmentGrowth driven by trade and investmentCollective growth, not isolated or randomStaggered participation in regional production networkRegion as an enabling environment for catching up (model and pressure)
-
Asian DynamismGeographic diffusion of industrializationWithin each country, industrialization proceeds from low-tech to high-techAlso known as the Flying Geese PatternClear order and structure (with a possibility of re-formation)
-
Flying Geese 1Photo by Saizou Uchida (location: Sakai-gun, Fukui Prefecture, Japan)
-
Flying Geese 2Photo by Saizou Uchida (location: Sakai-gun, Fukui Prefecture, Japan)
-
Flying Geese 3Photo by Saizou Uchida (location: Sakai-gun, Fukui Prefecture, Japan)
-
Graph: per capita income
BasicData
Basic Data
Size of the economyIntegration with the global economyStructure of merchandise exportsStructure of demandStructure of outputEmployment by economic activityDistribution of income or consumptionMortalityEducation outcomes
PopulationGross national incomeGross national income per capitaPPP gross national income per capitaGross foreign direct investmentManufacturesGross domestic savingsGross capital formationExport of goods and servicesImport of goods and servicesIndustry value addedAgriculture value addedIndustry - labor force [Male]Industry - labor force [Female]Agriculture - labor force [Male]Agriculture - labor force [Female]Gini IndexInfant mortality rateAdult illiteracy rate [Male]Adult illiteracy rate [Female]
million$ billion$$% of GDP% of total$ of GDP% of GDP% of GDP% of GDP% of GDP% of GDP% of male labor force% of female labor force% of male labor force% of female labor forceper 1,000 live births% ages 15 and over% ages 15 and over
2000200020002000200020002000200020002000200020001998-20001998-20001998-20001998-2000200020002000
Japan1274,51935,62027,0800.99428261083213822560.254....
China1,2621,0638403,9204.388403726235116........0.4032824
Korea474218,91017,3003.29131294542435341910130.32814
Taiwan2229013,250......25235452322........0.336513
Hong Kong717625,92025,59089.29532281501451402812000.523310
Singapore49924,74024,91011.68650311801613403323000.393412
Malaysia23793,3808,3302.08047261251044511332921130.498917
Thailand611222,0006,3202.876312367594010201750470.412836
Philippines76791,0404,2202.892241856503116181347270.463155
Indonesia2101205702,8304.257261839314717........0.3241818
Vietnam79303902,0004.1..2527....3724........0.362749
Cambodia1232601,4403.9..81540472037........0.40882043
Lao PDR522901,5405.4..132436482353........0.37923667
Myanmar48..........131301960..........89917
Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002.
For Taiwan, ADB, Key Indicators 2001; The National Breau of Asian Research (NBA).
Note: China does not include Hong Kong.
&C&P/&N
SizeD
1.SIZE
East Asian GNPEast Asian PopulationGNP ($ billion)Population (million)[Total $7,013 billion][Total 1,935 million]
% of World% of World
China3%21%1,0631,26215%65%
Japan14%2%4,51912764%7%
Korea & Taiwan2%1%7116910%4%
ASEAN2%8%72047710%25%
TOTAL22%32%7,0131,935100%100%
*World TTL=31315*World TTL=6057GNPPopulation
Hong Kong1767
Singapore994
Malaysia7923
Thailand12261
Philippines7976
Indonesia120210
Vietnam3079
Cambodia312
Lao PDR25
Myanmar1048
Taiwan29022
Korea42147
1SIZE
0.15156786970.64441655850.10140174260.1026138292
0.65219638240.06563307490.03565891470.2465116279
at Actual Exchange Rate
Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002; For Taiwan, ADB, Key Indicators 2001.
East Asian Population
East Asian GNP
(32% of World Total)
(22% of World Total)
China
Japan
Korea & Taiwan
ASEAN
SIZE (2000)
Japan65%
Korea & Taiwan10%
Korea & Taiwan4%
ASEAN24%
CapitaIncomeD
2. Per Capita Income
$Gross national income per capitaPPP gross national income per capita
20002000
Japan35,62027,080
Hong Kong25,92025,590
Singapore24,74024,910
Korea8,91017,300
Malaysia3,3808,330
Thailand2,0006,320
Philippines1,0404,220
China8403,920
Indonesia5702,830
Vietnam3902,000
Lao PDR2901,540
Cambodia2601,440
Taiwan13,250..
2CAPITAINCOME
3562027080
2592025590
2474024910
891017300
33808330
20006320
10404220
8403920
5702830
3902000
2901540
2601440
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002.
at Actual Exchange Rate
at PPP
Gross national income per capita
PPP gross national income per capita
US$
Per Capita Income (2000)
Openness
3. OpennessExport of goods and servicesImport of goods and services
% of GDP% of GDP
TOTAL20002000
Singapore341180161
Hong Kong295150145
Malaysia229125104
Thailand1266759
Taiwan1065452
Philippines1065650
Vietnam94
Korea874542
Cambodia874047
Lao PDR843648
Indonesia703931
China492623
Japan18108
Myanmar101
3OPEN
341
295
229
126
106
106
94
87
87
84
70
49
18
1
Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002; For Taiwan, National Bureau of Asian Reseach.
(Total trade as % of GDP)
%
Openness (2000)
InvestmntD
4. Investment
Gross foreign direct investment
% of GDP
2000*Low & middle income average=3.5
Singapore11.6*Low income countries average = 1.6
Lao PDR5.4*Middle income countries average = 3.8
China4.3
Indonesia4.2
Vietnam4.1
Cambodia3.9
Korea3.2
Thailand2.8
Philippines2.8
Malaysia2.0
Japan0.9
Taiwan..
Myanmar..
Hong Kong89.2
4INVESTMNT
11.6
5.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
3.9
3.2
2.8
2.8
2
0.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002.
(% of GDP)
Average of low income countries
Average of middle income countries
%
Gross Foreign Direct Investment (2000)
Output
5. Output
Structure of output
IndustryAgricultureService
% of GDP% of GDP% of GDP
200020002000
Myanmar96031
Lao PDR235324
Cambodia203743
Vietnam372439
Indonesia471736
China511633
Philippines311653
Malaysia451144
Thailand401050
Korea43552
Taiwan32266
Japan32167
Hong Kong14086
Singapore34066
5OUTPUT
60931
532324
372043
243739
174736
165133
163153
114544
104050
54352
23266
13267
01486
03466
Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002; For Taiwan, ADB, Key Indicators 2001.
Agriculture
Industry
Service
Output Structure (2000)
Gini
6. Gini
Distribution of income or consumption
Gini Index
Hong Kong0.52
Malaysia0.49
Philippines0.46
Thailand0.41
Cambodia0.40
China0.40
Singapore0.39
Lao PDR0.37
Vietnam0.36
Taiwan0.33
Indonesia0.32
Korea0.32
Japan0.25
Myanmar..
6GINI
0.522
0.492
0.462
0.414
0.404
0.403
0.39
0.37
0.361
0.33
0.317
0.316
0.249
Note: Most recent results, ranging from 1993-99.Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002; For Taiwan & Singapore, ADB, Key Indicators 2001.
Gini Coefficient of Income Distribution
Mortality
7. Mortality
Mortality
Infant mortality rate
per 1,000 live births
2000*Low income countries average= 76
Lao PDR92*Middle income countries average=31
Myanmar89*Low and middle income countires average=58
Cambodia88
Indonesia41
China32
Philippines31
Thailand28
Vietnam27
Korea8
Malaysia8
Taiwan6
Japan4
Hong Kong3
Singapore3
7MORTALITY
92
89
88
41
32
31
28
27
8
8
6
4
3
3
Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002; For Taiwan, ADB, Key Indicators 2001.
(per 1,000 live births)
Average of low income countries
Average of middle income countries
Infant Mortality Rate (2000)
Illiteracy
8. Iliteracy
Adult illiteracy rate [Female]
% ages 15 and over
2000*Low income countries average= 47
Lao PDR67*Middle income countries average=19
Cambodia43*Low and middle income countires average=31
China24
Indonesia18
Malaysia17
Myanmar17
Taiwan13
Singapore12
Hong Kong10
Vietnam9
Thailand6
Philippines5
Korea4
Japan..
8ILLITERACY
67
43
24
18
17
17
13
12
10
9
6
5
4
%
Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002; For Taiwan, ADB, Key Indicators 2001.
Average of low income countries
Average of middle income countries
Female Adult Illiteracy Rate (2000)
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Graph: manufactured exports
Export02
Manufactured exports (SITC5,6,7,8)
Vietnam (Million US$)Indonesia (Million US$)Malaysia (Million Ringgit)Philippines (Million US$)Thailand (Million Baht)China (Million US$)Hong Kong (Million HK$)Korea, Rep. (Million US$)Myanmer (Million Kyats)Singapore (Million S'pore$)Taiwan (Billion New Taiwan$)Japan
Total exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. Mfg
1960841363362486142559321065.53477
19617843238670999719424010543309
1962682326050995291913541261.13417
1963696333065396762031851287.63475
196472433824101233922501171110.22772
196570837836981294125631761072.23004
19666793846826140992681251925.83374
19676653727820141662388322589.53491
19687314123858136792340455530.63891
19698545055854147092429621627.14741
19701108516310471477223078345134756
19711234501710981727527831069594.65371
19721777485411012249136921624653.56149
19733211737218853222658763226640.48907
197474261019527264979971084460911.814155
1975-----71022.4%24923221923130.4%791624573529229416.3%22238121014500719.6%2436419573158276892983174.3%1923079333215565508181.6%691495762182113224.5%1643-11275841.8%47610862895880201.581.3%3.947.739.373.016,545,31495.4%1,152,9685,199,8858,132,5671,292,248
1976-----85472.1%287453271344226.5%822133740609257417.9%27240251696079721.8%26893361231243269434155676.2%2354308479122322771587.7%11423471383292516282.9%740-11626744.7%610132941071232309.985.1%6.572.865.1119.219,934,61896.1%1,111,9555,594,94010,650,4051,792,365
1977-----108533.5%6023660291495926.5%8723241001545315118.3%51255542167119823.5%298119631713275075204483475.6%30342015702236681004784.9%22130321853342616005.0%871-12008943.0%716160249171402355.185.0%8.279.280.0134.321,648,07096.5%1,158,0305,551,09612,034,1952,154,636
1978648----116434.2%5533271311707430.7%10228251816496342522.2%59306753228306529.9%444174792719421399555390772.7%34546356403278151271188.5%329379627114414206625.8%12522--2298646.0%870226057151725468.485.7%8.9109.8109.4173.520,555,84196.6%1,076,8894,869,17111,720,2852,191,560
1979587----155905.3%64571116812422227.2%13133152535604460123.6%1124198846610817931.8%7222353239726149136147593470.8%43265099314375251505689.2%50448313236485425885.3%1134-33094046.2%1124284282172122579.387.3%12.2147.9136.6209.122,531,53996.2%1,332,4015,725,29112,080,7212,528,841
1980537----239513.9%846151091202817227.8%17236913238738578824.1%11853313261213319734.9%93629474761884671809948.6%1121399884128369824366.6%542773212375448141750590.2%75562523555522927337.5%-203-24145244.7%14183442110892572712.288.2%18.0163.5176.0270.629,382,47296.0%1,544,4637,074,55316,084,4823,509,883
1981467----251654.4%647771541212710927.7%19232813325700572225.3%10547616170415300131.1%1191269417662117312200748.4%131446111068364912216363.7%755860615043533812125490.4%64472324839650134535.4%3176-84429045.0%15563670117792919829.989.0%20.3189.3212.4316.333,468,98596.6%1,502,5007,426,58618,998,9904,408,564
1982595----223285.4%618171801412810828.3%23626264335754502124.2%9633617161215972831.0%1253265878293134042232145.9%117342171236363012738662.9%785831315074559962185391.6%67066506153653430364.5%4123-104447344.8%17223839115462832864.389.0%23.1187.8218.9339.734,432,50196.7%1,580,3707,710,42719,349,3374,652,444
1983588----211468.6%11913501332133277130.2%29430355653902500526.4%8636925461214647234.7%1673260028356147562222647.9%125143651221380416069962.1%10161106923328644002444591.4%67769577981672134207.4%24211-174615550.7%195636831467830841005.589.9%25.0219.7263.8395.234,909,26996.8%1,658,7916,876,39120,223,5895,038,764
1984665----2188810.6%17015652233723864729.8%427255573231196539126.4%10537141753217523735.9%21872918711959195582613948.2%136450541493469722144159.9%13121388433300840412924591.6%845737810462809331957.2%6211-145134051.3%246436251686534081204.791.0%30.7251.1339.0476.040,325,29497.0%1,805,5757,144,47524,335,2465,850,168
1985750----1858713.7%2101804984373801731.5%428309570591391462931.6%15146830953719336641.0%24403586016977240302735037.0%13584493772348623515252.7%12771291228554810903028391.7%936706411384837226545.4%27104-115017952.3%271735981656733781223.090.7%30.8263.8340.7474.041,955,65997.2%1,843,3486,903,71225,873,3436,149,496
198678929.2%105411651480520.2%2601984636783531938.8%605258790101500484234.2%24343439258723338344.9%33814339224851331663094244.2%173358861094494827653053.4%15021704233306957833471592.2%10688173116611109425149.5%57161-214898660.0%284036331890140421507.091.3%40.9307.1438.6589.7209,151.297.6%21,536.1182,693.4
198785428.5%105711751713625.1%2513267577324522541.5%7363710117012619572035.4%24546955375829985352.2%45285875135522577733943747.7%223585701741627337803449.5%251224157431551172084728192.6%1321101981690615349167914.2%6814412146026666.6%376245232627455561707.692.2%45.0343.6551.2634.4229,221.297.6%22,901.4200,756.5
1988103828.9%137022151921930.7%346428112611545526045.6%12214488156663830707436.4%25668767695340357054.9%48387686563789759804751651.4%2897104892769826849306942.2%420825844551041230876069693.4%187912645234581873221937.8%461112127905371.8%519965293793971111731.892.7%59.7357.6610.2578.3264,916.897.4%25,227.2232,686.3
1989194628.7%149114522215938.9%489617619617486782551.0%12335721219875621782140.4%279741940119651631557.0%645793563918011027095253854.7%32011089738741075557050937.5%534726996562351251806237793.5%204913735235901897228476.1%331171248711673.2%573770844314278151747.893.3%63.7363.2648.0555.1275,174.697.2%25,579.3241,850.2
1990240429.2%1810715752567537.9%596610235126907964655.2%12986320284187943818640.9%261742972137558981363.4%83321081511309131262516209155.7%37301257655881268663987433.5%665126995561241248066501693.8%251214357255451857329627.8%9205-179520672.3%597066514773385001802.893.5%74.8384.9705.2520.5286,947.597.0%27,774.6250,510.2
1991208717.5%88162712914243.1%810719563839289449761.6%166773603886610320884041.4%3047041210144072563065.4%139981208711756921641557184358.5%38181445671491662076588628.6%745428064595411236977187093.1%319016079299851764429324.6%16416910188073.5%668073205169792292040.893.4%93.8438.9799.4574.7314,525.597.0%29,994.8275,228.1
1992258116.0%119273033396749.6%75591831318557510365765.5%212388314541111504982443.6%2696831671165782464466.7%152031361532201331784748494080.0%434816135132193423492495323.8%768628316614371225267663293.1%4454184913255615875365511.0%1280111910335177.8%673271145693995932048.093.8%96.2435.7840.0548.4339,649.697.0%32,103.3297,278.2
1993298521.5%14160214483682353.6%82996682206703112123870.6%26391160058797125241137543.6%2628002119177393586271.5%203881775782811361899489174481.8%4623163921528238781104625020.1%776528009616971123428223693.4%4921206863695114233422811.1%21992124711947379.4%766377566964197682239.094.0%113.7488.2989.6512.7360,911.196.8%31,885.5317,479.7TotalFoodCrude MaterialMineralFuel
1994405428.2%12227988074005352.6%101094703048755015392174.6%40831390682200146091348345.0%30687429071982113760072.3%2417418959938077622738612100683.8%6236232182198549937117001317.9%841826455622111124729601393.6%6339229494706713504540511.8%22472436714732783.3%8418885694199111852456.093.9%143.6578.61113.3471.840497698.3%6894182625242544
1995544932.8%313508913154541852.1%1524104383828787618498775.7%562916340101995161321744743.4%343111638692245140631173.1%4301025435447553825578914878085.6%9094322403140754548134412716.2%9178257116814911530412505892.4%8944275686564613382504414.3%23464932616751586.1%999911614110007125522949.694.0%199.2684.41419.9468.241530998.3%7003168827902525
1996725637.3%6638241518474981552.6%1726107964999868819702676.7%625618290108930177142054343.6%353114150972368141211171.4%3870322507253675320744415104885.5%8877284983531256424139791714.3%8691245385936010719312971589.4%9148269596758412237548815.9%23865942517627284.7%988510072116262131033176.694.2%194.6723.41599.2475.544731398.3%7423189431942335
1997918547.9%10756375329795344443.3%187697024624694222089077.4%787819871123984193262522845.4%383111375342436180669971.5%6682327951770534724035918279286.9%10227344324370970467145594913.7%8077223505870710974913616488.1%10666290976811012032644715.9%34467350218561385.3%1113610402122474142603481.795.6%200.6809.71828.8489.450938098.3%8514236335202631
1998936046.5%9444180930074884845.4%209187734656665928656379.7%996223819169702249462949640.5%34095382532389224745472.7%8881434519990441229442418380988.8%10321324775021770200134764913.4%6753181644647110877013231387.9%10235285846509012421675618.9%106905252718376385.6%118328327122116150243693.396.3%209.0849.31998.5500.450645098.4%7960238536501925
19991154048.0%14786597835514866555.3%2382110315293822332156081.1%1035324243200072261883503742.1%2951048110922325221396574.5%10351534331693234227069319493189.8%10373332625883672510134900012.2%5655156233973110311414368690.9%10757279167795413919710327.3%1602280105319429087.0%153268445128807164143917.496.3%231.5839.72187.4515.547548098.5%7040213032101700
2000143086212458.3%31671233910769994837330781.3%1429925896233332298763807847.9%3281222140492656277773376.2%159418426418121436331549024920389.7%12098425498260286282157268911.1%6300158774484610777317262890.9%13784303801002751243323782686.3%164889017160402193824616.396.2%287.9896.82696.6559.951654098.6%7390212034001870
2001
ADB, Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, 2001/1993;
IMF, International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1990.
For Japan, Japan Statistical Yearbook 2002/1999, Statistics Bureau/Statistical Research and Training Institute,
Mill PesosRATEBillion YuanRATEChemMaterialsMachineMisc.Billion WonRATEChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgBillion T$RATEChemMaterialsMachineMisc.RATEChemMaterialsMachineMisc.
196012582.0156.32.4618263.13
196113542.024.782.46185124.79
196218983.72794.712.46187130
196325523.910452.461811130
196416043.915.542.461825213.85
196527283.90926.312.461847266.4
196632203.96.62.461868271.34
196731993.95.882.461887270.52
196833453.95.762.4618126276.65
196933323.95.982.4618179288.16
197061835.90445.682.4618259310.56
197170646.43176.852.4618371347.15
197273516.67488.292.2451638392.89
1973127356.756311.691.98941285398.32
1974185056.787913.941.96121804404.47
1975166077.247914.31.8598----2459484201.5383.947.739.373
197613.481.9414----309.9386.572.865.1119.2
197713.971.8578----355.1388.279.280134.3
197816.761.6836----468.437.0548.9109.8109.4173.5
197921.171.5550----579.336.04812.2147.9136.6209.1
198027.111.49841.685.991.264.25712.236.01518163.5176270.6
198136.761.70452.247.861.826.22829.936.84920.3189.3212.4316.3
198241.381.89252.227.982.346.87864.339.12423.1187.8218.9339.7
43.831.97572.478.612.417.51005.540.06525219.7263.8395.2
25.1
Summary
Manufactured exports (% of total exports)
(Value-copied from data table)
JapanTaiwanKoreaSingaporeMalaysiaThailandPhilippinesIndonesiaChinaVietnamMyanmar
197595.4%81.3%81.6%41.8%30.4%19.6%16.3%2.4%4.5%
197696.1%85.1%87.7%44.7%26.5%21.8%17.9%2.1%2.9%
197796.5%85.0%84.9%43.0%26.5%23.5%18.3%3.5%5.0%
197896.6%85.7%88.5%46.0%30.7%29.9%22.2%4.2%25.8%
197996.2%87.3%89.2%46.2%27.2%31.8%23.6%5.3%5.3%
198096.0%88.2%90.2%44.7%27.8%34.9%24.1%3.9%48.6%7.5%
198196.6%89.0%90.4%45.0%27.7%31.1%25.3%4.4%48.4%5.4%
198296.7%89.0%91.6%44.8%28.3%31.0%24.2%5.4%45.9%4.5%
198396.8%89.9%91.4%50.7%30.2%34.7%26.4%8.6%47.9%7.4%
198497.0%91.0%91.6%51.3%29.8%35.9%26.4%10.6%48.2%7.2%
198597.2%90.7%91.7%52.3%31.5%41.0%31.6%13.7%37.0%5.4%
198697.6%91.3%92.2%60.0%38.8%44.9%34.2%20.2%44.2%29.2%9.5%
198797.6%92.2%92.6%66.6%41.5%52.2%35.4%25.1%47.7%28.5%14.2%
198897.4%92.7%93.4%71.8%45.6%54.9%36.4%30.7%51.4%28.9%7.8%
198997.2%93.3%93.5%73.2%51.0%57.0%40.4%38.9%54.7%28.7%6.1%
199097.0%93.5%93.8%72.3%55.2%63.4%40.9%37.9%55.7%29.2%7.8%
199197.0%93.4%93.1%73.5%61.6%65.4%41.4%43.1%58.5%17.5%4.6%
199297.0%93.8%93.1%77.8%65.5%66.7%43.6%49.6%80.0%16.0%11.0%
199396.8%94.0%93.4%79.4%70.6%71.5%43.6%53.6%81.8%21.5%11.1%
199498.3%93.9%93.6%83.3%74.6%72.3%45.0%52.6%83.8%28.2%11.8%
199598.3%94.0%92.4%86.1%75.7%73.1%43.4%52.1%85.6%32.8%14.3%
199698.3%94.2%89.4%84.7%76.7%71.4%43.6%52.6%85.5%37.3%15.9%
199798.3%95.6%88.1%85.3%77.4%71.5%45.4%43.3%86.9%47.9%15.9%
199898.4%96.3%87.9%85.6%79.7%72.7%40.5%45.4%88.8%46.5%18.9%
199998.5%96.3%90.9%87.0%81.1%74.5%42.1%55.3%89.8%48.0%27.3%
200098.6%96.2%90.9%86.3%81.3%76.2%47.9%58.3%89.7%
Graph
Sources: ADB, Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, 2001/1993; IMF, International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1990. For Japan, Japan Statistical Yearbook 2002/1999, Statistics Bureau/Statistical Research and Training Institute, Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications, Japan.
Export02
Manufactured exports (SITC5,6,7,8)
Vietnam (Million US$)Indonesia (Million US$)Malaysia (Million Ringgit)Philippines (Million US$)Thailand (Million Baht)China (Million US$)Hong Kong (Million HK$)Korea, Rep. (Million US$)Myanmer (Million Kyats)Singapore (Million S'pore$)Taiwan (Billion New Taiwan$)Japan
Total exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgTotal exp.Manu%ChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. Mfg
1960841363362486142559321065.53477
19617843238670999719424010543309
1962682326050995291913541261.13417
1963696333065396762031851287.63475
196472433824101233922501171110.22772
196570837836981294125631761072.23004
19666793846826140992681251925.83374
19676653727820141662388322589.53491
19687314123858136792340455530.63891
19698545055854147092429621627.14741
19701108516310471477223078345134756
19711234501710981727527831069594.65371
19721777485411012249136921624653.56149
19733211737218853222658763226640.48907
197474261019527264979971084460911.814155
1975-----71022.4%24923221923130.4%791624573529229416.3%22238121014500719.6%2436419573158276892983174.3%1923079333215565508181.6%691495762182113224.5%1643-11275841.8%47610862895880201.581.3%3.947.739.373.016,545,31495.4%1,152,9685,199,8858,132,5671,292,248
1976-----85472.1%287453271344226.5%822133740609257417.9%27240251696079721.8%26893361231243269434155676.2%2354308479122322771587.7%11423471383292516282.9%740-11626744.7%610132941071232309.985.1%6.572.865.1119.219,934,61896.1%1,111,9555,594,94010,650,4051,792,365
1977-----108533.5%6023660291495926.5%8723241001545315118.3%51255542167119823.5%298119631713275075204483475.6%30342015702236681004784.9%22130321853342616005.0%871-12008943.0%716160249171402355.185.0%8.279.280.0134.321,648,07096.5%1,158,0305,551,09612,034,1952,154,636
1978648----116434.2%5533271311707430.7%10228251816496342522.2%59306753228306529.9%444174792719421399555390772.7%34546356403278151271188.5%329379627114414206625.8%12522--2298646.0%870226057151725468.485.7%8.9109.8109.4173.520,555,84196.6%1,076,8894,869,17111,720,2852,191,560
1979587----155905.3%64571116812422227.2%13133152535604460123.6%1124198846610817931.8%7222353239726149136147593470.8%43265099314375251505689.2%50448313236485425885.3%1134-33094046.2%1124284282172122579.387.3%12.2147.9136.6209.122,531,53996.2%1,332,4015,725,29112,080,7212,528,841
1980537----239513.9%846151091202817227.8%17236913238738578824.1%11853313261213319734.9%93629474761884671809948.6%1121399884128369824366.6%542773212375448141750590.2%75562523555522927337.5%-203-24145244.7%14183442110892572712.288.2%18.0163.5176.0270.629,382,47296.0%1,544,4637,074,55316,084,4823,509,883
1981467----251654.4%647771541212710927.7%19232813325700572225.3%10547616170415300131.1%1191269417662117312200748.4%131446111068364912216363.7%755860615043533812125490.4%64472324839650134535.4%3176-84429045.0%15563670117792919829.989.0%20.3189.3212.4316.333,468,98596.6%1,502,5007,426,58618,998,9904,408,564
1982595----223285.4%618171801412810828.3%23626264335754502124.2%9633617161215972831.0%1253265878293134042232145.9%117342171236363012738662.9%785831315074559962185391.6%67066506153653430364.5%4123-104447344.8%17223839115462832864.389.0%23.1187.8218.9339.734,432,50196.7%1,580,3707,710,42719,349,3374,652,444
1983588----211468.6%11913501332133277130.2%29430355653902500526.4%8636925461214647234.7%1673260028356147562222647.9%125143651221380416069962.1%10161106923328644002444591.4%67769577981672134207.4%24211-174615550.7%195636831467830841005.589.9%25.0219.7263.8395.234,909,26996.8%1,658,7916,876,39120,223,5895,038,764
1984665----2188810.6%17015652233723864729.8%427255573231196539126.4%10537141753217523735.9%21872918711959195582613948.2%136450541493469722144159.9%13121388433300840412924591.6%845737810462809331957.2%6211-145134051.3%246436251686534081204.791.0%30.7251.1339.0476.040,325,29497.0%1,805,5757,144,47524,335,2465,850,168
1985750----1858713.7%2101804984373801731.5%428309570591391462931.6%15146830953719336641.0%24403586016977240302735037.0%13584493772348623515252.7%12771291228554810903028391.7%936706411384837226545.4%27104-115017952.3%271735981656733781223.090.7%30.8263.8340.7474.041,955,65997.2%1,843,3486,903,71225,873,3436,149,496
198678929.2%105411651480520.2%2601984636783531938.8%605258790101500484234.2%24343439258723338344.9%33814339224851331663094244.2%173358861094494827653053.4%15021704233306957833471592.2%10688173116611109425149.5%57161-214898660.0%284036331890140421507.091.3%40.9307.1438.6589.7209,151.297.6%21,536.1182,693.4
198785428.5%105711751713625.1%2513267577324522541.5%7363710117012619572035.4%24546955375829985352.2%45285875135522577733943747.7%223585701741627337803449.5%251224157431551172084728192.6%1321101981690615349167914.2%6814412146026666.6%376245232627455561707.692.2%45.0343.6551.2634.4229,221.297.6%22,901.4200,756.5
1988103828.9%137022151921930.7%346428112611545526045.6%12214488156663830707436.4%25668767695340357054.9%48387686563789759804751651.4%2897104892769826849306942.2%420825844551041230876069693.4%187912645234581873221937.8%461112127905371.8%519965293793971111731.892.7%59.7357.6610.2578.3264,916.897.4%25,227.2232,686.3
1989194628.7%149114522215938.9%489617619617486782551.0%12335721219875621782140.4%279741940119651631557.0%645793563918011027095253854.7%32011089738741075557050937.5%534726996562351251806237793.5%204913735235901897228476.1%331171248711673.2%573770844314278151747.893.3%63.7363.2648.0555.1275,174.697.2%25,579.3241,850.2
1990240429.2%1810715752567537.9%596610235126907964655.2%12986320284187943818640.9%261742972137558981363.4%83321081511309131262516209155.7%37301257655881268663987433.5%665126995561241248066501693.8%251214357255451857329627.8%9205-179520672.3%597066514773385001802.893.5%74.8384.9705.2520.5286,947.597.0%27,774.6250,510.2
1991208717.5%88162712914243.1%810719563839289449761.6%166773603886610320884041.4%3047041210144072563065.4%139981208711756921641557184358.5%38181445671491662076588628.6%745428064595411236977187093.1%319016079299851764429324.6%16416910188073.5%668073205169792292040.893.4%93.8438.9799.4574.7314,525.597.0%29,994.8275,228.1
1992258116.0%119273033396749.6%75591831318557510365765.5%212388314541111504982443.6%2696831671165782464466.7%152031361532201331784748494080.0%434816135132193423492495323.8%768628316614371225267663293.1%4454184913255615875365511.0%1280111910335177.8%673271145693995932048.093.8%96.2435.7840.0548.4339,649.697.0%32,103.3297,278.2
1993298521.5%14160214483682353.6%82996682206703112123870.6%26391160058797125241137543.6%2628002119177393586271.5%203881775782811361899489174481.8%4623163921528238781104625020.1%776528009616971123428223693.4%4921206863695114233422811.1%21992124711947379.4%766377566964197682239.094.0%113.7488.2989.6512.7360,911.196.8%31,885.5317,479.7TotalFoodCrude MaterialMineralFuel
1994405428.2%12227988074005352.6%101094703048755015392174.6%40831390682200146091348345.0%30687429071982113760072.3%2417418959938077622738612100683.8%6236232182198549937117001317.9%841826455622111124729601393.6%6339229494706713504540511.8%22472436714732783.3%8418885694199111852456.093.9%143.6578.61113.3471.840497698.3%6894182625242544
1995544932.8%313508913154541852.1%1524104383828787618498775.7%562916340101995161321744743.4%343111638692245140631173.1%4301025435447553825578914878085.6%9094322403140754548134412716.2%9178257116814911530412505892.4%8944275686564613382504414.3%23464932616751586.1%999911614110007125522949.694.0%199.2684.41419.9468.241530998.3%7003168827902525
1996725637.3%6638241518474981552.6%1726107964999868819702676.7%625618290108930177142054343.6%353114150972368141211171.4%3870322507253675320744415104885.5%8877284983531256424139791714.3%8691245385936010719312971589.4%9148269596758412237548815.9%23865942517627284.7%988510072116262131033176.694.2%194.6723.41599.2475.544731398.3%7423189431942335
1997918547.9%10756375329795344443.3%187697024624694222089077.4%787819871123984193262522845.4%383111375342436180669971.5%6682327951770534724035918279286.9%10227344324370970467145594913.7%8077223505870710974913616488.1%10666290976811012032644715.9%34467350218561385.3%1113610402122474142603481.795.6%200.6809.71828.8489.450938098.3%8514236335202631
1998936046.5%9444180930074884845.4%209187734656665928656379.7%996223819169702249462949640.5%34095382532389224745472.7%8881434519990441229442418380988.8%10321324775021770200134764913.4%6753181644647110877013231387.9%10235285846509012421675618.9%106905252718376385.6%118328327122116150243693.396.3%209.0849.31998.5500.450645098.4%7960238536501925
19991154048.0%14786597835514866555.3%2382110315293822332156081.1%1035324243200072261883503742.1%2951048110922325221396574.5%10351534331693234227069319493189.8%10373332625883672510134900012.2%5655156233973110311414368690.9%10757279167795413919710327.3%1602280105319429087.0%153268445128807164143917.496.3%231.5839.72187.4515.547548098.5%7040213032101700
2000143086212458.3%31671233910769994837330781.3%1429925896233332298763807847.9%3281222140492656277773376.2%159418426418121436331549024920389.7%12098425498260286282157268911.1%6300158774484610777317262890.9%13784303801002751243323782686.3%164889017160402193824616.396.2%287.9896.82696.6559.951654098.6%7390212034001870
2001
ADB, Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, 2001/1993;
IMF, International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1990.
For Japan, Japan Statistical Yearbook 2002/1999, Statistics Bureau/Statistical Research and Training Institute,
Mill PesosRATEBillion YuanRATEChemMaterialsMachineMisc.Billion WonRATEChemicalsMaterialsMachineryMisc. MfgBillion T$RATEChemMaterialsMachineMisc.RATEChemMaterialsMachineMisc.
196012582.0156.32.4618263.13
196113542.024.782.46185124.79
196218983.72794.712.46187130
196325523.910452.461811130
196416043.915.542.461825213.85
196527283.90926.312.461847266.4
196632203.96.62.461868271.34
196731993.95.882.461887270.52
196833453.95.762.4618126276.65
196933323.95.982.4618179288.16
197061835.90445.682.4618259310.56
197170646.43176.852.4618371347.15
197273516.67488.292.2451638392.89
1973127356.756311.691.98941285398.32
1974185056.787913.941.96121804404.47
1975166077.247914.31.8598----2459484201.5383.947.739.373
197613.481.9414----309.9386.572.865.1119.2
197713.971.8578----355.1388.279.280134.3
197816.761.6836----468.437.0548.9109.8109.4173.5
197921.171.5550----579.336.04812.2147.9136.6209.1
198027.111.49841.685.991.264.25712.236.01518163.5176270.6
198136.761.70452.247.861.826.22829.936.84920.3189.3212.4316.3
198241.381.89252.227.982.346.87864.339.12423.1187.8218.9339.7
43.831.97572.478.612.417.51005.540.06525219.7263.8395.2
25.1
Summary
Manufactured exports (% of total exports)
(Value-copied from data table)
JapanTaiwanKoreaSingaporeMalaysiaThailandPhilippinesIndonesiaChinaVietnamMyanmar
197595.4%81.3%81.6%41.8%30.4%19.6%16.3%2.4%4.5%
197696.1%85.1%87.7%44.7%26.5%21.8%17.9%2.1%2.9%
197796.5%85.0%84.9%43.0%26.5%23.5%18.3%3.5%5.0%
197896.6%85.7%88.5%46.0%30.7%29.9%22.2%4.2%25.8%
197996.2%87.3%89.2%46.2%27.2%31.8%23.6%5.3%5.3%
198096.0%88.2%90.2%44.7%27.8%34.9%24.1%3.9%48.6%7.5%
198196.6%89.0%90.4%45.0%27.7%31.1%25.3%4.4%48.4%5.4%
198296.7%89.0%91.6%44.8%28.3%31.0%24.2%5.4%45.9%4.5%
198396.8%89.9%91.4%50.7%30.2%34.7%26.4%8.6%47.9%7.4%
198497.0%91.0%91.6%51.3%29.8%35.9%26.4%10.6%48.2%7.2%
198597.2%90.7%91.7%52.3%31.5%41.0%31.6%13.7%37.0%5.4%
198697.6%91.3%92.2%60.0%38.8%44.9%34.2%20.2%44.2%29.2%9.5%
198797.6%92.2%92.6%66.6%41.5%52.2%35.4%25.1%47.7%28.5%14.2%
198897.4%92.7%93.4%71.8%45.6%54.9%36.4%30.7%51.4%28.9%7.8%
198997.2%93.3%93.5%73.2%51.0%57.0%40.4%38.9%54.7%28.7%6.1%
199097.0%93.5%93.8%72.3%55.2%63.4%40.9%37.9%55.7%29.2%7.8%
199197.0%93.4%93.1%73.5%61.6%65.4%41.4%43.1%58.5%17.5%4.6%
199297.0%93.8%93.1%77.8%65.5%66.7%43.6%49.6%80.0%16.0%11.0%
199396.8%94.0%93.4%79.4%70.6%71.5%43.6%53.6%81.8%21.5%11.1%
199498.3%93.9%93.6%83.3%74.6%72.3%45.0%52.6%83.8%28.2%11.8%
199598.3%94.0%92.4%86.1%75.7%73.1%43.4%52.1%85.6%32.8%14.3%
199698.3%94.2%89.4%84.7%76.7%71.4%43.6%52.6%85.5%37.3%15.9%
199798.3%95.6%88.1%85.3%77.4%71.5%45.4%43.3%86.9%47.9%15.9%
199898.4%96.3%87.9%85.6%79.7%72.7%40.5%45.4%88.8%46.5%18.9%
199998.5%96.3%90.9%87.0%81.1%74.5%42.1%55.3%89.8%48.0%27.3%
200098.6%96.2%90.9%86.3%81.3%76.2%47.9%58.3%89.7%
Graph
0.95360341910.81339950370.81617791770.41832575640.30386740330.19590285960.1625980820.0237961138197519750.0453857791
0.96062362470.85059696680.87738172390.44740886460.26513911620.21821800420.17909867910.0212940213197619760.0294840295
0.96534965930.84961982540.8492087190.42993678130.26452302960.23489423860.18279911140.0354740625197719770.05
0.96604682820.85738684880.88506018410.45984512310.30684081060.29922349970.22248175180.0419994847197819780.2584704743
0.96164110230.87312273430.89167109460.46234647710.27186029230.31776037860.23581830040.0533675433197919790.0533230294
0.96021127830.88191519240.90208511850.44680594420.2782550050.34906942350.2410158950.03874577260.485996415219800.0750091475
0.96616733370.88962525610.90411216710.449853240.27658711130.31061888480.25270884310.04434730780.483592362919810.0541558065
0.96689398190.89031586250.91552647230.44833944190.28287320340.31013347690.24198366860.05369939090.459489931919820.0451251647
0.96815361560.89875683740.91372468810.50700899140.30160812910.34673521220.26393606390.08583183580.478763610219830.0736842105
0.97049420150.9104341330.91564369980.5134787690.29759101610.35889110180.2643294380.10645102340.482344389619840.0723004695
0.97173778150.90703188880.91655384210.52332649120.3149380540.41013932130.31648304170.13713886050.369616087819850.0535041447
0.97646822010.91327140010.92167650870.60049810150.38794982870.44900442620.34200743490.2016210740.44150345810.29150823830.0950676213
0.97572955730.92187866010.92582644190.66563236320.41494748480.52216919620.3540209790.25134220350.47719146990.28454332550.1417510423
0.9735641530.92724333060.93439435880.71822701230.456116540.54878211960.3635849590.30735209950.51399528580.2890173410.0779753762
0.97185387020.93260098410.93537682160.73210432070.5095761150.57044633610.40352896050.38851031180.54678518410.28674203490.0614682122
0.96981085390.9348790770.93803063860.7232107220.55218090050.63350078750.40923527970.37931840310.5569245140.29159733780.077987846
0.97042338380.93433947470.93081953530.73543384370.61603013850.65421220180.4138009050.43137053050.58520663110.17537134640.0460436562
0.96976854970.93764648440.93141246480.77771864810.65474594090.66690959980.43566775240.49551034830.79981163170.16001549790.1097127223
0.96800901940.93979455110.9337881220.7937190830.70571932890.71490241080.43551648350.53591505310.81834234390.21541038530.1109271523
0.9829767690.93945439740.93590451290.83255615060.74582415650.72251670180.45012237630.52625271520.83777663920.28219042920.1184088807
0.98313785640.93968673720.92389131440.8606512850.75732889340.73148186990.43405743110.5210709410.85555182150.32758304280.1433386201
0.9834053560.94210791410.89371314030.84711128260.76736065290.71380507620.43610962370.52612666870.85476802080.37348401320.1588921283
0.98328556280.95599850650.88059252080.8526988950.77440807640.71514181390.45449500550.43305141830.86893846560.47925966250.158833566
0.98428275250.96314948690.87920310170.85598841990.79713361460.72653277890.40463113640.45404110710.88795978430.46485042740.1893132031
0.98519390930.96341961510.90855058950.86979257810.8112203010.74520870930.42126894430.55335456690.89765609370.48015597920.2725608898
0.98569326670.96206918960.90872859560.86318989510.81274393460.7616603180.47941068330.58307578390.896983583720002000
Source: ADB, Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, 2001/1993; IMF, International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1990. For Japan, Japan Statistical Yearbook 2002/1999, Statistics Bureau/Statistical Research and Training Institute, Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications, Japan.
Japan
Taiwan
Korea
Singapore
Malaysia
Thailand
Philippines
Indonesia
China
Vietnam
Myanmar
Manufactured Exports(% of total exports)
-
Structural Transformation in East Asia
Japan
NIEs
ASEAN4
Latecomers
Latestcomers
Country
Time
Garment
Steel
Popular TV
Video
Digital Camera
1
3
2
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1JapanGarmentSteelPopular TVVideoHDTVCompetitivenessTimeCompetitivenessTimeCompetitiveness2GarmentJapanNIEsASEAN4LatecomersLatest comersInternational Division of Labor3GarmentSteelPopular TVVideoHDTVJapanNIEsASEAN4LatecomersLatest comers
-
sin
157695871607356146165
183576634907057114660
4009816879218271685910231
10453935527413973347716812
11140434097456113635619468
&A
- &P -
East Asia
Japan
North America
Europe
Others
Singapore
hkg
134476051836185931772
2479381271303083432116
796261794928346255064772
19221439198565854842113059
20140138753576925035013529
&A
- &P -
East Asia
Japan
North America
Europe
Others
Hong Kong
tai
519274741239248133649
717284732370153633778
283562393737964199296179
724474318052687305919679
7461940804525233076410543
&A
- &P -
East Asia
Japan
North America
Europe
Others
Taiwan
kor
380988971023846665827
6534121031920666376150
169743121239589194299927
6194749685589683426426552
7061147398589893716631867
&A
- &P -
East Asia
Japan
North America
Europe
Others
Korea
mal
64805429393142111991
94016617409843181750
21098115611044494743079
538073037828983233097084
623062972027408228308165
&A
- &P -
East Asia
Japan
North America
Europe
Others
Malaysia
tha
34412934231132871634
39853401265530341089
12948141139518112843530
353103110219677205167564
358932982220410200867343
&A
- &P -
East Asia
Japan
North America
Europe
Others
Thailand
phi
21873191368920481378
2613162431121217750
47764019595030991971
1238290431191061933598
13196105841366563664376
&A
- &P -
East Asia
Japan
North America
Europe
Others
Philippines
ind
591214206583730301972
519411238600531791833
1138916378643277302873
234992221112193146316091
271172138913009167687848
&A
- &P -
East Asia
Japan
North America
Europe
Others
Indonesia
chi
67639201576758871749
1584221269891892583091
518071686613832155423544
9875057473450814077716056
9993660078470853998018952
&A
- &P -
East Asia
Japan
North America
Europe
Others
China
vie
1521631271124
15617418637
1454509845580
7527248255124691309
83042966109835501289
&A
- &P -
East Asia
Japan
North America
Europe
Others
Vietnam
jap
65313636782973750701
761481021443477346071
14850915926610030355017
30462321463612144272639
30046720832211406071438
&A
- &P -
East Asia
North America
Europe
Others
Japan
asia
6315263417586004242026261
9404779660897964714625254
26852615342317391012930746186
662422320279328032254648107804
704787315611337490264216123380
East Asia
Japan
N. America
Europe
Others
East Asia's Trading Partners
data
SingaporeHong KongTaiwanKoreaMalaysiaThailandPhilippinesIndonesiaChinaVientamJapanEast Asia
198019851990199519961980198519901995199619801985199019951996198019851990199519961980198519901995199619801985199019951996198019851990199519961980198519901995199619801985199019951996198019851990199519961980198519901995199619801985199019951996
East Asia1576918357400981045391114041344724793796261922142014015192717228356724477461938096534169746194770611648094012109853807623063441398512948353103589321872613477612382131965912519411389234992711767631584251807987509993615215614547527830465313761481485093046233004676315294047268526662422704787
Japan5871663416879355273409760518127179493919838753747484732393743180408048897121033121249685473985429661711561303782972029343401141133110229822319116244019904310584142061123816378222112138992012126916866574736007816317450924822966000006341779660153423320279315611
N. America607390702182741397456118361130302834656585576921239223701379645268752523102381920639589589685898939314098104442898327408231126559518196772041036893112595011910136655837600564321219313009576789181383245081470851185511098636781021441592662146362083225860089796173910328032337490
Europe5614571116859334773635685938343255064842150350481353631992930591307644666663719429342643716642114318947423309228303287303411284205162008620481217309961936366303031797730146311676858879258155424077739980271864552469355029737347731003031214421140604242047146129307254648264216
Others6165466010231168121946817722116477213059135293649377861799679105435827615099272655231867199117503079708481651634108935307564734313787501971359843761972183328736091784817493091354416056189521243780130912895070146071550177263971438262612525446186107804123380
25385033590377135216731851745484
East Asia0.24877683670.2799826140.34812381380.39590481630.403777405
Japan0.24982076030.23715179680.19890140950.19141876120.1808157508
N. America0.23084498720.26732717480.2254612680.19605243890.193350383
Europe0.1671065590.14035599560.16763682470.15219357090.1513711956
Others0.10345085680.07518241870.05987668410.06443041270.0706852655
&A
- &P -
Sheet4
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Sheet5
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Sheet6
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Sheet7
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Sheet8
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Sheet9
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Sheet10
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Sheet12
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Sheet13
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Sheet16
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Foreign Direct Investment Flows(Billions of USD / year)[1st Half of 1990s][2nd Half of 1990s]1.32.42.24.87.89.81.32.44.38.78.511.52.6Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, White Paper on International Trade 2002, p12.Note: Flows less than $1 billion are not shown. The NIEs to China flow excludes Hong Kong.
-
18.67.25.0Trade in Machine Parts(Billions of USD / year)[1990][1998]6.929.96.815.321.75.519.27.68.5Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, White Paper on International Trade 2001, p12.Note: Flows less than $5 billion are not shown.
-
The Role of GovernmentIn low-income or transition economies with undeveloped markets, privatization and free trade alone may not lead to prosperityUnregulated markets may be unstable and polarize income (domestically and globally)Escape from the vicious circle of low income, low saving and low productivity
-
Factors often cited: not true causesHigh level of educationExport promotionHigh savings and investmentIncome equality and shared growthGood government-business relationshipSelective interventionThese are tools needed to join the regional production network, which each country must prepare
-
Basic Roles of East Asian StatesPolitical stability and social integration (precondition for development)Task 1: Create a competitive market economyTask 2: Initiate and manage global integrationTask 3: Cope with negative aspects of growth(emerging income gaps, congestion, pollution, corruption, etc.)
-
Authoritarian DevelopmentalismWhat if the government is weak?East Asian answer: install a strong state with economic capability--National obsession with industrialization and export competitiveness--Powerful and economically literate leader--Elite team to support the leader--Top down: not necessarily democratic by Western standards
-
Authoritarian
Authoritarian Developmentalism in East Asia
1945505560657075808590952000
60617987889297
KoreaRhee SyngmanPark Chung-heeChun Doo-hwanNoh Tae-wooKim Dae-jung
49757888Kim Young-sam
TaiwanNationalist PartyChiang Kai-shekChiang Ching-kuoLee Teng-huiChen Shui-bian
464853576165869298
PhilippinesQuirinoGarciaMarcosAquinoRamosEstrada
MagsaysayMacapagal99
IndonesiaSkarnoSuhartoWahid
55596590Habibie
SingaporeLabor PartyPeople's Action PartyLee Kuan-yewGoh Chok-tong
57707681
MalaysiaUMNO / RahmanRazakHusseinMahathir
464857586373757780889197
ThailandPhibunSaritThanomPremChuan
5176KriangsakChatichai
VietnamIndochina Communist PartyLabor PartyVietnamese Communist Party
486288
MyanmarU NuBurma Socialist Programme Party / Ne WinSLORC
Source: Akira Suehiro, Catch-up Type Industrialization, Nagoya University Press, 2000, p115.
Sheet2
Sheet3
-
Rise & Fall of Auth. DevelopmentalismEstablished under severe threat to national security or unityOften by military coupReplaces a previous weak governmentEconomic growth legitimizes the regimeOver time, its own success undermines legitimacy and leads to democratic transition (Korea, Taiwan)
-
Redefining Good GovernanceTo initiate trade-driven growth, different and narrower conditions are needed--Strong leadership with ownership--Administrative mechanisms for policy consistency and effective implementationHigh-performing East Asia did not have--Transparency, accountability, participatory process, clean government, privatization, free trade (maybe not necessary for initiating growth?)
-
Role of Regional CooperationTo maintain Asian dynamism, regional efforts are essentialAvoid or remove difficulties and crisesSupport the private sector from sidelinesPresent visions to reduce uncertainty
-
From Market-led to Institution-ledPreviously,--Integration by private sector (trade, FDI)--Open regionalism--Informal and voluntaryNow, institutionalization has begun--ASEAN+3 is the main framework--AFTA, ARF, ASEM, AIA, IAI, Chiang Mai Initiative...--Bilateral and regional FTAs are proposed (some concluded)--Initiative for Development in East Asia (IDEA)
-
Remaining Issues for East AsiaMaintaining regional peace and securityNarrowing the gap between early developers and latecomersPromoting globalization while mitigating its negative impactsHRD, institution building, governance for strengthening competitiveness
-
East Asia Should Also:Project its views to the world--Markets must be managed properly--Diversity, not uniformity, in development strategies--IMFs wrong response to the Asian crisisStudy the new modality of industrial promotion in the age of globalization--Neither laissez-faire nor protectionism
-
Japans Role in East Asia1. By far the largest ODA donor2. Large trading partner (together with US, EU)3. Japanese firms are chief architects of regional production network through FDI (especially in electronics)4. Regional leadership?5. Economic vitality?
-
Japanese ODATwo-track principle(1) For the prosperity of Japan and East Asia(2) For solving global issues (poverty, health, education, environment, refugees...)Helping the self-help effort of LDCs--To grow and become equal trading partnersSupplementing private dynamism--Infrastructure, HRD, policy/institutional support--Coping with growth-induced problems
-
Poverty Reduction in East AsiaExtreme poverty in East Asia already halved(1990: 27.6% 1999: 14.2%)National strategy for equitable growth in place(even before PRSP)Aid coordination centered on pro-poor measures unlikely to work in East AsiaVietnam: strong ownership, growth and equity, PRSP under existing national strategy(Does Vietnam really need an externally imposed PRSP?)
-
Implications for AfricaSimple replication will not work--Different situations, no regional network--However, methodology for policy formulation can be transferredAfrica must balance:--Fight against poverty (humanitarian)--Growth generation (for long-term self support)Concrete growth strategy needed, in addition to PRSP
-
Japans Approach Emphasizes:Respect for each countrys uniqueness Long-term and holistic perspectiveReal-sector concern (trade, investment, key industries, technology...)Help in good times as well as badThis can complement the current approach based on short-term conditionality, frequent monitoring and globally common framework
-
Steps to Japanese InvolvementFirst, build domestic support for more aid to Africa (but ODA is being cut)Select a few countries and study deeply--New selectivity criteria for growth--Create a permanent policy research team--Work with government, IFIs, other donors--Support growth component of PRSPPropose a concrete and realistic strategy, with additional ODA
-
Last WordsJapan already extends such policy support to Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Mongolia...(but it must be further improved)Ad hoc, short-term involvements are unlikely to produce lasting results
-
THE ENDPhoto by Saizou Uchida (location: Sakai-gun, Fukui Prefecture, Japan)
This paper does not report research results. Rather, it is a proposal for research agenda for the purpose of projecting Japans views on economic cooperation onto the rest of the world.Foreign Direct Investment Flows