the “eastern question”
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The “Eastern Question”. 1870s--constant crisis in the Balkans (who would control region ?) Russia's dream since reign of Catherine the Great was to retake the Balkans and ultimately Constantinople Pan-Slavism: Idea of uniting all Slavs in Europe under one gov't (Russia ) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The “Eastern Question” 1870s--constant crisis in the Balkans (who
would control region?)
Russia's dream since reign of Catherine the Great was to retake the Balkans and ultimately Constantinople Pan-Slavism: Idea of uniting all Slavs in
Europe under one gov't (Russia)
Russia defeated the Ottoman Empire by 1878 and seemed poised to dominate the Balkans…more on Friday!
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The “Eastern Question” Britain refused to accept Russian hegemony in
Balkans and sent navy to help Turks Extreme nationalistic spirit as demonstrated
through an aggressive foreign policy - occurs in Britain; known as jingoism
Bismarck offered to mediate the crisis (came to be the Congress of Berlin)
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Imperialism and Empire - Africa 1880 – Most of
Africa consisted of independent states
Berlin Conference
1880 - Europeans controlled 10% of Africa By 1914 – With the
exception of Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Africa was controlled by Europeans
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Berlin Conference (1884-1885): Effects
Established the "rules" for conquest of Africa
Sought to prevent conflict over imperialism
Conference coincided with Germany's rise as an imperial power
Agreed to stop slavery and slave trade in Africa
Russia left the conference with little despite defeating the Turks
Informally created new alliance system
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Berlin Conference: Effects
Rumania, Serbia and Montenegro become independent states
Austrian acquisition of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Transfer of Cyprus to Great Britain
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Berlin Conference: European Empires Expanding
Germany took control of Cameroon, Togo,
southwest Africa, & East Africa
France Controlled Tunisia, Algeria, French
West Africa (including Morocco, Sahara, Sudan, Congo basin)
Italy Controlled Libya
Great Britain Egypt & Sudan Battle of Omdurman (1898)
General Horatio H. Kitchener defeated Sudanese tribesman and killed 11,000 (use of machine gun) while only 28 Britons died
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Modernization and Expansion in Egypt and Ethiopia: Muhammad Ali
• Napoleon’s successor in Egypt = Muhammad Ali (1769-1849)• Eliminated rivals (ruled 1805-1848)• Political, social and economic reforms created modern Egypt• Wanted military strength for defense against Europe
• Used European experts and techniques• Transformed landholding, increased agricultural production,
modern administration and army• European-style state school system; opened military college at Aswan• Used peasants to cultivate cotton for exports to pay expenses
• Combined Western methods and technology with Islamic religious and cultural traditions
• By end of reign: • population doubled• trade with Europe up 600%,• new class of educated people• provided own textiles, paper, weapons and military uniforms
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Egypt protectorate of Great Britain
(1883 -1956)
model for the "new imperialism"
Egypt's inability to satisfy foreign investors led to control of its finances by France & Britain
Safeguarding the Suez Canal (completed in 1869) played a key role in the British occupation of Egypt and its bloody conquest of the Sudan
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South Africa and the Boer War (1899-1902)
Cecil Rhodes had become Prime Minister of Cape Colony sponsor of the Cape-to Cairo dream ~ British domination of the African
continent
Diamonds & gold were discovered Region controlled by Boers (descendents of Dutch settlers)
Kruger Telegram (1902) Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany) dispatched telegram to Boers congratulating
them on defeating British invaders without need of German assistance Anger swept through Britain aimed at Germany
Massive British force eventually defeated Boers (1910) The Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, & Natal combined to form
the Union of South Africa.
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White Man’s Burden Assignment Read Ethel Wood packet pg. 431 (inset text)
Explain the term ‘White Man’s Burden’. What does it mean? How was the White Man’s Burden true? How was it false? What are some positive impacts of the Scramble for Africa?
Negative Impacts? (for Africa) Do educated, developed and wealthy nations have a
responsibility to under-developed nations? Why/Why not? Do educated and wealthy people have a responsibility to under-
privileged people? Why/Why not? Do you agree or disagree with Social Darwinism? Explain your
answer.