the effect of biochar and compost on plant pathogens and ... · the effect of biochar and compost...
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![Page 1: The effect of biochar and compost on plant pathogens and ... · The effect of biochar and compost on plant pathogens and the microbial community in soil. Institute for Agricultural](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052612/5f10c0427e708231d44aa3e5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
07/03/2013@ILVO
The effect of biochar and compost on plant pathogens and the microbial community in soil
Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchPlant Sciences Unit
www.ilvo.vlaanderen.beAgriculture and Fisheries Policy Area
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Compost vs biochar
2
Compost BiocharOrganic soil amendments: recycling organic waste
…by composting‐ with oxygen (aerobic
decomposition)‐ phase 1: 50-70°C, phase 2 < 40°C ‐ → full of microbes, but large effect
of high temperature
….by pyrolysis‐ without oxygen‐ 200-600°C (thermal decomposition)‐ → ’sterile’, habitat for microbes
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Compost vs biochar
3
Compost BiocharC-source
Source of stable organic matter Long term carbon storage in soil → global warming
Fertiliser”Slow release fertilizer” Slow release or immobilisation
Effect on plant pathogens> 500 publications- Reported levels of disease
suppression = variable- The mechanisms involved not fully
understood
< 10 publications- Research group in Israel (Elad)- Induced resistance on strawberry
and pepper – change in rhizospheremicrobiology
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Research on compost & biochar vs pest & diseases @ ILVO
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• 2003-2004: Resistance to air-born diseases and pests induced by compost in substrate cultivation of strawberry
• 2010-2013: FOD project: Meloidogyne chitwoodi = root knot nematode
• 2011-2015: PhD Negin Ebrahimi: The effects of soil amendments on survival and reproduction rate of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida = potato cyst nematode
• 2012-2016: EU project Fertiplus: reducing mineral fertilizers and agro-chemicals by recycling treated organic waste as compost and biochar
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Strawberry & air-born diseases & pests
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• Treatments:– Peat + mineral fertilizer (F)– Peat + 30% compost 1/ compost 2 (M1/M2)
• Natural infectionsfruit rot (B. cinerea)
powdery mildow (Sphaerothecamaculans f. sp. fragariae)
mites (Tetranychus urticae)
aphids (Chaetosiphonragefolii)
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Strawberry & diseases & pests
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
F M1 M2
# pe
r cm
2
% d
isea
se
2004
fruit rotpowdery mildowaphidsmites
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Plant
• 4 days
No clustering
• ≈ 1 month
Clustering per object
• 3 months
Clustering per substrate type
Strawberry & diseases & pests
St = pre-sterilized
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Meloidogyne on bean and carrots
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• Less problems with root knot nematodes in soils with high concentrations of organic material
• Treatments (30 ton/ha)─ wood chip compost ─ wood chip compost 80% + biochar
20%─ non-amended soil
─ inoculation with J2 (high Pi and low Pi)
• Why compost + biochar?
Courtesy W. Wesemael
Courtesy W. Wesemael
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Meloidogyne on bean and carrots
9High Pi = 100 J2/100 cm3 soilLow Pi = 10 J2/100 cm3 soil
Soil - H
igh P
iSoil
and c
ompo
st - H
igh P
i
Soil - L
ow P
iSoil
and c
ompo
st - L
ow P
i
Mel
oido
gyne
chi
twoo
di
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Carrot Bean
b
aa a
C
B
AA
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Meloidogyne on bean & carrots
10Pi = 40 J2/100 cm3 soil
Soil
Soil + C
ompo
stSoil
+ Com
post
+ Bioc
har
Mel
oido
gyne
chi
twoo
di
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Carrot Bean
b
aa
B
A
B
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Meloidoigne on carrots
11
Soil (c
ontro
l)
Soil + co
mpost
(contr
ol)
Soil + co
mpost
+ bioc
har (c
ontro
l)
Soil + M
cSoil
+ compo
st + M
c
Soil + co
mpost
+ bioc
har +
Mc
Wei
ght (
g)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Above ground plant part Root system
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Meloidogyne on bean
12
Soil (c
ontro
l)
Soil + co
mpost
(contr
ol)
Soil + co
mpost
+ bioc
har (c
ontro
l)
Soil + M
cSoil
+ compo
st + M
c
Soil + co
mpost
+ bioc
har +
Mc
Wei
ght (
g)
0
10
20
30
40
Above ground plant part Root system
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Globodera on potato
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• Treatments (30 ton/ha)─ wood chip compost (15g/L)─ wood chip compost (12g/L) + biochar (3g/L)─ non-amended soil
• Visual assessment and the trehalose test to determine the viability of eggs and juveniles after 8, 12 and 16 weeks
• Determination of the reproduction rate after 16 weeks
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Courtesy W. Wesemael
Reproduction of Globodera spp.
0
5
10
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35
40
45
Non‐amended soil Compost Compost+Biochar
Num
ber o
f eggs an
d juveniles/g soil
Amendments
G. pallida
G. rostochiensis
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Non‐amended soil Compost Compost+Biochar
Num
ber o
f cysts/100
0g soil
Amendments
G. pallida
G. rostochiensis
Pi = 3.6 eggs and J2/g soil
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Potato tuber weight
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Fertiplus
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• EU FP7 project: www.fertiplus.be
• Aim = to reduce mineral fertilizers (N,P use) & agrochemicals (pest control)
• How = by recycling organic waste by composting and pyrolysis
• Various feedstocks
• Compost, biochar and biochar-blended compost
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Fertiplus
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• ILVO–part: effect
1. on soil plant pathogens of vegetables (bioassays)• Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus & Globodera• Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum & Verticillium dahliae
2. on soil/rhizosphere microbiology • PLFA• DGGE• NGS
3. On the physico-chemical properties of the soil
4. correlation between 1-3?
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NematologyWim WesemaelNegin EbrahimiNicole Viaene
Maurice MoensCatherine Catillas
Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchPlant Sciences Unit
www.ilvo.vlaanderen.beAgriculture and Fisheries Policy Area
Mycology -Microbiology
Jane DebodeSvetoslav Bobev
Steve Baeyen
Pieter Cremelie
Soil scienceBart Vandecasteele
Tommy D’HoseKoen Willekens
Martine Maes