The effect of Class The effect of Class Standing on Water Standing on Water

and Health of and Health of Citizens in Citizens in

Developing NationsDeveloping NationsE. O. E. O. IsiorhoIsiorho, R.N, M.S.Ed., R.N, M.S.Ed.Allen County Juvenile CenterAllen County Juvenile Center

Fort Wayne, IN 46808Fort Wayne, IN 46808andand

*S. A. *S. A. IsiorhoIsiorho, PhD, PhDDept. of GeosciencesDept. of Geosciences

Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW)Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW)Fort Wayne, IN 46805Fort Wayne, IN 46805

isiorho@ipfw.eduisiorho@ipfw.eduphone: 260-481-6254phone: 260-481-6254

Talk OutlineTalk Outline IntroductionIntroduction Background Background

Study areaStudy area Sources of waterSources of water

PovertyPoverty HealthHealth

Diseases associated with waterDiseases associated with water ProblemsProblems

ClimateClimate Shifting Lake ShoreShifting Lake Shore PopulationPopulation

DataData ChemistryChemistry Anthropogenic activitiesAnthropogenic activities

SolutionsSolutions Students, Healthcare professionals, and politiciansStudents, Healthcare professionals, and politicians

ConclusionsConclusions

IntroductionIntroduction HeadlinesHeadlines

“ “Zimbabwe: Gains in water and sanitation provision eroded”Zimbabwe: Gains in water and sanitation provision eroded” (IRIN, Sept. 2004) (IRIN, Sept. 2004)

““Cholera kills…”(Cholera kills…”(IRIN, Oct. 2004)IRIN, Oct. 2004)

““Dirty water and not food shortage…”Dirty water and not food shortage…” (IRIN, Oct. 2004) (IRIN, Oct. 2004)

““Water Hazard-In a Nigerian village…”Water Hazard-In a Nigerian village…” (New York Times, Nov. 2, (New York Times, Nov. 2, 2004)2004)

““Cholera outbreak in….”Cholera outbreak in….” (IRIN, Nov. 10, 2004) (IRIN, Nov. 10, 2004)

Sahel states to discuss water shortages. NOUAKCHOTT (AFP) Sahel states to discuss water shortages. NOUAKCHOTT (AFP) Jan 25, 2004.Jan 25, 2004. ( (http://www.terradaily.com/2004/040125182437.ni4k6hqc.htmlhttp://www.terradaily.com/2004/040125182437.ni4k6hqc.html. . Accessed Nov. 10, 2004)Accessed Nov. 10, 2004)

Death Stalks Millions in Drought-Stricken AreasDeath Stalks Millions in Drought-Stricken Areas byby Donald SmithDonald Smithfor National Geographic News December 27, 2000for National Geographic News December 27, 2000

New York Times, Nov. 2, 2004New York Times, Nov. 2, 2004

New York Times, Nov. 2, 2004New York Times, Nov. 2, 2004

Background- Study areaBackground- Study area

The Study area: the SahelThe Study area: the Sahel

http://http://www.pbs.org/wnet/africa/php/recipes.php?dishwww.pbs.org/wnet/africa/php/recipes.php?dish==sahel/sahel_recipes_lo.htmlsahel/sahel_recipes_lo.html Accessed Nov. 10, 2004Accessed Nov. 10, 2004

Sources of WaterSources of Water

SurfaceSurface Rain …May to Sept.Rain …May to Sept. Rivers…Chari/LagoneRivers…Chari/Lagone Lakes…Lake ChadLakes…Lake Chad Ponds…Ponds…

GroundwaterGroundwater ShallowShallow DeepDeep

PovertyPoverty

Income or amount of materialIncome or amount of material A dollar a day….minimum…to fulfill A dollar a day….minimum…to fulfill

physical needsphysical needs

Access to resourcesAccess to resources health services, clean water and health services, clean water and

sanitation, life expectancy, literacy, etc.sanitation, life expectancy, literacy, etc.

Poverty and DiseasesPoverty and Diseases

Poverty and DiseasesPoverty and Diseases Correlation…adequate water supply, Correlation…adequate water supply,

sanitation hygiene ..direct impact on sanitation hygiene ..direct impact on infectious diseaseinfectious disease

““Water scarcity has more dramatic Water scarcity has more dramatic effects for the poor than for the effects for the poor than for the wealthy” (Martino, 2003)wealthy” (Martino, 2003)

Diseases and contaminated Diseases and contaminated waterwater

Elizabeth Dowdeswell points out Elizabeth Dowdeswell points out that "about 80 per cent of all that "about 80 per cent of all diseases and more than one-third of diseases and more than one-third of all deaths in developing countries all deaths in developing countries are caused by contaminated water.” are caused by contaminated water.” http://www.watchtower.org/library/g/2001/6/22/article_01.htmhttp://www.watchtower.org/library/g/2001/6/22/article_01.htm Accessed Nov. 10, Accessed Nov. 10, 20042004

SENEGALSENEGAL: : Cholera outbreak in bustling Dakar Cholera outbreak in bustling Dakar

highlights Africa’s urban illshighlights Africa’s urban ills

DAKAR, …. “As its poorer West African neighbors, DAKAR, …. “As its poorer West African neighbors, Guinea and Sierra Leone, grapple with endemic Guinea and Sierra Leone, grapple with endemic cholera, Senegal is facing a rare but telling cholera, Senegal is facing a rare but telling explosion of the disease in low-income explosion of the disease in low-income neighborhoods of its busy capital, Dakar.neighborhoods of its busy capital, Dakar.

The first cholera epidemic to surface in Senegal in The first cholera epidemic to surface in Senegal in eight years broke out on 11 October in a crowded, eight years broke out on 11 October in a crowded, low-income suburb of the capital, highlighting the low-income suburb of the capital, highlighting the link between disease and the poverty across the link between disease and the poverty across the continent that is associated with urban decay and continent that is associated with urban decay and rural exodus.” rural exodus.” IRIN Nov. 10, 2004IRIN Nov. 10, 2004

Death Stalks Millions in Drought-Death Stalks Millions in Drought-Stricken AreasStricken Areas

““Starvation, malnutrition, and water-related Starvation, malnutrition, and water-related diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, malaria, and diarrhea are expected to increase in malaria, and diarrhea are expected to increase in at least a dozen sub-Saharan Africa and Central at least a dozen sub-Saharan Africa and Central and South Asia countries as they continue to and South Asia countries as they continue to experience scarce rainfall. "Women and children experience scarce rainfall. "Women and children are particularly vulnerable," says Bettina Menne are particularly vulnerable," says Bettina Menne of the World Health Organization (WHO).” of the World Health Organization (WHO).”

fromfrom Donald Smith from National Geographic News. December 27, 2000Donald Smith from National Geographic News. December 27, 2000

Problem:Problem: Climate Climate

Problem: Problem: Climate changeClimate change

ProblemProblemShifting shorelineShifting shoreline

ProblemsProblemsShallow wells, Unsanitary containers/wellsShallow wells, Unsanitary containers/wells

ProblemsProblems: : running water & creating running water & creating

pondsponds

Problem: Water Problem: Water holes/diseasesholes/diseases

Problems: Problems: Population & FoodPopulation & Food

““In Cameroon, access to water in In Cameroon, access to water in general terms depends on who has the general terms depends on who has the financial means. Water is charged by a financial means. Water is charged by a flat rate system to households, and if flat rate system to households, and if you cannot pay you do not have access.you cannot pay you do not have access.

Generally in Cameroon it is the role of Generally in Cameroon it is the role of women and children to fetch water for women and children to fetch water for the entire household. In principal, this the entire household. In principal, this group must put in much time, energy, group must put in much time, energy, and resources to gather water from and resources to gather water from great distances, thus diminishing the great distances, thus diminishing the quality of their lives. Thus it is women quality of their lives. Thus it is women who feel the impact in the 75 percent who feel the impact in the 75 percent of the Cameroonian population which of the Cameroonian population which does not have access to improved does not have access to improved water in their homes.”water in their homes.” Wirndzerem Albert Wirndzerem Albert Bongkiyung Bongkiyung http://http://www.wedo.org/sus_dev/cameroon.htmwww.wedo.org/sus_dev/cameroon.htm Accessed Nov.10, 2004Accessed Nov.10, 2004

Women and Children Pay the Price

Data: Well Water Data: Well Water ChemistryChemistry

ParameterParameter RangeRange TemperatureTemperature 30-37 oC30-37 oC ConductivityConductivity 1 -4 micro-siemen @25 oC1 -4 micro-siemen @25 oC Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 67-25467-254 Chloride (Cl)Chloride (Cl) 120-240120-240 Dissolved oxygen (DO)Dissolved oxygen (DO) 0-40-4 Sulphate (SO4)Sulphate (SO4) 204-276204-276 Nitrate (NO3)Nitrate (NO3) 0-270-27 Iron (Fe)Iron (Fe) 0-0.60-0.6 pHpH 5.6-8.65.6-8.6

Estimates of Morbidity and Mortality Estimates of Morbidity and Mortality of Water-Relatedof Water-Related

DiseasesDiseases Disease Morbidity Disease Morbidity Mortality Mortality (episodes/year)(episodes/year) (deaths/year)(deaths/year)

DiarrhoealDiarrhoeal DiseasesDiseases 1,000,000,0001,000,000,000 3,300,0003,300,000IntestinalIntestinal HelminthsHelminths 1,500,000,000 1,500,000,000 (people infected(people infected)) 100,000100,000SchistosomiasisSchistosomiasis 200,000,000 200,000,000 (people infected)(people infected) 200,000200,000DracunculiasisDracunculiasis 100,000 100,000 (people infected, excluding the Sudan)(people infected, excluding the Sudan) --

TrachomaTrachoma 150,000,000 (150,000,000 (active cases)active cases) --

MalariaMalaria 400,000,000400,000,000 1,500,0001,500,000Dengue FeverDengue Fever 1,750,0001,750,000 20,00020,000PoliomyelitisPoliomyelitis 114,000 114,000 --TrypanosomiasisTrypanosomiasis275,000275,000 130,000130,000Bancroftian FilariasisBancroftian Filariasis 72,800,000 72,800,000 (people infected)(people infected) --

OnchocerciasisOnchocerciasis 17,700,000 (17,700,000 (people infected; 270,000 blind)people infected; 270,000 blind) 40,000 40,000 (mortality (mortality

caused by caused by blindness)blindness)

From: Gleick P. H, From: Gleick P. H, http://www.hf.caltech.edu/hf/b3/library/kio-wat/w_table1.htmlhttp://www.hf.caltech.edu/hf/b3/library/kio-wat/w_table1.html (accessed (accessed Sept. 29, 2004)Sept. 29, 2004)

Health: TeachingHealth: TeachingIncluding the PoliticiansIncluding the Politicians

FoodFood

SanitationSanitation

WaterWater

No risk of spreading No risk of spreading (Nov-23-2004)(Nov-23-2004) Morocco, North Africa --- An outbreak of leptospirosis, Morocco, North Africa --- An outbreak of leptospirosis,

a bacterial disease spread through food or water a bacterial disease spread through food or water contaminated with urine from infected people, has contaminated with urine from infected people, has been contained in Moussaoua and Ouled Youssef in the been contained in Moussaoua and Ouled Youssef in the Meknes Region of Morocco. According to Dr. Jaouad Meknes Region of Morocco. According to Dr. Jaouad Mahjour of the Ministry of Health, poor personal Mahjour of the Ministry of Health, poor personal hygiene and lack of access to safe sources of drinking hygiene and lack of access to safe sources of drinking water are at the root of this and other diseases, such water are at the root of this and other diseases, such as typhoid, shigellosis, and hepatitis A. He noted that as typhoid, shigellosis, and hepatitis A. He noted that his ministry cooperates with the Ministry of the his ministry cooperates with the Ministry of the Interior and the National Potable Water Office (ONEP) Interior and the National Potable Water Office (ONEP) to teach the public about sanitation, provide to teach the public about sanitation, provide vaccinations, and treat drinking water and that the vaccinations, and treat drinking water and that the incidence of cholera and typhoid has dropped. incidence of cholera and typhoid has dropped. Morocco is expected to be free of bilharzia (also known Morocco is expected to be free of bilharzia (also known as schistosomiasis) and trachoma by the end of 2005. - as schistosomiasis) and trachoma by the end of 2005. - summary by Louise Shalesummary by Louise Shale

Maroc Hebdo International (Maroc Hebdo International (http://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/MHinternet/Archives_627/html_267/http://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/MHinternet/Archives_627/html_267/aucun.htmlaucun.html))

Looking for SolutionsLooking for Solutions

400 million children without access 400 million children without access to clean water. UNICEF Dec. 9, 2004to clean water. UNICEF Dec. 9, 2004

ConclusionsConclusions

Both natural and anthropogenic Both natural and anthropogenic activities are diminishing potable activities are diminishing potable water in the Sahel regionwater in the Sahel region

Education at all levels neededEducation at all levels needed

Need to involve all stakeholders…Need to involve all stakeholders…even politicianseven politicians