The Effect of Communication

LEARNING INTENTIONS

• Define infant attachment and explain it’s importance.

• Explain the effects of insecure attachment

• Explain comfort contact

• Explain the use of the strange situation as a research tool in infant attachment

Infant Attachment • The emotional tie that exists between a

baby and it’s mother/carer is called infant attachment.

• The attachment at first is indiscriminate on the baby’s part but becomes specific to the mother at about 6-7 months.

• It was first thought that this attachment was because the parents provide food, but there is an additional importance of contact comfort

Importance of Secure Attachment

• A sense of safety is required so that social skills and cognitive abilities can develop.

• It is also important in promoting the development of trust and is the foundation of forming trusting relationships later in life.

Effects of Insecure Attachment

• Insecure attachment can result from deprivation of normal social contact, affection and cuddling

• If a child does not form a secure attachment with their care giver this can lead to anger and inconsistent responses.

• It can hinder the child’s ability to form lasting relationships in later life

Contact Comfort

• Babies need a high level of close bodily contact and the sensation of well being.

• This contact comfort plays a basic role in establishing an attachment between infant and carer.

• This was demonstrated with the use of monkeys and two substitute mothers.

Contact Comfort

• Mother 1 was constructed of bare wire and gave food.

• Mother 2 was constructed of wire but covered in soft towelling.

• Once they had finished feeding on mother 1, they spent most of their time clinging to the cloth mother and went to her if they were frightened.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrNBEhzjg8I

Kangaroo Care

'Kangaroo care' key for premature babies

By Caroline ParkinsonHealth editor, BBC News website November 2013 Mothers carrying babies skin-to-skin could significantly cut global death and disability rates from premature birth, a leading expert has said.

Prof Joy Lawn says "kangaroo care", not expensive intensive care, is the key.

The 15 million babies every year born at or before 37 weeks gestation account for about 10% of the global burden of disease, and one million of them die.

Of those who survive, just under 3% have moderate or severe impairments and 4.4% have mild impairments.

Unless there are those breathing problems, kangaroo care is actually better ”

Prof Joy LawnLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Prof Lawn, from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), said: "The perception is you need intensive care for pre-term babies,

"But 85% of babies born premature are six weeks early or less. They need help feeding, with temperature control and they are more prone to infection.

"It's really only before 32 weeks that their lungs are immature and they need help breathing,

She added: "Unless there are those breathing problems, kangaroo care is actually better because it promotes breastfeeding and reduces infection."

Speaking ahead of World Prematurity Day on Friday, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, who leads the Every Woman Every Child movement, which promotes improvements to healthcare for women and children, said: "Three-quarters of the one million babies who die each year from complications associated with prematurity could have been saved with cost-effective interventions, even without intensive care facilities."

Wilbur, from the UK charity Bliss, said, "While kangaroo care saves lives in Africa, it is also incredibly important for babies born too soon all over the world.

"Here in the UK our medical technology is extremely advanced but simply giving a baby kangaroo care or skin-to-skin can help make a baby's breathing and heart rate more regular, it can help a baby's discomfort during certain medical procedures and importantly can benefit breastfeeding and bonding between the baby and parents."

The ‘Strange Situation’ as a Research Tool

• To test a child’s "attachment style," researchers put the child and her mother alone in an experimental room.

• The room has toys or other interesting things in it, and the mother lets the child explore the room on her own.

• After the child has had time to explore, a stranger enters the room and talks with the mother. Then the stranger shifts attention to the child. As the stranger approaches the child, the mother sneaks away.

• After several minutes, the mother returns. She comforts her child and then leaves again. The stranger leaves as well.

• A few minutes later, the stranger returns and interacts with the child. • Finally, the mother returns and greets her child. • The series of episodes allows hidden observers to study the behaviour of

the child – With the mother – With the stranger – alone

Strange Situation Results SECURE INSECURE detached INSECURE resistant

Response to toys and chance to explore the room

Child explores freely and plays with toys

Child uninterested in toys

Child does not explore or play with toys

Response to mother departing

Displays major distress

Is indifferent or mildly distressed

Displays major distress

Response to stranger when mother leaves

Will not allow the stranger to comfort them

Accepts comfort from the stranger

Resists offer of comfort from the stranger

Response to mothers return

Goes to the mother and is comforted then returns to play

Ignores mothers return

May show signs of anger or inconsistent response

Psychologists interpretation

Baby is more attached to mother than stranger. Mother is demonstrative of love and sensitive to babys needs

Baby treats mother and stranger equally in a detached manner. The mother is insensitive to babies needs

Baby is more attached to the mother but in an erratic way. Due to mothers irritation by baby, insenstive to baby’s needs

The ‘Strange Situation’ as a Research Tool

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU

Summary- Infant Attachment Studies

• Early infant attachment is important in laying the foundation for the future formation of stable relationships. Infants that form secure attachments are more likely to investigate their immediate environment helping the development of cognitive abilities and social skills. Insecure attachment can cause anger, inconsistent responses and can cause long lasting damage.

LEARNING INTENTIONS

• State the three methods of control

• Describe the methods involved in Authoritarian Control

• Describe the methods involved in Authoritative Control

• Describe the methods involved in Permissive Control

Methods of Control

• Parents can exhibit different methods of control which can influence the child’s social competence.

• There are three methods: Authoritarian

Authoritative

Permissive

Authoritarian Control

• Authoritarian Control

• Watch the clip and think about the control exerted by the parent and how this effects the child.

Authoritarian Control

• Exerts an extremely high level of control

• Never explains the reasons for rules to the child

• Expects the child to obey all orders without questioning

• Does not engage in verbal give and take

• Demonstrates little or no warmth to the child

• Uses shaming or withdrawl of love as a means of discipline.

Authoritative Control

• authoritative control

• Watch the clip and think about the control exerted by the parent and how this effects the child.

Authoritative Control

• Warm, nurturing and emotionally supportive

• Set rules, limits and high expectations and explains the reason behind them to the child

• Gives direction and expects responsible behaviour and cooperation in return

• Explains the consequence of unacceptable behaviour

• Demonstrates respect for the child as an independent individual

Permissive Control

• Permissive Control

• Watch the clip and think about the control exerted by the parent and how this effects the child.

Permissive Control

• Is warm and nurturing towards the child

• Is responsive to the child’s wishes and needs

• Does not set limits or lay down rules

• Adopts a no discipline approach

• Does not encourage the child to aim for high standards

• Allows the child to regulate their own behaviour.

Summary

• Socialisation and learning. Humans have a long period of dependency on adults providing time for socialisation and learning to occur. As children develop, different methods of control can influence social competence. Authoritative control generally results in greater social competence than permissive control.

Learning Intentions

• State the two types of communication.

• Describe the importance of non verbal communication.

• State the four main forms of non verbal communication.

COMMUNICATION

• Communication is the exchange of information, facts, feelings, ideas and opinions between people.

Two Types of Communication

VERBAL NON VERBAL

THE IMPORTANCE OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

• Signals attitudes and emotions • Supports verbal communication

• Helps to form relationships

TYPES OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

• FACIAL EXPRESSION

• EYE CONTACT

• TOUCHING

• PHYSICAL PROXIMITY

FACIAL EXPRESSIONS • There are six main types of facial expression

HAPPINESSS

ANGER

SADNESS

FEAR SUPRISE

DISGUST

The Kings of Non Verbal Communication

• Charlie Chaplin

• Mr Bean

WHAT EXAMPLES OF NON VERBAL

COMMUNICATION CAN YOU SPOT IN THE

FILMS

Learning Intentions

• State the importance of verbal communication

• Describe the use and importance of language.

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

• Verbal communication is required for:

• The transmission of knowledge

• Development of culture

• Social evolution

TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE

• Language allows the transfer and receipt of information from generation to generation.

• The majority of this will take place during your school years but may also continue thereafter.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Language allows us to make detailed plans which benefit future generations promoting social and cultural evolution.

LANGUAGE

• Language uses symbols to represent information and enables it to be organised into categories and hierarchies. • This accelerates learning and intellectual development.

SPOT ALL THE VERBAL AND NON VERBAL FORMS OF

COMMUNICATION IN THIS CLIP

• Friends video

Learning Intentions

• State the definition of learning

• Explain how human behaviour is learned and the how a motor pathway is established.

• Explain trial and error learning by defining: reinforcement, shaping and extinction.

THE EFFECT OF EXPERIENCE

• Learning is a change in behaviour due to experience.

• Learning can occur through imitation or observation.

• By repeatedly using motor skills a motor pathway is built which can be remembered.

• babies copying dad

learning

TRIAL AND ERROR LEARNING

• Trial and error learning involves 3 concepts:

• Reinforcement

• Shaping

• Extinction

Reinforcement

• Reinforcement is when behaviour patterns that have positive consequences for the individual are likely to be repeated.

• For example a dog who gets a treat for giving a paw will repeat the process on command.

Shaping

• Shaping is the rewarding of behaviour that approximates to the desired behaviour.

• This means breaking up a process into small steps, rewarding each steps until the desired outcome is reached.

• Any wrong actions are not rewarded.

EXAMPLE OF SHAPING Knife and fork held in separate hands

Knife and fork held the right way up

Knife and fork used to pick up some food

Knife and fork used to pick up suitable amount of food

Food cut up by the child

Entire operation carried out by the child unaided

Praise

Praise

Praise

Praise

Praise

Praise

Extinction

• Extinction happens when behaviour patterns are not rewarded and so are likely to disappear.

• Example if a rat has learned that pressing a lever releases food and the food is stopped it will eventually stop pressing the lever.

Learning Intentions

• State the definition of social facilitation

• State the definition of generalisation

• State the definition of discrimination

• State the definition of deindividuation

• State the definition of internalisation

• State the definition of identification

The Effect of Group Behaviour and Social Influence

• Humans are social animals who spend most of their lives interacting with other people.

• In order to be accepted within any group, rules must be followed and standards set.

• There are many concepts which attribute to successful group existence: social facilitation

generalisation

discrimination

deindividuation

internalisation

identification

Social Facilitation

• When working on a task individually you will achieve a certain level of performance.

• Research has shown that when the same task is set as a competition or with an audience the performance rate increases.

• This is called social facilitation

Example of Social Facilitation Norman Triplett in 1898. In his research on the speed records of cyclists, he noticed that racing against each other rather than against the clock alone increased the cyclists' speeds. He attempted to duplicate this under laboratory conditions using children and fishing reels. There were two conditions: the child alone and children in pairs but working alone. Their task was to wind in a given amount of fishing line and Triplett reports that many children worked faster in the presence of a partner doing the same task.

• (Pssst.... Since then there have been conflicting studies that show the pressure of an audience has a negative effect when a complex task is being completed)

GENERALISATION

• Generalisation is the ability to respond in a similar way to many different but related stimuli.

• Eg a child who has been bitten by a dog will fear ALL dogs.

DISCRIMINATION

• The ability to distinguish between different but related stimuli and give different responses.

• Eg a child bitten by a big dog will fear all big dogs but not small ones.

Deindividuation • When you are part of a large crowd people

find it hard to resist going along with the actions of the group.

• This means that people may take part in anti social behaviour that they wouldn’t do on their own.

• This loss of personal identity in a group leading to diminished restraints on behaviour is called deindividuation.

deindividuation

Internalisation

• Internalisation is the changing of beliefs as a

result of persuasion.

Identification

• Identification is changing of beliefs to be like an admired influencing source.

Definitions for page 8-9

• Identification is changing of beliefs to be like an admired influencing source.

• Internalisation is the changing of beliefs as a

result of persuasion.

• Deindividuation is the loss of personal identity in a group leading to diminished restraints on behaviour.

• Discrimination is to distinguish between different but related stimuli and give different responses.

• Generalisation is the ability to respond in a similar way to many different but related stimuli.

• Social Facilitation when a task is set as a competition or with an audience the performance rate increases.

Ok Ok I admit it I did enjoy

M.I. C