the effect of tourism to the life and culture to the life and culture of the community

7/28/2019 The Effect of Tourism to the Life and Culture to the Life and Culture of the Community

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PCC Students Evaluation on theThe Influence of Tourism to Peoples the Life and

Culture in the Community:

PCC Students Evaluation

RD. 317. Field Studies

By

Sheila G. Dolipas

Ph.D. Educational Management

May 2010

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Background of the Study

Philippines have always been considered by most to be a potential and an actual

tourist destination. Recent years have indeed shown that there was an increase of

foreign and local tourist visiting many of what can be considered as tourist spots. The

government through its Department of Tourism arm has been aggressive in its

campaign in luring and encouraging tourist to visit not only the well known Philippine

landmarks but also of the newly discovered wonders of the country. The increase in the

growth of enrollees among students taking Tourism and Hotel and Restaurant

Management is one of the evidence that indeed tourism is on the rise. The demand of

workers inworkers in the tourism industry is growing.

The Department of Tourism(COT) in its Tourism Investment Portfolio has stated

that the tourism industry is recognized by the government because of its contribution to

foreign exchange earnings, investments, revenue and growth of output.In fact

according to the portfolio, tourism is considered as one of the major pillar in the

Medium Term Philippines Development Plan (MTPDP). Apparently, it was given

priority to promote the Philippines as a premier tourist destination and investment site.

Furthermore, the portfolio has also stated that if sustained tourism can actually be a

powerful economic growth engine in the country. The following reasons has been cited

as the reason for giving tourism a priority status;

a. It is a powerful and efficient industry;

b. Its impact on social development are broad and deep;


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c. It creates strong peripheral benefits;

d. The Philippines can compete and win; and

e. It helps maintains cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological

diversity and life support systems.

Tourism is of course understandable in todays fast-paced stressful world. In as

much that it is human nature to gravitate towards relaxation not only of the mind but of

the body as well, tourism therefore provides one of the avenue to which humans can

achieve that craving.

The tourism industries in the Philippines however have faced major setbacks.

According to the Investment Portfolio of the Department of Tourism, there was a decline

of tourists arrival from 2000 to 2003, however, it bounced back in 2004. According to the

Portfolio the industrys resilience was demonstrated through debilitating internal and

external pressures as it achieved 2.3M international visitors, a 21.9% leap from 1.9M in

2003. This record breaking ascent propelled the industry to a stable growth momentum

in 2005, generating 2.6M tourists, a 14.5% increase from 2004 and yielded receipts of

US$2.19B, a 6.36% increase over the previous year. The industry continued its growth

in 2006, attracting 2.8M tourists, 8.5% higher than the previous year. For January to

June 2007, visitor arrivals to the Philippines increased by 7.6% compared to the same

period last year, drawing 1.5 million visitors.

The Philippine Tourism Master Plan outlines policies, which the DOT believes

advance the cause of sustainable tourism development:

a. Promoting sustainable tourism products by developing a spread of

differentiated tourism clusters, which are each supported by an

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international gateway, support amenities and services; developing a

spread of complementary tourism products in each of the clusters, and

diversifying the market mix by aiming to strike a balance between

domestic and international tourism

b. Maximizing the use of local products

c. Maximizing local ownership, livelihood opportunities, individual

initiative and self-reliance

d. Encouraging domestic tourism as a means to improve the peoples

quality of life, conserve and promote national heritage, and heighten

their sense of national identity and unity

e. Promotion of environmental conservation by adhering to development

guidelines and carrying capacities of the locale where tourism

development would take place, and adopting an integrated approach in

planning, taking into consideration the countrys natural, historic and

architectural heritage; and supporting the conservation movement

a. Establishment of a tourism industry training board, training centers

per cluster or region, and standards for tourism professional, and

tourism educators.

The implication to all theses situation is of thecourse the effect of tourism to the

people and culture of the people living in or near the tourist determined area. Once

could only surmise the influence tourism brings..





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According to Menon (1993) tourism is influenced and influences the following

forces; a) society with its values or the socio-cultural sub-system; b) the economy and

its structure or the economic sub-system ;c) the environment and its resources or the

ecological sub-system ;and d) the State and its policies or the political sub-system.

Citing Chopra (1991), Menon (1993) added that there are three major agents of

change that are frequently in relation to tourism; The following table presents these

forces and their effects to the culture of the affected community. As the table shows

tourism definitely changes the culture of the people in the community wherecommunity

where the area of interests is located.

Table 1. Three major agents of Change in Tourism (Chopra 1991; Menon, 1993)

Forces of Change Items of Culture Affected

A. Physical presence of tourists Language, gastronomy, dress, leisure (interculturalinteraction) utilization, orientation to self, work andlife; attitudinal changes towards traditional artforms, and participation in traditional ceremonialfestivals and dance forms.

B. Changes introduced by neweconomic activities

Changes m the pace and rhythm of life; alteredforms of social and familial interaction.

C. Changes in the physical environment Value changes resulting from modem urban

urbanization; altered forms of social interaction.

Tourism also benefits the community where the tourist destination is located.

Tourists bring with them not only their expectations but the eagerness to spend in the

services and goods provided by the community.

While at face value, tourism may be beneficial to the community, the downside of

Tourism may be underestimated. This is specially so if the tourist destination is a

natural wonder or a cultural wonder, where damage can be irreversible. As Arronsson

(2000) has stated; Tourism development shall be based on criteria of sustainability, Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12


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which means that it must be ecologically bearable in the long term, economically viable,

as well as ethically and socially equitable for the local communities.

Students being in the position of the future caretaker of these areas of interests

are in the position that these natural and manmade wonders stay unharmed and in

pristine condition. This however can be achieved if the students understand the

importance of these heritages to their identities.

It is therefore imperative that the perception of the students of view of the

influence of tourism to their locality be ascertained, thus the study.

Conceptual Framework

The studyThis study examines students perception on the effect of tourism to their locality.

The tourist destination listed by the students will be satisfaction with the collaborativewriting process and thewriting product generated by student groups before and after EQ training. Ourhypothesis is thatstudent awareness of EQ strategies (developing sensitivity to non-verbal messages,defining andunderstanding the skills used in articulating an emotional vocabulary in themselves and

others,and applying these skills for the purpose of managing business scenarios moreeffectively)enhances their communication behavior in work groups and improves the quality ofresponse tovarious business writing scenarios.

Objectives of the Study

1. To identify the tourist destination of the students respective locality as to the ff

variables;

a. Name

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b. Categories

2. To determine whether tourism benefited the people and culture of their locality

Review of Literature


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There had been studies conducted on the influence of tourism to a number of

which will be reviewed in this section because they provide information considered

relevant to the study.

Tourist destination can be categorized as either natural or manmade. Natural

tourist destination includes ___________________ while

The Positive Effect of Tourism to Culture

In 1993, a case study on the effects of tourism on culture and the environment

was conducted by Menon for UNESCO. Tourism according to the study is supposed to

bring about the ff;

a. Socio-economic development of the areas

b. Increase employment opportunities

c. Develop domestic tourism specially for the budget

category

d. Preservation of national heritage and environment

e. Development of international tourism and optimization of

foreign exchange earnings

f. Diversification of tourism products

Menon(1993) summarized that basically, the importance of tourism is seen

primarily from the economic angle, the earnings much needed foreign exchange and

providing employment.

Unesco in 2008 conducted a study entitled: The Effects of Tourism on Culture

and the Environment in Asia and the Pacific: Sustainable Tourism and the Preservation

of the World Heritage Site of the Ifugao Rice Terraces, Philippines. In its introduction,


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it has reiterated that, Tourism is one of the worlds income generating industries

specially so if it is properly managed. The study stated that tourism offers economic

benefits to the communities living near the sites if\n terms of the ff;

g.a. Employment opportunities

h.b. Revitalization of traditional crafts and cultural

practices

i.c. Opportunities for the inhabitants to express pride in their

culture.

II. The paper also did mention thatAccording to Unesco (2008), tourism can

be an effective means by which culture and environment can be conserve (UNESCO,

2008). This in the sense that tourism which now one of the worlds most profitable and

fastest growing industries.

It offers unlimited economic benefits to communities living in or near

heritage sites in terms of employment opportunities, revitalization of traditional crafts

and cultural practices and opportunities for the inhabitants to express pride in their

culture.

Furthermore, the paper also highlighted other positive social impacts of

tourism. These includes the following;

a. Cultural practices, skills and knowledge are transferred to younger

generations.

b. Cultural revival in the community

cultureThis argument set by UNESCO in 2008 echoes the contention of

the book written by Tuinabua in 1898 wrote a book entitled Tourism and culture . He

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argued that for the case of Fiji, an island in the Pacific, tourism actually contributed to

the preservation of culture. Citing an example of the many historical and archeological

sties that have vanished due to agriculture or housing developments, he mentioned that

because of tourism that many are preserved. In his argument, he implied that without

tourism, this cultural heritage in Fiji would have been lost also to development.

Furtthermore, another way by which tourisms preserves culture is on the part of the

tourists themselves. He mentioned that todays tourists have changed. According to

Tuinabua, Todays tourists want to see and get to know the country in which they are

holidaying. They want to meet the people, eat what they eat, experience how they live,

and get to know their culture. Following this line of thinking, culture is preserved in the

sense that the people in the area only do provide what the tourists would want to

experience, these are the traditional food and lifestyle. It is actually the preservation of

the regions culture means the maintenance of our unique selling points in the tourism

industry.

A dissertation entitled The effects of tourism impacts upon Quality of Life of

residents in the community was conducted by Kim in 2002. The said study

investigates how tourism affects the quality of life (QOL) of residents in tourism

destinations that vary in the stage of development. Similarly with this present study, the

dissertation by Kim looks into the perception of the residents in the community where

the tourist destination is located. The results revealed that the residents perception of

tourism impacts did affect their satisfaction with particular life domains significantly, and

their satisfaction with particular life domains influenced their overall life satisfaction. .

The results indicated that the relationship between the economic impact of tourism and


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the satisfaction with material well-being, and the relationship between the social impact

of tourism and the satisfaction with community well-being were strongest among

residents in communities characterized to be in the maturity stage of tourism

development. This finding is consistent with social disruption theory which postulates

that boomtown communities initially enter into a period of generalized crisis, resulting

from the traditional stress of sudden, dramatic increases in demand for public services

and improving community infrastructure. Additionally, residents develop

adaptive behaviors that reduce their individual exposure to stressful situations. Further,

the relationship between the cultural impact of tourism and the satisfaction with

emotional well-being, and the relationship between the environmental impact of tourism

and the satisfaction with health and safety well-being were strongest in the decline

stage of tourism development. It has been well established that residents in certain

types of tourism communities might perceive a certain type of tourism impact

unacceptable, while in other communities, the same impact type may be more

acceptable.

The Negative Effect of Tourism to Culture

In the same study conducted by Menon (1993), he mentioned that tourism does

not only bring economic benefits to the community. For Menon tourism also brings

about the ff;

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a. Complex changes in the community than other economic development projects,

because it necessarily juxtaposes people of different cultures and economic

attributes.

b. The changes imposed by tourism will be more massive because it is one of the

fastest growing segments of the Indian economy. The economic dominance is

dangerous, as seen in other tourism dominated economies.

c. Tourism reinforces cultural stereotypes and social structures: while some social

mobility is observed in host societies, it generally occurs amongst the lower

strata of society, and even then, it is revealing that few want their children to

follow their professions.

Furthermore, in an internet article Negative Social aspects of Tourism ( http://

www. ecoholidaying.co.uk/NegativeEffectsTourismSocialAspects.downloaded May 8,

2010) listed the following negative effects of tourism;

a. Tourism may bring about the collapse of traditional lifestyles, values and

moralities by contact with travelers from different lands;

b. crime Crime increases dramatically during the tourist season,

c. tThe price of many staple foods and other essential items can be hiked up

considerably to maximisemaximize the catch of tourist moneydollars, but this

artificial inflation can often catch local people too who often can least afford it

c. UNESCO (2008) also have stated that

However, uuncontrolledncontrolled tourism tourism

can also cause irreversible damage to the physical and intangible

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heritage resources, the very resources on which tourism tourism is based. The

paper by UNESCO highlighted d.

Tourism can undoubtedly bring benefits to an area protecting pristine habitats and conserving

cultures and wildlife in some of the worlds poorest countries and revitalising regions within developed

nations where traditional industries have declined, but it often comes at a cost. This effect is, of course,

most keenly felt in the developing world where the stark juxtaposition of affluent consumerism with

subsistence lifestyles jars most noticeably. As a holiday-maker it is impossible to avoid the simple truth

that the loose change lying forgotten in your bag would feed many of the local people for the best part

of a week. If you notice their poverty, how can they fail to notice your wealth? The more well-attuned

your social awareness, the more difficult it is to ignore that tourism is essentially rooted in this

inequality. However, there are more problems than simply forcing people to come face to face with that

particular reality.

According to Unesco (2008), tourism can be an effective means by which

culture and environment can be conserve. This in the sense that tourism

which now one of the worlds most profitable and fastest growing industries.

It offers unlimited economic benefits to communities living in or near

heritage sites in terms of employment opportunities, revitalization of

traditional crafts and cultural practices and opportunities for the inhabitants to

express pride in theirculture. However, uncontrolled tourism can also cause

irreversible damage to the physical and intangible heritage resources, the very

resources on which tourism is based.


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This publication focuses on the impact oftourism tourismon the rice terraces of the

Philippine Cordilleras. Seemingly, the Banaue Rice Terraces was considered , an

outstanding model of sustainable use of limited land resources using traditional

knowledge-based technology that has evolved over the last two millennia . In 1995, the

site was inscribed on the World Heritage List in recognition of the organically-evolved

cultural landscape that has been shaped by sacred traditions and the ingenuity of the

Ifugao people who have transformed the difficult terrain of the Cordillera Mountains.

Their religious beliefs, customary laws and traditional practices are embodied in the

Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao People which were later recognized in 2001 by UNESCO

as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. (UNESCO, 2008)

The paper also did list the specific effects of tourism to several aspects of the

community. These are;

1. Impacts on the Physical Environment:

1.1. The degradation of the watersheds that supply water to the rice fields because

of the high demand for food carvings.

1.2. Due to lesser supply of water, erosion has resulted to rice fields.

1.3.Lack of zoning and construction policies resulted to erection of buildings not

complementary to the unique beauty, style and grandeur of the tourism area.

2. Socio-Cultural Impacts

The paper did mention that one negative impact of tourism on the case of

Ifugao is in the communities culture. Some of which includes





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2.1. Cultural performances are losing their authenticity because in catering to

tourists demand sacred practices are performed with no appropriate occasions

to justify their performances.

2.2. The loss of valuable artifacts, ancestral heirlooms, and other movable tangible

cultural heritage.

2.3. The loss of cultural relevance of wood carvings that used to have cultural

significance among local folk due to mass production

2.4. Local folk feel an invasion of privacy particularly when tourists take their

photograph without consent.

Another study conducted by Reil Cruz in 2003, entitled Towards

Sustainable Tourism Development in the Philippines and Other Asean Countries: An

Examination of Programs and Practices of National Tourism Organization was

submitted to the Philippine APEC Study Center Network (PASCN). Using

documentary analysis or printed and online resources, the author looks into the

ways by which National Tourists Organizations in the Asian region operate the

principle of sustainability. In its introduction, it has mentioned that; poorly planned

mass tourism in these countries has also led to environmental and cultural

degradation . The author also provided examples of negative effect of tourism in

and around Asian countries.

a. Thailand and the Philippines came to be known as sex capitals.

b. The spread of AIDS particularly in Thailand, has also been abetted by

tourism.





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c. Local residents have complained of loss of access to beaches and

dislocation from areas of economic activity.

d. The once pristine beaches of Boracay and Phuket now suffer from

congestion, pollution and beach erosion.

e. Singapore has lost much of its Asian identity as high-rise hotels, giant

malls and a futuristic airport were constructed to handle the influx of

millions of tourists.


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Research Design and Methodology

Using descriptive-qualitative method, this study aims to highlight the perspectives

of the PCC studentsPCC students in the influence of tourism toin their respective

localities.

Locale and Respondents of the Study

In an effort to draw the out the students perception on the effect of tourism on

their locality, the investigator will delve into documentary analysis of the 13 submitted

output of the students highlighting their insightstheir insights on the variables

mentioned. These students were from Pines City Colleges who enrolled in Sociology-

Anthropology from different classes and class semesters. As a requirement of the

course, the investigator then their instructor obliged the students in submitting an

ethnograph/fact sheet of their own localities. The box below was a copy of the

instruction provided by the instructor that was used by the students as a guide in their

field studies.

3. AN ATLAS OF THE SITE: Provide the required information to complete an encyclopedic


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overview of your area of study.

NAME: (Indicate the name of the site visited, providing for its exact geographic location and someinteresting trivia)TRAVEL POINTS: (Enumerate all the spots/places traveled during the visit. Give a precise descriptionof each and how it contributed to the objectives of the activity)PEOPLE:(Describe the residents of the community, Identify the ethnicity of the residents of the site.Rank them by percentages from the most dominant group to the least)

RELIGION:(Know the various religions professed by the people of the site. Rank them by percentagesfrom the most dominant group to the least) If you are able to discover the remnants of pagan practicesstill being observed, present them just the same.ECONOMY(List all the forms of livelihood or sources of income by the people. Rank them by

percentages from the most common to the least)ARTS(Discover the Art form by enumerating as many as you can, artworks, pieces, or compositions

coming from different genres: music, literature, sculpture, weaving, handicrafts, painting,etc. Provide adetailed description of each item listed)RITUALS AND FESTIVALS(Know how the people from the community celebrate and the occasionsfrom these celebration by mentioning some of their festivities. Tell exactly when, why, and how they

celebrate them)LANGUAGE: (Determine the local languages or dialects, spoken by the people. Rank them by

percentages from the most spoken to the least. If you may, provide examples of their basic vocabulary)FLORA AND FAUNA (Specify species of plants, animals, and other natural wonders that mark theenvironment unique from other areas. Describe each item listed)

4. MATERIAL CULTURE: Basing on your actual observation and experience of the people andculture of the locality, Answer the following questions:

1.2.Expose and discus the beliefs and norms of some geographical areas in yourlocality.

2.3. Identify at least three practices of ancestral origin, or endemic to the culture of thearea, which survived up to the present. Tell why these practices are being retainedby the people of the community

5. SOCIAL ISSUES: From what you have witnessed or encountered during the field trip, make a

stand or present your viewpoints on the following issues that might affect the society

b.c. Whether or not the area is considered as a tourist destination. If yes, did the tourism industrydid good to the people and its culture (If yes, cite all your reasons. If no, justify just thesame)

c.d. Which is a better concept of progress: the preservation of the endemic culture of an ethnicgroup or the integration of such ethnic group to the mainstream modern society? Justify yourstand.

In view of your stand above, will you consider your locality as a progressive society?

6. INSIGHTS: Write an interesting journal that chronicles the events of your entire expedition andnarrate all highlighted details of your experience in making the ethnography. (The compositionmust not be less than 1,000 words)

**** REQUISITES TO BE OBSERVED IN THE COMPLETION OF THE FACT

SHEET/ETHNOGRAPH

This ethnography must be filled only with data or information obtained during the visit to the area.Downloading of information from the Internet and copying notes from books or any other materialsare highly discouraged. It must reflect your accomplishmenta. There shall be no sharing or exchanging of data or information with other individuals who

came form the same area of study. Each must work for his/her own resources.


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b. The output or ethnography shall be prepared in compliance with the following format:- Computerized

- Short bond paper- 1 inch margin on all sides- Provide a title page and a list of all members- Make your own original title which will be added to the subtitle below:

AN EHTNOGRAPH OF THE PEOPLE AND CULTURE OF________________.

- Place all documents in a folder with sliderc. The ethnography shall be submitted to the instructor 10 days before the final examination.

Prepared by:

SGDolipasSoc-Anthro Instructor

As observed from the instruction, part IV item B necessitates the students to

answer qualitatively of the tourism situation in their localities. These isThis is basically

where all data will be taken.

Data Gathering Procedure and Treatment of Data

There are 13 ethnographs that will serve as a source of information. All the

insights of the students regarding the variables of this investigation will be collected and

taken from such ethnographs.

The 1st part of the students ethnograph will serve as the source o f information of

objective number 1.

For objective number 2, the students perception on the influence of tourism to

their locality will be qualititatively taken from the part 1vIV of the students submitted

output. In as much as the students responses were statements, the data will be

presented after they have been categorized and lump as to their similarities of concept.


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Discussion of Findings

This chapter presents the analysis of the findings of this investigation on the

following specific objective of the study:

1. To identify the tourist destination of the students respective locality.

2. To determine whether tourism benefited the people and culture of

their locality

Profile of the Tourist Destination of the Respondents Locality

Table 1 presents the specific name and categories of the tourist destination that

were identified by the respondents. As the table shows, there are more man-made

tourist areas of interest than those that can be categorized as natural. It is interesting to

note also that some students have not given any natural tourist destination for their

locality. This true for Gerona Tarlac and that of Bontoc Mt. Province. A

Natural Man Made

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Cabangan , Zambales 4 2

San Felipe, Zambales 5 1

Kabayan Benguet 3 5

Tabuk, Kalinga 1 5

Bokod, Benguet 3 2

Dagupan City, Pangasinan 2 9

Hungduan, Ifugao 3 2

Kapangan, Benguet 6 1

Bakun Benguet 5 2

Talavera Nueva Ecija 1 4

Gerona Tarlac 0 3

Maddela Quirino 2 2

Bontoc, Mt. Province 0 6

TOTAL 35 44

the effect of tourism to the life and culture to the life and culture of the community

Documents