the effects of shot peening treatment on the corrosion...

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:18 No:04 95

183304-9292-IJMME-IJENS © August 2018 IJENS I J E N S

The Effects of Shot Peening Treatment on the

Corrosion Rate of HQ 805 Machinery Steel

Winda Sanni Slat1,2*, Viktor Malau2, Priyo Tri Iswanto2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Manado, Jl. Politeknik Mapanget

Manado, 95252, Indonesia. 2Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Grafika No. 2,

Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract— HQ (High Quality) 805 is a steel included in machinery

steel group which is widely used in industry, military, aeronautics,

and marine because of its combination and high strength.

However, in acid, humid, and watery environment, it is sensitive

to corrosion. Therefore, surface modifications like shot peening is

needed to be conducted to improve surface quality. This research

aims to identify the effects of shot peening treatment on the

corrosion resistance of HQ 805 material. Shot peening process was

conducted on HQ 805 sample surface by using 0.5 mm diameter

steel ball as the shot material in 10, 20 and 30 minutes shot

duration with 7 bar constant compressor pressure. Surface

characteristics were investigated. Surface hardness was measured

by using a micro hardness Vickers test tool. Corrosion test was

conducted by using Versa STAT 4 Potentiostat Galvanostat,

whereas the surface morphology and element compositions were

observed by using SEM-EDS. Shot peening treatment on HQ 805

decrease corrosion rate from 34.35 mpy to 12.08 mpy.

Index Term—HQ 805, shot peening, corrosion rate, hardness

I. INTRODUCTION

HQ 805 machinery steel which is equivalent to AISI 4340

is a low alloy steel which consists of nickel, chrome, and

molybdenum. As a high strength martensite steel, HQ 805 is

one of the materials commonly used as important component in

aerospace, airplane industry and automotive transmission

because of its high toughness and strength [1,2]. It is widely

used in industry component manufacturing like axis, pin, gear

and airplane landing gear where the high mechanical properties

like hardness and corrosion resistance are needed [3,4]. In its

application, it is susceptible to corrosion, one of the most

common failure mechanisms causing damage and even

unpredicted accident. The failure most commonly occurs in the

surface with low corrosion resistance [5-9]. Corrosion is a

serious problem as it accelerates the degradation of the metal

material [10,11].

Some researches reported that surface quality is one of the

factors which determine component performance and machine

elements structure. In overcoming the problem, some efforts to

improve surface quality have been done [12]. Steel surface

material deposition has been widely used to increase corrosion

resistance [13]. Shot peening is a cheap conventional surface

treatment which can be used for components with complex

geometry [14]. Shot peening process is commonly used to

improve surface characteristic and is a promising method to

improve mechanical properties and characteristics of the

surface, and also efficient to improve physical quality of the

metal [9,14,15]. Shot peening is able to induce compressive

residual stress on material surface film which causes surface

hardened [16]. Surface hardened is needed to increase material

resistance to corrosion. Shot peening treatment also resulted in

nanocrystalline film which is useful in forming thin film which

is protective. Thin film formation on material surface

contributes to the increase of corrosion resistance [17].

II. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The material used in this research was HQ 805 steel with 19

mm diameter. The chemical compositions were 0.35 C, 1.45 Cr,

1.30 Ni, 0.20 Mo, 0.70 Mn, 0.95 Si, Fe balance (wt%). HQ 805

material was cut and shaped with 14 mm diameter and 4 mm

thickness. Material surface was polished by using polishing

machine and 200-2000 mesh sandpaper until smooth and shiny.

Shot peening treatment used shot peening tool with 7 bar

compressor air pressure and 12 cm distance from the nozzle to

the sample surface. Steel ball with 0.5 mm diameter was used

as the shot material, whereas the shot durations were 10, 20 and

30 minutes.

Surface hardness test was conducted by using micro Vickers

hardness test method and the tool used in the test was Buehler

MM 0054 brand, whereas corrosion test was conducted with

three electrodes cell principles by using Versa STAT-4

Potentiostat Galvanostat tool and 3.5% NaCl solution. JEOL

JSM 6510LA brand of SEM-EDS was used to observed surface

morphology and element composition.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Surface Hardness

Surface hardness was measured by using micro Vickers to

the samples before and after shot peening treatment. Fig. 1

shows the correlation between shot peening duration and



surface hardness. The surface hardness of raw material sample

was 327 VHN, after 30 minutes shot peening, it increased to

492 HVN. Shot peening process significantly increased the

hardness of the area near the surface. Steel ball shots on

material surface during shot peening process increased carbon

diffusivity on the area near the surface and enabled greater

hardness depth to be achieved [18,19]. The curve line in Fig. 1

shows that shot peening significantly influenced the surface

hardness of HQ 805. Surface hardness tended to increase in

accordance with the longer shot duration. The optimum surface

hardness was achieved on 30 minutes shot duration. After shot

peening duration reached certain value, the hardness increased

maximally [20]. Shot peening parameter determined the

characteristic of material surface. The controlled shot peening

parameters improved the mechanical properties of material

surface.

Fig. 1. The effects of shot peening treatment on the surface hardness of HQ

805

B. Surface Morphology

The surface morphology of the samples raw material and

shot peening treatment were observed using SEM. The results

of SEM observation on the surface morphology of the sample

before and after shot peening are presented in Fig. 2. The result

shows that shot peening treatment affected the surface

morphology of the material. Surface morphology of the sample

without treatment was smoother, whereas the surface

morphology of the sample after treatment was rougher. The

sample with 10 minutes duration of shot peening showed

rougher, orous, and perforated surface morphology. On the

contrary, the sample with 30 minutes shot showed smoother and

more solid surface.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 2. The surface morphology of samples (a). RM (b). SP10 (c). SP20 (d).

SP30

50 µm

50 µm

50 µm

50 µm



C. Corrosion

The corrosion resistances of the samples before and after

shot peening treatment were evaluated. Fig. 3 presents

potentiodynamic polarization curve of corrosion test result in

3.5% NaCl solution. It can be seen from the figure that the curve

of SP30 sample was above the curve of RM, SP10 and SP20

samples. It shows that SP30 sample which got longer duration

of shot peening had higher resistance to corrosion compare to

the other samples.

Fig. 4 shows current density value, corrosion potential and

corrosion rate of the corrosion test on HQ 805 raw material

sample and on shot peening sample. From the corrosion test, it

can be identified that corrosion current (icorr) of HQ 805 raw

material sample was 48,36 µA/cm2. After shot peening

treatment, the value decreased to 28,76 µA/cm2 for the sample

with 30 minutes shot duration. The corrosion potential value of

RM HQ 805 sample was -549 mV, after shot peening it became

-480 mV for the sample with 30 minutes shot duration and

corrosion rate value of RM HQ 805 sample was 34,35 mpy,

after shot peening it became 12,08 mpy for the sample with 30

minutes shot duration. The lowest current density value, the

highest corrosion potential and the lowest corrosion rate value

were achieved on the sample with 30 minutes shot duration.

The lowest current density value and the highest corrosion

potential value show optimum corrosion resistance. The

corrosion rate decreases with increasing corrosion potential

values [21]. Corrosion resistance increased in line with the

increase of shot peening duration

Fig. 3. Potentiodynamic polarization curves of corrosion test result on raw material HQ 805 and samples shot peening treatment in 3.5% NaCl

solution



(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 4. The effects shot peening duration on (a). Corrosion current (b).

Corrosion potential (c). Corrosion rate.

C. SEM-EDS

The results of corrosion test on the sample surface

before and after shot peening treatment were observed.

The results of SEM observation of the sample surface

after corrosion test in 3.5% NaCl solution are presented

in Fig. 5. The figure shows that the surface morphology

of the sample before shot peening treatment was

smoother compare to the surface morphology of the

sample after the treatment. However, after the corrosion

test on the sample without treatment, it can be seen that

the surface was more degraded compare to the sample

after treatment. SP30 sample shows better surface

compare to SP10 and SP20 samples. The effect of shot

peening with longer duration was on the higher

corrosion resistance. It shows that the nanocrystalline

film resulted from shot peening process acted as a

barrier layer from ion release which causes corrosion

[17].

--

(a)

(b)



(c)

(d)

Fig. 5. The SEM image of the surface samples after corrosion test in 3.5% NaCl solution (a). RM (b). SP10 (c). SP20 (d). SP30

The result of EDS test in Fig. 6 shows the existence of oxygen

in each sample. RM sample had the highest oxygen element

and SP30 sample had the lowest oxygen element. The

existence of oxygen on the surface samples was very

influential to the corrosion resistance of the material which

caused the formation of corrosion hole and material surface

degradation. Prevention of corrosion hole occurrence is one

of the main objectives of surface treatment. Since the

formation of corrosion hole and during the growth of the

hole, the hole can grow into quite wide surface damage which

in turn can cause component damage and even mechanical

failure. Shot peening surface treatment with appropriate

parameter could decrease the number and size of corrosion

hole which could be related to combination effects of

compressive residual stress [22,23]. Besides resulting

nanocrystalline film on the sample surface, shot peening

treatment also created high density grain boundaries which

were useful to protect and to form film thin. Shot peening

clearly promoted the decrease of passive current density [18].

The result of Ahmed’s [24] research shows that shot peening

generally decreases the resistance to corrosion. The surface

which is induced by shot peening is more susceptible to

corrosion and then results in the destruction of passive area

on the surface. Shot peening surface which is rough induced

wider interaction area and increase corrosion rate. However,

shot duration increase importantly plays a role in the lower

surface roughness so that it increases the corrosion resistance.

Fig. 6. The result of EDS test on HQ 805 raw material and on shot peening treatment samples after corrosion test in 3.5% NaCl solution

0

5

10

15

20

25

RM HQ 805 SP 10 SP 20 SP 30

Ma

ss (

%)

Samples

C O Cr



IV. CONCLUSIONS

1. Shot peening treatment on HQ 805 surface increases

surface hardness 50.46% and decreases corrosion rate

65%. Surface hardness and corrosion resistance increase

in accordance with the increase of shot duration. 30

minutes shot peening duration is the optimum parameter

to increase the hardness and the corrosion resistance of

HQ 805 material. The effect of longer duration shot

peening is on the increase of corrosion resistance which

becomes higher. Nanocrystalline film resulted from shot

peening process acts as barrier layer of ion release.

2. Roughness and perforated surface morphology affects the

corrosion resistance of HQ 805 material. The surface

which is cracked, defective and perforated will become a

media for electrolyte to flow and causes corrosion.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research was funded by the doctoral grant of Ministry of

Research Technology and Higher Education Republic of

Indonesia.

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