The Effects of Weather The Effects of Weather on Aircrafton AircraftPart 2 of 2Part 2 of 2

Video

Delta Flight 191 Aug 2, 1985 Causes and Effects

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWtlCirzRjs

MicroburstMicroburst Is a violent downdraftIs a violent downdraft Takes place in space of less than one mile horizontally Takes place in space of less than one mile horizontally

and within 1,000 feet verticallyand within 1,000 feet vertically Lasts about 15 minutes, and can create wind speeds Lasts about 15 minutes, and can create wind speeds

greater than 115 mph greater than 115 mph

Effects of a MicroburstEffects of a Microburst Plane experiences a quick series of eventsPlane experiences a quick series of events

Increased headwinds => increased relative wind, more liftIncreased headwinds => increased relative wind, more lift Downdrafts => Sudden loss of altitude Downdrafts => Sudden loss of altitude Wind rapidly shears to tailwind => decreased relative wind, loss Wind rapidly shears to tailwind => decreased relative wind, loss

of liftof lift Impact with ground or aircraft pushed dangerously close to the Impact with ground or aircraft pushed dangerously close to the

groundground

Detecting MicroburstsDetecting Microbursts Difficult because they crop up in relatively small areasDifficult because they crop up in relatively small areas Often associated with convective precipitation in cumulonimbus formationsOften associated with convective precipitation in cumulonimbus formations

Weather resulting from vertical exchange of heat and moistureWeather resulting from vertical exchange of heat and moisture Airports have installed low-level wind shear alert systemAirports have installed low-level wind shear alert system

NASA, FAA and others NASA, FAA and others developed sensor that reads developed sensor that reads speed and direction of speed and direction of invisible particles of water invisible particles of water vapor and dust in the windvapor and dust in the wind

Most airliners today equipped Most airliners today equipped with these systemswith these systems

Activity 2: Effects Activity 2: Effects of a Microburstof a Microburst

Examine the illustration Examine the illustration

Answer the questions and explain what is Answer the questions and explain what is occurring with the aircraft and the occurring with the aircraft and the weatherweather

Activity 3Activity 3

Video Video

Delta Flight 191Delta Flight 191Aug 2, 1985Aug 2, 1985

Causes and EffectsCauses and Effects

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWtlCirzRjshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWtlCirzRjs

SandstormsSandstorms

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ersxqFwDkWA

SandstormsSandstorms Strong, dry winds generally take place over arid—hot Strong, dry winds generally take place over arid—hot

and dry—lands and dry—lands Reduce visibility, clog aircraft engines and instruments, Reduce visibility, clog aircraft engines and instruments,

and make it difficult to breatheand make it difficult to breathe Can damage aircraft and other machinery Can damage aircraft and other machinery

Operation Eagle ClawOperation Eagle Claw Runs Into Sandstorms Runs Into Sandstorms

November 4, 1979 – Iran Hostage CrisisNovember 4, 1979 – Iran Hostage Crisis 52 American diplomats and citizens held captive 444 days52 American diplomats and citizens held captive 444 days

April 24, 1980, President Carter approves 2-day April 24, 1980, President Carter approves 2-day rescue mission dubbed rescue mission dubbed Operation Eagle ClawOperation Eagle Claw Eight RH-53D helicopters took off from USS Nimitz Eight RH-53D helicopters took off from USS Nimitz

and USS Coral Seaand USS Coral Sea Helicopters would meet up with several C-130 Helicopters would meet up with several C-130

refueling planes at area designated “Desert One” refueling planes at area designated “Desert One” The aircraft ran into two major sandstormsThe aircraft ran into two major sandstorms

Operation Eagle Claw (cont)Operation Eagle Claw (cont)

Prior to the sandstorms, one helicopter aborted due to Prior to the sandstorms, one helicopter aborted due to damaged rotor blade (RH-53D left in the desert)damaged rotor blade (RH-53D left in the desert)

The remaining helicopters had to spread out to avoid running The remaining helicopters had to spread out to avoid running into one another during the sandstormsinto one another during the sandstorms

A second RH-53D aborted in the second sandstorm and A second RH-53D aborted in the second sandstorm and returned homereturned home

A third RH-53D had hydraulic problems but made it to the A third RH-53D had hydraulic problems but made it to the refueling locationrefueling location

Col Beckwith recommended aborting the mission since they Col Beckwith recommended aborting the mission since they were essentially down to 5 operational helicopterswere essentially down to 5 operational helicopters

As the helicopters repositioned themselves to refuel, one ran As the helicopters repositioned themselves to refuel, one ran into a C-130 and crashed, into a C-130 and crashed, killing 8 U.S. servicemenkilling 8 U.S. servicemen

How Wake TurbulenceHow Wake Turbulence Affects Air Flight Affects Air Flight

Aircraft generate wake turbulence while in flightAircraft generate wake turbulence while in flight Disturbance caused by a pair of vortices trailing Disturbance caused by a pair of vortices trailing

from an aircraft’s wingtips from an aircraft’s wingtips Dangerous to other aircraft that get too close Can damage aircraft parts and equipmentCan damage aircraft parts and equipment

IntensityIntensity Depends on weight, speed, and wing shape of Depends on weight, speed, and wing shape of

vortex-producing aircraftvortex-producing aircraft Greatest when generating aircraft is heavy, slow, and Greatest when generating aircraft is heavy, slow, and

clean clean Strong vortices Strong vortices

created during created during takeoff, climb, and takeoff, climb, and landing when angle landing when angle of attack is highestof attack is highest

Vortices typically last Vortices typically last about 3 minutesabout 3 minutes

Vortex BehaviorVortex Behavior Trailing vortices behave in predictable waysTrailing vortices behave in predictable ways

Helps pilots avoid wake turbulenceHelps pilots avoid wake turbulence Vortices move outward, upward, and around the wingtipsVortices move outward, upward, and around the wingtips Vortices generally maintain a distance of a little less than a Vortices generally maintain a distance of a little less than a

wingspan apartwingspan apart

Avoiding Wake TurbulenceAvoiding Wake Turbulence Avoid flying through another aircraft’s flight pathAvoid flying through another aircraft’s flight path

The pilot should climb above the other aircraft’s climb path The pilot should climb above the other aircraft’s climb path until clear of its wake => rotate before previous aircraftuntil clear of its wake => rotate before previous aircraft

When landing behind a departing aircraft, land before the When landing behind a departing aircraft, land before the departing aircraft’s rotating point departing aircraft’s rotating point

Wake Turbulence RulesWake Turbulence Rules

General Rules:General Rules: Avoid flying through another aircraft’s flight pathAvoid flying through another aircraft’s flight path Avoid flying below or behind another aircraftAvoid flying below or behind another aircraft Maintain at least 1,000 feet of difference in altitude between Maintain at least 1,000 feet of difference in altitude between

aircraft on similar flight pathsaircraft on similar flight paths

During Takeoff: Pilot should rotate aircraft (lift nose wheel off the runway)

before reaching point on runway at which plane ahead rotated

Wake Turbulence RulesWake Turbulence Rules

During Landing:During Landing: Approach runway above the previous aircraft’s path when

landing behind it Touch down after the point at which other aircraft did When landing behind departing aircraft, land before the

departing aircraft’s rotating point

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