The The ElectrocardiograElectrocardiogra

mmBy Jessica, Zahid & By Jessica, Zahid &

ScottScott

What is Electrocardiography?What is Electrocardiography?

It is the method of monitoring and recording the It is the method of monitoring and recording the

electric currents generated during alternating electric currents generated during alternating

contractions of the atria and ventricles of the contractions of the atria and ventricles of the

heartheart

What is an EKG?What is an EKG?

An EKG is a device used that monitors and An EKG is a device used that monitors and

records impulses or signals given off by the heartrecords impulses or signals given off by the heartTo trace these Signals electrodes are placed on To trace these Signals electrodes are placed on

your body in areas where it is easiest to measureyour body in areas where it is easiest to measureThe most common of these places are your two The most common of these places are your two

wrists, your right ankle and your chestwrists, your right ankle and your chestWhen these results are recorded on the When these results are recorded on the

computer or paper, doctors can determine their computer or paper, doctors can determine their

patients healthpatients health

WaveformsWaveforms In the EKG, the paths of the In the EKG, the paths of the

electrical impulses are electrical impulses are followed throughout the heart followed throughout the heart

and then broken down into and then broken down into three waveformsthree waveforms

The P wave runs through the The P wave runs through the atria atria

The QRS complex runs The QRS complex runs through both the atria and through both the atria and

ventricle ventricle and the T wave which runs and the T wave which runs

through the ventriclesthrough the ventricles

P wave, QRS complex and T P wave, QRS complex and T wavewave

The P wave is an atrial contractionThe P wave is an atrial contractionIf it is longer then .2 seconds,If it is longer then .2 seconds,

it could indicate first degree heart blocksit could indicate first degree heart blocks

The QRS complex is composed of the atrial relaxation and The QRS complex is composed of the atrial relaxation and

the ventricle contraction the ventricle contraction It is usually 0.06 to 0.10 seconds long.  It is usually 0.06 to 0.10 seconds long. 

Any longer duration indicates an abnormal conditionAny longer duration indicates an abnormal condition

The T wave is the ventricular relaxationThe T wave is the ventricular relaxation

When is an EKG used?When is an EKG used?

If the hearts natural signal is interrupted, delayed If the hearts natural signal is interrupted, delayed

or sent down a wrong path disorders such as or sent down a wrong path disorders such as

Angina, Palpitations, & Syncope can occurAngina, Palpitations, & Syncope can occur

Therefore an EKG can be used to detect beginning Therefore an EKG can be used to detect beginning

symptoms of a heart problem yet it can not symptoms of a heart problem yet it can not

determine the exact problem until other tests and determine the exact problem until other tests and

other machines are used other machines are used

The Process of Making the The Process of Making the EKGEKG

1.1. Used Computer Program Used Computer Program

(CAD)(CAD)

2.2. Used Printed Circuit Used Printed Circuit

boardsboards

3. Soldering3. Soldering

44. . LabView Computer LabView Computer programprogram

Basic ElectronicsBasic Electronics

Elements used to create a circuit: Elements used to create a circuit:

What is a Circuit? What is a Circuit?

The complete path between two or more electrical components The complete path between two or more electrical components

Electricity: Energy associated with charged particles associated with charged particlesCurrent:: Flow of electricity (amperes) Flow of electricity (amperes) Voltage:: Amount of electrical force to move the current through the circuitAmount of electrical force to move the current through the circuit (volts)

ResistorsResistors: Opposes the flow of electricity : Opposes the flow of electricity and takes away the electrical energy away and takes away the electrical energy away from the circuit, as heat. (Ohm is unit of from the circuit, as heat. (Ohm is unit of resistance) resistance)

Printed Circuit BoardPrinted Circuit Board: Connects all the : Connects all the electrical components togetherelectrical components together

Integrated Circuit Chip (IC Chips)Integrated Circuit Chip (IC Chips): Specific : Specific circuit that has been miniaturized to fit into circuit that has been miniaturized to fit into a small package. a small package.

-Operational-Amplifier (Op-Amp)-Operational-Amplifier (Op-Amp)

Basic Electronics (2)Basic Electronics (2)

Basic Electronics (3)Basic Electronics (3)

Capacitors::

Unit of capacitance is the Farad (F)Unit of capacitance is the Farad (F)

Purpose of capacitors in the EKG is Purpose of capacitors in the EKG is

to act like filtersto act like filters

Soldering TechniquesSoldering Techniques

Soldering is done on the bottom layer Soldering is done on the bottom layer

of the boardof the board Parts like the capacitors, resistors & Parts like the capacitors, resistors &

wires, all have to be soldered onto to wires, all have to be soldered onto to

the circuit boardthe circuit board

What is an Amplifier? What is an Amplifier?

In a Speaker: In a Speaker: Amp in a speaker increases the sound waveAmp in a speaker increases the sound wave

When referring to a EKG:When referring to a EKG: Purpose of a Amplifier is to see the voltage Purpose of a Amplifier is to see the voltage

difference across the heart difference across the heart Increases the signal enough in the EKG so Increases the signal enough in the EKG so

that we can see it.that we can see it.

Inside an Amp

What Actually happens in the What Actually happens in the EKG?EKG?

Analog Signal: Voltage that changes Analog Signal: Voltage that changes over time over time

Deals with the two Inputs, (both of Deals with the two Inputs, (both of the arms)the arms)

Differential Amplifier is the most Differential Amplifier is the most important part of EKG since they take important part of EKG since they take the difference between the two inputs the difference between the two inputs

and multiply it by the gainand multiply it by the gain

LabVIEW LabVIEW

A Graphical Computer Language which A Graphical Computer Language which

includes symbols rather than writing out lines includes symbols rather than writing out lines

of programming textof programming text Based in a Graphical Programming InterfaceBased in a Graphical Programming Interface

Used LabVIEW to communicate with the EKG Used LabVIEW to communicate with the EKG Displays the EKG signal and calculates heart Displays the EKG signal and calculates heart

raterate It can communicate with several input/output It can communicate with several input/output

devices used commonly in the medical fielddevices used commonly in the medical field

The Digital Logic SystemThe Digital Logic System

•Based on binary number coding: Based on binary number coding:

The use of only ones and zerosThe use of only ones and zeros

•Makes use of devices which alterMakes use of devices which alter

information to reach desired information to reach desired

outcomes;outcomes;

known as “ands,” “ors,” and “nots”known as “ands,” “ors,” and “nots”

Parts of the Digital SystemParts of the Digital System Within a typical digital system, different Within a typical digital system, different

parts are placed along the circuit; one of parts are placed along the circuit; one of

these parts is known as an “and.”these parts is known as an “and.”

•Requires the input of two ones in order Requires the input of two ones in order

to produce an output of one, as its name to produce an output of one, as its name

infersinfers

Parts of the Digital SystemParts of the Digital System

Another part of the digital logic system is Another part of the digital logic system is

the “or,” which also adjusts information the “or,” which also adjusts information

to the preference of the userto the preference of the user•Similar to the and by receiving a dual Similar to the and by receiving a dual

input and bearing a single outputinput and bearing a single output•As it name implies, it will give an output As it name implies, it will give an output

of one if it receives just a single oneof one if it receives just a single one

Parts of the Digital SystemParts of the Digital System

A third part of the system is known as A third part of the system is known as

a “not.”a “not.”

•This device simply inverts the input it This device simply inverts the input it

receives to the opposite numberreceives to the opposite number

•Can be added on to ands and ors to Can be added on to ands and ors to

make “nands” and “nors”make “nands” and “nors”

Relation of the Digital Logic Relation of the Digital Logic System to the EKGSystem to the EKG

Digital logic technology is used in Digital logic technology is used in

various parts of the EKG, allowing it to various parts of the EKG, allowing it to

function as desiredfunction as desired

•The microprocessor of the EKG allows The microprocessor of the EKG allows

for analog to digital conversion of the for analog to digital conversion of the

electrocardiogram informationelectrocardiogram information

Additional Parts of the EKGAdditional Parts of the EKG

•The isolator is a very crucial EKG part, The isolator is a very crucial EKG part,

as it insures the safety of the patientas it insures the safety of the patient

•This electrical separation eliminates This electrical separation eliminates

any possibility for the patient of any possibility for the patient of

getting electrocutedgetting electrocuted

Additional Parts of the EKGAdditional Parts of the EKG

•Another part, the serial converter, functions by Another part, the serial converter, functions by

amplifyingamplifying the digital range produced by the the digital range produced by the

microprocessormicroprocessor

•Increases voltage range from (0 to 5) Increases voltage range from (0 to 5) (-10 to 10) (-10 to 10)

•This allows for the data to be read by the computer’s This allows for the data to be read by the computer’s

serial portserial port

We Would Like To Thank… We Would Like To Thank… Dr. EnderleDr. Enderle

Chris Liebler Chris Liebler

James HartJames Hart

Naomi ThonakkaraparayilNaomi Thonakkaraparayil

Francisco RodriguezFrancisco Rodriguez

Randy TrumbowerRandy Trumbower

Kevin O’ConnorKevin O’Connor

Heather SpottiswoodeHeather Spottiswoode

Joseph RenzulliJoseph Renzulli

William Berkley William Berkley

Desi NesmithDesi Nesmith

Work Cited Work Cited

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