By Rasiel Suarez

Copyright © 2005 by Rasiel Suarez. All Rights Reserved. Dirty Old Books™ A tongue-in-cheek subsidiary of: Dirty Old Coins, LLC PO Box 8996 Asheville, NC 28814-8996 USA www.dirtyoldbooks.com FAX 1-612-677-3842 No part of this book may be reproduced mechanically or otherwise without written permission from the Author. Brief excerpts may be published without prior authorization for the purposes of review and evaluation. Quantity discounts of this book are available. Requests to the Publisher should be directed in writing using the contact information provided above. Catalog number cross-referencing permission extended courtesy of Spink & Son, David R. Sear, David L. Vagi & Trustees of the British Museum. Photography credits listed in the end section. Typesetting by Publication Services, Inc. Font conversion provided by Applied Symbols. First Published January, 2005 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Suarez, Rasiel., 1969— ERIC The Encyclopedia of Roman Imperial Coins / Rasiel Suarez—1

st ed.

Includes Index and Bibliographical references. 1. Numismatics. 2. Coins: Ancient. 3. Coins: Roman Imperial ISBN 0-9764664-0-6 Printed in Hong Kong, China Regal Printing Co., www.regalprinting.com.hk

For ERIC

Table of Contents Foreword i Introduction ii About Roman Coins iii Denominations iii Coins of Other Ancient Cultures viii Identifying Roman Coins xiii How To Use This Book xiv Mintmarks xv Mint Map xvii Pricing And Grading xviii Bibliography xix Reference Catalogs Cited xix Imperial Catalog 1 Coin Terms Used 611 Glossary 613 Rarity Tables 614 Index of Rulers 617 Photography Credits 618 Additional Web Resources 618

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ii

Introduction

Roman imperial coins are probably the most studied and written about era in the field of ancient numismatics. It might be questioned why another book on the subject is necessary given the lopsided attention this part of history has already received. Many of these books will focus on a limited topic or time period and study it in depth while others attempt to tackle the entire length of the Roman empire. Some appeal to the casual history buff and others are written for and by scholars. And all of them, including this effort, suffer from being quickly outdated thanks to new discoveries of coins, historical data and analyses that constantly reshape old theories. The aim of this book is to provide first and foremost the collector of Roman coins with an easy to use guide to understand in as concise a manner as possible the corpus of money issued from the time of the first emperor to the last; a period in history spanning over half a millennium. Naturally, as user-friendliness is given top priority for the sake of the collector other users may be disappointed. The scholar will lament the exclusion of obscure issues, the historian will find little new research, the investor and others concerned primarily with the worth of their coins will find this book nearly useless and those whose interest lies in any subject not covered will rightfully feel disenfranchised. On the other hand Roman coin collectors will at long last find in a single book a comprehensive account of nearly every variant of legend and type known for each of the over two hundred emperors, empresses and other imperials in whose name coins were minted during this time. In addition, a full-fledged catalog of known coins is also provided with each entry having a unique number to facilitate reference among collectors and students. Traditionally, coin guides for ancient coins tend to have full pages of coin photographs at the end of the book. While a more efficient and cost-effective approach, I have chosen instead to include the photographs at the end of each emperor‟s section to make them more accessible. Every feature, again, has been crafted to make this enormous amount of information as easy to understand as possible in as condensed a format as is practical. Just like with any other reference book, the data herein could not possibly have been compiled without extensive help from many others whose interests and expertise are as diverse as the coins themselves. Of particular importance in this endeavor must be noted The Roman Imperial Coinage series of books which is largely regarded as the most definitive and certainly most consulted work on Roman coins. This 13-volume set took the better part of a century to complete and is, in fact, an ongoing project with the collaboration of many of the world‟s top numismatists. Spink and Son, its publishers, have graciously allowed for the cross-referencing of their catalog numbers to the listings in this book. David Sear, an author who has devoted his life to the study of ancient coins has also allowed for similar cross-referencing rights to his own highly acclaimed books. Many, many friends, too numerous to list have provided photos of their coins and sometimes the coins themselves for inclusion. The Swiss numismatic firm of Leu donated hundreds of dollars worth of old catalogs, always a prime ground for research. The British Museum provided photographs of some of the world‟s rarest coin photographs free of charge. And I am equally indebted to CNG, Numismatik Lanz, Münzen & Medaillen and many other firms and scores of individuals for making a wealth of information accessible over the last two years it has taken to put all of it neatly across the space of a few hundred pages.

Rasiel Suarez Co-founder

Dirty Old Coins, LLC

iii

About Roman Coins

One of the most recognizable cultural traits of the Romans was how systematic and methodical they were. In war, politics and art the Romans preferred a strict discipline and adherence to their rules. Naturally, this emphasis on consistency carried over into their currency policies. For hundreds of years millions of coins were handmade by untold numbers of craftsmen and almost every one is instantly recognizable to the collector or student as Roman. It is remarkable that in good times and in bad they could be counted on to make one coin look nearly identical to the next. Even to the bitter end, when coins were little more than metal scraps with scribbled on designs they retained a „look and feel‟ uniquely theirs. Asides from aesthetics the Romans were consistent as well with the content they chose to portray on their coins. From them we inherit the legacy of mating a person‟s face to the obverse, appropriately referred to as „heads‟ informally, with a design on the back. Many of the themes they chose to put on these reverses have also become staple ingredients in modern western culture as well. The Romans were masters of propaganda and learned early on how to exploit every element of a coin‟s design to further the imperial message of a strong and cohesive empire. To this end they employed a vast number of symbols, insignia and inscriptions to drive home the point. Most Roman coins feature religious or military themes. Issues of a civic or purely secular nature are relegated to a secondary role and the few times they appear they are still meant to glorify the pomp and glory of the emperor and, by extension, the Roman people. Ancient coins have been collected since antiquity as ambassadors to the past. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, is said to have amassed a world-class coin collection specimens of which he often gave to dignitaries. So many kings and nobles from the middle ages on collected ancient coins that the collecting of coins itself became known as the “hobby of kings”. Nowadays there are millions of coin collectors the world over and many are discovering that owning an ancient coin need not be hopelessly expensive. European metal detectorists are finding coins in record numbers of every culture that made them. While the silver and gold ones are sold directly to dealers many of the coppers, which are found in the hundreds of thousands every year, are individually too difficult and/or damaged to restore. These are therefore often sold in their as-found state for as little as a dollar or two each. Any would-be archaeologist then has the chance to restore, attribute and value their ancient coin and in the process have a lot of fun learning about ancient history.

Denominations

Roman coins came in many different denominations. The weight and metal type of each coin determined how much purchasing power each coin had. Eventually, coin designs would to a certain extent explicitly state the value of the coin but it is uncertain whether these official values were honored by merchants and the public in general. The absolute base unit in Roman coinage is the Uncia, a small copper coin the size of a small button which was never struck in large quantities and is today very rare. 16 Unciae are equivalent to an As which is the first commercially functional coin. In turn, 16 Asses make up the famous Denarius, a silver, U.S.-dime sized coin which circulated for hundreds of years and influenced coinage in just about every successive Western culture up into modern times. Although a fascinating subject, it‟s disappointing to learn that we lack a good understanding of what the actual value of Roman coins were. Necessary food staples were often heavily subsidized by the government to ensure their accessibility. The emperor and his officials understood that a hungry citizenry was a grave liability. What records survive, therefore, tend to point out these set prices but the going rate for other luxuries is largely speculative. For what it‟s worth, a rough sketch of salaries would have a gold Aureus or Solidus as a month‟s pay for an ordinary soldier. And a Denarius or two could be earned in a day by a skilled laborer. In turn, a family meal consisting of bread, olive oil, wine and perhaps some meat would cost a Denarius or one of its equivalents. For early imperial coinage the relative values are as follows: 1 Aureus = 2 Quinarii = 25 Denarii = 100 Sestertii = 200 Dupondii = 400 Asses = 800 Quadrans = 6,400 Unciae Considering the expense in labor and materials that was borne in the production of the small-change Quadrans and Uncia it‟s not hard to see why these denominations existed more as a theoretical currency keystone than as real coins.

iv The first crack in the Roman economical machine appeared under the reign of Nero who cut back the purity of the Denarius from 98% fineness (essentially as pure as could possibly have been refined on a large scale basis back then) to 93%. The debasement did not link up with an official decrease in the nominal value of the coin itself so that the extra 5% silver was clear and free profit for the emperor. However, it took virtually no time for the public at large to see that the old Denarius was intrinsically worth more than the new one. This created an immediate hoarding of the old silver coins which could now be melted and then sold as scrap. In fact, finding today a pre-reform Denarius is considerably more difficult and expensive than Nero‟s new Denarii. From then on each new emperor lowered the fineness of the Denarii a percent or two so that by the time of Gordian III, the last emperor to issue significant quantities of Denarii, a Denarius was actually no more than about 35% silver by weight. Another unintended effect was that as the silver coins became cheaper the copper ones became more expensive. After all, each Denarius was now being made by more and more copper to fill in for the missing silver. What was happening was that a 3 gram silver coin was 2 grams copper but the whole coin was still valued at several multiples more than the Sestertii, Dupondii and Asses which weighed between 10-30 grams a piece. Therefore, rather than the government risk striking copper coins which would only wind up being melted it chose to not strike them much in the first place. Gold on the other hand was considered sacred. As much as it may have pained each emperor to part with his dwindling supplies of its most precious metal no soldier would risk his life unless it was for real gold. Not until the situation had grown into a series of deep crises in the middle of the third century that emperors decided to tinker with the next best thing: their weight. The Aureus which had traditionally weighed between 7-8 grams each went as far down as just over 2 grams under the reign of Gallienus. How the paymasters kept a straight face on pay day is anyone‟s guess and it‟s quite possible that the scam was masqueraded as salary increases by paying two or three of these Aurei while, of course, the total outlay of metal was still below the traditional amount. As the fineness in silver was steadily lowered, and the weight of the Aureus became erratic, new denominations were introduced to further blur the government‟s cost-cutting schemes and attempts to curb rampant inflation. The silver Antoninianus was introduced around the year 215 under Caracalla at a nominal value of two Denarii and, for gold, the Binio was introduced a few years later as a double Aureus. Since gold coins were never a major part of everyday commerce the Binio was a nonstarter but the Antoninianus drove the Denarius into extinction within 30 years of its introduction. And it, too, would suffer severe debasement and reduction in weight. By the mid-250‟s the Ant reached the critical low point in the silver-copper alloy, about 18%, where it no longer resembled a silvery coin even when freshly minted. Debasing this coin further served no practical purpose because it was blatantly obvious it was no longer silver. A decision was therefore made to stop making silver coins altogether and simply apply a silver wash to the Ants as a last processing step of the coin blanks. When new, these coins looked much better than the previous 18% silver Ants. However, shortly after entering circulation the silver coating wore off across the high points of the coin to reveal the copper beneath. Many such coins continued to circulate long after the silvering was fully gone and yet they were still officially considered silver coins! By the early 290‟s the Roman economy was in a state of near-collapse as the old currency value schedules were maintained relative to a silver coinage that existed only as a dim memory. The emperor Diocletian set into motion a series of monetary reforms meant to rectify the situation. The Antoninianus was suspended and new denominations introduced including a new Denarius of high silver content termed “Argenteus” (but officially worth 2.5 Denarii each) and the Follis which had a negligible amount of silver but was as hefty as an old As. The Aureus would be reborn under more predictable weights as well and the whole coinage system was overhauled from top to bottom in the hopes of stabilizing the economy. Some of the denominations caught on and some, specifically the Argenteus, would see a quick demise due to the chronic lack of silver. What little silver was initially breathed into the Follis was pulled and the weight, too, dwindled swiftly from a high of about 10g until it was a small copper coin of about 2-3g each within a few years‟ time. This reduced Follis enters the fourth century as the new de facto standard copper coin to serve the same general purpose as the Denarius of two centuries before (if not the actual buying power). Since it is unclear what the Romans of the time called it today‟s numismatists give it the generic term of a class three bronze or AE3 for short (AE is the abbreviation for Aeratus, Latin for copper).

v Even though during the fourth century the AE3 is king there are several other important denominations. After Diocletian‟s reforms settle into a new swing over the following years, a new gold standard is introduced under Constantine I with the flagship Solidus, a successor to the old Aureus which is now made to unerring precision at 72 to a Roman pound of gold, or about 4.4g a piece. It is so successful that it was still being made 500 years later under Byzantine emperors easily outlasting the Denarius itself and, possibly, any other denomination to this age. While the relationship between bronze coins and their silver and gold cousins are poorly understood the relative values between silver and gold are as follows: 1 Solidus = 2 Semisses = 3 Tremisses = 24 Siliquae The Siliqua is the last major successor to the old Denarius. It is thinner and lighter at only 2-3g each and never approaches the popularity of the Denarius. Except for rare occasions it is the one denomination that is not survived by the fall of the Roman empire itself in 476. While the gold and silver remain stable into the fifth century and beyond the last days of the Western half of the Roman empire see the bronze coinage shrink quickly into a morass of teeny coppers known as AE4‟s. They survive in large quantities today but prove difficult to identify due to careless minting methods and heavily debased alloys which fared poorly in the soil upon their loss or burial. The following table lists the most important denominations with rare fractions and multiples being omitted.

Main Roman Imperial Coin Denominations

Denomination Metal Weight Value Circ. Dates Notes

Aureus Gold 7-8g 25 Denarii c.200 BCE – 305 CE

Weights fluctuate wildly mid-third century

Binio Gold 5.5-6g 2 Aurei 251-310

Quinarius Gold 2.5-4g ½ Aureus c.200 BCE – 305 CE

Weights fluctuate wildly mid-third century. Very rare

Solidus Gold 4.4g 24 Siliquae

310-c.963 The Solidus is reborn as Basil I‟s Histamenon Nomisma with same weight and purity until replaced in the 1040‟s by the Hyperpyron.

Semissis Gold 2.25g ½ Solidus 310-c.867 Rare prior to 6th

century

Tremissis Gold 1.5g ⅓ Solidus c.380-c.867

1-½ Scripulum

Gold 1.7g 9 Siliquae 310-c.380 Scripulum is a measure of weight. Ancient name remains unknown. Extremely rare.

Denarius Silver 2.5-4g 4 Sestertii 211 BCE – 244 CE

Weights were never adhered to very strictly but typical Denarius in Augustan times was 3.8g dropping to 3.4g by 2

nd century and

sometimes as low as 2g under the Severan dynasty. When first introduced in 211 BCE the Denarius was tariffed at 10 Asses and was retariffed to 16 Asses in 118 BCE.

Cistophoric Tetradrachms

Silver 10-12g 3 Denarii 27 BCE – 138 CE

A denomination meant for use in the eastern provinces to mimic traditional silver coinage in the region but using Latin legends and imperial portraits.

Antoninianus Silver 3-5g 2 Denarii 215-285 The name of this coin in antiquity is unknown. Present usage is named after Caracalla whose formal name was Antoninus and who first introduced this coin. The radiate bronze coins under Diocletian may be a separate denomination or simply a size-reduced Antoninianus.

Argenteus Silver 3-4g 2-½ Denarii

c.290-c.310 A severely debased Argenteus is minted in Trier from c.310-319. Note also that this coin is essentially the same as the light Miliarense.

Quinarius Silver 1.3g- ½ 211 BCE – Rare

vi 2g Denarius c.230 CE

Siliqua Silver 1.5-3g 1/24th

Solidus

310 – c.650 Weights were erratic but steadily diminished over time from around 3g early on to less than 2g by the 5

th century.

Although sporadically minted during Byzantine times it had been phased out of general production by the 460‟s.

Miliarense Silver 3.5g-5.2g

~2 Siliquae

310-c.717 The Miliarense comes in three separate weight categories of uncertain value relative to the Siliqua or Solidus except as raw bullion weight. The “light” Miliarense of approximately 3.5g, a regular ~4.5g coin and the “heavy” miliarense of ~5.2g

Sestertius Bronze/ Brass

22-30g ¼ Denarius 2 Dupondii

23 BCE – c.275

It is possible that the Sestertius continued to be struck in extremely limited quantities until Diocletian‟s reform in or around the year 285. However, after the Severan dynasty the Sestertius became increasingly scarce and underweight, occasionally falling to under 10g. Prior to 23 BCE the Sestertius existed as a rare denomination in silver. Its value however had always been fixed to a quarter of a Denarius. The Sestertius and the Dupondius are typically struck from Orichalcum, a brassy alloy.

Double Sestertius

Bronze 25-40g 2 Sestertii 251-274 Using the convention of radiate crowns for double value, the double Sestertius is an exotic denomination begun under Trajan Decius. Some rare pieces have been noted weighing upwards of 44g but typical weights hover around 25g. The last double Sestertii were apparently minted during the reign of Aurelian at a rather emaciated weight of ~17g.

Dupondius Bronze/ Brass

11-15g ½ Sestertius

23 BCE – c.260

From the year 64 forward emperors on the Dupondius are depicted with a radiate crown. This visual aid eases the distinction between it and the larger Sestertius and the smaller As. Empresses do not get a similar distinction until the 220‟s when a bust resting on a crescent was introduced, a feature which was never thoroughly consistent in use.

As Copper/ Bronze

10-12g ½ Dupondius

c.280 BCE – c.275

It is often impossible to tell for certain whether a coin is a heavier than usual As or a light Dupondius on those coins that normally lack a radiate crown.

Semis Bronze 2-3g ½ As c.210 BCE – c.180 CE

Rare and often struck anonymously. Last issues were used in the outer provinces.

Quadrans Bronze 2.5-4g ½ Semis c.210 BCE – c.180 CE

AE1 Bronze >25mm ? 360‟s Julian II introduces a large silvered bronze coin of ~8.5g, quite possibly a rebirth of the Follis. It is continued by Jovian and struck in very limited quantities by Valens & Valentinian I before disappearing. Large copper medals and so-called “contorniates” are minted sporadically from the early 300‟s and well into the 500‟s. They were

vii rare in their own time, struck for ceremonial purposes, as presentation pieces or other special occasions and unlikely to have entered circulation as money.

AE2 Bronze 22-25mm

2x AE3 (?) 350-c.390 The typical AE2 weighs 4-5g and is sometimes called a “Centenionalis” though the term is far from universally accepted. AE2‟s from the 5

th century are exceedingly

rare but, strangely, seem to have had a little revival under Leo I and his wife Verina in the 450‟s.

AE3 Bronze 16-22mm

? c.300-430 The greater part of extant ancient Roman coins fall under this category. Perhaps hundreds of millions were struck during the fourth century and seem to have served as the general-purpose coin in commerce of the day. They typically weigh about 3g each and were largely phased out of production by the last decade of this century but erratic production continued until Anastasius‟ reform in 498.

AE4 Bronze <16mm ? c.317-498 The AE4 is to the fifth century what the AE3 was to the fifth. They are found today in large quantities but careless production processes, poor alloys and small size conspire against easy identification.

AE5 (proposed)

Bronze <12mm ? c.380-498 This class of bronze is proposed to differentiate them from the larger AE4‟s struck in the first half of the 4

th century

which were initially conceived as posthumous coins struck in honor of deified emperors and empresses and then as the very large issue in celebration of the re-founding of Byzantium as Constantinople. The first mainstream AE4‟s appeared late in the 340‟s but were abandoned within a decade until 379 when the emperor Gratian authorized the minting of a small coin of about 12mm diameter. This smaller module would quickly eclipse the AE3 in popularity and is apparently the main engine of small commerce for the entire fifth century with larger bronzes becoming practically nonexistent during this period. Its weight hovered around 0.9-1.14g and by the early 400‟s settles into a diameter range of about 10mm.

viii

Coins of Other Ancient Cultures

In learning about Roman coins it is helpful to be able to distinguish them from other ancient coins. A short guide is presented outlining the major differences between these.

Let us examine first the coins which we will be dealing with in this book. Roman imperial coins span a period of over 500 years beginning, technically, with the first issues following the Roman Senate‟s bestowment of the title Augustus on Octavian in 27 BC and gradually blending into what will become known as the Byzantine culture in the 6

th century.

During this entire period almost every coin minted within the borders of the Roman empire will feature a ruler from the present imperial court as a portrait on the obverse of each and every coin. This trait alone is so consistent that it becomes an easily identifiable signature which can be used to quickly rule out the majority of other ancient coin-making cultures. The second main features are the inscriptions themselves which although 1,500-2,000 years old are still often perfectly readable to anyone familiar with the Latin alphabet. Roman imperial coins are the most plentiful and cheapest coins of antiquity. It is therefore a safe bet that any coin from antiquity that has a person‟s portrait and has at least partially readable Latin legends can be assumed to be a Roman coin.

Roman imperatorial coins immediately precede the imperial period. This rather brief numismatic period extends from shortly before the death of Julius Caesar until Octavian is given his title of Augustus; less than 20 years in all. Numismatically, this period blends characteristics of the Roman republican period before and the coming imperial age. Among these are the first examples of living persons being featured on coins. The imperatorial period issues some gold and copper coinage but are of excessive rarity today. The Roman economy during this time is nearly monopolized by the silver Denarius.

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The Republican period precedes the Imperatorial and the Roman coinage of the day is heavily influenced by Greek art. From about 200 BCE until near the end of Julius Caesar‟s life these coins will employ the usual Roman rebadged Greek gods with Latin inscriptions but are otherwise similar in makeup to contemporary Greek coins. As was the case with imperatorial Rome, the Denarius is the backbone of the economy.

The Greeks were the inventors of coins. From about 550 BCE until conquered by the Romans they strike millions of coins in all metals but prefer silver as the medium of exhange. Greek coins undergo several periods whereby the art styles change significantly. The coins make heavy use of traditional Greek mythology. As a whole, the written word is moderated or unused so as to not compete with the art which is generally regarded to be the greatest numismatic legacy the world has witnessed.

There are several contemporary cultures which issued coins during the Roman imperial period. After the various Greek nations fell one by one to the Romans the skills of their moneyers were put to good use. Unlike other regions within the Roman empire the Romans allowed for the issue of their own autonomous coinage using Greek legends and traditional themes so long as the various Roman gods and, most importantly, the incumbent emperor were featured prominently. As a class, Roman provincial coins, or more specifically, Greek imperial as they‟re more appropriately termed, are very similar to Roman imperial coins with the only major difference being the use of Greek legends. They were also restricted to bronze and limited runs of silver but never gold which was a privilege reserved for Rome on most occasions. The last of these provincial coins are struck in the late 200‟s and coins with Greek legends will not reappear until the Byzantine period.

x

Immediately to the east in what is now known as the Holy Land coins had been made for centuries. The Jews and other nearby civilizations produced a distinctive coinage paralleling the Roman imperial period and then incorporating some of its elements after the region was annexed by the Romans. Asides from the use of Hebrew and other archaic alphabets the coins scrupulously omit any representation of living beings, particularly humans, which was considered sacrilegious.

The Greek and then Roman empires‟ most formidable enemies were the Persians with whom they constantly quarreled. They left behind a significant body of numismatic material that began shortly after the Greeks themselves invented coinage and evolved over time into the modern Islamic currency. Coins issued in antiquity will look quite exotic to Western eyes from the inscrutable inscriptions to the designs. Portraits feature equally exotic headgear and dress.

The Celts were not one people. They were a diverse number of tribes inhabiting all European regions not under direct Roman control. They include Spanish, British, Germanic and near-eastern nations of semi-nomadic makeup and lumped together under the Roman pejorative “Barbarian”. The extent of their coinage was limited insofar as their economies were more primitive. However, trade was an important element of their various civilizations and many found the convenience of coinage. The style used on Celtic coins is hard to reign in given how dissimilar the various tribes were. Most uniquely distinguishable is their abstracted portraiture and rendition of animals, particularly horses.

xi

Minor Celtic tribes along near the Roman empire‟s borders were influenced and occasionally even Romanized to a degree. What commerce they engaged with amongst themselves, outsiders and Romans alike was presumably facilitated with their acquired wealth, mainstream Roman coins and coins of their own making which closely resembled official issues. The bulk of these mimic Roman bronzes of the fourth century with varying degrees of craftsmanship but all are connected by the thread of illiterate “writing” in place of true inscriptions.

After the fourth century these tribes amalgamated with other Celts to form new tribes and would continue to copy the core Roman currency well into the sixth century, often taking care to honor the nominal Byzantine emperor of the day who was still regarded as the legal sovereign of the former Roman lands. Bronzes ceased to be made in any appreciable quantities but gold production began in earnest under the banner of the Vandals, Ostrogoths, Avars, Merovingians and many others.

As the Roman influence vanished and the Byzantine influence waned these tribes now began to slowly disassociate themselves from the old empire and instead issued coins honoring their own kings. In the vacuum that was left the inhabitants of Western Europe gained stronger identities and new cultures were born giving way to the medieval period. Coin craftsmanship will for the next 1,000 years be far below the standards of the Greeks and Romans and acquire a look and feel unique and easy to identify. However, a thorough knowledge of European medieval coinage is intricate and difficult to master. It will not be until the 16

th century when Arabic numeral dating on coins and the eventual

introduction of machine-stamped coins that the modern age of currency is born.

xii

Meanwhile the Byzantines carry on the political legacy of the Romans by continuing the now ancient imperial tradition. Spanning a full millennium the Byzantine currency undergoes many changes over the years. The ending section of this book introduces the Byzantine age while the coins are still fully indistinguishable from their Italian counterparts. In fact, at this stage the mints in Constantinopolis and Rome still closely coordinate their coin production to give every appearance of a seamless monetary system and, by extension, a solidly unified empire. The book closes with the reign of Anastasius who is a pivotal figure in reforming coinage in a new direction that breaks with the past. Numismatic historians prefer to pin this date as the start of the Byzantine period.

There are other cultures in ancient times where coins were struck. Highlighted above are a few of these. Next to the coins of Persia, India has the most extensive variety with many different kingdoms striking unique designs which occasionally borrow Western elements but are always infused with a healthy dose of regional relevance.

xiii

Identifying Roman Coins

The first step in learning anything about a coin is to be able to decipher the clues given in its design. Fortunately, Roman emperors wanted you to know who was pictured on the coin‟s obverse. Even better, the Romans gave birth to the Latin alphabet making the inscriptions quite readable assuming they‟re not too worn or missing. Lastly, the coins themselves follow very predictable conventions in their designs so that what is learned for one coin can be applied in identifying the next. The typical Roman coin will look something like this:

At first that string of letters may seem daunting to interpret. While each letter appears recognizable it looks like one big, alien word. For all their inventiveness, the Romans seem to have ran out of steam after designing the letter Z and the idea of spacing between words never really caught on. Dots occasionally serve this function but normally the coin lettering will be all bunched up like in this photo. The Latin alphabet used in Roman times is somewhat shorter than the English one. There are no J‟s, U‟s or Y‟s. Instead, an I is used where a J would normally be found and, likewise, a V is the U or Y stand-in. All writing is always upper case. Knowing this, in the sample photo the string of letters encodes not only the name of the emperor, in this case Maximian which is readable starting the third letter in, but also several of his titles. Since there were many titles bestowed on emperors the only way to cram them into the available space was to abbreviate them. In this particular coin the first two letters are D and N which stand in Latin for Dominus Noster (Our Lord), then MAXIMIANO (a Latin form of the name Maximian), FELICISSIMO (roughly translating to “most dutiful”), then SEN (short for senior) and lastly AVG for Augustus, the most important imperial title. A literate Roman back then would understand this inscription to mean something like “Our Lord Maximian, most dutiful senior Augustus”. The reverse reads PROVIDENTIADEORVMQVIESAVGG. Breaking this up yields Providentia Deorvm Qvies Avgg which translates to “By the providence of the Gods there is peace”. This particular coin speaks therefore of the peaceful transition of power from the emperor, Maximian, to his appointed successor. Other coins will follow this basic principle and the connection to modern coins should be obvious thereby making the identification of each one easier. On the other hand, many ancient coins will prove more difficult to figure out because they‟re worn, damaged or have legends that are too difficult to make out. Those features that are visible will have to suffice in correctly attributing the coin. It is unfortunately not unusual to find a coin that resists identification because there is simply too little to go on. However, even in these cases it should at least be possible to determine the approximate age and region of the coin.

xiv

How to Use This Book

In the following pages you will find a format that will become familiar from emperor to emperor. After a short biography, known coin inscriptions and designs are broken down into four parts. Not every legend will be found with every bust or reverse type and the known combinations are given in a numbered listing known as a catalog. The available photographs of the busts and reverse designs are then organized into plates at the end of the section.

1. The name of the ruler followed by title and reign dates. In the case of empresses dates given are for when they

were born and died. 2. A short biography of the ruler. 3. Notes on the availability and general pricing of his or her coins.

xv 4. Known bust types for this ruler. The general order of description is to list first what, if anything is worn on the

head and then continue to list the type of dress visible on the bust and, finally, whatever the effigy might be holding with his right hind followed by his left hand.

In a few cases coin obverses will have a design rather than a portrait. A lettered listing will follow with known types.

5. Obverse legends known for the ruler, arranged alphabetically. 6. Reverse legends. 7. Description of known types.

8. Mint location. City name is given as known in antiquity. See elsewhere in introductory section for current name

and location.

9. Metal type and denomination. AU is for gold, AR silver and AE is copper.

10. References to listings in other catalogs for the same catalog are provided where researched and/or available. Blank spaces in this field may mean either that the coin is unlisted or is listed in a work not researched by the author.

11. Photographs of the busts and types. Photographs are not to scale.

12. Catalog entries are provided in a numbered sequence that includes the most common known combinations of the

busts, types and legends. In addition, mintmarks and the occasional note unique to this listing will be entered after the combination. A listing that reads, for example, B1, O1, R05, T20 simply means that a coin is known with bust number 1, obverse legend number one, reverse legend five and reverse type number 20. Leading zeroes are added where necessary in order to make the headings line up and sort correctly. The numbers reset for the next ruler. Where a coin has field markings in addition to the exergue a “/” will separate the field from the exergue. A coin therefore that has an A in one of its reverse fields and XXX in the exergue will be described as A / XXX. If a coin has field markings in both fields it might then read A / B / XXX. Where the arrangement may present confusion additional comments will be provided.

xvi

Mintmarks

For hundreds of years Rome kept a close eye on the output of its coins. As there were only a few mints operational at any one time, with Rome itself reserving the lion‟s share of this output, quality control and accurate bookkeeping was a task that the mint officials could handle without resorting to the practice of placing marks on the coins themselves to know what was going on. However, near the latter half of the third century, the quality of the coins had suffered greatly under the stress of inflation and a centralized system made for an impractical way of distributing the (cheaper) currency being made. It was at this time that mintmarking really began to take hold and, within a few years, the process had become the most intricate and methodical the world would ever witness. Although silver and gold would eventually get some mint marks here and there it was the low value bronze denominations which received full attention in this area. Oddly, down to the very last days before the fall of Rome even the sorriest little copper would be duly impressed with the mark of its city of origin and, frequently, its officina as well. The big idea therefore was for the government to keep track of who was making what and how much of it. Specie in gold and silver had such tight controls that general accounting practices were generally sufficient to minimize corruption and fraud. Copper coinage on the other hand was being produced on a very massive scale. Each mint each year may have made hundreds of millions of coins and, not surprisingly, most were of the copper variety meant for general circulation. This scale of manufacture would not be repeated again until the industrial age so a system for all those coins coming into circulation was imperative. The treasury‟s primary need in accounting was to make sure the correct number of coins were being made to pay off the government‟s expenditures. Each mint was therefore bound to a number of rules that they were to follow both for accounting as well as to ensure a supply of coins that were as seamless in terms of look and feel from one mint to the next. Designs were therefore carefully coordinated between the various mints and for specific lengths of time. The painstaking practice of ensuring that every single coin looked essentially identical from one end of the empire to the other and a level of detail that dictated the precise, hyper-correct placement of individual letters and other design elements can be considered as part of the quintessentially Roman way of precision engineering. The very first mintmarks employed under the Roman imperial period usually consisted of cryptic symbols just meant to reveal the city of origin. This practice was far from widespread and given the normal variances from region to region it is now known without doubt that some coins were made in certain locations or at least general areas even without these mintmarks based on stylistic differences alone. But these differences were much too subtle for administrators to bother with. When the need presented itself the mint marking system was put into place and within a matter of a few years the practice was more or less standardized across hundreds of thousands of square miles.

No sooner than explicit mint marks begin appearing that identify each city of origin than it becomes necessary to break it down further into individual series and, as noted above, often the officinae involved too. A typical late Roman bronze will often carry additional symbols that reveal separate production runs. Understanding this system is complex and their meanings are not always universally agreed upon. But generally speaking some conventions can be followed with enough consistency that they soon become familiar to the collector. The first step then is to identify the name and location of all these mints. The map on the following page identifies

the main ones in operation during the fourth and fifth centuries.

xvii

In addition to the above locations, several other cities hosted mint operations during brief periods. Sometimes an emperor on a war campaign chose to bring along these facilities to ensure a close eye on the soldiers‟ payroll. A partial list of minor mints includes: Ambianum – Amiens, France Barcino – Barcelona, Spain Carnuntum – near Vienna, Austria Colonia Agrippinensis – Cologne, Germany Laodiceia ad Mare – Laodikeia, Syria Ostia – near Rome, Italy

Palmyra – near Tadmur, Syria Narbo Martius – Narbonne, France Tarraco – Tarragona, Spain Tripolis – Tripolis, Turkey Viminacium – Kostolac, Yugoslavia

Now that we‟ve taken a brief overview of their names and locations let‟s take a look at the mint marks themselves. The simplest type of mint mark just wants to identify its city of mintage and the first thing to remember is that it almost always will be located on the bottom of the reverse of the coin. This area, typically delineated by a line separating the design from the mintmark itself, is called the exergue. This bronze coin belonging to Constantius Gallus, a minor figure of the fourth century, was minted in Sirmium given the readable string ASIRM). The A and the dot would have provided an

administrator extra information useful in pinning down who was responsible for making the coin and at what approximate time. One might consider how this level of detail has never to this day been found again and should give pause to wonder just how meticulous these people were! In the meantime and for the purpose of cracking the system let us remember that the mint city will be an abbreviation consisting of one to several letters and will usually be embedded with additional symbols. Learning how they abbreviated their city names is usually the first step in recognizing where a particular coin was made. Relatively few, unfortunately, are generous enough to spell out the first four letters of the city name like in this example! Barring the many exceptions that will be found, some forms of usage predominate: Alexandria: ALE Antioch: ANT or ANA

xviii Arles: A, ARL, CONS (after being renamed Constantia in the fourth century. To distinguish from Constantinople the officina letter always precedes the CONS in Arles and always comes after the CONS for Constantinople issues) Aquileia: AQ Constantinople: CON or CONS Cyzicus: K, KYZ or MKV Heraclea: H, HT, HERACL or HERAC London: L, ML or LON Lugdunum (Lyons): LG or LVG Nicomedia: N, NIC, NIKO Rome: R or RF Sirmium: SIRM Siscia: SIS or SISC Thessalonica: TES or TS Ticinum: T Trier: TR

Whenever possible, the above “keys” should be visually isolated from other symbols preceding or stuck on as suffixes. Another very popular convention used was to use the form SMxy where x would be the 1- to 3-letter city code followed by y, the officina. SM stood for Sacra Moneta (sacred mint). The officina is simply and literally the office or internal department in charge of minting the coins. The physical building that housed the machinery and staff for minting coins may have had up to a dozen or more simultaneously operating officinae. Sometimes each officina would be given the task of dedicating its output to a certain design or emperor but more typically they shared equally in the output. Each was therefore expected to stamp their coins with the signature of their crew; all, again, for the sake of full accounting. The officinae were identified by a numbering system whose nomenclature depended on their general location. Cities in the western half of the empire normally used an ordinal sequence where you would have the first, second, third and so on officinae. This being Latin, they would have used the words prima, seconda, tertia, qvarta, etc. They would then use the first letter of each ordinal along with the city code. For example, a coin from Rome could have a mintmark RP (Roma Prima) which would indicate that it came from the first officina. Just as often you could have the officina letter precede the city code so that a QA would indicate the fourth officina for Arles. A logistic problem occurs when we arrive at the fifth officina, qvinta in Latin, because there is obviously no way to distinguish between the Q for qvarta and qvinta. The Romans evidently didn‟t burn too many mental calories on this one and in these cases just grabbed the fifth Greek alphabet letter E. On the rather rare instances where a sixth or greater number officina was operating they resorted to using more Greek characters. The eastern mint cities tend to use letters from the Greek alphabet to accomplish the same task. The sequence begins A, B, Γ, Δ, E, S, Z, H, Ө and I. They can go further for series that were very popular, for example a ΔE would be the sum of letter values 4 and 5 from the above sequence to arrive at the 9

th officina.

Normally however only the first four to five letters were used and, by the fifth century when fewer coins were being made, it was usual to have only A and B operating Matters become trickier when unrelated symbols get appended to these codes but the general form should be recognizable as the ancillary symbols change frequently from issue to issue while the relative position of the city code and officina do so less often. Where the collector comes across a coin with many letters and symbols jumbled together it might well be daunting to sort it all out but with increasing familiarity with the system it is only a matter of time before a casual glance will tell you all you need to know to identify each coin... provided, of course, that the mintmark is still visible.

xix

Pricing and Grading

Almost every coin collector is interested, if not obsessed, with the worth of their coins. Despite the occasional, overly-serious numismatist admonishing the newer hobbyist in playing this down in favor of just learning and studying the coins the truth is that it is an integral part of the fun of collecting. The collector therefore desperately needs a pricing guide to know what to expect when adding or selling pieces from the collection. I can‟t do that. There are no shortage of pricing guides out there for ancient coins but the bitter truth is that they‟re all laughably inaccurate and in the end up confusing more than giving real-world use. There are several reasons for this. Unlike the case with modern coins there are no „population reports‟ to indicate how rare or common each coin type is in an absolute sense. Over time, coins that were previously rare become less so thanks to new hoard discoveries and sometimes coins that are temporarily plentiful vanish from the marketplace. Then there is the issue of where you buy and sell coins. An exclusive dealer may list a given coin for several hundred dollars while another can offer the very same type for a $100 and you could spot the same on eBay for $50. It happens ALL the time. In light of this there is little point in taking the trouble to give even a rough price range for each coin catalogued. Depending on your personal level to stomach risk and how much research you want done on your behalf you will feel comfortable shopping in a venue where prices should be more or less stable for that tier. This ultimately will be the true learning grounds. However, this book at least notes general trends for each emperor and where possible further broken down by the major denominations. This should hopefully be enough to spur the collector to do a little comparative research to identify what is a bargain and what is clearly overpriced. Every coin book geared towards the collector will repeat the mantra about grading and conservation and I will be pedantic enough to repeat it here. It is an unwavering truism that conservation beats rarity in all but the most extreme cases. Unless you have come across a major rarity assume that the worth of your coin will very largely depend on its visual appeal. An ancient gold coin will in most cases look mint state or nearly so because it likely traded hands infrequently until it was lost. Bronzes on the other hand range from the abominable to strikingly well preserved (but should never look coppery like modern, untoned copper coins. This is an unequivocal indication of harsh cleaning!). Silver coins tend to be fairly well preserved but will show the most wear since many of them traded for many decades. A mint state coin will command a premium. The rule of thumb is that in coins beauty sells and rarity is only a secondary factor in determining value. Of course, this “rule” applies only in a general sense. A rare coin be it for type or ruler WILL be marketable assuming a decent state of preservation and the rarest types/rulers will stil be very sought even when poorly preserved. However, a poorly preserved rather common coin will find almost no interest among your fellow collectors. So what are the grading standards? Just as is the case with modern coins ancients are graded along much the same lines. One can even get an ancient coin slabbed just like a modern coin and will carry a grade using the American grading standard... a practice that finds quite little support among die-hard ancient coin enthusiasts. But this book does not concern itself with grades for the simple reason that nowadays grading ancient coins is largely irrelevant. Unlike the mail order catalogs of years gone by one typically buys a coin from a well-photographed coin today in a glossy color catalog, the internet or on site at a coin show. There is therefore little need for a grade as such since the visual confirmation of what you would be getting is infinitely more useful than the information conveyed by an assigned grade of questionable value. For what it‟s worth, let‟s examine what the general consensus is regarding grading:

Rather than waste time with an euphemistic grades of AG, G or VG, the lowest rung of collectible ancient Roman coins are thankfully just described imperfect as they are. In most cases wear as such won‟t be the major issue with these coins

xx but rather unsightly toning, die cracks and/or other structural problems, or a bad case of corrosion. Coins with any but a small part broken off are hardly ever worth anything on the market.

Those coins graded “fine” will be found to be essentially intact in terms of overall design but with a considerable portion of its initial detail worn off or obscured by corrosion. This represents the bulk of ancient coins available today.

You would expect a Roman coin in Very Fine or VF condition to be overall problem-free and with all its major features visible. Some wear and/or small imperfections are to be expected including coins that are slightly off-center.

An EF (extremely fine) coin is in practice the highest grade coin you can hope to come across. Excepting coins given the holy-grail grade of FDC, see next, which probably no universal body of numismatists will agree on by the way, the EF coin is as good as it gets. To achieve this grade it should have only a touch of wear (if not outright mint state), be well centered, struck from new dies, be whole in every way and basically say “Hey, I‟m beautiful and perfect. Buy me”. It will be rare to find a bona fide EF bronze.

FDC is French for Fleur de Coin, the ne plus ultra of the numismatic world. It‟s a term unfortunately much abused by both the inexperienced and those of shaky morals who will indiscriminately give any coin the grade without a second thought, often adding a few seemingly pre-requisite + or ! signs to drive home the point. Sigh. A real FDC coin needs no such gimmicky hype for it should be instantly breathtaking and considered the very paradigm of that type. In fact, a purist will say that by definition this excludes all bronzes by mere reason of their toning which, however attractive, has degraded them from perfection. Whatever. It‟s ok to ignore any coin marketed as FDC that does not instantly dazzle. In a sense, so long as you can rely on the picture, it‟s ok to ignore any assigned grade :-)

xxi

Bibliography

R. A. G. Carson and J. P. C. Kent. Late Roman Bronze Coinage. New York: Sanford J. Durst, 1989. Harold Mattingly and Edward A. Sydenham. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. I. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1923 C. H. V. Sutherland. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. 1. London: Spink and Son, 1984 Harold Mattingly and Edward A. Sydenham. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. II. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1926 Harold Mattingly and Edward A. Sydenham. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. III. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1930 Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham and C. H. V. Sutherland. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. IV pt. 1. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1936 Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham and C. H. V. Sutherland. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. IV pt. 2. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1938 Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham and C. H. V. Sutherland. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. IV pt. 2. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1949 Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham and Percy H. Webb. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. V pt. 1. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1927 Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham and Percy H. Webb. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. V pt. 2. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1933 C. H. V. Sutherland and R. A. G. Carson. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. VI. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1967 C. H. V. Sutherland and R. A. G. Carson. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. VII. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1966 J. P. C Kent. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. VIII. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1981 J. W. E. Pearce. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. IX. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1951

J. P. C Kent. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. X. London: Spink & Son, Ltd., 1994 David R. Sear. Byzantine Coins And Their Values. London: Seaby, Ltd., 1987

Reference Catalogs Cited

BMC British Museum Catalogue Bastien Pierre Bastien Le monnayage de l'atelier de Lyon : de la reóuverture de l'atelier par Aurélien à la mort de Carin BN Catalogue de la Bibliothèque Nationale C Henri Cohen Description Historique des Monnais Frappeés sous L‟Empire Romain Calicó Xavier Calicó The Roman Avrei vols. I & II Cr. Michael Crawford‟sRoman Republican Coinage Depeyrot Georges Depeyrot Les monnaies d'or de Dioclétien à Constantin I (284-337) Estiot Sylviane Estiot Ripostiglio della Venèra: Nuovo Catalogo Illustrato Gnecchi Francesco Gnecchi Medaglioni Romani Göbl Robert Göbl Moneta Imperii Romani LRBC Late Roman Bronze Coinage MIB W. Hahn Moneta Imperii Byzantini Ratto Rodolfo Ratto Monnaies Byzantines RIC The Roman Imperial Coinage vols. I - X S David Sear Roman Coins and Their Values SB David Sear Byzantine Coins and Their Values Shiel Norman Shiel The Episode of Carausius and Allectus: The Literary and Numismatic Evidence SNG British Academy Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum; various collections as noted Tantalus The Tantalus Registry at http://www.tantaluscoins.com/index.php Wildwinds The Wildwinds database at http://wildwinds.com/coins/ric/i.html Vagi David Vagi Coinage and History of the Roman Empire Vol II

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1

Augustus

Augustus 27 BCE -14 CE

Originally called Octavian, his name is today known simply as Augustus which was the title given him by the Senate in the year 27 B.C. He was the grandnephew of Julius Caesar and was following an illustrious military career when Caesar was murdered. On hearing of this he set in motion a series of alliances meant to avenge his great-uncle's assassins. He recruited Lepidus and Marc Antony for the task, defeated Brutus and his co-conspirators and

then carved up the Roman world among the three. Lepidus was thus left in control of the African provinces, Marc Antony with Egypt and the eastern Octavian the rest including Rome itself. The Triumvirate as it was called was unstable and they each began to plot against the other. Within a few years however Lepidus would be stripped of his powers and Marc Antony would be defeated in a major battle. Antony and his wife Cleopatra then committed suicide leaving Octavian as sole emperor. Octavian then became known and referred to by his title and went on to rule the Roman Empire for another 40 years. He did this while cooperating with the Senate and to him Romans owed much of the grandeur and influence that this empire became known for.

Busts:

1) Bare head left 2) Bare head right 3) Laureate head left 4) Laureate head right 5) Radiate head left 6) Radiate head right

a) Agrippa crowned head facing left on left and Augustus

bare head right on right b) Altar c) Apollo laureate head right d) Branches (2) e) Cippus reading SPQR / IMP CAE / QVODV / M SEX /

EAPQIS / ADADE f) Cornucopia; S C across fields g) Feronia diademed, draped bust right h) Fortuna Victrix helmeted bust right, holding patera over

Fortuna Felix, diademed bust i) Hands, in handshake, holding caduceus j) Hercules diademed head right with club k) Honos head right l) Liber head right, wearing crown of Ivy leaves m) Quadriga right n) Sol radiate head right o) Simpulum on left and Lituus on right p) Venus diademed head right q) Venus diademed, draped bust right r) Victory diademed bust right s) Victory standing right on galley prow, holding wreath and

palm t) Virtus helmeted, draped bust right u) Wreath, AVGVSTVS / TRIBVNIC / POTEST within v) Wreath, OB above, CIVIS within, SERVATOS below

Obverses:

1) AVGVR PONTIF 2) AVGVS TR POT 3) AVGVST 4) AVGVST DIVI F LVDOS SAE 5) AVGVST TRIB POTEST 6) AVGVSTVS 7) AVGVSTVS COS XI 8) AVGVSTVS DIVI F 9) AVGVSTVS TR POT 10) AVGVSTVS TR POT VII 11) AVGVSTVS TR POT VIII 12) C ANTISTI VETVS III VIR 13) C ANTISTIVS VETVS III VIR 14) C CAESAR COS PONT AVG 15) C CAESAR III VIR R P C 16) CAESAR 17) CAESAR / AVGVSTVS 18) CAESAR AVG TR POTEST 19) CAESAR AVG TRIB POT 20) CAESAR AVG TRIB POTEST 21) CAESAR AVG TRIBVN POTES 22) CAESAR AVG TRIBVNI POTES 23) CAESAR AVG TRIBVNIC POTEST 24) CAESAR AVGV TRIB POTEST 25) CAESAR AVGV TRIBVN POTES26) CAESAR AVGVS TRIBVN POTEST 27) CAESAR AVGVST

28) CAESAR AVGVST PONT MAX TRIBVNIC POT 29) CAESAR AVGVST TRIB POTEST

The coinage of Augustus is extensive and complicated. In fact, his long reign straddles two numismatic periods, the so-called Imperatorial and the Imperial with which this volume focuses on. The Imperatorial period is itself a transitional time that fuses elements of the former Republican coinage and the coming age of the emperors with the biggest innovation being the engraving of portraits of living people on the obverse. Julius Caesar was first among these and when coins started showing up in Rome with the face of the elderly dictator the outrage was so widespread that it helped solidify the conspiracy that ultimately ended his life. But the genie was out of the bottle. Even the self-proclaimed defenders of the old Republic would henceforth find it increasingly more acceptable to strike coins with their own likenesses on them. The practice proved so popular (to heads of state if not the populace at large) that it would continue all the way into modern times. While many countries today would find issuing coins with the portrait of a sitting president or prime minister just as inappropriate as back in 44 B.C. in others it is considered normal and a stimulant to nationalistic pride, especially in countries with an active system of royalty. In any case, it is beyond the scope of this book to list the near-endless amount of issues struck during the time of Augustus. This chapter will therefore list the various legends and types in longest use and which are today most common in the market. During the record 56 years the man known as Octavian, and then as Augustus, ruled he had literally millions of handmade coins put into circulation. These ran the gamut from heavy silver and gold medals issued for presentation purposes to foreign dignitaries and military commanders, forerunners of today’s proof issues, to ordinary gold, silver and copper denominations used to pay the armies and meant to be exchanged for goods on the marketplace as well as a convenient system of paying the state taxes owed. Of the former very, very few are left over today and it’s small wonder that on the few times they’re offered for sale the selling prices are measured in the six digits. Among the latter many escaped the melting pot simply because they were lost prior to the point where they had become so worn that they stopped being useful as money. Among these by far the most commonly available today is the series featuring Gaius and Lucius, the Caesars the aged Augustus intended to succeed him. Usually found fairly worn or porous they can be had for around $100 each. Mint-state examples can be located but for about ten times that much.

2 30) CAESAR AVGVST TRIBVN POTEST 31) CAESAR AVGVST TRIBVNI POTEST 32) CAESAR AVGVSTVS 33) CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F PATER PATRIAE 34) CAESAR AVGVSTVS TR POT 35) CAESAR AVGVSTVS TRIBVNIC POTEST 36) CAESAR COS VI 37) CAESAR DIVI F COS VI 38) CAESAR DIVI F COS VII 39) CAESAR III VIR R P C 40) CAESAR IMP PONT III VIR R P C 41) CAESAR IMP VII 42) CAESAR PONT MAX 43) CAESARI / AVGVSTO 44) CAESARI AVGVSTO 45) CAISAR 46) COM ASIAE 47) COSSVS CN F LENTVLVS 48) COSSVS LENTVLVS M AGRIPPA COS TER 49) DIVO AVGVSTO 50) DIVVS AVGVSTVS 51) DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER 52) GALLVS MESALLA III VIR 53) III VIR AAA F F 54) IMP / DIVI F 55) IMP AVGVST TR POT 56) IMP CAESAR 57) IMP CAESAR AVG TR POT VIII 58) IMP CAESAR AVGVS TR POT IIX

59) IMP CAESAR AVGVS TR POT VIII 60) IMP CAESAR AVGVSTV 61) IMP CAESAR AVGVSTVS 62) IMP CAESAR DIVI F AVGVST COS VII 63) IMP CAESAR DIVI F AVGVSTVS IMP XX 64) IMP CAESAR DIVI F COS VI LIBERTATIS 65) IMP CAESAR DIVI F III VIR ITER R P C 66) IMP CAESAR DIVI IVLI F 67) IMP CAESAR TR POT IIX 68) IMP CAISAR 69) L AQVILLIVS FLORVS III VIR 70) L CANINIVS GALLVS III VIR 71) L LENTVLVS FLAMEN MARTIALIS 72) L VINICIVS L F III VIR 73) LAMIA SILIVS ANNIVS 74) M DVRMIVS III VIR 75) M DVRMIVS III VIR HONORI 76) P PETRON TVRPILIAN III VIR 77) PVLCHER T AVRVS REGVLVS 78) Q RVSTIVS FORTVNA 79) SPQR CAESARI AVGVSTO 80) SPQR IMP CAESARI 81) SPQR IMP CAESARI AVG COS XI TRI POT VI 82) TVRPILIANVS III VIR 83) TVRPILIANVS III VIR FERO 84) TVRPILIANVS III VIR FERON 85) No legend

Reverses:

1) A LICIN NERVA SILIAN III VIR AAA FF 2) AEGVPT / CAPTA 3) AEGVPTO / CAPTA 4) APRONIVS SISENNA AAA FF 5) ASIA RECEPTA 6) AVG F TR POT XV 7) AVGVST 8) AVGVSTI F COS DESIG PRINC IVVENT 9) AVGVSTVS 10) BALBVS PRO P R 11) C ANTIST VETVS FOED P R CVM GABINVS 12) C ANTIST VETVS III VIR 13) C ANTISTIVS REGIN GABINIS 14) C ANTISTIVS REGINVS 15) C ASINIVS C F GALLVS III VIR AAA FF 16) C CAES 17) C CAESAR DICT PERP PONT MAX 18) C CASSIVS C F CELER III VIR AAA FF 19) C CASSIVS CELER III VIR AAA FF 20) C CENSORINVS L F AVG III VIR AAA FF 21) C GALLIVS C F LVPERCVS III VIR AAA FF 22) C GALLIVS LVPERCVS III VIR AAA FF 23) C MARCI L F CENSORIN AVG III VIR AAA FF 24) C MARIVS C F TRO III VIR 25) C MARIVS TRO III VIR 26) C N PISO C N F III VIR AAA FF 27) C N PISO C PLOT L SVRDIN 28) C N PISO C PLOTIVS L SVRDIN 29) C N PISO L SVRDIN C PLOT RVF 30) C PLOTIVS RVFVS III VIR AAA FF 31) C SVLPIC PLATORIN 32) C SVLPICIVS PLATORIN 33) CAESAR / AVGVSTVS 34) CAESAR AVGVSTVS 35) CAESAR AVGVSTVS SIGN RECE 36) CAESAR COS VI 37) CAESAR COS VII CIVIBVS SERVATEIS 38) CAESAR DIVI F 39) CAESAR DIVI F ARME CAPT 40) CAESAR IMP VII 41) CAESARI AVGVSTO 42) CIVIB ET SIGN MILIT A PART RECVP 43) CIVIB ET SIGN MILIT A PART RECVPER 44) COL NEM 45) CONSECRATIO 46) CONSENSV SENAT ET EQ ORDIN P Q R 47) COS / IMP CAESAR AVG / XI 48) COS ITER ET TER DESIG 49) CRISPINV AAA FF 50) DIVA AVGVSTA 51) DIVVS IVLIVS 52) FORTVN REDV / CAESARI AVG / SPQR 53) III VIR AAA F 54) IMP / CAE SAR / DIVI F 55) IMP D CAES AVG RESTITVIT 56) IMP NERVA CAES AVG REST

57) IMP NERVA CAESAR AVGVSTVS REST 58) IMP T CAES AVG RESTITVIT 59) IMP T VESP AVG REST 60) IOVIS / TONANTIS 61) L AQVILLIVS FLORVS III VIR 62) L CANINIVS GALLVS III VIR 63) L MESCINIVS 64) L MESCINIVS RVFVS 65) L MESCINIVS RVFVS III VIR 66) L NAEVIVS SVRDINVS III VIR AAA FF 67) L SVRDINVS III VIR AAA FF 68) L VINICIVS L F III VIR 69) LENTVLVS FLAMEN MARTIALIS 70) M AGRIPPA COS TER COS SVS LENTVLVS 71) M AGRIPPA PLATORINVS III VIR 72) M ANT IMP AVG III VIR R P C M BARBA T Q P 73) M ANT IMP AVG III VIR R P CL GELL Q P 74) M DVRMIVS 75) M MAECILIVS TVLLVS III VIR AAA FF 76) M SALVIVS OTHO III VIR AAA FF 77) M SANQVINIVS III VIR 78) M SANQVINIVS Q F III VIR AAA FF 79) OB CIVIS / SERVATOS 80) P BETILIENVS BASSVS 81) P CARISI LEG 82) P CARISIVS / LEG / AVGVSTI 83) P CARISIVS AVGVSTI 84) P CARISIVS LEG PRO P R 85) P LICINIVS STOLO III VIR AAA FF 86) P LVRIVS AGRIPPA III VIR AAA FF 87) P PETRON TVRPILIAN III VIR 88) P STOLO / III VIR 89) P STOLO III VIR AAA FF 90) PLOTIVS RVFVS III VIR AAA FF 91) PLVRIVS AGRIPPA III VIR AAA F F 92) PONTIF MAXIM 93) PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POT XXXIIII 94) PRO VALETVDINE 95) Q AELIVS L F LAMIA III VIR AAA FF 96) Q AELIVS LAMIA III VIR AAA FF 97) Q SALVIVS IMP COS DES II 98) QVOD / VIAE / MVN / SVNT 99) QVOD VIAE MVN SVNT 100) SEX NONIVS QVINCTILIAN III VIR AAA FF 101) SIGNIS / PARTHIC / RECEPT 102) SIGNIS / PARTHIC / RECEPTIS 103) SIGNIS / PARTHICIS / RECEPTIS 104) SIGNIS / RECEPTIS 105) SIGNIS PARTHICIS RECEPTIS 106) SP / QR 107) SPQR 108) SPQR PARE / CONS SVO 109) SPQR PAREN / CONS SVO 110) SPQR PARENT / CONS SVO 111) SPQR PARENTI / CONS SVO 112) T CRISPINVS III VIR AAA FF

3 113) T CRISPINVS SVLPICIAN III VIR AAA FF 114) T CRISPINVS SVLPICIANVS III VIR AAA FF 115) T QVINCTI CRISPIN III VIR AAA FF 116) T QVINCTIVS CRISPIN III VIR AAA FF 117) T QVINCTIVS CRISPINVS III VIR AAA FF 118) TI CAESAR AVG F TR POT XV 119) TI SEMPRONIVS GRACCVS III VIR AAA FF 120) TVRPILIANVS III VIR

121) TR POT XXV 122) TR POT XXVII 123) TR POT XXVIIII 124) TR POT XXX 125) TR POT XXXI 126) VOLVSVS VALER MESSAL III VIR AAA FF 127) VOT P SVSC PRO SAL ET RED I O M SACR 128) No legend

Types:

1) Agrippa crowned head right 2) Altar 3) Altar reading FOR RE 4) Apex with ancile on either side 5) Apollo standing left, holding pick and harp 6) Apollo standing left on platform, sacrificing over altar and holding lyre 7) Augustus advancing left, raising hand and holding spear 8) Augustus advancing right, raising hand and holding spear. 9) Augustus and Agrippa seated left on platform 10) Augustus driving two oxen right, holding whip 11) Augustus riding chariot pulled by two elephants left, holding palm and scepter 12) Augustus riding horse right on pedestal reading SPQR / IMP / CAES; city walls in background 13) Augustus riding quadriga right, holding branch. 14) Augustus seated left on platform reading LVD.S giving money to one of two citizens standing to left; bowl in lower center 15) Augustus seated left on platform, receiving branch from soldier 16) Augustus seated left on platform, receiving branches from two citizens. 17) Augustus seated left on platform; reaching for baby held by citizen to left 18) Augustus seated left, holding branch 19) Augustus seated left, holding Victory 20) Augustus seated right on platform, handing out coins to two citizens; vase on floor between them. 21) Augustus standing left, holding arm of kneeling Sicilia and shield 22) Augustus standing on right, resting hand on shield and placing star on Julius Caesar, holding Victory and scepter 23) Barbarian kneeling right, holding vexillum reading X 24) Boar standing right, impaled by spear 25) Branches (2) 26) Bull butting left 27) Bull butting right 28) Bull standing right 29) Caius and Lucius standing, facing, between them shield and spears with simpulum and lituus above. 30) Caius riding horse right, holding sword; legionary eagle with standard on either side to left and in background. 31) Capricornus advancing left, bearing cornucopia and globe 32) Capricornus advancing right, bearing cornucopia and globe 33) Capricornus advancing right, bearing globe 34) Club 35) Column on thunderbolt; Augustus standing atop 36) Column; Augustus standing left atop, holding scepter 37) Comet 38) Cornucopia; large S and C on either side. 39) Crescent, star above 40) Crocodile chained to palm tree with wreath atop 41) Crocodile standing right 42) Diana (Luna) advancing right, pullin arrow from quiver and holding bow 43) Diana (Luna) standing left, holding spear and bow; dog to left 44) Eagle standing facing on globe; large S and C on either side 45) Eagle standing left on globe 46) Flower, in bloom 47) Globe with rudder in front 48) Grain ears, tied 49) Herm on thunderbolt 50) Julius Caesar bare head right, comet above 51) Julius Caesar laureate head right 52) Julius Caesar standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and spear, being crowned with star by Augustus to right, holding shield. 53) Large SC 54) Legend M AGRIPPA COS / DESIG 55) Livia seated left, holding grain ears and torch. 56) Livia seated right, holding patera and scepter; large S and C to either side. 57) Livia seated right, holding scepter and branch 58) Marc Antony bare head right 59) Mars standing left, holding vexillum and parazonium. 60) Mercury seated right on rock, holding lyre 61) Neptune standing left, stepping on globe, holding apluster and trident 62) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia 63) Quadriga riding left 64) Quadriga riding right, carrying modius with grain ears 65) Quadriga riding right, carrying palm branch 66) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 67) Senate building (Curia Julia); architrave reading IMP CAESAR with Victory and statue on either side on roof 68) Shield 69) Shield reading CL.V 70) Shield reading CL.V, legionary eagle to left and standard to right; SPQR: letters arranged at each corner starting at top left. 71) Shield reading S.P.Q.R / CL.V 72) Sphinx crouching left. 73) Tarpeia buried to waist in shields, raising hands. 74) Temple with (4) columns, currus with legionary eagle within 75) Temple with (4) columns, Julius Caesar within and DIVO IVL on pediment above 76) Temple with (4) columns, Mars within, holding legionary eagle and standard. 77) Temple with (6) columns

4 78) Temple with (6) columns, Jupiter standing within, holding thunderbolt and scepter 79) Temple with (6) columns, legionary eagle and two standards within 80) Temple with (6) columns, Mars within, holding legionary eagle and standard. 81) Thunderbolt 82) Tiberius bare head right 83) Tiberius riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop 84) Toga; legionary eagle to left and wreath to right 85) Triumphal arch; Augustus riding elephant biga right atop, being crowned by Victory 86) Triumphal arch; Augustus riding oncoming quadriga atop; IMP CAESAR on pediment 87) Triumphal arch; Augustus riding oncoming quadriga atop with Victory on either side 88) Triumphal arch; Augustus riding oncoming quadriga atop with Victory on either side and central arch reading SPQR / IMP CAE 89) Triumphal arch; Augustus riding quadriga right atop, being crowned by Victory to left 90) Trophy with spears and shield set on galley prow with rudder and anchor 91) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SP / QR 92) Victory hovering right over shield reading CLV; column in background 93) Victory standing left on cippus, holding wreath and palm, snake on either side. 94) Victory standing left on galley prow, holding wreath and palm 95) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm 96) Victory standing on globe, facing, holding palm and trophy. 97) Victory standing on globe, facing, holding wreath and vexillum 98) Victory standing right on globe, holding branch and legionary eagle 99) Victory standing right on globe, holding torch and palm 100) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm 101) Victory standing right, crowning trophy 102) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm. 103) Victory standing, facing, holding shield reading SPQR 104) Wreath 105) Wreath, AVGVSTO / OBCS within 106) Wreath, AVGVSTVS within 107) Wreath, CA in dotted circle within 108) Wreath, candelabrum within 109) Wreath, Capricornus advancing right, bearing cornucopia within. 110) Wreath, OB / CIVIS / SERVATOS within 111) Wreath, SC within 112) Wreath, shield reading SPQR / CLV within

Mints:

1) Antioch 2) Ephesus 3) Lugdunum 4) Nemausus

5) Pergamum 6) Roma 7) Spain

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B2, O03, R128, T099 RIC I 121, C 331 2) B2, O06, R128, T072 RIC I 511, C 334 3) B2, O08, R128, T016 Exe: IMP X RIC I 164a, C 132 4) B2, O08, R128, T027 Exe: IMP X RIC I 166a, BMC 450, C 136 5) B2, O08, R128, T042 Exe: SICIL and IMP XII across fields RIC I 196, BMC 489, C 171 6) B2, O08, R128, T043 Exe: SICIL and IMP X across fields RIC I 172, C 145 7) B2, O14, R017, T051 BMC 74 8) B2, O85, R128, T097 IMP CAESAR across fields RIC I 268, BMC 622, C 113 9) B4, O08, R016, T030 Exe: AVGVST RIC I 198, C 39 10) B4, O33, R006, T083 Exe: TI CAESAR RIC I 223, BMC 508, C 299 11) B4, O33, R008, T029 Exe: C L CAESARES RIC I 206, BMC 513, C 42 12) B4, O33, R092, T056 RIC I 219, BMC 544, C 222 13) B4, O58, R063, T014 Exe: AVG SVF P RIC I 350, C 466 14) Bd, O17, R128, T110 RIC I 206 (1

st ed.), BMC 317

15) Bl, O82, R128, T105 RIC I 278, BMC 5, C 476

AR Tetradrachm

16) B2, O56, R009, T002 RIC I 482, C 33 17) B2, O56, R128, T048 AVGV STVS across fields RIC I 481, C 32b 18) B2, O56, R128, T048 AVGV STVS across rev. fields, lituus in front of bust in obv. RIC I 490, C 32a 19) B2, O56, R128, T109 AVGVSTVS under capricornus RIC I 480, C 16

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)

20) B6, O49, R045, T002 RIC 78 (IViii, Trajan Decius)

AR Denarius

21) B1, O32, R104, T070 RIC I 86b, C 267 22) B1, O81, R043, T087 RIC I 132, C 85 23) B1, O85, R038, T100 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 254 24) B1, O85, R128, T095 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 255, C 64 25) B2, O06, R024, T065 Lituus behind obv. bust RIC I 399, C 456 26) B2, O06, R062, T023 RIC I 416, C 383 27) B2, O06, R069, T022 RIC I 415 28) B2, O08, R077, T050 RIC I 338, C 1

5 29) B2, O08, R128, T005 Exe: ACT and IMP X across fields RIC I 171a, S 1611 30) B2, O08, R128, T015 Exe: IMP X RIC I 162a, C 131 31) B2, O08, R128, T016 Exe: IMP X RIC I 165a, S 1609 32) B2, O08, R128, T026 Exe: IMP X RIC I 169, C 141 33) B2, O08, R128, T027 Exe: IMP X RIC I 167a, S 1610 34) B2, O08, R128, T033 Exe: IMP XI RIC I 174 35) B2, O08, R128, T042 Exe: SICIL and IMP XII across fields RIC I 197a, C 172 36) B2, O08, R128, T043 Exe: SICIL and IMP XII across fields RIC I 182, C 168 37) B2, O09, R088, T004 RIC I 343, C 438 38) B2, O15, R010, T034 Legend is arranged vertically on either side of club Cr. 518/1 39) B2, O16, R007, T108 RIC I 540 40) B2, O16, R009, T028 RIC I 475, S 1593 41) B2, O32, R014, T066 RIC I 410, C 347 42) B2, O32, R031, T008 RIC I 406, C 529 43) B2, O32, R061, T021 Exe: SICIL RIC I 310, C 366 44) B2, O32, R061, T046 RIC I 309 45) B2, O32, R074, T025 Exe: III VIR RIC I 317, C 430 46) B2, O32, R079, T104 RIC I 40a 47) B2, O32, R079, T112 RIC I 79a, S 1626 48) B2, O32, R104, T070 RIC I 86a, S 1633 49) B2, O32, R106, T069 RIC I 43a 50) B2, O32, R120, T039 RIC I 300, C 495 51) B2, O32, R120, T073 RIC I 299, C 494 52) B2, O32, R128, T071 RIC I 42a, C 294 53) B2, O32, R128, T076 RIC I 74a 54) B2, O32, R128, T103 RIC I 93, C 283 55) B2, O32, R128, T110 RIC I 77a, C 208 56) B2, O36, R003, T041 RIC I 275a, C 2 57) B2, O39, R097, T081 Cr. 523/1a 58) B2, O40, R072, T058 Lituus behind rev. bust Cr. 517/1 59) B2, O40, R073, T058 S 1504 60) B2, O58, R012, T006 RIC I 366, C 343 61) B2, O65, R048, T066 Cr. 538/1 62) B2, O65, R048, T075 Cr. 540/2 63) B2, O66, R128, T054 Cr. 534/3 64) B2, O79, R099, T089 RIC I 144, C 233 65) B2, O79, R127, T058 RIC I 148, C 325 66) B2, O81, R042, T087 RIC I 136 67) B2, O85, R038, T062 RIC I 252, C 69 68) B2, O85, R054, T068 RIC I 543a, C 126 69) B2, O85, R128, T031 Exe: AVGVSTVS RIC I 128 70) B2, O85, R128, T032 Exe: AVGVSTVS RIC I 126, S 1592 71) B2, O85, R128, T049 IMP CAESAR across fields RIC I 269a, C 114 72) B2, O85, R128, T060 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 257, S 1550, C 61 73) B2, O85, R128, T067 RIC I 266, C 122 74) B2, O85, R128, T077 RIC I 472, C 182 75) B2, O85, R128, T086 RIC I 267, C 123 76) B2, O85, R128, T088 Exe: L VINICIVS RIC I 359, C 544 77) B2, O85, R128, T090 IMP CAESAR across fields RIC I 265, C 119 78) B3, O32, R051, T037 DIVVS IVLIVS across fields RIC I 37b, C 98 79) B3, O44, R107, T062 RIC I 113b, C 277a 80) B4, O08, R016, T030 Exe: AVGVS F RIC I 199, C 40 81) B4, O08, R128, T017 Exe: IMP XIIII RIC I 201a, C 133 82) B4, O08, R128, T027 Exe: IMP XII RIC I 176 83) B4, O32, R051, T037 DIVVS IVLIVS across fields RIC I 37a, C 98 84) B4, O32, R070, T001 RIC I 414 85) B4, O32, R128, T092 86) B4, O33, R006, T083 Exe: TI CAESAR RIC I 222, C 301 87) B4, O33, R008, T029 Exe: C L CAESARES RIC I 207, C 43 88) B4, O33, R092, T057 RIC I 220, C 223 89) B4, O33, R118, T082 RIC I 226, C 2 90) B4, O44, R128, T074 SP QR across fields RIC I 119, C 279 91) B4, O44, R128, T079 MAR VLT across fields RIC I 105a, S 1623 92) B4, O85, R033, T025 RIC 32a 93) B4, O85, R128, T019 IMP CAESAR across fields, thunderbolt behind obv. Bust RIC I 270, C 116 94) Bc, O85, R128, T010 Exe: IMP CAESAR RIC I 272, C 117 95) Bc, O85, R128, T036 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 271, S 1559 96) Be, O72, R128, T012 RIC I 362 97) Bg, O84, R035, T023 RIC I 288, C 484 98) Bh, O78, R041, T003 Exe: EX SC, Obv. Exe: ANTIAT RIC I 322, S 1605 99) Bk, O74, R009, T011 RIC I 311, C 427 100) Bl, O74, R035, T023 RIC I 314, C 433b 101) Bm, O43, R108, T084 RIC I 99, C 78b 102) Bm, O85, R109, T084 RIC I 100, C 80 103) Bn, O69, R034, T064 RIC I 303, C 357 104) Bp, O85, R038, T008 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 253 105) Bp, O85, R128, T007 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 251, C 70 106) Bq, O12, R047, T066 RIC I 367, C 348 107) Br, O85, R128, T061 CAESAR DIVI F across fields RIC I 256, C 60 108) Bs, O85, R128, T013 Exe: IMP CAESAR RIC I 264 109) Bt, O69, R009, T011 RIC I 301, C 354

AR Quinarius

110) B2, O03, R081, T101 RIC I 1a 111) B2, O16, R128, T094 RIC I 474, S 1643 112) B2, O41, R005, T093 RIC I 276, S 1568

6 Note: The entire bronze coinage series until the mid-3

rd century normally features an S and C across the reverse

fields of each coin which stand for Senatus Consulto, “By authority of the Senate”. To avoid repetition these will be omitted but may be assumed to be present unless otherwise noted. AE Sestertius Reference(s)

113) B2, O06, R128, T107 RIC I 501, C 570 114) Bv, O85, R015, T053 RIC I 370 115) Bv, O85, R066, T053 RIC I 383 116) Bv, O85, R078, T053 RIC I 341, C 520 117) Bv, O85, R085, T053 RIC I 345, C 441

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

118) B4, O50, R057, T053 RIC 136 (II, Nerva), C 570

AE Dupondius

119) B3, O28, R076, T053 RIC I 429, C 518 120) Ba, O54, R044, T041 RIC I 155, C 7 121) Bu, O85, R015, T053 RIC I 372, S 1659 122) Bu, O85, R019, T053 RIC I 375, C 408 123) Bu, O85, R078, T053 RIC I 342, S 1666 124) Bu, O85, R089, T053 RIC I 347, C 440

AE Dupondius (Posthumous)

125) B5, O50, R046, T018 RIC 56 (I, Caligula), S 1811, C 87 126) B5, O50, R050, T055 RIC 101 (I, Claudius) 127) B5, O51, R059, T091 RIC 189 (II, Titus) 128) B5, O51, R128, T111 RIC 79 (I, Tiberius), S 1787 129) B6, O50, R056, T047 Exe: SC RIC 131 (I, Nerva), C 568

AE As

130) B1, O28, R076, T053 RIC I 432, S 1686 131) B1, O28, R091, T053 RIC I 428 132) B1, O63, R093, T053 RIC I 471, S 1689 133) B2, O16, R009, T106 RIC I 486 134) B2, O28, R075, T053 RIC I 435 135) B2, O28, R091, T053 RIC I 427 136) B4, O42, R128, T002 Exe: ROM ET AVG RIC I 230

AE As (Posthumous)

137) B2, O50, R056, T002 Exe: SC RIC 133 (II, Nerva), C 566 138) B5, O51, R055, T045 RIC 156 (II, Domitian), C 562 139) B5, O51, R058, T045 RIC 198 (II, Titus) 140) B5, O51, R128, T002 Exe: PROVIDENT RIC 81 (I, Tiberius), S 1789, C 228 141) B5, O51, R128, T044 RIC 82 (I, Tiberius), S 1790 142) B5, O51, R128, T056 RIC 72 (I, Tiberius) 143) B5, O51, R128, T081 Large S C across fields RIC 83 (I, Tiberius)

AE Quadrans

144) Bb, O52, R004, T053 RIC I 447, S 1701 145) Bb, O53, R080, T053 RIC I 465 146) Bf, O73, R053, T038 RIC I 422, S 1695 147) Bf, O77, R053, T002 RIC I 425, C 415 148) Bo, O73, R053, T053 RIC I 421, S 1694

7

Augustus Busts

8

Augustus Types

9

Augustus Types (continued)

10

Augustus Types (continued)

11

Livia

58 BCE – 29 CE

Livia was the mother of Tiberius and grandmother of Claudius. She married at the age of 15 and was forced to get a divorce a year or two later to marry Octavian instead. After her death at 87 she was consecrated by Claudius.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Veiled head right

a) Carpentum led by two mules right b) Carpentum led by quadriga right

Obverses:

1) IVSTITIA 2) PIETAS 3) SALVS AVGVSTA 4) SPQR / IVLIAE AVGVST 5) SPQR / IVLIAE / AVGVST 6) No legend

Reverses:

1) DRVSVS CAESAR TI AVGVSTI F TR POT ITER 2) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVG TR POT XXIIII 3) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVST PM TR POT XXIIII 4) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVST PM TR POT XXXVII

Type:

1) Large SC

Mint:

1) Roma

AE Dupondius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R2, T1 RIC 46 (I, Tiberius), C 4 2) B1, O3, R2, T1 RIC 47 (I, Tiberius), C 5 3) B2, O2, R1, T1 RIC 43 (I, Tiberius), C 1 4) Ba, O4, R3, T1 RIC 50 (I, Tiberius) 5) Ba, O5, R3, T1 RIC 51 (I, Tiberius), C 6 6) Bb, O6, R4, T1 RIC 60 (I, Tiberius), C 66

Livia Busts Livia Type

Livia’s coins are known only in bronze, were struck posthumously and are all fairly rare. Any well preserved coin may be expected to cost a few hundred dollars with superb specimens being so rare as to defy realistic pricing.

12

Agrippa

b.63 – d.12 BCE

Lifelong friend of Augustus, Agrippa was also his most able and trustworthy general. In return for his friendship Augustus had him marry his only daughter, Julia, to him.

Bust:

1) Head left wearing rostral crown.

Obverse:

1) M AGRIPPA L F COS III

Reverses:

1) IMP T VESP AVG REST 2) IMP D AVG REST 3) No legend

Type:

1) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident.

Mint:

1) Roma

AE As (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC 457 (II, Domitian) 2) B1, O1, R3, T1 RIC 58 (I, Caligula), BMC 161 (Tiberius), C 3

In coins, Agrippa is represented by only one obverse and reverse type and all of these are posthumous As issues with the main strikings apparently falling under the three-year reign of Caligula; a half century after his death! Fortunately, these Asses are quite common and may often be found for as little as $10 on the Internet and coin shows’ “junk bins”. However, nicely preserved specimens will cost considerably more.

13

Nero Claudius Drusus

38 – 9 BCE

Drusus was an able and widely admired general and privately favored by Augustus as his successor. However, he died from an accident leaving his brother Tiberius as the most eligible candidate. He was also the father of the future emperor Claudius.

Busts:

1) Bare head left 2) Laureate head left 3) Laureate head right

Obverses:

1) NERO CLAVD DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP 2) NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS 3) NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP

Reverses:

1) DE GERMANIS 2) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII 3) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP 4) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMPPP 5) No legend

Types:

1) Claudius seated left, holding branch, weapons on floor 2) Legend SC 3) Shields (2), crossed, over vexillum and spears 4) Triumphal arch reading DE GERM; statue of Claudius riding horse right, holding scepter and two trophies with seated captives on either side above 5) Triumphal arch reading DE GERMANIS; statue of Claudius riding horse left and two trophies above

Mints:

1) Caesarea Cappadociae 2) Roma

AU Aureus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B2, O3, R5, T5 RIC 71 (I, Claudius), C 3

AR Denarius (Posthumous)

2) B2, O3, R1, T3 RIC 74 (I, Claudius), C 6 3) B2, O3, R5, T4 RIC 70 (I, Claudius), C 2

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

4) B1, O3, R3, T1 Exe: SC RIC 93 (I, Claudius) 5) B1, O3, R4, T1 Exe: SC RIC 109 (I, Claudius), C 8

Nero Claudius Drusus Busts Nero Claudius Drusus Types

Nero Claudius Drusus never saw a coin with his name and portrait. In fact, it took half a century after his death before this honor was conferred by his son when he became emperor. During Roman times the striking of coins honoring dead rulers was a relatively short affair. After all, each coin that did so was one that was not honoring the present ruler. Thanks to this, coins for this long dead general are few and far between. The most common among these are Sestertii that tend to come to market in marginal condition. Even so they tend to command stiff prices. Next up, insofar as usual looks are concerned at least, are his scarce Denarii a sample of which can sometimes be found for $500-$1,500 depending on quality. Regardless of your budget, don’t hold your breath waiting on a mint state specimen.

14

Germanicus

b.15 BCE - d.19 CE

The father of Caligula, brother of Tiberius and stepson of Augustus, Germanicus held an enviable imperial pedigree. He was an able and loved general who had the rare Augustan traits of moderation and leadership without excess. Even though Augustus appointed Tiberius emperor he far preferred the qualities of Germanicus and left plans in place to ensure that he

stayed in the limelight and perhaps succeed Tiberius. Unfortunately, his popularity grew to such an extent that Tiberius became jealous for he knew that it would take little arm-twisting from the part of Germanicus to mount a coup that would probably end in his deposing. Tiberius's worries would be laid to rest however when Germanicus died suddenly and unexpectedly of a mysterious illness, possibly the effects of poisoning.

Busts:

1) Bare head left. 2) Bare head right

a) Germanicus riding quadriga right, holding scepter

Obverses:

1) GERMANICVS / CAESAR 2) GERMANICVS C CAESAR AVG 3) GERMANICVS CAES TI AVG F COS II Γ M 4) GERMANICVS CAES TI AVGV COS II Γ M 5) GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N 6) GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVGVST F DIVI AVG N 7) GERMANICVS CES TI AVGV COS II Γ M

Reverses:

1) ARTAXIAS GERMANICVS 2) C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT 3) C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG PM TR POT III PP 4) C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG PM TR POT IIII PP 5) D CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST 6) DIVVS AVGVSTVS 7) GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVGVST F DIVI AVG N 8) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM 9) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST 10) IMPERATOR PONT MAX AVG TR PONT 11) SIGNIS RECEPT / DEVICTIS GERM 12) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP PP

Types:

1) Augustus radiate head left 2) Germanicus standing left, raising hand and holding scepter with eagle atop. 3) Letters SC 4) Letters SC; legend reading TR P PP COS VIII RESTITV inside of outer legend. 5) Letters SC; legend reading TR P PP COS VIII RESTITVIT inside of outer legend. 6) Neptune standing left, holding trident and dolphin 7) Sacrificial implements: simpulum and lituus.

Mints:

1) Caesarea Cappadociae 2) Roma

AR Cistophoric Drachm (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B2, O2, R10, T7 RIC 63 (I, Caligula)

AE Dupondius (Posthumous)

2) Ba, O1, R11, T2 RIC 56 (I, Caligula)

AE As

3) B1, O6, R02, T3 RIC 35 (I, Caligula) 4) B1, O6, R03, T3 RIC 43 corrected (I, Caligula) 5) B1, O6, R04, T3 RIC 50 (I, Claudius), C 4 6) B1, O6, R09, T3 RIC 228 (II, Titus) 7) B2, O5, R12, T3 RIC 106 (I, Claudius), C 9

All the coins for Germanicus were made posthumously. First Caligula seems to have given him a short run of Drachms, coins meant for commerce in the eastern-most provinces. After that he and then Claudius kicked it into high gear and flooded the Roman markets everywhere with a series of Dupondii and Asses. Some decades later Titus, and then Domitian, also honored the beloved “founding father”. Many of these big copper coins are sold by dealers today and, depending mostly on condition, will cost anywhere from a few dollars each for the barely recognizable ones to many hundreds for those rare ones that look as if they were minted a week ago.

15

Agrippina I

c.14 BCE - d.33 CE

Germanicus Busts

Germanicus Types

Mother of Caligula.

Bust:

1) Draped bust right

Obverses:

1) AGRIPPINA M F GERMANICI CAESARIS 2) AGRIPPINA M F MAT C CAESARIS AVGVSTI

Reverses:

1) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII REST 2) MEMORIAE / AGRIPPINAE 3) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP PP

Types:

1) Carpentum pulled left by two mules. 2) Legend SC

Mint:

1) Roma

AE Sestertius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC 231 (II, Titus), C 4 2) B1, O1, R3, T2 RIC 102 (I, Claudius), C 3 3) B1, O2, R2, T1 SPQR above RIC 55 (I, Caligula), C 1

In coins, Agrippina is one of the few, if not the only, empress posthumously honored by no less than three different emperors. And all of these can be considered fairly rare, blue-ribbon items today. While it’s conceivable that a beaten up Sestertius could be found for under $100 it would be a poor excuse of a coin indeed. One you wouldn’t mind showing off will easily cost several hundred dollars and you may have to wait a while before the opportunity comes up. Showroom condition Sestertii, almost regardless of emperor or empress, cost in the thousands of dollars so a top grade rarity such as Agrippina can be expected to cost that much more.

16

Tiberius

Augustus 14-37

Agrippina I Bust

Tiberius served as a general during several conquests under Augustus. Although Augustus was his step-father, the emperor intended for his successor to be his friend Agrippa. However, because Agrippa, and later his own adopted sons, died while Augustus was still in power he finally (and reluctantly) settled on Tiberius. Whether he felt like second fiddle or not is left to speculation but what is for certain is that, unlike Augustus, he

retained an uneasy relationship with the Senate and one which would eventually see him "divorcing" himself from its day-to-day business by his self-imposed exile to the island of Capri.

In the beginning Tiberius ruled wisely and competently. He conferred with the Senate constantly and presented himself as a hardworking advocate of the people. But soon he became cynical after the flattery of Senators and rumors of betrayal. It was at this point that he quickly descended into a bitter and reclusive old man and then retired to Capri for the remainder of his life. While deathly ill and advanced in age, Caligula had him smothered with his own bed sheets... lest Tiberius decide to change his mind about naming him his successor.

Busts:

1) Bare head left 2) Bare head right 3) Laureate head left 4) Laureate head right

a) Tiberius seated left, holding patera and scepter

Obverses:

1) CIVITATIBVS ASIA RESTITVTIS 2) TI CAES AVG PM TR P XXXIV 3) TI CAES AVG PM TR P XXXV 4) TI CAESAR AVGVST F IMPERAT V 5) TI CAESAR AVGVST F IMPERATOR V 6) TI CAESAR AVGVSTVS 7) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVG PONT MAX 8) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVST IMP VII 9) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVST IMP VIII 10) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS 11) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS 12) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS IMP VII 13) TI CAESAR DIVI AVGVST F IMPERAT V 14) TI CAESAR DIVI AVGVST F IMPERAT VII 15) TI CAESAR DIVI AVGVSTI F AVGVSTVS 16) TI CAESAR DIVI AVGVSTI F IMPERATOR V 17) TI DIVI F AVGVSTVS 18) No legend

Reverses:

1) CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVST PM TR POT XXIIII 2) CLEMENTIAE 3) DIVOS AVGVST DIVI F 4) DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER 5) DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE 6) DRVSVS CAES TI AVG F COS II P IT 7) DRVSVS CAES TI AVG F COS II TR P 8) DRVSVS CAES TI AVG F COS TR P IT 9) IMP D CAES DIVI VESP AVG REST 10) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP AVG REST 11) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM 12) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST 13) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG RESTITVTIT 14) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVGVST 15) MODERATIONI

The coins of Tiberius are rather boring in their unimaginative use of just a handful of types for almost two decades straight. The Denarii have become known worldwide as the “tribute penny” which is mentioned in the Bible. This is somewhat controversial considering the coin had probably not seen wide circulation throughout the middle east until after Jesus’s crucifixion but it is at least plausible that they did to some extent along with the more established Denarii of Augustus and other silver coins of the region. Whether appropriately called or not the Tribute Penny is easily available today starting at a bit over $100 for a shopworn specimen and climbing up to about $250-$300 for a nice one. The same type is also available as an Aureus for beaucoup bucks but, then again, they never were just a penny either. Bronzes are much more varied when it comes to types and are again widely available though unfortunately a majority will not be prime examples. The typical coin will be moderately worn, porous and have only a part of its legends readable but need not cost more than around $100; of course, as overall coin appeal rises so will the numbers in the price tag.

17 16) MODERATIONIS 17) PONT MAXIM COS III IMP VII TR POT XXI 18) PONT MAXIM COS III IMP VII TR POT XXII 19) PONTIF AVGVST 20) PONTIF MAX TR POT XXXIIX 21) PONTIF MAX TR POT XXXVI 22) PONTIF MAX TR POT XXXVII 23) PONTIF MAXIM 24) PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POTEST XVII 25) PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POTEST XXII 26) PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POTEST XXIIII 27) PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POTEST XXXVI 28) PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POTEST XXXVII 29) PONTIFEX TRIBVN POTESTATE XII 30) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVST PM TR POT XXXVI 31) TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F IMP VIII 32) TR POT XVI 33) TR POT XX

34) TR POT XXII 35) TR POT XXIIII 36) TR POT XXV 37) TR POT XXVI 38) TR POT XXVII 39) TR POT XXVIII 40) TR POT XXVIIII 41) TR POT XXX 42) TR POT XXXI 43) TR POT XXXII 44) TR POT XXXIII 45) TR POT XXXIIII 46) TR POT XXXV 47) TR POT XXXVI 48) TR POT XXXVII 49) TR POT XXXVIII 50) No legend

Types:

1) Altar; two Victories standing on columns on either side, facing each other. 2) Augustus bare head right, star above 3) Augustus laureate head right, star above. 4) Augustus radiate head left, star above. 5) Caduceus, winged 6) Cornucopiae (2), crossed over winged caduceus and two branches. 7) Drusus, bare head left. 8) Large SC 9) Legend TR P PP COS VIII RESTITVIT within outer legend. 10) Livia seated right, holding patera and scepter. 11) Livia seated right, holding scepter and branch 12) Pax seated right, holding spear and branch 13) Rudder on globe over large globe. 14) Tiberius bare headed, facing bust on shield decorated with doily-like lacework and outer wreath. 15) Tiberius laureate, facing bust within wreath on shield rimmed with dots and branches. 16) Tiberius riding quadriga right, holding branch and scepter with eagle atop. 17) Victory seated right on globe, holding wreath with both hands 18) Wreath, PONTIF / MAX within

Mints:

1) Caesarea Cappadociae 2) Commagene 3) Lugdunum 4) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B4, O11, R23, T11 RIC I 25, BMC 30, C 15

AR Denarius

2) B4, O11, R03, T03 3) B4, O11, R23, T11 RIC I 28 4) B4, O11, R32, T16 Exe: IMP VII RIC I 2 5) B4, O11, R33, T16 Exe: IMP VII RIC I 4

AE Sestertius

6) B1, O15, R16, T01 Exe: ROM ET AVG RIC 240 (I, Augustus), C 28 7) B3, O15, R16, T01 Exe: ROM ET AVG RIC 241b (I, Augustus), C 30 8) B4, O13, R16, T01 Exe: ROM ET AVG RIC 246 (I, Augustus) 9) Ba, O01, R01, T08 RIC I 48, C 3

AE Dupondius

10) B4, O09, R17, T06 RIC I 90 11) B4, O13, R15, T01 Exe: ROM ET AVG RIC 236a (I, Augustus)

AE As

12) B1, O09, R12, T08 RIC 211 (II, Titus), C 73 13) B1, O09, R26, T08 RIC I 44 14) B1, O14, R24, T10 RIC I 34 15) B3, O09, R20, T13 RIC I 64 16) B3, O09, R28, T05 RIC I 59 17) B3, O09, R28, T05 RIC I 65, C 22

18

Drusus

13 BCE – 23 CE

Tiberius Busts

Tiberius Types

Son of Tiberius who was murdered (by poisoning) by his wife Livilla in league with a plot by the traitorous Sejanus.

Busts:

1) Bare head left

a) Crossed cornucopiae, winged caduceus within; heads of Drusus’ children atop cornucopiae

Obverses:

1) DRVSVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N 2) No legend

Reverses:

1) DRVSVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N PONT TR POT II 2) IMP D CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST 3) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST 4) PONTIF TRIBVN POTEST ITER

Types:

1) Larrge SC 2) Neptune standing left, holding trident and dolphin

Although many low-end bronzes exist that are sold for only a few dollars each, those that are easily attributable and have good eye appeal are rather pricey. The Asses are the most common and tend to cost around $100-$300 for a presentable specimen, The Sestertii are much rarer and, given the unusual design of heads-on-cornucopiae, are much more expensive. Another commemorative series of Asses were issued under Titus and Domitian and these are also rare.

19

Antonia

36 BCE - 37 CE

Mint:

1) Roma

AE Sestertius Reference(s)

1) Ba, O2, R1, T1 RIC 42 (I, Tiberius), C 1

AE As

2) B1, O1, R4, T1 RIC 45 (I, Tiberius)

AE As (Posthumous)

3) B1, O1, R3, T1 RIC 216 (II, Titus)

Drusus Busts

Daughter of Augustus and mother of Claudius.

Busts:

1) Bare headed, draped bust right 2) Grain crowned, draped bust right

Obverse:

1) ANTONIA AVGVSTA

Reverses:

1) CONSTANTIAE AVGVSTI 2) SACERDOS DIVI AVGVSTI 3) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP 4) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP PP

Types:

1) Claudius standing left, holding simpulum and scroll 2) Constantia standing, facing, holding staff with torch atop and cornucopia. 3) Torches (2), lit and tied together with a ribbon.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R1, T2 RIC 65 (I, Claudius), C 1 2) B2, O1, R2, T3 RIC 67 (I, Claudius), C 4

AR Denarius (Posthumous)

3) B2, O1, R1, T2 RIC 66 (I, Claudius), C 2 4) B2, O1, R2, T3 RIC 68 (I, Claudius), C 5

Without question these are among the more difficult coins to find from the era. Antonia was one of several personages in Claudius’s lineage to be honored posthumously and none of these are very plentiful. Still, enough Dupondii have come down through the ages that they may be found frequently enough. A so-so specimen may cost around $100 with nice ones up to about $1,000. Denarii are scarcer but not unheard of. When available they are usually worn and/or with problems. But even so they remain marketable and sought after.

20

Caligula

Augustus 37-41

AE Dupondius (Posthumous)

5) B1, O1, R3, T1 RIC 92 (I, Claudius), C 6 6) B1, O1, R4, T1 RIC 104 (I, Claudius)

Antonia Busts

Caligula's real name was Gaius Caesar but earned the nickname with which he is known by from the type of army boots he wore during childhood. One of the most enigmatic Roman emperors, the early part of his career had him start out as an ordinary and modest man. His granduncle Tiberius had wished Caligula along with Gemellus (Caligula's cousin) to be joint emperors. Instead, Caligula adopted him but never gave him any official role. At some

point Caligula underwent a transformation, supposedly after an illness that transformed him into a maniacal and cruel person. As seen on the erotic movie of the same name, Caligula would take joy in perverse and sadistic acts that often ended in the murder of innocent people. He also made no subtleties for his hatred of the Senate, the members of which were objects of his ridicule (or worse). It was only a matter of time before a conspiracy was hatched and he was murdered.

Busts:

1) Bare head left 2) Bare head right 3) Laureate head left 4) Laureate head right

a) Large SC b) Pietas seated left, holding patera c) Pileus; S C across fields

Obverses:

1) C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT 2) C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT COS 3) C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS 4) C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PM TR POT 5) C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT 6) C CAESAR AVG PON M TR POT III COS III 7) C CAESAR AVG PON M TR POT IIII COS IIII 8) C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG 9) C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG PM TR P III PP 10) C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG PM TR P IIII PP

Reverses:

1) ADLOCVT / COH 2) AGRIPPINA DRVSILLA IVLIA 3) AGRIPPINA MAT C CAES AVG GERM 4) DIVVS AVG PATER PATRIAE 5) GERMANICVS CAES P C CAES AVG GERM 6) IMPERATOR PONT MAX AVG TR POT 7) NERO ET DRVSVS CAESARES 8) PM TR POT COS 9) PM TR POT IIII 10) PON M TR P III PP COS DES III 11) PON M TR P IIII PP COS QVAT 12) PON M TR P IIII PP COS TERT 13) SPQR / PP / OB CIVES / SERVATOS 14) SPQR / PP / OB CS 15) VESTA 16) No legend

Caligula is a tough emperor to score. Silver and gold coins are quite rare and expensive. The picture improves considerably for bronzes of which there are many and abundance keeps prices in check. But, and this is a big “but”, these bronzes, the affordable ones, are usually pretty rottenly preserved. Far and away the most common of these are the copper Asses featuring a Vesta reverse with the goddess seated left and holding a patera. Typically, they are found with a million little potmarks and other blights of corrosion. Those that look especially horrible, yet still undeniably attributable, can be had for maybe just $20 or so. A hundred dollars buys you the same thing but significantly more presentable. And then a jewel of a bronze will set you back, say, $500 which is still only entry-level territory for a Denarius.

21 Types:

1) Agrippina I draped bust right 2) Augustus radiate head right 3) Augustus radiate head right; star on either side. 4) Caligula standing left on platform, raising hand, facing five soldiers to left 5) Caligula standing left, sacrificing over altar; attendant with sacrificial bull to left, another to right, holding patera. Temple with six columns in background. 6) Caligula’s sisters Agrippina, Drusilla and Julia standing, facing, each holding a cornucopia; Drusilla also holding patera. 7) Germanicus bare head right 8) Large RCC 9) Nero and Drusus each riding a horse right 10) Simpulum and lituus 11) Vesta seated left, holding patera and scepter. 12) Wreath, SPQR / PP / OBCIVES / SERVATOS 13) Wreath, SPQR / PP / OBCS

Mints:

1) Caesarea Cappadociae 2) Lugdunum 3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B2, O02, R16, T03 RIC I 1, C 10 2) B4, O06, R05, T07 RIC I 25, C 6

AR Denarius

3) B2, O01, R03, T01 RIC I 8, C 4 4) B2, O01, R05, T07 RIC I 12 5) B2, O02, R16, T03 RIC I 2, C 11 6) B4, O01, R03, T01 RIC I 14 7) B4, O01, R04, T02 RIC I 16 8) B4, O06, R03, T01 RIC I 22 9) B4, O06, R04, T02 RIC I 24, C 7 10) B4, O06, R16, T13 RIC I 28, C 21

AE Sestertius

11) B3, O03, R16, T12 RIC I 37, C 24 12) B3, O05, R01, T04 RIC I 32, C 1 13) B3, O05, R02, T06 Exe: SC RIC I 33 14) B3, O09, R16, T12 RIC I 46, C 25 15) B3, O10, R16, T12 RIC I 53, C 26 16) Bb, O04, R16, T05 DIVO AVG and S C across fields; Obv. Exe: PIETAS RIC I 36, C 9 17) Bb, O09, R16, T05 DIVO AVG and S C across fields; Obv. Exe: PIETAS RIC I 44, C 2 18) Bb, O10, R16, T05 DIVO AVG and S C across fields; Obv. Exe: PIETAS RIC I 51, C 11

AE Dupondius

19) Ba, O05, R07, T09 RIC I 34

AE As

20) B1, O05, R15, T11 Large S C across fields RIC I 38, C 27 21) B1, O09, R15, T11 Large S C across fields RIC I 47, C 28 22) B1, O10, R15, T11 Large S C across fields RIC I 54, C 29

AE Quadrans

23) Bc, O08, R11, T08 RIC I 41 (1923 ed.), C 8 24) Bc, O08, R12, T08 RIC I 52, C 7

22

Caligula Busts

Caligula Types

23

Claudius I

Augustus 41-54

After the murder of Caligula, the Praetorian Guard had to come up with a worthy successor and fast lest the Senate step in and revert back to the pre-Julius Caesar type of Republic. The only relative of Caligula they could find was Claudius who was Caligula's uncle. An otherwise unfit man to rule, Claudius was a recluse of whom little was known about by design. Because he suffered physical deformities he was kept out of the limelight to avoid

embarrassment. At the age of 46 he was unveiled to the public by his uncle Caligula and he held a position as Suffect Consul or "replacement" consul. But don't get the wrong idea, this was done by Caligula entirely to spite the Senate and had nothing to do with any affection he had for Claudius himself.

Nevertheless, by bringing him out in public Claudius gained a degree of acceptance. To augment this perception it was noted that he was highly educated and not inept as an administrator. In the turn of events that was to happen next this all played out in his favor. When the Praetorian Guard thus announced his candidacy to the seat of power the Senate had to oblige and ratify the decision.

As a ruler, the only truly poor decision he made was to marry his niece. She turned out to be nothing but trouble for him and pursued an agenda of grooming her son as Claudius's replacement. She was skillful in this endeavor and easily manipulated Claudius himself to carry out her goals. When Nero's place as rightful heir was a sure thing she simply poisoned him and Nero took his place.

Busts:

1) Bare head left 2) Bare head right 3) Laureate head left 4) Laureate head left of Claudius over Agrippina II 5) Laureate head right

a) Hand holding scales, P •N •R below b) Modius with grain ears

Obverses:

1) DIVVS CLAVDIVS AVGVSTVS 2) TI CL CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP PP 3) TI CLAVD CAES AVG 4) TI CLAVD CAES AVG AGRIPP AVGVSTA 5) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P 6) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TRIB POT PP 7) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P 8) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P III 9) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P IIII 10) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P VI IMP X 11) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P VI IMP XI 12) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P VIIII IMP XVI 13) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P VIIII IMP XVIII 14) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P X IMP PP 15) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P X PP IMP XVIII 16) TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TR P XI IMP PP COS V 17) TI CLAVDIVS CAES AVG PM TR P IMP PP 18) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG 19) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P 20) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP 21) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP PP

Reverses:

1) AGRIPPINAE AVGVSTAE 2) CERES AVGVSTA 3) CONSTANTIAE AVGVSTI 4) DIANA EPHESIA 5) IMP D CAES AVG REST 6) IMP T VESP AVG REST 7) IMP T VESP AVG RESTITVIT 8) IMP T VESPASIAN AVG REST 9) IMP TITVS VESP REST 10) LIBERTAS AVGVSTA 11) NERO CLAVD CAES DRVSVS GERM PRINC IVVENT 12) NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMAN IMP 13) PACI AVGVSTAE 14) PON M TR P IMP COS DES IT 15) PON M TR P IMP COS II 16) PON M TR P IMP PP COS II

Well, if you don’t mind an atrocity that looks as though it was something scraped off the bottom of a shoe, you could pay $10 or $20 for a sorry copper coin. But why settle for something of this sort that you would be embarrassed to show your friends or spouse? Instead, $50-$100 will go a long way in getting a coin with more eye appeal. For this price range you shouldn’t expect a coin worthy of a museum display case but at this point you’ve reached that threshold where the Law of Diminishing Returns really kicks in. Those truly beautiful bronzes with gorgeous patinas will cost hundreds, and often thousands, of dollars. The Denarius is still a rare sight under the reign of Claudius. When found they are usually pretty worn and invariably always expensive. Mint-state silver, as well as gold, is the kind of antiquity you have no reason to expect to be offered by an ordinary coin dealer.

24 17) PONT MAX TR POT IMP 18) PONT MAXI TR POT IMP 19) PRAETOR RECEPT 20) SPES AVGVSTA 21) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 22) No legend

Types:

1) Agrippina II laureate, draped bust right. 2) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch 3) Claudius riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop 4) Claudius standing right on left, shaking hands with soldier to right, holding legionary eagle. 5) Constantia seated left, raising hand 6) Constantia standing left, raising hand and holding spear. 7) Diana statue facing, holding modius above head 8) Fortification reading IMPER RECEPT; soldier with legionary eagle and secondary palisades within. 9) Funerary quadriga riding right. 10) Legend SC 11) Libertas standing, facing, holding pileus and raising hand. 12) Minerva advancing right, holding spear and shield. 13) Nemesis advancing right, holding caduceus and pulling veil; snake to right 14) Nero bare headed, draped bust left. 15) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 16) Temple with (2) columns reading ROM ET AVG; Claudius within, holding scepter and being crowned by woman, holding cornucopia. 17) Temple with (4) columns, Diana within 18) Triumphal arch reading DE BRITANN; statue of Claudius riding horse left with trophy on either side above. 19) Triumphal arch reading DE GERMANIS; statue of Claudius riding horse left with trophy on either side above. 20) Triumphal arch; statue of Claudius riding horse right with trophy on either side above. 21) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading OB / CS 22) Victory seated right on globe, holding wreath with both hands. 23) Wreath, EX SC / OB / CIVES / SERVATOS within. 24) Wreath, EX SC / OB CIVES / SERVATOS within. 25) Wreath, EX SC / PP / OB CIVES / SERVATOS within. 26) Wreath, shield reading COS DES / PRINCI / IVVENT within 27) Wreath, SPQR / PP / OB CS within

Mints:

1) Caesarea Cappadociae 2) Ephesus 3) Lugdunum 4) Pergamum 5) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B5, O05, R03, T05 RIC I 13, BMC 16, C 5 2) B5, O05, R22, T24 RIC I 15, C 34 3) B5, O06, R01, T01 RIC I 80, BMC 72, C 3 4) B5, O07, R22, T08 RIC I 7, C 33 5) B5, O07, R22, T19 RIC I 3 6) B5, O07, R22, T24 RIC I 5, BMC 3, C 33 7) B5, O09, R13, T13 RIC I 27, C 55 8) B5, O09, R19, T04 RIC I 29, BMC 28 9) B5, O09, R22, T08 RIC I 25, BMC 23, C 43 10) B5, O11, R13, T13 RIC I 38, C 57 11) B5, O11, R22, T27 RIC I 40 12) B5, O12, R13, T13 RIC I 46, BMC 51, C 60

AU Quinarius

13) B5, O07, R22, T21

AR Tetradrachm

14) B1, O03, R22, T16 RIC I 120 15) B3, O01, R22, T17 RIC I 118, C 30 16) B4, O04, R04, T07 RIC I 119, C 1

AR Denarius

17) B5, O05, R03, T05 RIC I 14 18) B5, O05, R22, T24 RIC I 16 19) B5, O06, R01, T01 RIC I 81, C 4 20) B5, O06, R11, T14 RIC I 83, C 5 21) B5, O07, R13, T13 RIC I 10 22) B5, O09, R22, T08 RIC I 26 23) B5, O11, R03, T05 RIC I 32 24) B5, O11, R13, T13 RIC I 39 25) B5, O11, R22, T27 RIC I 41, C 87

25 26) B5, O12, R13, T13 RIC I 47 27) B5, O12, R22, T18 RIC I 45 28) B5, O13, R13, T13 RIC I 58, C 66a 29) B5, O13, R22, T27 RIC I 60, C 94 30) B5, O16, R13, T13 RIC I 62

AE Sestertius Reference(s)

31) B5, O20, R12, T20 RIC I 98, C 48 32) B5, O20, R20, T15 Exe: SC RIC I 115, C 85 33) B5, O20, R20, T15 Exe: SC RIC I 99, C 85 34) B5, O20, R22, T23 RIC I 96, C 39 35) B5, O21, R22, T25 RIC I 112, C 38

AE Setertius (Posthumous)

36) B3, O21, R06, T15 RIC 234 (II, Titus), C 103

AE Dupondius

37) B1, O20, R02, T02 RIC I 94 anecdotal 38) B1, O21, R02, T02 RIC I 110, C 1

AE As

39) B1, O20, R02, T02 RIC I 94 40) B1, O20, R10, T11 RIC I 97 41) B1, O20, R22, T12 RIC I 100 42) B1, O21, R03, T06 RIC I 111 43) B1, O21, R03, T06 RIC I 95 44) B1, O21, R10, T11 RIC I 113 45) B1, O21, R22, T12 RIC I 116

AE Quadrans

46) Ba, O18, R14, T10 RIC I 84, C 70 47) Bb, O18, R16, T10 RIC I 90, C 72

Claudius I Busts

26

Britannicus

b. ca.41 – d.55

Claudius I Types

Britannicus was the son of Claudius and presumptive heir to the throne until Agrippina showed up with her own son Nero. Between the two they plotted to eliminate Britannicus and managed to poison him just like they had his father.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse:

1) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG F BRITANNICVS

Despite the fact that during this period the mint in Rome was striking millions of coins hardly any of them bore the name and portrait of Claudius’s son. He was killed before he had much of a chance to entrench himself in Roman politics.

This, of course, makes the few extant coins very rare. You can count on any attributable coin to fetch thousands regardless of condition.

27

Agrippina II

6 - d.59

Reverse:

1) No legend

Type:

1) Mars advancing left, holding spear and shield

Mint:

1) Roma

AE Sestertius Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1 BMC 226 (Claudius), C 2

Mother of Nero. Infamous for treachery and desire for power, Agrippina married the emperor Claudius and was involved in a number of political moves worthy of her own daytime soap opera. It is suspected she got rid of Claudius, after removing other potential rivals, by feeding him poisoned mushrooms. She did this as much to ensure her son Nero would succeed him as much as

to place herself at the upper crust of Rome's powerbrokers. Nero himself grew wary of her ways and eventually had her murdered.

The coins of Agrippina II are elusive. Her bronze Sestertii minted during Claudius’s lifetime can be found with a measure of regularity but those that came during the beginning of Nero’s reign are quite rare. These latter have obverse designs which feature both her bust as well Nero’s looking in at each other. Because it was difficult to squeeze two full-size busts on a coin the size of a nickel or smaller they were bunched up together so that both their noses are touching. When the coins came out Roman citizens poked fun at the two and rumors began flying about an incestuous relationship. The mints quickly changed designs thereby aiding in making these coins so rare today. They are, by the way, properly attributed to Agrippina rather than Nero based on the legend which nominates her Augusta while Nero gets second billing as Caesar. Back to the Sestertius, these can sometimes be found on eBay for a few hundred dollars a piece and are typically in marginal condition. Well-preserved, any coin of hers is bound to be worth thousands.

28 Bust:

1) Draped bust left 2) Draped bust right

a) Nero bare head right facing Agripping II draped bust left

Obverses:

1) AGRIPP AVG DIVI CLAVD NERONIS CAES MATER 2) AGRIPPINA AVG GERMANICI F CAESARIS AVG 3) AGRIPPINA M F GERMANICI CAESARIS 4) AGRIPPINAE AVGVSTAE

Reverses:

1) NERONI CLAVD DIVI F CAES AVG GERM IMP TR P 2) TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP PP 3) No legend

Types:

1) Carpentum led by two mules advancing left 2) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch 3) Legend SC 4) Nero bare headed, draped bust left. 5) Wreath, EXSC within

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) Ba, O1, R1, T5 RIC 1 (I, Nero), BMC 6, C 6

AR Denarius

2) Ba, O1, R1, T5 RIC 2 (I, Nero), BMC 3, C 7

AE Sestertius

3) B2, O1, R2, T3 RIC 102 (I, Nero) 4) B2, O3, R3, T1 RIC 103 (I, Nero)

AE Dupondius

5) B1, O2, R3, T2

Agrippina II Busts

Agrippina II Types

29

Nero

Augustus 54-68

One of ancient history's most infamous characters, Nero rose to power in his mid-teens following the death of Claudius, his adoptive father. To speed things along he had Britannicus poisoned and in league with his mother Agrippina had had Claudius poisoned as well. His next few years were fairly unremarkable one way or the other largely in part because of Agrippina's overbearing influence. He corrected the problem,

however, by having her executed on the pretext that she had a unfavorable view of Poppaea, his new mistress. Because he was already married to a certain Octavia he had her exiled and murdered as well. He would later kick Poppaea to death while she was pregnant. To round things out he had his teacher Seneca, another influential man of his age, commit suicide on suspicions of him and others plotting against him.

Popular legend holds that he set fire to Rome. Modern historians dismiss this account as an exaggeration but his decision to hold a poetry recital with the conflagration as his background was a crass political blunder that would hurt his popularity immensely. Needing to find a scapegoat, he chose to point the finger at Christians who up until then had been but a fledgling cult. For the next 300 years Christians would be vilified for every ailment within the empire and used regularly as cannon fodder in the Coliseum. In one of the more bizarre spectacles imaginable, Nero would set Christians on fire and held in position to act as torches during his parties.

Becoming ever more hated for his cruelty and the demoralizing effect of the execution of countless innocent individuals, one by one far-flung provinces seceded and named emperors among their own. When Nero was unable to deal with the insurgencies he lost hope and fled to the countryside. The Senate then issued a warrant for his arrest and, on hearing of this, decided to commit suicide... but not before asking one of his slaves to commit suicide first just to see what it was going to be like!

Bust s:

1) Bare head left 2) Bare head right 3) Bare head right over Agrippina II draped bust right 4) Bare-headed, draped bust left 5) Bare-headed, draped bust right 6) Laureate head left 7) Laureate head right 8) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 9) Radiate head left 10) Radiate head right a) Altar with owl atop b) Cippus with helmet atop with shield and spear leaning against it

Obverses:

1) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG 2) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P PP 3) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GERM 4) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P PP 5) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P XIII PP 6) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P XIV PP 7) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GERMANIC 8) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS 9) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG P MAX 10) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG P MAX TR P P 11) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG P MAX TR P PP 12) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG P MAX TR POT PP 13) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG P MAX TRIB POT PP 14) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PM TR P PP 15) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PM TR POT PP 16) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PONT 17) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PONT MAX TR P PP 18) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PONT MAX TR POT PP 19) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PONTIF 20) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PONTIF MAX TRIB POT PP 21) IMP NERO CAESAR AVG PP 22) IMP NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS 23) IMP NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P PP 24) IMP NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P XIII PP 25) NERO CAE AVG IMP 26) NERO CAES AVG IMP 27) NERO CAESAR 28) NERO CAESAR AVG GER IMP 29) NERO CAESAR AVG GERM IMP 30) NERO CAESAR AVG IMP

Nero left the world a wide variety of coins struck in bronze, brass, silver and gold. The collector will find that the bronzes are quite a bit scarcer than for the previous emperors so far while the silver Denarii are the first to be found that are not only commonly available but reasonably affordable as well. Nero tinkered with the silver content of the Denarius in an unwise bid to stretch the output of the silver mines and pay off the soldiers with a slightly cheaper coin. It hardly took any time for Rome’s savvy merchants to notice that the new money was of a lower fineness than that of his predecessors. Exploiting the fact that the Denarius itself was still worth just as much as before, the old Denarii were rapidly hoarded and withdrawn from circulation. This caused an immediate shortage of money which forced Nero to issue literally millions of new coins. The effect of the public hoarding and possibly melting the old coins to sell as bullion along with the intense new striking campaign makes Nero’s Denarii much more common than those of, say, Caligula or Claudius. While a mint state Denarius can often be a thousand-dollar affair one that has gracefully aged may only cost $100 or so. Sestertii, Dupondii and Asses are, as mentioned above, not as common anymore as they were for the previous emperors but there are now many more types and the artistry has improved considerably. One such well preserved specimen is often worth many thousands of dollars and considered a supreme example of classical Roman art.

30 31) NERO CAESAR AVG IMP TR POT PP 32) NERO CAESAR AVG IMP TR POT XI P PP 33) NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS 34) NERO CL CAE AVG 35) NERO CL CAE AVG GER 36) NERO CL CAES AVG GER 37) NERO CL DIVI F CAES AVG PM TR P II 38) NERO CLA CA AVG GER 39) NERO CLA CAE AVG GER 40) NERO CLA CAES AVG GER 41) NERO CLAV CAE AVG 42) NERO CLAV CAE AVG GER 43) NERO CLAV CAE AVG GER PM TR P IM 44) NERO CLAV CAES AVG GER 45) NERO CLAV CAESAR AVG 46) NERO CLAV CAESAR AVG GER 47) NERO CLAVD CAE AVG 48) NERO CLAVD CAE AVG GER 49) NERO CLAVD CAES AVG GER 50) NERO CLAVD CAES AVG GERM 51) NERO CLAVD CAES DRVSVS GERM PRINC IVVENT 52) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG 53) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GE 54) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER 55) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP 56) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP P 57) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP PP 58) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM

59) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM IMP PP 60) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP 61) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP P 62) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP PP 63) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERMA 64) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERMAN 65) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERMANI 66) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERMANIC 67) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERMANICV 68) NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS 69) NERO CLAVD DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR AVG GERM 70) NERO CLAVD DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR AVG GERMA 71) NERO CLAVD DIVI CLAVD F CAESAR AVG GERMANI 72) NERO CLAVD DIVI F CAES AVG GERM IMP TR P COS 73) NERO CLAVDIVS CAES AVG GERM 74) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GER 75) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP P 76) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GER PM TR P IMP PP 77) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM 78) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP P 79) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR P IMP PP 80) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMA 81) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMA IMP 82) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMAN 83) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMANIC 84) NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS 85) NERONI CLAVDIO DRVSO GERM COS DESIGN

Reverses:

1) AGRIPP AVG DIVI CLAVD NERONIS CAES MATER 2) AGRIPPINA AVGVSTA MATER AVGVSTI 3) AGRIPPINAE AVGVSTAE 4) ANNONA AVGVSTI CERES 5) AVGVSTI S POR OST C 6) AVGVSTVS AVGVSTA 7) AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS 8) CER QVINC ROM CO 9) CER QVINQ ROM CON 10) CERT QVINC ROM CO 11) CERT QVINC ROM CON 12) CERTA QVINC ROM CO 13) CERTA QVINC ROM CON 14) CERTAMEN QVINC ROM CO 15) CONCORDIA AVGVSTA 16) CONG I DAT POP 17) CONG II DAT 18) CONG II DAT POP 19) CONG II DAT POP R 20) DIVOS CLAVD AVGVST GERMANIC PATER AVG 21) EQVESTER / ORDO / PRINCIPI / IVVENT 22) GENIO AVGVSTI 23) GER PM TR P IMP PP 24) GER PON MAX TR P IMP PP 25) IANVM CLVSIT PACE P R TERRA MARIQ PARTA 26) IVPPITER CVSTOS 27) MAC AVG 28) PACE P R TERRA MARIQ PARTA IANVM CLVSIT 29) PACE P R VBIQ PARTA IANVM CLVSIT 30) PM TR P IMP PP

31) PM TR P IMP PP 32) PON M TR P IMP PP 33) PON MA TR P IMP PP 34) PON MAX TR P IMP PP 35) PONTIF MA TR P IMP PP 36) PONTIF MAX TR P II PP 37) PONTIF MAX TR P III COS II 38) PONTIF MAX TR P III PP 39) PONTIF MAX TR P IIII PP 40) PONTIF MAX TR P IMP PP 41) PONTIF MAX TR P V PP 42) PONTIF MAX TR P VI COS IIII PP 43) PONTIF MAX TR P VI PP 44) PONTIF MAX TR P VII COS IIII PP 45) PONTIF MAX TR P VIII COS IIII PP 46) PONTIF MAX TR P VIIII COS IIII PP 47) PONTIF MAX TR P X COS IIII PP 48) PONTIF MAX TR POT IMP PP 49) PONTIF MAX TR POTEST IMP PP 50) PORT AVG 51) QER QVINC ROMAE CONS 52) SACERD COOPT IN OMN CONL SVPRA NVM 53) SECVRITAS AVGVSTI 54) TR PON PP 55) TR POT PP 56) VESTA 57) VICT AVG 58) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 59) No legend

Types:

1) Agrippina II draped bust right 2) Agrippina II veiled, diademed, draped bust right 3) Altar 4) Annona standing right on left, resting hand on hip and holding cornucopia, facing Ceres seated to right, holding grain ears over modius and torch; galley prow

in background. 5) Apollo advancing right, playing lyre. 6) Branch 7) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch. 8) Claudius laureate head right 9) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia 10) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding patera 11) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 12) Macellum Magnum market; statue at entrance, holding scepter. 13) Nero riding horse left, holding spear; soldier in background also riding horse left, holding standard. 14) Nero riding horse right, holding spear; soldier behind also riding horse right, holding vexillum. 15) Nero riding horse right, holding spear; solider holding vexillum to right and soldier holding standard to left. 16) Nero seated left on platform to right, accompanied by Praetorian Prefect, facing official in center giving donative to citizen to left; Minerva in background,

holding owl and scepter. 17) Nero seated right on platform to left, official in center giving donative to citizen on ladder, holding baby and with child to lower right; Liberalitas and Minerva in

background. 18) Nero standing left on left, holding patera and scepter, and Poppaea (or Messalina) standing left on right, holding patera and cornucopia. 19) Nero standing left on platform, raising hand, accompanied by Praetorian Prefect, facing three soldiers to left; temple in background. 20) Nero standing, facing, holding branch and Victory on globe.

31 21) Nero standing, facing, holding patera and cornucopia 22) Port of Ostia viewed from above, ringed by harbor buildings and galleys within. 23) Quadriga of elephants riding left, carrying Claudius and Augustus, each holding a scepter. 24) Roma seated left, holding scepter and resting arm on shield. 25) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium. 26) Roma seated left, holding wreath and parazonium. 27) Roma standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield. 28) Sacrificial implements: simpulum over altar to left and lituus over patera to right. 29) Salus seated left, holding patera. 30) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter; altar to right. 31) Shield reading EQVESTER / OR DO / PRINCIPI / IVVENT 32) Standards (2), legionary eagle in center. 33) Table; letter S, urn and wreath above. 34) Temple of Janus (doors and building structure) 35) Temple of Janus (doors only) 36) Temple with (6) columns, Vesta seated within, holding patera and scepter. 37) Triumphal arch with quadriga above and statue of Mars on left wing. 38) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SPQR 39) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 40) Victory advancing right, holding Palladium. 41) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 42) Victory seated right on globe, holding opened wreath 43) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield 44) Virtus standing left, stepping on weapons, holding parazonium and spear. 45) Wreath, Agrippina II draped bust right within 46) Wreath, EX SC within

Mints:

1) Caesarea Cappadociae 2) Lugdunum 3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B02, O30, R42, T46 RIC I 19, BMC 21, C 213 2) B02, O30, R44, T07 EX SC across fields RIC I 23, BMC 25, C 217 3) B02, O30, R44, T44 EX SC across fields RIC I 25, BMC 27, C 219 4) B03, O72, R01, T23 EX SC in left field RIC I 6, BMC 7, C 3 5) B04, O51, R52, T28 RIC 76 (I, Claudius) 6) B07, O22, R26, T11 RIC I 63, BMC 77, C 120 7) B07, O22, R59, T29 Exe: SALVS RIC I 66, BMC 94, C 317 8) B07, O27, R07, T20 RIC I 46, BMC 56 9) B07, O33, R06, T18 RIC I 44, BMC 52, C 42 10) B07, O33, R15, T09 RIC I 48, BMC 61 11) B07, O33, R25, T35 RIC I 50, BMC 64, C 114 12) B07, O33, R26, T11 RIC I 52, BMC 67, C 118 13) B07, O33, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 54, BMC 81, C 257 14) B07, O33, R59, T29 Exe: SALVS RIC I 59, C 313

AR Drachm

15) B07, O69, R20, T08 RIC I 621

AR Denarius

16) B02, O30, R44, T07 EX SC across fields RIC I 24, C 218 17) B02, O30, R44, T07 EX SC across fields RIC I 30 18) B02, O30, R44, T46 RIC I 22 19) B02, O30, R45, T27 EX SC across fields RIC I 28, C 222 20) B04, O51, R52, T28 RIC 77 (I, Claudius) 21) B05, O85, R59, T31 RIC 79 (I, Claudius) 22) B07, O21, R26, T11 RIC I 69, C 123 23) B07, O21, R59, T25 RO MA across fields RIC I 70 24) B07, O21, R59, T29 Exe: SALVS RIC I 72 25) B07, O21, R59, T32 RIC I 68 26) B07, O22, R26, T11 RIC I 64 27) B07, O22, R59, T29 Exe: SALVS RIC I 67 28) B07, O27, R07, T20 RIC I 47, C 45 29) B07, O33, R06, T18 RIC I 45, C 43 30) B07, O33, R15, T09 RIC I 49, C 67 31) B07, O33, R26, T11 RIC I 53, C 119 32) B07, O33, R56, T36 RIC I 62, C 335 33) B07, O33, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 55, C 258 34) B07, O33, R59, T29 Exe: SALVS RIC I 60, C 314

AR Quinarius

35) B07, O72, R59, T42

32 AE Sestertius Reference(s)

36) B05, O85, R59, T31 RIC 108 (I, Claudius), C 99 37) B06, O11, R58, T39 38) B06, O18, R04, T04 Exe: SC RIC I 495, C 22 39) B06, O18, R16, T17 Exe: SC RIC I 503 40) B06, O56, R58, T39 Exe: II RIC I 410, C 346 41) B06, O57, R28, T34 RIC I 439 42) B06, O57, R50, T22 RIC I 441, C 252 43) B06, O57, R59, T14 Exe: DECVRSIO RIC I 397, C 86 44) B06, O57, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 274 45) B06, O57, R59, T37 RIC I 393, C 306 46) B06, O62, R16, T17 Exe: SC 47) B06, O62, R59, T37 RIC I 146 48) B06, O76, R18, T16 Exe: SC RIC I 162, C 79 49) B06, O76, R59, T14 Exe: DECVRSIO RIC I 171, C 84 50) B06, O78, R59, T15 Exe: DECVRSIO RIC I 108, C 95 51) B07, O11, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 591, C 266 52) B07, O14, R58, T39 RIC I 600, C 342 53) B07, O18, R53, T30 Exe: SC RIC I 520, C 324 54) B07, O20, R04, T04 Exe: SC RIC I 496, C 23 55) B07, O24, R59, T24 Exe: ROMA RIC I 356, C 284 56) B07, O56, R59, T37 57) B07, O57, R05, T22 RIC I 178, C 37 58) B07, O57, R25, T34 RIC I 438, C 146 59) B07, O57, R28, T34 RIC I 264, C 146 60) B07, O57, R59, T14 Exe: DECVRSIO RIC I 396, C 86 61) B07, O57, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 273 62) B07, O57, R59, T37 RIC I 143, C 308 63) B07, O62, R59, T17 Exe: SC RIC I 153, C 69 64) B07, O75, R59, T19 Exe: ADLOCVTCOH RIC I 134 65) B07, O76, R18, T16 Exe: SC RIC I 160, C 78 66) B07, O76, R59, T14 Exe: DECVRSIO RIC I 165, C 91

AE Dupondius

67) B06, O11, R53, T30 Exe: SC RIC I 519 68) B06, O57, R53, T30 Exe: II RIC I 407 69) B06, O62, R58, T39 Exe: II RIC I 410, C 346 70) B09, O55, R27, T12 S C across lower fields RIC I 400, C 128 71) B09, O57, R27, T12 Exe: II RIC I 185 72) B09, O57, R58, T10 Exe: II RIC I 197 73) B09, O62, R58, T39 Exe: II RIC I 199, C 348 74) B10, O23, R29, T34 RIC I 342 75) B10, O23, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 344, C 279 76) B10, O57, R58, T39 Exe: II RIC I 196, C 349 77) B10, O57, R58, T39 Exe: II RIC I 377 78) B10, O57, R59, T25 Exe: ROMA RIC I 296 79) B10, O62, R53, T30 Exe: II 80) B10, O62, R58, T39 RIC I 115

AE As

81) B01, O11, R59, T38 RIC I 606, C 303 82) B01, O12, R59, T38 RIC I 546 83) B02, O07, R59, T38 RIC I 543 84) B02, O11, R59, T38 RIC I 605, C 302 85) B02, O18, R59, T03 Exe: ARAPACIS RIC I 526, C 29 86) B02, O56, R59, T38 RIC I 475 87) B06, O29, R59, T39 RIC I 313 88) B06, O57, R27, T12 Exe: SC RIC I 402, C 65 89) B07, O07, R59, T38 RIC I 368 90) B07, O29, R29, T34 RIC I 306, C 171 91) B07, O29, R59, T39 RIC I 312 92) B07, O65, R48, T05 RIC I 380 93) B07, O76, R58, T39 94) B07, O83, R48, T05 RIC I 210

AE Semis

95) B07, O26, R08, T33 Exe: SC RIC I 233, C 47

AE Quadrans

96) Ba, O42, R30, T06 RIC I 260, C 185 97) Bb, O42, R30, T06 RIC I 317

33

Nero Busts

Nero Types

34 Nero Types (continued)

35

Galba

Augustus 68-69

Another of the short-lived emperors during the Roman civil wars of this period, Galba was the Governor of Spain at the time of Nero's downfall. Coming from a Senatorial background, he was a likely candidate to succeed Nero from the Senate's point of view and was thus given the title. Galba made his way to Rome where he proceeded to make enemies out of all his former supporters. Most critical among these was his decision to deny the customary

donatives to the army on his accession. This bit of ill-will towards the hands that fed him precipitated a number of events that would eventually lead to his murder. Otho, another recently disenfranchised governor and former protégé of Galba's, gathered an army and set to remove Galba. For his part, Galba reacted to this latest affront by performing another round of purging within the Praetorian Guard and succeeded only in finding them step aside on Otho's arrival.

Busts:

1) Bare head left 2) Bare head right 3) Bare-headed, cuirassed bust left 4) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate head left 6) Laureate head right 7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 8) Laureate, draped bust right

a) Galba riding horse right, raising hand b) Galba riding horse left, raising hand c) Hispania laureate, draped bust right; two javelins and shield below

Obverses:

1) GALBA IMP 2) GALBA IMPER 3) GALBA IMPERATOR 4) IMP GALBA 5) IMP GALBA CAESAR AVG PP 6) IMP SER GALBA AVG 7) IMP SER GALBA AVG TR P 8) IMP SER GALBA AVGVSTVS 9) IMP SER GALBA CAE AVG TR P 10) IMP SER GALBA CAES AVG PM TR P 11) IMP SER GALBA CAES AVG PON M TR P 12) IMP SER GALBA CAES AVG TR P 13) IMP SER GALBA CAESAR AVG 14) IMP SER GALBA CAESAR AVG PM 15) IMP SER GALBA CAESAR AVG PM TR P 16) IMP SER SVLP GALBA CAES AVG TR P 17) IMP SER SVLPI GALBA CAES AVG TR P 18) IMP SER SVLPIC GALBA CAES AVG TR P 19) IMP SER SVLPICIVS GALBA CAESAR AVG 20) SER GALBA AVG 21) SER GALBA AVG IMP 22) SER GALBA CAESAR AVG 23) SER GALBA IMP 24) SER GALBA IMP AVG 25) SER GALBA IMP AVGVSTVS 26) SER GALBA IMP CAES AVG 27) SER GALBA IMP CAES AVG PM TR P 28) SER GALBA IMP CAES AVG TR P 29) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PM T P 30) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PM TR P 31) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PM TR P PP 32) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PM TR POT

33) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PO MA TR P 34) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PON MA TR P 35) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PONT MAX TR P 36) SER GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG TR P 37) SER GALBA IMPERATOR 38) SER SVLPI GALBA IMP CAE AVG PM TR P 39) SER SVLPI GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PM TR P 40) SER SVLPI GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG TR P 41) SER SVLPIC GALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PM TR P 42) SER SVLPICI GALBAE IMP A 43) SER SVLPICIVS GALBA 44) SER SVLPICIVS GALBA IMP AVG 45) SER SVLPIVS GALBA IMP AVG 46) SERV GALBA IMP 47) SERVIVS GALBA IMPERATOR

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS 2) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI 3) AVG IMP 4) BON EVEN 5) BON EVENT 6) BONI EVENTVS 7) CERES AVGVSTA 8) CONCORD AVG 9) CONCORDIA PROVINCIA 10) CONCORDIA PROVINCIARVM 11) DIVA AVGVSTA 12) FELICITAS AVGVST 13) FIDES PVBLICA

14) FORTVNA AVG 15) GALLIA 16) GALLIA HISPANIA 17) HISPANIA 18) HISPANIA CLVNIA SVL 19) HONOS ET VIRTVS 20) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM 21) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII 22) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG REST 23) IMP T VESP AVG REST 24) LIB AVG 25) LIBERT AVG 26) LIBERTAS AVGVS

Galba proves to be a tough emperor to acquire. His coins while not particularly rare are aggressively sought after and this tends to keep bidding competitive. His Denarii are found in all grades with the worn – but attributable – typically costing around a hundred dollars and going up quickly from there. A mint state coin will easily cost over a thousand dollars. This is still very much the heyday of the big bronze. The three main denominations, the Sestertius, Dupondius and As all are available with Galba’s trademark frowning portrait. As with the Denarius, an age-battered coin can often be found for under $100 but a well-preserved specimen often well beyond the reach of most collectors’ budgets.

36 27) LIBERTAS AVGVST 28) LIBERTAS AVGVSTA 29) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 30) LIBERTAS RESTITVTA 31) MARS VICTOR 32) PAX AVG 33) PAX AVGVST 34) PAX AVGVSTA 35) PAXS AVGVSTI 36) PIETAS AVGVSTI 37) QVADRAGENS REMISSAE 38) QVADRAGENS VMA REMISSA 39) QVADRAGENS VMAE REMISS 40) ROMA RENASC 41) ROMA RENASCEN 42) ROMA RENASCENS 43) ROMA RENASCES 44) ROMA RESTI

45) ROMA VICTRIX 46) SALVS AVGVSTA 47) SALVS AVGVSTI 48) SALVS GEN HVMANI 49) SALVS GENE HVMANI 50) SALVS GENERI HVMANI 51) SECVRITAS P ROMANI 52) SENATVS PIETATI AVGVSTI 53) VESTA 54) VICTORIA 55) VICTORIA IMPERI ROMANI 56) VICTORIA P R 57) VICTORIAE GALBAE AVG 58) VICTORIAE IMP GALBAE AVG 59) VIRTVS 60) XXXX REMISSA 61) No legend

Reverses:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Aequitas standing right, holding scale and scepter 3) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding thrysus and scepter with snake coiled around it. 4) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and caduceus. 5) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch. 6) Concordia seated left, holding branch and scepter. 7) Concordia standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. 8) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 9) Felicitas standing left, leaning on cippus, holding patera and cornucopia. 10) Fides standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 11) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 12) Galba riding horse right, raising hand. 13) Galba seated to right, receiving Palladium from Hispania to left, holding cornucopia. 14) Galba standing right on platform, accompanied by lictor, addressing soldiers to lower right. 15) Galba standing to right, holding hand of kneeling Libertas; Roma in background 16) Galba standing, facing, holding Victory and branch, being crowned by Senate to right, holding branch. 17) Gallia to left, holding scepter, shaking hands with Hispania to right, holding shield and spear. 18) Galliae (3) bare headed, draped busts right; a grain ear in front of each bust 19) Galliae (3) bare heads right; a grain ear in front of each bust 20) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears 21) Hispania draped bust right; two javelins and shield below and behind. 22) Hispania standing left, holding grain ears and shield with two spears. 23) Honos standing right, holding scepter and cornucopia, facing Virtus to right, stepping on helmet, holding parazonium and spear 24) Legend SC 25) Legend TR P PP COS VIIII RESTITVIT within outer legend and surrounding large SC 26) Legionary eagle on thunderbolt; standard on either side. 27) Libertas bare head right 28) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter. 29) Livia standing left, holding patera and scepter. 30) Mars standing, facing, holding spear and trophy. 31) Pax seated left, holding branch and caduceus. 32) Pax seated left, holding branch and winged caduceus. 33) Pax standing left, holding branch and caduceus. 34) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. 35) Pax standing left, holding caduceus and grain ears; globe to left. 36) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 37) Pax(?) standing left, holding branch and shield. 38) Pietas standing, facing, raising hand over altar and touching chest 39) Roma advancing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter with eagle atop 40) Roma advancing right, holding Victory on globe and scepter with eagle atop. 41) Roma advancing right, holding Victory on globe and spear. 42) Roma seated left, holding spear and parazonium; weapons on floor 43) Roma seated left, holding Victory; shield to side. 44) Roma seated left, holding spear and resting arm on shield 45) Roma seated left, resting on trophy, holding branch and scepter with eagle atop. 46) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and spear. 47) Roma standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter with eagle atop. 48) Roma standing left, stepping on globe, holding branch and spear. 49) Salus seated left, holding patera and scepter 50) Salus standing left, stepping on globe, sacrificing over altar and holding rudder. 51) Shield over two crossed spears; SPQR laid out with each letter in a cardinal point starting with S in the “West” 52) Soldier to left leading three bound captives through arch to right 53) Standards (3) on galley prows 54) Triumphal arch, quadriga atop. 55) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter. 56) Vesta seated left, holding patera and Palladium. 57) Victory advancing left, holding Palladium and palm. 58) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 59) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 60) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 61) Victory standing on globe, facing, holding wreath and palm. 62) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm. 63) Victory standing right, holding shield on column reading PR 64) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on cippus reading SPQR 65) Virtus helmeted bust right 66) Virtus standing left, holding Victory on globe and parazonium 67) Virtus standing, facing, holding parazonium and spear.

37 68) Wreath, EX SC / OB / CIVES / SER within. 69) Wreath, EX SC / OB / CIVES / SERVATOS within 70) Wreath, shield within reading SP QR 71) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CIV / SER within. 72) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CIV SER within. 73) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CIVES / SERVATOS within 74) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CS within. 75) Wreath, SPQR / OB CS within

Mints:

1) Karthago 2) Lugdunum 3) Roma 4) Spain, uncertain locality (probably Tarraco)

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B2, O06, R60, T75 RIC I 164, C 286 2) B3, O23, R48, T50 RIC I 146, C 232 3) B6, O03, R42, T41 RIC I 2, C 195 4) B6, O13, R11, T29 RIC I 184, BMC 4 5) B6, O13, R48, T50 RIC I 213 corrected 6) B6, O14, R43, T39 7) B6, O30, R60, T74 RIC I 61, BMC 191 8) Ba, O01, R17, T21

AR Denarius

9) B2, O06, R60, T74 RIC I 167, C 287 10) B5, O01, R29, T28 11) B5, O01, R42, T41 RIC I 26 12) B6, O01, R42, T41 RIC I 28, C 209 13) B6, O03, R11, T29 RIC I 36, C 45 14) B6, O03, R40, T41 RIC I 41 15) B6, O03, R45, T48 RIC I 45, C 223 16) B6, O04, R42, T41 RIC I 29, C 209 17) B6, O06, R10, T07 RIC I 149, C 40a 18) B6, O06, R17, T22 RIC I 155, C 82 19) B6, O06, R60, T67 VIR TVS across fields RIC I 179 20) B6, O13, R10, T29 RIC I 186, C 55 21) B6, O13, R17, T22 RIC I 191 22) B6, O13, R40, T39 RIC I 195 23) B6, O13, R40, T41 RIC I 197 24) B6, O13, R48, T50 RIC I 211 25) B6, O13, R48, T50 RIC I 22, C 238 26) B6, O13, R60, T67 RIC I 221, C 344 27) B6, O14, R10, T29 RIC I 224, C 58 28) B6, O14, R11, T29 RIC I 4 29) B6, O14, R55, T60 RIC I 234 30) B6, O14, R60, T67 RIC I 236, C 343 31) B6, O20, R60, T12 Exe: IMP RIC I 145 32) B6, O30, R10, T07 RIC I 120, C 38 33) B6, O37, R10, T07 RIC I 49, C 34 34) B8, O13, R43, T47 RIC I 204, C 208a 35) Ba, O24, R60, T19 Exe: TRES GALLIA RIC I 92, C 308

AE Sestertius

36) B5, O28, R08, T06 Exe: SC RIC I 381, C 28 37) B5, O36, R29, T28 RIC I 389, C 110 38) B6, O07, R60, T72 RIC I 259, C 302 39) B6, O26, R60, T44 Exe: ROMA RIC I 420 40) B6, O27, R60, T68 RIC I 435, C 60 41) B6, O28, R28, T28 RIC I 442, C 110 42) B6, O28, R60, T42 Exe: ROMA RIC I 447 43) B6, O28, R60, T57 RIC I 270, C 256 44) B6, O30, R60, R59 45) B6, O36, R29, T28 RIC I 387, C 108 46) B8, O16, R29, T28 RIC I 309, C 130 47) B8, O18, R29, T28 RIC I 310, C 131 48) B8, O36, R29, T28 RIC I 388, C 112 49) B8, O36, R60, T58 RIC I 403 50) B8, O36, R60, T59 RIC I 398, C 245 51) B8, O36, R60, T72 RIC I 405, C 295 52) B8, O39, R60, T14 Exe: ADLOCVTIO / SC RIC I 467, C 2

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

53) B6, O16, R21, T24 RIC 245 (II, Titus), C 350

38

AE Dupondius Reference(s)

54) B6, O07, R29, T28 RIC I 275, C 120

AE Dupondius (Posthumous)

55) B6, O28, R22, T24 RIC I 246, C 351

AE As

56) B2, O12, R29, T27 RIC I 372, C 124 57) B2, O27, R29, T28 58) B2, O40, R60, T53 59) B6, O12, R01, T02 RIC I 491 60) B6, O18, R07, T04 Exe: SC 61) B6, O28, R53, T55 RIC I 308 62) B6, O31, R11, T29 RIC I 67, C 50 63) B6, O40, R01, T02 RIC I 492

Galba Busts

39

Galba Types

40

Clodius Macer

Propraetor Africae 68

Clodius Macer was an opportunist who took advantage of a revolt following Nero's death and the power struggle that ensued. He gambled that by appropriating northern Africa, Rome's food supply, he would strongarm the senate into accepting him as the next Augustus. Instead, Galba's fortunes improved and he consolidated power instead. Galba then suppressed Macer's small army and had him executed. Curiously, he stands alone in the long roster of

men who usurped the throne but not the imperial title.

Busts: 1) Bare head right

a) Africa draped bust right b) Africa draped bust right, two javelins behind bust c) Karthago draped bust right, cornucopia behind bust d) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and patera e) Lion head right f) Roma helmeted head right g) Victory draped bust right

Obverses: 1) L C MACRI 2) L C MACRI CARTHAGO 3) L CLODI MACRI 4) L CLODI MACRI CARTHAGO 5) L CLODI MACRI LIBERA 6) L CLODI MACRI LIBERATRIX 7) L CLODIVS MACER

a) ROMA Reverses: 1) L CLODI MACRI 2) LIB AVG 3) MACRIANA LIB LEG 4) PROPRA AFRICA 5) PROPRAE AFRICAE 6) SICILIA

Types: 1) Galley sailing left 2) Galley sailing right 3) Legionary eagle, vexillum on either side. 4) Triskelis in shape of three bent legs; head of Medusa at center 5) Trophy

Mint: 1) Karthago

AR Denarius Reference(s) 1) B1, O7, R4, T2 Bust exe: SC RIC I 39, C 13b 2) Bd, O3, R3, T3 LEG I across lower fields, “MAC” of MACRIANA in reverse legend placed in exergue, SC across obv fields RIC 20, C 2 3) Be, O3, R2, T3 LEG III across lower fields, SC in bust exergue 4) Bf, Oa, R1, T5 Bust exe: SC C 9 5) Bg, O1, R2, T3 LEG III across lower fields, SC in bust exergue RIC I 15

All of Macer's coins are exceedingly rare. In fact, there are only about 85 known to date, only 20 of which bear his portrait. A toned Denarius with portrait (see first coin on plates) sold at a Classical Numismatic Group auction in January of 2002 for $26,000.

41

Otho

Augustus 69

Clodius Macer Busts

Clodius Macer Types

A former friend of Nero's and a key figure in the Roman political elite, Otho’s fortunes turned for the worse when he became involved with a woman desired by Nero himself. In order to remove his competition, Nero simply exiled him to faraway Portugal under the guise of a promotion. Some ten years later, after Nero's own ill-fated end, Otho hoped to return to Rome as Caesar under Galba who had gathered an army and prepared to claim the crown. Galba

had had a politically favorable relationship with Otho and it's conceivable that the two could have had such an agreement. On becoming Augustus, however, Galba for whatever reason sidestepped Otho and named Piso Licianus, a garden variety aristocrat, as his successor. Infuriated at hearing the news of this betrayal, Otho summoned a sympathetic army and within days had Galba executed and placed himself as emperor.

Otho still had to deal with the approaching army of Vitellius who were already en route to fight Galba. Although he set out with an able army to meet Vitellius's forces an unexpected turn of events had Otho commit suicide just prior to a major engagement. He did this, apparently, out of a patriotic need to end the civil war.

Busts:

1) Bare head left 2) Bare head right

Obverses:

1) IMP M OTHO CAESAR AVG TR P 2) IMP OTHO CAESAR AVG TR P

Reverses:

1) CERES AVG 2) PAX ORBIS TERRARVM 3) PONT MAX 4) SECVRITAS P R 5) VICTORIA OTHONIS

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and scepter. 2) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia 3) Jupiter seated right, holding thunderbolt and scepter 4) Otho riding horse right, aiming spear 5) Pax standing left, holding branch and caduceus. 6) Securitas standing left, holding wreath and scepter. 7) Vesta seated left, holding patera and scepter.

Perhaps one of the most popular sets among collectors of Roman coins is the gathering of one of each of the so-called “12 Caesars” as popularized by the ancient Roman historian Suetonius in his book of the same name. Well, for those collectors Otho is usually the last coin of the set because the coins are rarely found for under $200-$300 each with $500-$1,000 being more typical. And Otho stands alone among the long roster of emperors who did not issue any copper coins… not counting late-3

rd century emperors who

issued silvered coins with bronze cores. But, on the other hand, at least Otho’s Denarii are fairly plentiful and even an Aureus appears from time to time for the well-heeled.

42 8) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 9) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.

Mints:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R2, T5 RIC I 3, BMC 1 2) B2, O1, R4, T6 RIC I 7, BMC 13, C 16

AR Denarius

3) B1, O1, R4, T6 RIC I 10, C 15 4) B2, O1, R2, T5 RIC I 4 5) B2, O1, R4, T6 RIC I 8, C 17 6) B2, O1, R5, T8 RIC I 16 7) B2, O1, R5, T9 RIC I 14, C 27 8) B2, O2, R2, T5 C 4a 9) B2, O2, R3, T1 RIC I 19 10) B2, O2, R3, T2 RIC I 20, C 11 11) B2, O2, R3, T3 RIC I 21 12) B2, O2, R3, T4 RIC I 22, C 12 13) B2, O2, R3, T7 RIC I 24 14) B2, O2, R4, T6 RIC I 12

Otho Bust

Otho Types

43

Vitellius

Augustus 69

Galba appointed Vitellius as Governor in the Rhine region in 68. He did this as no favor to Vitellius but rather as a strategic move to pass off a hot potato. Because Vitellius came from an aristocratic and decidedly non-military background, he calculated that the army of the region would have their hands full in dealing with this persona non grata. Whether the generals of the army in question saw through the attempted ruse or simply accepted the decision

was irrelevant and backfired for Galba. Aware of the discontentment within the army of the situation in Rome, Vitellius and his men prepared to do something about it. The army set out for Rome in a journey that took several months that was noted as being more of a carnival parade than a military procession.

However, the honeymoon was soon over for Vitellius who was neither the darling of the army nor especially influential elsewhere. True to his hedonistic background, he decided to throw massive parties throughout Rome while his enemies assembled armies to depose him. When he finally realized he was in real danger, too late, he met with a contact from the approaching army of Vespasian and made an agreement to abdicate in return for peaceful retirement. He then announced his decision to the Senate creating a scandal. Feeling that this cowardice was wholly unbecoming of an emperor a mob of angry citizens and soldiers broke through to his quarters where he was hiding and ripped him to shreds.

Of all things, the biographers of Vitellius note that his chief vice was none other than gorging himself with food. It was said he couldn't even bear to make a sacrifice of food at the altar without stealing a couple bites first!

Busts:

1) Bare head right 2) Laureate head left 3) Laureate head right 4) Laureate, draped bust right

Obverses:

1) A VITELLIVS AVG IMP GERMAN 2) A VITELLIVS GER IMP AVG P MAX TR P 3) A VITELLIVS GERM IMP AVG PM TR P 4) A VITELLIVS GERM IMP AVG TR P 5) A VITELLIVS GERM IMP TR P 6) A VITELLIVS GERMA IMP AVG PM TR P 7) A VITELLIVS GERMAN IMP AVG PM TR P 8) A VITELLIVS GERMAN IMP TR P 9) A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP 10) A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP AVG 11) A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP AVG PM TR P 12) A VITELLIVS IMP AVG PM T P P 13) A VITELLIVS IMP GERMAN 14) A VITELLIVS IMP GERMANICVS

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI 2) ANNONA AVG 3) ANNONA AVGVSTI 4) CERES AVG 5) CLEMENTIA IMP GERMAN 6) CLEMENTIA IMP GERMANICI 7) CONCORD AVG 8) CONCORDIA AVG 9) CONCORDIA AVGVSTI 10) CONCORDIA P R 11) CONCORDIA PRAETORIANORVM 12) CONSENSVS EXERCITVVM 13) CONSENSVS HISPANIARVM 14) FIDES EXERCITVM 15) FIDES EXERCITVVM 16) FIDES PRAETORIANORVM 17) HONOS ET VIRTVS

18) I O MAX CAPITO 19) I O MAX CAPITOLINVS 20) IVPPITER VICTOR 21) L VITELL CENSOR II 22) L VITELL CENSOR III 23) L VITELLI III COS CENSOR 24) L VITELLIVS COS III CENSOR 25) LIBERI IMP GERM AVG 26) LIBERI IMP GERMAN 27) LIBERIS IMP GERMANICI 28) LIBERTAS AVGVSTI 29) LIBERTAS RESTITVTA 30) MARS VICTOR 31) PAX AVGVSTI 32) PAX GER ROM 33) PAXS AVGVSTI 34) PONT MAXIM

35) ROMA RENASCENS 36) SECVRITAS IMP GERMAN 37) SECVRITAS P ROMANI 38) SENAT P Q ROMANVS 39) SPQR / OB / CIV / SER 40) SPQR / OB / CS 41) VESTA P R QVIRITIVM 42) VICTOR AVGV 43) VICTOR AVGVSTI 44) VICTORIA AVG 45) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 46) VICTORIA IMP GERMAN 47) VICTORIA IMP GERMANICI 48) XV VIR SACR FAC 49) XV VIR SACR FCA 50) No legend

Types:

1) Altar 2) Annona standing left, holding Victory and cornucopia; modius to left and galley prow to right. 3) Clementia seated left, holding branch and scepter. 4) Concordia seated left, holding branch and scepter.

While not cheap, the coins of Vitellius are readily available in all collectible grades. Expect to pay around $100 for an “entry level” coin and prices rise quickly from there. A problem that is typical of the coins of Vitellius, as well as those of Otho, are the normally small flans they were struck on. Unless the coin was struck perfectly centered some of the legends will be missing. If they hadn’t worn off already, that is! Naturally, those coins with full legends will command a premium. The most commonly available type is of the Altar with dolphin and raven reverse.

44 5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia 6) Concordia seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 7) Concordia standing left, holding branch and cornucopia 8) Hands, in handshake 9) Hispania standing left, holding shield and javelins. 10) Honos standing right on left, holding scepter and cornucopia, facing Virtus to right, stepping on helmet, holding parazonium and spear. 11) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter 12) Legend FIDES / EXERCITVVM 13) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter. 14) Libertas standing, facing, holding pileus and scepter. 15) Mars advancing left, holding spear and two standards 16) Mars advancing left, holding Victory and trophy 17) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia 18) Pax standing left, setting weapons on fire and holding cornucopia. 19) Roma standing right, holding Victory and spear 20) Securitas seated left, resting head on arm; altar to left. 21) Securitas seated right, holding scepter, facing altar to right 22) Spain standing left, holding grain ears and shield with two spears. 23) Temple with (2) columns; Jupiter seated within, holding thunderbolt and scepter 24) Altar; dolphin above and raven below. 25) Vesta seated left, holding patera and torch 26) Vesta seated left, holding trophy and scepter. 27) Vesta seated left, raising hand and holding torch. 28) Vesta seated right, holding patera and scepter. 29) Victory advancing left, holding shield 30) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SP / QR 31) Victory advancing left, touching trophy with seated captive at base 32) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 33) Victory seated left, holding patera and palm. 34) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 35) Victory standing left, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm tree reading OB / CIVES / SER 36) Vitellius’s father seated left, raising hand and holding scepter with eagle atop 37) Vitellius standing left on right, shaking hands with Roma to left, holding spear with shield. 38) Vitellius’s son bare head right, facing his daughter’s draped bust left. 39) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CIV / SER within 40) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CS within

Mints:

1) Roma 2) Spain

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B2, O10, R12, T15 RIC I 4 2) B2, O13, R13, T22 3) B2, O13, R38, T29 RIC I 32, C 84 4) B2, O14, R36, T21 RIC I 11 5) B2, O14, R46, T34 RIC I 15, BMC 97 6) B2, O14, R47, T34 RIC I 16, BMC 98 7) B3, O04, R24, T36 RIC I 94, BMC 23, C 54 8) B3, O04, R29, T14 RIC I 104, C 46 9) B3, O04, R48, T24 RIC I 108, BMC 38, C 110

AR Denarius 10) B1, O08, R10, T05 11) B1, O08, R48, T24 12) B1, O09, R10, T05 RIC I 66, C 21 13) B1, O09, R14, T08 RIC I 67 14) B1, O09, R20, T14 RIC I 68 15) B2, O04, R40, T40 16) B2, O13, R12, T15 RIC I 23 17) B2, O13, R41, T27 RIC I 33 18) B2, O13, R43, T30 ® in front of bust RIC I 36, C 101 19) B2, O14, R12, T15 RIC I 6 20) B3, O04, R10, T05 RIC I 90, S 2196 21) B3, O04, R20, T11 RIC I 93, C 42 22) B3, O04, R29, T14 RIC I 105 23) B3, O04, R34, T28 RIC I 107, S 2200, C 72 24) B3, O04, R48, T24 RIC I 109, S 2201 25) B3, O04, R50, T33 RIC I 110 26) B3, O08, R10, T05 RIC I 73, C 20 27) B3, O08, R20, T14 RIC I 75, S 2197, C 44 28) B3, O08, R26, T38 RIC I 79, C2 29) B3, O08, R29, T14 RIC I 81, S 2198, C 48 30) B3, O08, R40, T40 RIC I 83 31) B3, O08, R48, T24 RIC I 86 32) B3, O08, R49, T24 33) B3, O09, R48, T24 RIC I 70 34) B3, O09, R50, T33 RIC I 71, C 121 35) B3, O13, R14, T08 RIC I 30, C 31 36) B3, O13, R15, T08 RIC I 27 37) B3, O13, R19, T23 RIC I 56 38) B3, O13, R45, T30 RIC I 62 39) B3, O14, R15, T08 RIC I 54

45 AE Sestertius Reference(s) 40) B4, O07, R07, T04 RIC I 133 41) B4, O11, R30, T16 RIC I 115, C 61 42) B4, O11, R31, T17 RIC I 118, C 67

AE Dupondius 43) B4, O07, R09, T06 RIC I 162, C 15

AE As 44) B2, O13, R05, T03 RIC I 39 45) B2, O13, R15, T08 RIC I 42 46) B2, O13, R29, T14 RIC I 43 47) B2, O13, R35, T19 RIC I 45 48) B2, O13, R45, T30 RIC I 46

Vitellius Busts

Vitellius Types

46

Vespasian

Augustus 69-79

Vespasian was the son of a businessman and tax collector. By befriending people in high places, he gained a foothold in the Senate and eventually was appointed as Proconsul of Africa in the year 63. From there he became more of a VIP under Nero and was put in charge of suppressing certain revolts in Israel. During this period civil war broke out following the Nero's death and he took the opportunity to have himself named Emperor. He then took his

troops towards Rome where he defeated Vitellius, the last of the pretenders to the throne and a former colleague and friend.

He spent the rest of his reign rebuilding the wreck that was left of Rome following the troubles of 69 and rebuilding the Roman economy. He also expanded the empire's borders within Britain and granted citizenship to the inhabitants of vast sections under Roman control.

Busts:

1) Bare head left 2) Laureate head left 3) Laureate head right 4) Laureate, draped bust left. 5) Radiate head left 6) Radiate head right

a) Palm tree b) Sol radiate, draped bust facing c) Trophy d) Vespasian riding elephant quadriga right, holding scepter

and Victory e) Vespasian riding quadriga right, holding branch and scepter f) Winged caduceus inside two cross cornucopiae

Obverses:

1) CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG 2) DIVO VESPASIANO 3) DIVVS AVGVSTVS VESPASIANVS 4) DIVVS AVGVSTVS VESPASIAN 5) DIVVS AVGVSTVS VESPASIANVS 6) MP CAE VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS III 7) IMP CAES AVG VESPAS COS II TR POT 8) IMP CAES VES AVG 9) IMP CAES VESP AVG CEN 10) IMP CAES VESP AVG CENS 11) IMP CAES VESP AVG COS VII 12) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM 13) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM COS IIII 14) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM COS IIII CE 15) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM COS IIII CEN 16) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM COS V CENS 17) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM T P COS IIII CENS 18) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM T P COS V CENS 19) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM T P COS VI 20) IMP CAES VESP AVG PM T P COS VII 21) IMP CAES VESPAS AVG 22) IMP CAES VESPAS AVG PM COS IIII 23) IMP CAES VESPAS AVG PM TR P IIII PP COS IIII 24) IMP CAES VESPAS AVG PM TR P PP COS III 25) IMP CAES VESPAS AVG PM TR P PP COS VI 26) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG 27) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS II 28) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS III 29) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS IIII 30) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS V 31) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS VIII PP 32) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS VIIII 33) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM T P COS IIII CENS 34) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM T P COS VIII PP 35) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS II 36) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS III 37) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS IIII 38) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS V CENS 39) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS VI 40) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS VII 41) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII 42) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS VIIII 43) IMP CAES VESPASIAN COS IIII 44) IMP CAES VESPASIANVS AVG 45) IMP CAES VESPASIANVS AVG COS III 46) IMP CAES VESPASIANVS AVG PM TR P 47) IMP CAES VESPASIANVS COS VIII

48) IMP CAESAR 49) IMP CAESAR AVG VESPASIANVS 50) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG 51) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG CENS 52) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG CENSOR 53) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG COS IIII 54) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG COS V CENS 55) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG COS VI 56) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG COS VII 57) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG PM T P COS IIII CENS 58) IMP CAESAR VESP AVG PM TR P PP 59) IMP CAESAR VESP AVGVST 60) IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG 61) IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG COS II TR P PP 62) IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG COS III TR P PP 63) IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG COS V TR P PP 64) IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG PM TR P PP COS IIII 65) IMP CAESAR VESPASIA AVG 66) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG 67) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG COS III 68) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG COS IIII 69) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG COS VIIII 70) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG PM T P PP COS II D III 71) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG TR POT PP COS III 72) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVGVSTVS 73) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN CONS VIII 74) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN COS VIII 75) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN COS VIIII 76) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS 77) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG 78) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG COS II 79) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG P 80) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG PM T P PP COS II 81) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG PM T P PP COS II DES III 82) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG PM T P PP COS III 83) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG PM TR P 84) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG PM TR P PP COS III 85) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG PM TR P PP COS III DES IIII 86) IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG TR P

The oldest imperial Denarii one can purchase at a truly affordable price will be those of Vespasian. Some of these can be had for as little as $20 or $30 for a well preserved specimen. Even mint state or near-mint state coins are readily available for comparatively reasonable prices. The big bronzes are also easily found and those that are of higher grade are staple items of the ancient coin dealer. The prices for the several different denominations depend largely on their condition. For Vespasian’s reign those coins boasting of his triumph over the conquest of the jews are especially sought after.

47 87) IMP VESP AVG 88) IMP VESP AVG COS VIII 89) IMP VESP AVG PM T P

90) IMP VESPA CAESAR AVGVS 91) IMP VESPASIAN AVG 92) No legend

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVGVST 2) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI 3) AETERNITAS 4) AETERNITAS P R 5) ANNONA AVG 6) AVG VESPAS LIBERI IMP 7) AVGVR PON MAX 8) AVGVR TRI POT 9) CAE DVM ET T CAES IMP VESPAS 10) CAES AVG F DES IMP AVG F COS DES IT 11) CAES AVG F DESIG IMP AVG F COS DESIG ITER 12) CAESAR AVG F COS CAESAR AVG F PR 13) CAESAR AVG F DES IMP AVG F COS DESIT 14) CAESARES VESP AVG 15) CAESARES VESP AVG FILI 16) CERES AVGVST 17) CONCOR AVG 18) CONCORD AVGVST 19) CONCORDIA AVG 20) CONCORDIA AVGVSTI 21) CONCORDIA SENATVI 22) CONSECRATIO 23) CONSEN EXERCIT 24) CONSENSVS EXERCIT 25) CONSENSVS EXERCITVVM 26) COS DESIG III TR POT 27) COS III 28) COS III FORT RED 29) COS III TR POT 30) COS ITER 31) COS ITER FORT RED 32) COS ITER TR POT 33) COS ITER TR POTESTATE 34) COS V 35) COS VI 36) COS VII 37) COS VIII 38) COS VIIII 39) DE IVDAEIS 40) DEVICTA IVDAEA 41) DIVA DOMITILLA AVGVSTA 42) FELICITAS PVBLICA 43) FELICITAS REDVCI 44) FIDES EXERCITVVM 45) FIDES FORTVNA 46) FIDES PVBL 47) FIDES PVBLICA 48) FORTVNA AVGVST 49) FORTVNA AVGVSTI 50) FORTVNAE REDVCI 51) GENIVM P R 52) HISPANIA 53) HONOS ET VIRTVS 54) IMP 55) IMP CAES VESP AVG P TRI P COS II 56) IMP CAES VESP AVG P TRI P II COS 57) IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P PP COS II 58) IMP T CAESAR DIVI VESP AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII 59) IMP T FLAVIVS CAESAR AVG F 60) IMP V PP COS II DESIG III 61) IMP XIIII 62) IMP XIX 63) IMPERATOR CAESAR 64) IOVIS CVSTOS 65) IVD CAP 66) IVDAEA 67) IVDAEA CAPTA 68) IVDAEA DEVICTA 69) IVDEA CAPTA 70) LIBERI IMP AVG VESPAS 71) LIBERTAS AVGVSTI 72) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 73) LIBERTAS RESTITVTA 74) MARS CONSERVAT 75) MARS VICTOR 76) MARS VLTOR 77) NEP RED 78) PACI AVGVSTAE

79) PACI AVGVSTI 80) PACI ORB TERR AVG 81) PACIS EVENT 82) PACIS EVENTVM 83) PAX 84) PAX AVG 85) PAX AVGVST 86) PAX AVGVSTI 87) PAX P ROMANI 88) PM T P PP COS IIII 89) PM TR P PP COS III 90) PM TR P PP COS VI 91) PM TR P PP COS VII 92) PM TRIB P COS IIII 93) PON M TR P PP COS III 94) PON MAX TR P COS II 95) PON MAX TR P COS V 96) PON MAX TR P COS VI 97) PON MAX TR P COS VII 98) PON MAX TR POT PP COS V CENS 99) PONT MAX 100) PONT MAX TR P COS II DESIG III 101) PONT MAX TR POT PP COS VIII CENS 102) PONT MAX TRIB POT 103) PONTIF MAXIM 104) PONTIF TR P COS IIII 105) PRINCEPS IVVENTVT 106) PRINCIP IVVENT 107) PROVIDEN 108) ROMA 109) ROMA ET AVGVSTVS COS ITERVM TRIBVN POT 110) ROMA PERPETVA 111) ROMA RESVRGENS 112) ROMA RESVRGES 113) ROMA VICTRIX 114) SALVS AVG 115) SALVS AVGVSTA 116) SALVS AVGVSTI 117) SECVRITAS AVGVST 118) SECVRITAS AVGVSTI 119) SECVRITAS P R 120) SECVRITAS P ROMANI 121) SECVRITAS POPVLI ROMANI 122) SIGNIS RECEPTIS 123) SPES AVGVSTA 124) SPQR / OB / C S 125) T CAESAR 126) T ET DOM C EX 127) T ET DOMIT CAESARES PRIN IVVEN 128) T ET DOMIT CAESARES PRINC IVVEN 129) T FLAVI VESPASIANVS CAESAR 130) T IMP CAESAR DOMITIANVS AVG F COS DESG II 131) TITVS ET DOMITIAN CAES PRIN IV 132) TITVS ET DOMITIAN CAES PRIN IVEN 133) TITVS ET DOMITIAN CAESARES PRIN IVEN 134) TITVS ET DOMITIAN CAESARES PRIN IVIN 135) TITVS ET DOMITIAN CAESARES PRIN IVVEN 136) TITVS ET DOMITIANVS CAES PRIN IV 137) TITVS ET DOMITIANVS PRINC IVVEN 138) TR POT COS 139) TR POT X COS VIIII 140) TRI POT 141) TRI POT II COS III PP 142) TRIVMP AVG 143) TVTELA AVGVSTI 144) VESP AVG 145) VESPASIANVS 146) VESTA 147) VIC AVG 148) VICT AVG 149) VICTORIA AVG 150) VICTORIA AVGVST 151) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 152) VICTORIA IMP VESPASIANI 153) VICTORIA MP VESPASIANI 154) VICTORIA NAVALIS 155) VIRTVS AVGVST 156) No legend

48 Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and palm. 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and scepter 3) Aeternitas standing left, holding heads of Sun and Moon over altar 4) Altar 5) Annona seated left, holding grain ears 6) Annona seated left, holding fruit basket with both hands. 7) Bull standing right 8) Caduceus, winged 9) Caduceus, winged, inside two crossed cornucopiae 10) Capricornus advancing left, globe below 11) Capricornus holding rudder on globe, cornucopia above. 12) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and cornucopia 13) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch 14) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter. 15) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch 16) Chair 17) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 18) Concordia seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 19) Cow standing right 20) Domitilla draped bust right 21) Eagle perched on globe 22) Eagle standing left on cippus 23) Eagle standing right 24) Eagle standing right on cippus 25) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 26) Felicitas standing left, holding globe and cornucopia. 27) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and branch. 28) Fides standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 29) Fortuna standing left on altar, holding rudder and cornucopia 30) Fortuna standing left, holding branch and rudder on globe 31) Fortuna standing left, holding branch and rudder on globe with cornucopia. 32) Fortuna standing left, holding galley prow and cornucopia 33) Fortuna standing left, holding globe and caduceus 34) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 35) Fortuna standing left, resting hand on galley prow and holding cornucopia 36) Funerary quadriga advancing left 37) Funerary quadriga advancing right 38) Galley prow right, star above 39) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears. 40) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 41) Goat standing left, being milked by farmer seated to right 42) Hands, in handshake, grasping grain ears and caduceus 43) Hands, in handshake, holding caduceus and grain ears. 44) Hands, in handshake, holding caduceus and two palms. 45) Hispania standing left, holding two javelins with shield and grain ears. 46) Honos to left, holding scepter and cornucopia, facing Virtus to right, holding parazonium and spear. 47) Judaea seated left, resting head on hand; palm tree in center and bound, standing captive to right with weapons piled all around 48) Judaea seated right, hands bound; trophy to left. 49) Judaea seated right, resting head on hand; palm to left and weapons piled all around 50) Judaea seated right, resting head on hand; palm tree in center and bound, standing captive to left with weapons piled all around 51) Judaea seated right, resting head on hand; trophy to left. 52) Judaea standing left; palm tree to right 53) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt. 54) Jupiter standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 55) Legend SC 56) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter. 57) Libertas standing left, holding wreath and scepter. 58) Mars advancing left, holding Victory and trophy. 59) Mars advancing right, holding spear and eagle 60) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 61) Mars advancing right, holding spear. 62) Mars standing left, holding spear and trophy 63) Mars standing left, holding spear and trophy; corn ear growing to left 64) Mars standing, facing, holding spear and trophy; altar to right. 65) Minerva advancing right, holding palm and Victory; snake by feet. 66) Modius, grain ears inside 67) Nemesis advancing right, pulling dress and holding caduceus; snake to right. 68) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding acrostolium and trident. 69) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding dolphin and trident. 70) Neptune standing left, stepping on globe, holding acrostolium and scepter 71) Neptune standing left, stepping on globe, holding dolphin and trident 72) Orbis draped bust left 73) Orbis draped bust right 74) Oxen (2) advancing left. 75) Palm tree 76) Pax seated left, holding branch 77) Pax seated left, holding branch and caduceus 78) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter 79) Pax seated right, holding branch and scepter 80) Pax standing left, holding branch and caduceus 81) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. 82) Pax standing left, holding branch. 83) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus with purse atop, holding branch and winged caduceus. 84) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus, holding winged caduceus and branch. 85) Pax standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus with branch. 86) Pax standing right, holding branch and setting fire to pile of weapons; statue of Minerva behind Pax.

49 87) Pegasus advancing right 88) Pig advancing left, three piglets following. 89) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 90) Roma lying right on Rome’s seven hills with wolf suckling Romulus and Remus in front, holding parazonium; Tiber to right. 91) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium. 92) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 93) Roma seated left, holding wreath and parazonium 94) Roma standing left, holding Victory and parazonium 95) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear. 96) Roma standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding spear and parazonium. 97) Salus seated left, holding patera and scepter 98) Salus seated left, holding patera. 99) Salus standing right, leaning on column, holding and feeding snake. 100) Securitas seated left, resting head on hand. 101) Securitas seated left, resting head on hand; altar to left. 102) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter; altar to right. 103) Shield reading SC held by two capricornii; globe below. 104) Shield reading SC on cippus with urn atop, branch on either side. 105) Soldiers (2) standing, shaking hands 106) Spears (2), shield on either side. 107) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 108) Standards (3) 109) Standards (3), each on a galley prow 110) Temple with (4) columns 111) Temple with (4) columns, statue of Vesta standing within, another statue on either side of temple. 112) Temple with (6) columns, statues within and atop 113) Titus (or Domitian?) riding horse left, holding spear. 114) Titus and Domitian each riding horse right, holding branch. 115) Titus and Domitian each riding horse right, led by soldier. 116) Titus and Domitian each riding horse right. 117) Titus and Domitian seated on platforms, facing each other, two senators standing in center. 118) Titus and Domitian seated right, each holding a branch. 119) Titus and Domitian standing, facing, each holding patera 120) Titus bare head right 121) Titus bare head right, facing Domitian bare head left 122) Titus riding quadriga right, holding branch and scepter 123) Titus standing left, holding branch and spear 124) Titus standing right, holding spear and parazonium, facing Domitian to right, holding spear. 125) Trees (2), COS V in between 126) Trophy 127) Tutela seated left, holding a baby in each arm. 128) Venus standing right, holding scepter and apples. 129) Vespasian riding horse right, raising hand. 130) Vespasian riding horse right, spearing enemy. 131) Vespasian riding quadriga right, holding branch and scepter 132) Vespasian seated left, holding branch and scepter 133) Vespasian seated right, holding branch and scepter 134) Vespasian standing left on platform, receiving vexillum from Victory to upper left. 135) Vespasian standing left, holding scepter, receiving Palladium from Victory to upper left. 136) Vespasian standing left, raising hand and holding spear. 137) Vespasian standing left, sacrificing over altar in front of temple; Victory crowning him from behind. 138) Vespasian standing left on right, shaking hands with kneeling Roma 139) Vespasian standing left on right, shaking hands with kneeling Roma; Minerva standing in background, holding shield 140) Vespasian standing left on right, receiving Victory from Roma to left 141) Vespasian standing on rostral column, holding spear and parazonium 142) Vespasian standing right, stepping on globe, holding spear and parazonium, facing palm tree in center and Judaea seated to right, resting head on hand. 143) Vespasian, Titus and Domitian standing right, receiving flower from Spes to right. 144) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter. 145) Vesta seated left, holding simpulum 146) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum and scepter. 147) Vexillum 148) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SPQR 149) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 150) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 151) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm 152) Victory standing left on cippus, holding wreath and palm; snake on either side. 153) Victory standing left on galley prow, holding wreath and palm 154) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm 155) Victory standing left, holding shield on trophy; captive seated left in front of trophy, resting head on hand 156) Victory standing left, holding shield reading SPQR 157) Victory standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding wreath and palm. 158) Victory standing right on globe, crowning trophy and holding palm. 159) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm. 160) Victory standing right on galley prow, holding wreath and palm 161) Victory standing right, crowning standard and holding palm. 162) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm reading SPQR; captive seated in front of palm, resting head on hand. 163) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm; captive seated in front of palm, resting head on hand. 164) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VIC / AVG 165) Victory standing right, holding standard and palm. 166) Victory standing right, holding up shield with both hands. 167) Victory standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding wreath and palm. 168) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield reading OB / CIV / SER on palm 169) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield reading OB / CIV / SER on palm; Judaea seated right, resting head on hand. 170) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm; Judaea seated right, resting head on hand. 171) Virtus standing left, holding spear and parazonium 172) Virtus standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding spear and parazonium 173) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus 174) Wreath, AVG within 175) Wreath, OB CIVES SERVATOS within

50 176) Wreath, SC within 177) Wreath, SPQR / ADSERTORI / LIBERTATIS / PVBLIC within 178) Wreath, SPQR / ADSERTORI / LIBERTATIS / PVBLICAE within 179) Wreath, SPQR / OB / CIVES / SERVATOS within 180) Wreath, SPQR / OB C S within 181) Wreath, SPQR / OB CIV / SER within 182) Wreath, SPQR / PP / OB CS within 183) Wreath, SPQR within

Mints:

1) Antioch 2) Asia, various localities

3) Illyricum, locality uncertain 4) Lugdunum

5) Roma 6) Tarraco?

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B02, O77, R034, T019 BMC 132 2) B03, O10, R146, T111 RIC II 69c, BMC 109, C 579 3) B03, O12, R055, T120 RIC II 357, C 1 4) B03, O12, R141, T077 RIC II 39, BMC 60, C 565 5) B03, O13, R077, T070 RIC II 46, BMC 273, C 273 6) B03, O13, R156, T131 RIC II 54, BMC 79 7) B03, O23, R079, T067 RIC II 302, BMC 403, C 284 8) B03, O77, R003, T003 9) B03, O77, R012, T121 RIC II 2, BMC 1 10) B03, O77, R031, T035 11) B03, O77, R036, T007 RIC II 96, BMC 176, C 117 12) B03, O77, R096, T152 RIC II 92, C 370 13) B03, O77, R156, T051 Exe: IVDAEA RIC II 15, BMC 31, C 225 14) B03, O86, R028, T033 RIC II 11, C 98 15) B03, O86, R032, T069 RIC II 279, BMC 374, C 92

AU Aureus (Posthumous)

16) B03, O03, R156, T104 RIC 62 (II, Titus), C 148

AU Quinarius

17) B03, O77, R150, T150 18) B03, O78, R150, T150

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)

19) B06, O02, R022, T023

AR Denarius

20) B02, O01, R005, T005 RIC II 131b, S 2280, C 30 21) B02, O01, R156, T088 Exe: IMP XIX RIC II 109, BMC 214 22) B02, O77, R037, T062 RIC II 103, C 126 23) B02, O77, R064, T054 RIC II 124b, C 223 24) B02, O77, R072, T056 RIC II 259b 25) B02, O77, R139, T141 RIC II 120, C 560 26) B02, O77, R152, T154 RIC II 268, C 630 27) B02, O77, R156, T022 RIC II 98b 28) B03, O01, R005, T005 RIC II 131a, C 29 29) B03, O01, R016, T014 RIC II 132, S 2283 30) B03, O03, R156, T104 RIC II 62, S 2568, C 149 31) B03, O09, R114, T098 RIC II 67, C 431 32) B03, O09, R156, T183 RIC II 66b, C 516 33) B03, O10, R103, T133 RIC II 65, S 2305, C 387 34) B03, O12, R007, T089 RIC II 29, S 2281, C 42 35) B03, O12, R008, T089 RIC II 30, S 2282, C 43 36) B03, O12, R141, T060 RIC II 38, C 564 37) B03, O12, R141, T077 RIC II 39, S 2313, C 566 38) B03, O12, R156, T131 39) B03, O12, R156, T145 PON MAX across fields RIC II 36, S 2298, C 358 40) B03, O12, R156, T145 TRI POT across fields RIC II 37, S 2312, C 561 41) B03, O13, R008, T089 RIC II 42, C 45 42) B03, O13, R020, T017 RIC II 43, C 74 43) B03, O13, R077, T070 RIC II 46, C 274 44) B03, O13, R103, T133 RIC II 48, C 388 45) B03, O13, R151, T161 RIC II 52, S 2317 46) B03, O13, R156, T131 RIC II 54, C 643 47) B03, O13, R156, T145 TRI POT across fields RIC II 49, C 563 48) B03, O13, R156, T146 RIC II 50, S 2316, C 574 49) B03, O15, R047, T043 RIC II 55, S 2291, C 164 50) B03, O15, R114, T098 RIC II 57, C 432 51) B03, O16, R151, T159 RIC II 78

52) B03, O21, R019, T012 Exe: Q The Q and symbols indicate Ephesus as the mint city RIC II 312, C 65 53) B03, O21, R078, T149 Exe: Q RIC II 316, C 280 54) B03, O21, R156, T174 Exe: Q RIC II 311, C 37 55) B03, O22, R077, T070 RIC II 361, C 274

51 56) B03, O22, R156, T131 RIC II 364 57) B03, O22, R156, T142 RIC II 363, C 645 58) B03, O50, R103, T133 RIC II 83, C 176 59) B03, O50, R156, T125 74 RIC II 72, C 110 60) B03, O61, R006, T121 Q to left of Titus’s bust RIC II 321, C 1 61) B03, O61, R019, T012 Exe: Q RIC II 320, C 66a 62) B03, O61, R069, T119 Exe: Q RIC II 322 63) B03, O61, R078, T149 Exe: Q RIC II 323, C 278 64) B03, O62, R019, T012 Exe: ² RIC II 329, C 67 65) B03, O62, R078, T150 ² in right lower field RIC II 333, S 2270 66) B03, O62, R078, T150 Exe: ² RIC II 326, C 279 67) B03, O62, R080, T073 Exe: ² RIC II 334, C 293 68) B03, O62, R156, T174 ² in field RIC II 328, C 40 69) B03, O63, R019, T012 Exe: * RIC II 336, C 68 70) B03, O63, R078, T150 Exe: o in lower left field, * in lower right field RIC II 337, C 277 71) B03, O63, R156, T174 Exe: * RIC II 335, C 39 72) B03, O77, R012, T121 RIC II 2, S 2399 73) B03, O77, R030, T002 74) B03, O77, R031, T035 RIC II 4, C 84 75) B03, O77, R032, T002 RIC II 5, S 2284 76) B03, O77, R032, T060 RIC II 7, C 88 77) B03, O77, R032, T077 RIC II 10, S 2285 78) B03, O77, R032, T080 RIC II 9 79) B03, O77, R036, T007 RIC II 96, C 118 80) B03, O77, R036, T087 RIC II 375 81) B03, O77, R037, T038 RIC II 108, C 136 82) B03, O77, R037, T062 RIC II 104, S 2288 83) B03, O77, R064, T054 RIC II 124a, S 2295, C 222 84) B03, O77, R066, T051 RIC II 15, S 2296 85) B03, O77, R095, T008 RIC II 75, S 2299, C 362 86) B03, O77, R095, T133 RIC II 77, S 2300, C 364 87) B03, O77, R096, T076 RIC II 90, S 2301, C 366 88) B03, O77, R096, T152 89) B03, O77, R096, T153 RIC II 93, S 2303, C 368 90) B03, O77, R097, T008 RIC II 102, C 375 91) B03, O77, R097, T008 RIC II 377, S 2275 92) B03, O77, R103, T008 RIC II 84, C 390 93) B03, O77, R139, T010 RIC II 118, C 554 94) B03, O77, R139, T155 RIC II 114, C 552 95) B03, O77, R156, T024 RIC II 98a 96) B03, O77, R156, T024 RIC II 99a, S 2287 97) B03, O77, R156, T041 Exe: IMP XIX RIC II 113, C 550 98) B03, O77, R156, T066 IMP XIX across fields RIC II 110, S 2293, C 216 99) B03, O77, R156, T074 Exe: COS VIII RIC II 107, S 2289, C 133 100) B03, O77, R156, T131 Exe: IMP 101) B03, O86, R032, T069 RIC II 279, C 93 102) B03, O86, R068, T052 RIC II 289, S 2262, C 243

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

103) B03, O03, R156, T036 Exe: EX SC RIC 60 (II, Titus), C 146 104) B03, O03, R156, T103 RIC 63 (II, Titus), S 2569, C 497 105) B03, O03, R156, T104 EX SC across fields RIC 62 (II, Titus), S 2568 106) B03, O03, R156, T155 EX SC across fields RIC 59a (II, Titus), S 2565, C 144

AE Sestertius

107) B03, O36, R067, T050 Exe: SC RIC II 424, C 232 108) B03, O06, R067, T050 Exe: SC 109) B03, O36, R069, T050 Exe: SC RIC II 425, C 236 110) B03, O36, R067, T047 Exe: SC RIC II 426, C 238 111) B03, O36, R067, T142 Exe: SC RIC II 427, C 239 112) B03, O24, R085, T081 RIC II 435, C 313 113) B03, O36, R086, T081 RIC II 437, C 326 114) B03, O36, R108, T095 RIC II 443, C 419 115) B03, O36, R112, T139 RIC II 445 116) B03, O36, R156, T060 Exe: SC RIC II 447, C 440 117) B03, O36, R151, T170 Exe: SC RIC II 468, C 625 118) B02, O28, R069, T049 Exe: SC RIC II 490, C 247 119) B03, O40, R085, T078 Exe: SC RIC II 574, C 320 120) B03, O82, R063, T123

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

121) Bd, O92, R058, T055 RIC 143 (II, Titus), C 205

AE Dupondius

122) B05, O17, R042, T025 RIC II 539b, C 151 123) B05, O18, R042, T025 RIC II 555, C 152 124) B06, O18, R042, T025 RIC II 554 125) B06, O19, R042, T025 RIC II 567 126) B06, O20, R042, T025 RIC II 578, S 2346 127) B06, O28, R156, T093 Exe: ROMA RIC II 476, C 411

52 128) B06, O29, R084, T085 129) B06, O31, R047, T028 RIC II 753a, C 166

AE As Reference(s)

130) B02, O77, R098, T009 RIC II 798c, C 738 131) B03, O28, R067, T050 Exe: SC RIC II 490 132) B03, O28, R154, T160 RIC II 503a, C 607 133) B03, O28, R156, T004 Exe: PROVIDEN RIC II 494, C 397 134) B03, O28, R156, T021 RIC II 497, C 480 135) B03, O29, R067, T051 RIC II 489 136) B03, O54, R001, T002 RIC II 482, S 2352 137) B03, O54, R156, T107 RIC II 560b, S 2361 138) B03, O56, R001, T002 RIC II 580a, C 4 139) B03, O56, R156, T107 RIC II 583a

AE Semis

140) B03, O89, R156, T176 RIC II 795

AE Quadrans

141) Ba, O91, R089, T147 RIC II 504,C 343

Vespasian Busts

Vespasian Types

Vespasian Types (continued)

53

54

Vespasian Types (continued)

55

Domitilla

? - ?

Wife of Vespasian (and mother of Titus and Domitian). All coins are posthumous.

Bust:

1) Draped bust right

a) Carpentum pulled by two mules right

Obverse:

1) DIVA DOMITILLA AVGVSTA 2) MEMORIAE / DOMI / TILLAE

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVGVST 2) FORTVNA AVGVST 3) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII 4) PIETAS AVGVST

Types:

1) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 2) Large SC 3) Peacock 4) Pietas seated left; child to left.

Mint:

1) Roma

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC 71 (I, Titus), C 3

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

2) Ba, O3, R2, T2 Exe: SPQR RIC 153 (I, Titus), C 1

Domitilla Busts Domitilla Types

There aren’t any easy to find empresses from the first century and Domitilla is no different. She appears infrequently at major auctions in the form of either a Denarius or a Sestertius both of which were struck in a limited run after her death. And both tend to come to market rather shopworn and the bronze, of course, typically faring the worse of the two. Both fluctuate in prices from around a minimum of $500 to over $2,000 for exceptional grades.

56

Titus

Augustus 79-81

Titus succeeded Vespasian, his father, when he died. Unlike Vespasian, however, the reign of Titus was short-lived and tragic. He had to deal with the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius that obliterated Pompey by coordinating relief efforts in the area as well as related rebuilding projects. From this catastrophe he went to play the same role following a major fire that broke out in Rome only to have an outbreak of plague decimate the population shortly after

that. In the face of these disasters all he could do would be to throw city-wide parties in hopes of restoring some morale. He himself died not long afterwards of obscure causes and would be widely mourned by Roman citizens. It’s easy to imagine his power-hungry and restless brother playing a part in his untimely death, and historians do like to speculate about this possibility but there is frankly not much evidence to base such a charge.

Busts:

1) Bare head right 2) Laureate head left 3) Laureate head right 4) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate, draped bust right 6) Radiate head right

Obverses:

1) DIVO AVG T DIVI VESP F VESPASIANO 2) DIVO TITO 3) DIVVS TITVS AVGVSTVS 4) IMP CAES T VESP AVG GERM 5) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VII 6) IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII 7) IMP T CAES P AVG PM TR P COS VIII 8) IMP T CAES VESP AVG PM TR P COS VII 9) IMP T CAES VESP AVG PM TR P COS VIII 10) IMP T CAES VESP AVG PM TR P PP COS VII 11) IMP T CAES VESP AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII SC 12) IMP T CAES VESP AVGVST PM TR P COS VIII 13) IMP T CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS II 14) IMP T CAESAR COS III 15) IMP T CAESAR DIVI VESPAS F AVG 16) IMP T CAESAR VESPASIANVS 17) IMP T CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG 18) IMP T VESP AVG COS VIII 19) IMP TITVS CAES VESP AVG PM TR P PP COS VII 20) IMP TITVS CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM 21) IMP TITVS CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P COS V 22) IMPERATOR T CAESAR AVGVSTI F 23) T CAES IMP 24) T CAES IMP AVG F PON TR P COS VI CENSOR 25) T CAES IMP AVG F TR P COS VI CENSOR 26) T CAES IMP PON TR P COS II CENS 27) T CAES IMP PON TR P COS III CENS 28) T CAES IMP PON TR POT 29) T CAES IMP PONT 30) T CAES IMP PONT TR P COS V CENSOR 31) T CAES IMP TR POT 32) T CAES IMP VESP CEN 33) T CAES IMP VESP CENS 34) T CAES IMP VESP P TR P CENS 35) T CAES IMP VESP PON TR POT 36) T CAES IMP VESP PON TR POT CENS 37) T CAES VESP AVG PM TR P COS V 38) T CAES VESP IMP PON TR POT COS II CENS 39) T CAES VESPAS IMP P TR P COS II 40) T CAES VESPAS IMP PON TR POT COS II 41) T CAES VESPASIAN IMP P TR P COS II 42) T CAES VESPASIAN IMP PON TR POT COS II

43) T CAES VESPASIAN IMP PON TR POT COS III CENS 44) T CAES VESPASIAN IMP PON TR POT COS VI 45) T CAESAR AVG VESPASIANVS COS VII 46) T CAESAR IMP COS II CENS 47) T CAESAR IMP COS III CENS 48) T CAESAR IMP COS IIII 49) T CAESAR IMP COS V 50) T CAESAR IMP PONT 51) T CAESAR IMP VESP 52) T CAESAR IMP VESP CEN 53) T CAESAR IMP VESPASIAN 54) T CAESAR IMP VESPASIAN COS VI 55) T CAESAR IMP VESPASIANVS 56) T CAESAR IMP VESPASIANVS COS VI 57) T CAESAR IMPER PONT 58) T CAESAR VESPAS IMP PON TR POT 59) T CAESAR VESPASIAN IMP III PON TR POT II COS II 60) T CAESAR VESPASIAN IMP IIII PON TR POT II COS II 61) T CAESAR VESPASIAN IMP IIII PON TR POT III COS II 62) T CAESAR VESPASIAN IMP PON TR POT 63) T CAESAR VESPASIANVS 64) T CAESAR VESPASIANVS TR P COS II 65) T CAESAR VESPASIANVS TR P COS VI 66) T DIVO AVG DIVI VESP F VESPASIANO 67) TITVS IMP

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVGVST 2) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI 3) AETERNIT AVG 4) AETERNIT AVGVST 5) AETERNITAS 6) ANNONA AVG 7) ANNONA AVGVST 8) BONVS EVENTVS AVGVSTI 9) CAESAR DOMITIAN COS DES II 10) CERES AVG 11) CERES AVGVST

12) CIVITATIBVS ASIAE RESTITVT 13) CONCORD AVG 14) CONCORDIA AVG 15) CONCORDIA AVGVST 16) CONCORDIA AVGVSTI 17) CONGIAR PRIMVM P R DAT 18) CONSECRATIO 19) COS IIII 20) COS V 21) COS VII DES VIII PP 22) COS VI

23) COS VII 24) DIVO AVG VESP SPQR 25) DIVVS AVGVSTVS VESP 26) DIVVS AVGVSTVS VESPASIAN 27) DIVVS VESPASIAN 28) DOMITILLAE IMP CAES VESP AVG

SPQR 29) FELICIT AVGVST 30) FELICIT PVBLIC 31) FELICITAS PVBLIC 32) FELICITAS PVBLICA

Squished in between the long reigns of Vespasian before and Domitian afterwards, Titus only gets a brief year as emperor. However, he kept the mints working overtime during that short period and under Vespasian he was Caesar for a long time. All this adds up to plenty of coins of his still around today even if they are a bit more expensive. Most available will be the Denarius a common type of which can be found for around $100. The big copper of the day is well represented also but will be quite a bit more expensive in anything but filler grade.

57 33) FIDES PVBL 34) FIDES PVBLICA 35) FORTVNA AVGVST 36) FORTVNAE REDVCI 37) GENI P R 38) GENIO P R 39) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMIT AVG PM TR P PP 40) IMP T CAES VESP AVG PM TR P COS VIII 41) IMP T VESP AVG REST 42) IMP VIII 43) IMP XIIII 44) IOVIS CVSTOS 45) IVD CAP 46) IVDAEA CAPTA 47) IVDAEA DEVICTA 48) IVLIA AVGVSTA DIVI TITI F 49) MEMORIAE DOMITILLAE SPQR 50) NEP RED 51) PAX AVG 52) PAX AVGS 53) PAX AVGVST 54) PAX AVGVSTI

55) PIETAS AVGVST 56) PON MAX TR P COS VI 57) PON MAX TR POT PP COS V CENS 58) PON TR POT 59) PONTIF TR P COS III 60) PONTIF TR P COS IIII 61) PONTIF TR P COS V 62) PONTIF TR POT 63) PONTIF TRI POT 64) PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS 65) PROVIDENT AVGVST 66) PROVIDENTIA COS VII 67) ROMA 68) ROMA VICTRIX 69) SALVS AVG 70) SALVTI AVGVSTI 71) SECVRITAS AVG 72) SECVRITAS AVGVST 73) SECVRITAS AVGVSTI 74) SPQR 75) SPQR OB CIV SER 76) TR P COS VII DES VIII PP

77) TR P IX IMP XV COS VII 78) TR P IX IMP XV COS VIII PP 79) TR P VIIII IMP XIIII COS VII 80) TR P VIIII IMP XIIII COS VII PP 81) TR P VIIII IMP XV COS VII PP 82) TR POT COS III CENSOR 83) TR POT COS IIII 84) TR POT COS VI CENSOR 85) TR POT VII COS VI 86) TR POT VIII COS VII 87) TR POT VIIII COS VII 88) VESP PON TR P 89) VESTA 90) VIC AVG 91) VICTORIA AVG 92) VICTORIA AVGVST 93) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 94) VICTORIA NAVALIS 95) No legend

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and scepter 2) Aeternitas standing left, holding heads of Sun and Moon; altar to left 3) Aeternitas standing right with foot on globe, holding cornucopia and scepter 4) Altar 5) Altar, dolphin above 6) Altar, two ravens and wreath above 7) Anchor, dolphin coiled around it 8) Annona seated left, holding grain ears 9) Annona standing left, holding Aequitas and cornucopia; modius and grain ears to left, galley prow to right. 10) Boar advancing right 11) Branches 12) Bull butting right 13) Caduceus, winged 14) Capricornus over globe to left 15) Capricornus over globe to right, cornucopia above. 16) Carpentum being pulled by two mules 17) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch 18) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter 19) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch 20) Chair; dolphin below 21) Chairs (2), wreath atop 22) Coliseum 23) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia 24) Cornucopiae (2), crossed, with winged caduceus in between 25) Cow standing right 26) Eagle standing on cippus, facing 27) Eagle standing on globe 28) Eagle standing right 29) Elephant standing left 30) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 31) Felicitas standing left, holding cornucopia and scepter 32) Fides standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 33) Fortuna standing left on cippus, holding rudder and cornucopia 34) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 35) Galley prow right; star above 36) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears 37) Genius standing left, sacrificing at altar and holding cornucopia 38) Hands, in handshake, holding caduceus and grain ears 39) Hands, in handshake, holding winged caduceus and grain ears. 40) Jupiter standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 41) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 42) Mars standing left, holding spear and trophy 43) Neptune standing left, stepping on globe, holding acrostolium and trident. 44) Oxen (2) standing left 45) Palm tree; Judea seated to left and captive standing to right 46) Palm tree; Judea seated to left and weapons to right 47) Palm tree; Judea seated to right and Titus standing to left, stepping on globe, holding spear and parazonium 48) Palm tree; Judea seated to right and weapons to left 49) Pax seated left, holding branch 50) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter 51) Pax standing left, holding branch and caduceus 52) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia 53) Pax standing left, holding caduceus and branch 54) Pax standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 55) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus with purse atop, holding branch and winged caduceus. 56) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus, holding branch and caduceus 57) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus, holding branch and caduceus; altar to left 58) Pax standing left, leaning on cippus, holding branch and cornucopia 59) Pax standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus with branch 60) Pegasus 61) Pig and three piglets standing left 62) Providentia standing, facing away, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding spear and helmet. 63) Quadriga riding left, carrying grain ears.

58 64) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium 65) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear 66) Roma seated left, holding wreath and parazonium 67) Roma seated left, holding wreath and trophy. 68) Roma seated right, holding spear; wolf suckling Romulus and Remus to right and birds in fields. 69) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear 70) Salus seated left, holding patera 71) Salus seated left, holding patera and scepter 72) Securitas seated left, holding scepter; modius to left 73) Securitas seated right, holding scepter and resting head on arm; altar to right 74) Shepherd seated left, milking a sheep 75) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 76) Standards (3) 77) Table; thunderbolt atop 78) Temple with (4) columns, statue within and to either side. 79) Temple with (6) columns 80) Throne; grain ears atop 81) Titus and Domitian standing, facing each other, shaking hands; Pietas standing in center background 82) Titus riding horse left, receiving Palladium from Roma to left, stepping on globe. 83) Titus riding quadriga left 84) Titus riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop and branch 85) Titus seated left among weapons, holding branch. 86) Titus seated left, holding Victory and spear 87) Titus seated right, holding scepter and branch 88) Titus standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory and spear; two supplicants and palm tree to left 89) Titus statue on rostral column, facing, holding scepter and resting hand on hip 90) Trophy; captive kneeling right at base 91) Trophy; captive kneeling to right, holding standard 92) Trophy; seated captive on either side 93) Venus standing right, leaning on cippus, holding helmet and spear. 94) Vespasian seated left, holding branch and scepter. 95) Vespasian seated left, holding Victory and scepter 96) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter 97) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and torch 98) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SPQR 99) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 100) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 101) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm 102) Victory standing left on galley prow, holding wreath and palm 103) Victory standing left, leaning on cippus, holding cornucopia and palm 104) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VIC / AVG on palm 105) Victory standing right on galley prow, holding wreath and palm 106) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm 107) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm 108) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus; boat below 109) Wreath, goat standing left within

Mints:

1) Asia 2) Lugdunum 3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B3, O20, R78, T007 RIC II 26a, BMC 71, C 308 2) B3, O20, R80, T089 RIC II 10, BMC 12 3) B3, O35, R95, T106 VIC AVG across fields RIC 158 (II, Vespasian), C 352 4) B3, O52, R51, T057 RIC 168a (II, Vespasian), BMC 110, C 131 5) B3, O55, R05, T002 RIC 209 (II, Vespasian), BMC 302, C 13 6) B3, O55, R20, T025 RIC 188 (II, Vespasian), BMC 187, C 53 7) B3, O55, R95, T068 Exe: COS VI RIC 194 (II, Vespasian), BMC 223, C 64 8) B3, O63, R11, T018 RIC 219 (II, Vespasian), C 30

AR Tetradrachm

9) B3, O20, R95, T076 RIC II 74, BMC 149, C 398

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)

10) B6, O02, R18, T004 RIC 82b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 405 11) B6, O02, R18, T028 RIC 81a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 404

AR Denarius

12) B2, O20, R78, T007 RIC II 26b, C 310 13) B2, O20, R78, T021 RIC II 25b, C 319 14) B2, O20, R78, T077 RIC II 23b, C 314 15) B2, O20, R80, T014 16) B3, O17, R11, T018 RIC II 28, C 31a 17) B3, O17, R79, T090 RIC II 1, C 334a 18) B3, O20, R08, T036 RIC II 31, S 2503, C 25

59 19) B3, O20, R21, T077 RIC 266 (II, Vespasian) 20) B3, O20, R78, T005 RIC II 27a, C 321 21) B3, O20, R78, T006 RIC II 27b, C 321 22) B3, O20, R78, T007 RIC II 26a, S 2517, C 309 23) B3, O20, R78, T021 RIC II 25a, C 318 24) B3, O20, R78, T029 RIC II 22a, C 303 25) B3, O20, R78, T077 RIC II 23a, S 2513, C 316 26) B3, O20, R78, T080 RIC II 24a, C 313 27) B3, O20, R78, T092 RIC II 21a, C 306 28) B3, O20, R79, T063 RIC II 6, C 276 29) B3, O20, R79, T089 30) B3, O20, R79, T090 RIC II 5, C 274 31) B3, O20, R80, T014 RIC II 7, S 2510, C 280 32) B3, O20, R80, T017 RIC II 8, S 2508, C 270 33) B3, O20, R80, T089 RIC II 10, C 272 34) B3, O20, R80, T093 RIC II 9, S 2507, C 268 35) B3, O20, R80. T063 RIC II 12, C 277 36) B3, O33, R63, T087 RIC 169 (II, Vespasian), C 168 37) B3, O33, R69, T070 38) B3, O35, R50, T043 RIC 155 (II, Vespasian), C 121 39) B3, O35, R95, T047 40) B3, O51, R95, T011 COS III in field RIC 172 (II, Vespasian), C 47 41) B3, O53, R20, T026 RIC 191a (II, Vespasian) 42) B3, O53, R60, T049 RIC 185 (II, Vespasian), C 162 43) B3, O55, R22, T042 RIC 195 (II, Vespasian), C 65 44) B3, O55, R44, T040 RIC 176 (II, Vespasian), C 106 45) B3, O55, R64, T093 46) B3, O55, R66, T093 47) B3, O55, R86, T063 RIC 206 (II, Vespasian), C 336 48) B3, O55, R86, T090 RIC 208 (II, Vespasian), C 334 49) B3, O55, R95, T044 Exe: COS VI RIC 197 (II, Vespasian), S 2440, C 67 50) B3, O62, R06, T008 RIC 218d (II, Vespasian), S 2436, C 17 51) B3, O62, R95, T061 Exe: IMP XIII RIC 220 (II, Vespasian), S 2443, C 104 52) B3, O63, R11, T018 RIC 219 (II, Vespasian), S 2437, C 31 53) B5, O35, R16, T023 RIC 365 (II, Vespasian), C 44 54) B5, O35, R50, T043 RIC 366 (II, Vespasian) 55) B5, O35, R95, T047 RIC 367 (II, Vespasian) 56) B5, O35, R95, T084 RIC 368 (II, Vespasian), S 2435, C 358

AE Sestertius Reference(s)

57) B2, O09, R30, T030 RIC II 89, C 74 58) B2, O09, R54, T052 59) B2, O09, R95, T075 RIC II 100, C 222 60) B3, O06, R53, T052 RIC II 181 61) B3, O06, R53, T052 RIC II 94, C 139 62) B3, O06, R95, T041 RIC II 182, C 203 63) B3, O06, R95, T045 64) B3, O09, R53, T052 RIC II 95, C 139 65) B3, O24, R67, T069 RIC 772 (II, Vespasian), C 184 66) B3, O38, R95, T084 Exe: SC RIC 645 (II, Vespasian), C 226 67) B3, O42, R93, T104 RIC 614 (II, Vespasian), C 385 68) B3, O60, R95, T041 RIC 636 (II, Vespasian), C 201 69) B3, O61, R95, T041 70) B4, O59, R95, T088 Exe: SC

AE Dupondius

71) B2, O50, R82, T024 RIC II 813c (II, Vespasian) 72) B3, O50, R82, T024 RIC II 813a (II, Vespasian) 73) B6, O06, R67, T066 Exe: SC RIC II 183, C 189

AE As

74) B2, O09, R01, T001 RIC II 121b, C 5 75) B2, O26, R02, T001 C 8 76) B2, O27, R82, T105 RIC 670 (II, Vespasian), C 363 77) B3, O41, R94, T105 RIC II 627, C 387 78) B3, O49, R01, T001 RIC 676 (II, Vespasian), C 3

AE Semis

79) B3, O15, R95, T046 80) B3, O23, R58, T013 RIC 807 (II, Vespasian), C 156 81) B3, O57, R95, T048 RIC 812 (II, Vespasian), C 225

60

Titus Busts

Titus Types

61

Titus Types (continued)

62

Domitian

Augustus 81-96

Domitian was one of Vespasian's sons and brother of Titus. Upon the death of Titus, Domitian was given the title of Augustus and thus became the emperor. Domitian campaigned extensively in Britain and present-day Germany, ultimately being successful in both areas. He was also intensely concerned with the soundness of the economy and frequently revised tax laws to maximize the treasury's income and kept tax collectors busy round-the-clock.

However, he did use these monies to rebuild Rome which had been through two major fires and the construction of many new building projects.

For all the good he did, Domitian was still hated by the Senate which was kept on a short leash at all times. Suspicious of others by nature, anyone he suspected of plotting against him was summarily executed. Not much better fate befell any other government official suspected of embezzling funds or conducting otherwise corrupt dealings. Another move which earned him enemies was the fact that he legislated strict moral laws while making no concessions in his own promiscuous affairs and other eccentric behaviors. Like so many other emperors, Domitian was assassinated in a plot that was left largely uninvestigated but that many scholars believe his successor, Nerva, played a role in.

Busts: 1) Bare head right 2) Bare-headed, cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate head left 4) Laureate head right 5) Laureate, draped bust left 6) Laureate, draped bust right 7) Radiate head right

c) Apollo laureate, draped bust right, branch in front d) Minerva helmeted, draped bust right e) Rhinoceros advancing left f) Rhinoceros advancing right

Obverses: 1) CAE AVG F DOMIT COS II 2) CAES AVG F DOMIT COS II 3) CAES AVG F DOMIT COS III 4) CAES DIVI AVG VESP F DOMITIAN COS VII 5) CAES DIVI AVG VESP F DOMITIANVS COS VII 6) CAES DIVI F DOMITIANVS COS VII 7) CAES DIVI VESP F DOMITIAN COS VII 8) CAES DIVI VESP F DOMITIANVS COS VII 9) CAESAR AVG F DOMIT COS III 10) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIAN COS II 11) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIAN COS III 12) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIAN COS IIII 13) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIAN COS V 14) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIAN COS VI 15) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS 16) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS DES II 17) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS II 18) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS III 19) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS IIII 20) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS V 21) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS VI 22) CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS COS VII 23) CAESAR DIVI F DOMITIANVS COS VII 24) CAESAR F DOMITIAN COS II 25) DIVVS CAESAR IMP DOMITIANI F 26) DOMITIAN GERMANICVS 27) DOMITIANVS AVG GERM 28) DOMITIANVS AVGVSTVS 29) DOMITIANVS AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS 30) DOMITIANVS CAESAR AVG F 31) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMIT AVG GERM 32) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMIT AVG PM TR P PP 33) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMITIAN AVG 34) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMITIAN AVG GER COS X 35) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMITIAN AVG PM 36) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GER COS XVII CENS PERP P 37) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS X 38) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XI CENS PERP P 39) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XI CENS POT 40) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XI CENS POT PP 41) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XII CENS PERP P

42) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XIII CENS PERP P 43) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XIIII CENS PERP P 44) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XV CENS PERP P 45) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XVI CENS PERP P 46) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XVII CENS PERP P 47) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XVII CENS PERPE 48) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P IIII 49) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P V 50) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P VI 51) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P VII 52) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P VIII 53) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P VIII CENS PERP P 54) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P VIIII 55) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P X 56) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XI 57) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XII 58) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XIII 59) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XIIII

With a quarter century in power, the longest stay of any first century ruler, there are plenty of coins left of Domitian. From humble sub-As denominations to highly prized Aurei there is something available within the reach of any collector’s budget. While a Denarius is typically the most accessible coin, Domitian’s big copper is also well represented and, except for the very well preserved specimens, relatively affordable as well. Domitian has a thing for the war goddess Minerva and the greater portion of his surviving Denarii feature her in one of four predominant “poses”. Like other emperors of the period, the legends are normally comprised of abbreviations of annually increasing titles which afford us an easy way to date the coin to within a year of so of having been minted.

63 60) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XIIII IMP XXII 61) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XV 62) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XVI 63) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR POT 64) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM TR P VIII 65) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERMAN PM TR P VII 66) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERMANIC COS XIII 67) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERMANIC COS XIIII 68) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG GERM COS X 69) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG GERM COS XI 70) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG GERM COS XI CENS POT 71) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG GERM COS XII 72) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG GERM TR P VIII 73) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG GERMANICVS 74) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG PM COS VIII 75) IMP CAES DOMITIAN AVG PONT 76) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS 77) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG GERMANIC 78) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG GERMANICVS 79) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG PM 80) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG PM COS VII 81) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG PM COS VIII 82) IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG PONT

83) IMP CAESAR DOMIT AVG GER COS XII CENS PERP P 84) IMP CAESAR DOMITIANVS AVG 85) IMP CAESAR DOMITIANVS AVG PM 86) IMP D CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VII 87) IMP D CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII 88) IMP DOM AVG 89) IMP DOMIT 90) IMP DOMIT AVG GE 91) IMP DOMIT AVG GER 92) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM 93) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM COS XI 94) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM COS XII 95) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM COS XIII 96) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM COS XV 97) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM COS XVI 98) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM COS XVII 99) IMP DOMITIAN AVG GERM 100) IMP DOMITIAN AVG GERM COS XII 101) IMP DOMITIAN CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VII 102) IMP DOMITIAN CAES DIVI VESP F AVG PM TR P PP COS VIII 103) IMP DOMITIANVS AVG 104) No legend

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVGVST 2) AETERNITATI AVGVSTI 3) ANNONA AVG 4) ANNONA AVGVSTI 5) AVG 6) AVG GERM 7) CAESAR DOMIT COS II 8) CAPIT RESTIT 9) CENS P PP 10) CERES AVGVST 11) CONCORDIA AVG 12) CONCORDIA AVGVST 13) COS III 14) COS IIII 15) COS V 16) COS VII 17) COS VII DES VIII 18) COS VII DES VIII PP 19) COS XIIII 20) COS XIIII CENS PER PP 21) COS XIIII LVD SAEC A POP FRVG AC 22) COS XIIII LVD SAEC FEC 23) COS XIIII LVD SAEC SVF PD 24) COS XVII CENS P PP 25) DIVAE IVLIAE AVG DIVI TITI F SPQR 26) DIVO AVG T DIVI VESP F VESPASIANO 27) DIVO VESP 28) DIVVS CAESAR IMP DOMITIANI F 29) DOMIT COS II 30) DOMITIA AVGVSTA 31) DOMITIA AVGVSTA IMP DOMIT 32) DOMITIA DOMITIAN AVG PM COS VI 33) DOMITIANVS COS II 34) FELICITAS PVBLICA 35) FIDEI PVBLICAE 36) FIDES PVBL 37) FORTVNAE AVGVST 38) FORTVNAE AVGVSTI 39) GERMANIA CAPTA 40) GERMANICVS COS XIIII 41) GERMANICVS COS XV 42) GERMANICVS COS XVI 43) GERMANICVS COS XVII 44) IMP CAES DIVI VESP F DOMITIAN AVG PM 45) IMP DOMIT AVG GERM 46) IMP T VESP AVG REST 47) IMP VIIII COS XI CENS POT PP 48) IMP VIIII COS XI CENS POTES PP 49) IMP VIIII COS XI CENSORIA POTESTAT PP 50) IMP XI COS XI CENS P PP 51) IMP XI COS XII CENS P PP 52) IMP XII COS XII CENS P PP 53) IMP XIII COS XII CENS P PP 54) IMP XIIII COS XII CENS P PP 55) IMP XIIII COS XIII CENS P PP 56) IMP XIIII COS XIII CENSOR PERPETVVS PP 57) IMP XIIII COS XIIII CENS P PP 58) IMP XIX COS XIIII CENS P PP

59) IMP XV COS XIIII CENS P PP 60) IMP XVI COS XIIII CENS P PP 61) IMP XVII COS XIIII CENS P PP 62) IMP XVIII COS XIIII CENS P PP 63) IMP XXI COS XIIII CENS P PP 64) IMP XXI COS XV CENS P PP 65) IMP XXI COS XVI CENS P PP 66) IMP XXII COS XVI CENS P PP 67) IMP XXII COS XVII CENS P PP 68) IOVI CONSERVAT 69) IOVI CONSERVATORI 70) IOVI VICTORI 71) IVDEA CAPTA 72) IVPPITER CONSERVATOR 73) IVPPITER CVSTOS 74) MONETA AVGVST 75) MONETA AVGVSTI 76) PACI AVGVSTAE 77) PACI AVGVSTI 78) PACI ORB TERR AVG 79) PACIS 80) PAX AVG 81) PAX AVGVST 82) PM TR POT III IMP V COS X PP 83) PM TR POT IIII IMP VIII COS XI PP 84) PON MAX TR P COS IIII 85) PRINC IVVENT 86) PRINCEPS IVVENTVT 87) PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS 88) PRINCIP IVVENT 89) PROVIDEN 90) ROM ET AVG 91) ROMA 92) SALVS AVG 93) SALVS AVGVST 94) SALVTI AVGVST 95) SALVTI AVGVSTI 96) SECVRITAS AVGVSTI 97) T DIVO AVG DIVI VESP F VESPASIANO 98) TR P COS VII 99) TR P COS VII DES VIII PP 100) TR P COS VIII DES VIIII PP 101) TR P COS VIII PP 102) TR P IX IMP XV COS VIII PP 103) TR POT COS VIII PP 104) TR POT COS VIIII PP 105) TR POT II COS IX DES X PP 106) TR POT II COS VIIII DES X PP 107) TR POT IMP II COS VIII DES IX PP 108) TR POT IMP II COS VIII DES VIII PP 109) TR POT IMP II COS VIII DES VIIII PP 110) VESTA 111) VICTORIA AVGVST 112) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 113) VICTORIA NAVALIS 114) VICTORIAE AVGVSTI 115) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI 116) No Legend

64 Types:

1) Aeternitas standing left, holding heads of sun and moon. 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and scepter. 3) Altar 4) Altar, eagle on either side 5) Altar, lit 6) Altar, priest on either side 7) Anchor, dolphin coiled around 8) Annona seated right, holding grain ears. 9) Annona seated right, holding grain ears; boy to right also holding grain ears and galley prow above, in background. 10) Baby seated on globe with outstretched arms; sevens stars in field 11) Branch. 12) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and cornucopia 13) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch 14) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch, modius on altar behind; Annona standing right on left, resting arm on hip and holding cornucopia. 15) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch 16) Cippus to left reading COS/XIIII/LVD/SAEC/FEC, candelabrum center and herald to right, holding scepter and shield. 17) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 18) Cornucopia 19) Domitia draped bust right. 20) Domitian riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter. 21) Domitian riding horse right, raising hand 22) Domitian riding horse right, spearing enemy. 23) Domitian riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter. 24) Domitian seated left, offering gift to mother and child; temple behind them. 25) Domitian seated right, facing citizens pouring offerings; temple behind them. 26) Domitian standing left, holding Palladium 27) Domitian standing left, holding parazonium and spear; Rhine lying down to left. 28) Domitian standing left, holding scepter and spear, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 29) Domitian standing left, holding scepter; kneeling captive to left, holding shield. 30) Domitian standing left, sacrificing over altar, musicians playing to right, Tellus lying down holding cornucopiae and citizen restraining sacrificial pig. 31) Domitian standing left, sacrificing over altar, musicians playing; temple in background. 32) Domitian standing left, sacrificing over altar, two musicians playing to left; temple in background. 33) Domitian standing left, sacrificing over altar, two musicians playing and priest holding lamb to left; temple in background. 34) Domitian standing left, sacrificing over altar, two musicians playing and priest holding bull to left; temple in background. 35) Domitian standing left, sacrificing over altar; temple in background. 36) Domitian standing right, facing three kneeling citizens; temple behind them. 37) Domitian standing right, sacrificing over altar; three soldiers to right 38) Eagle between two standards. 39) Eagle perched on branch with wreath in beak. 40) Eagle perched on thunderbolt. 41) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 42) Felicitas standing left, leaning on cippus, holding branch and caduceus. 43) Fides standing left, holding fruit basket and grain ears. 44) Fides standing right, holding fruit basket and grain ears. 45) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 46) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 47) Fruit basket 48) Germania seated right, resting head on hand. 49) Germania seated right, resting head on hand; broken spear below. 50) Grain ears 51) Hands, in handshake, holding standard on galley prow 52) Helmet, shield and tree. 53) Herald advancing left, holding scepter and shield. 54) Judea seated by trophy and soldier. 55) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 56) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 57) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 58) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 59) Legend SC. 60) Lyre. 61) Mars advancing left, holding Victory and trophy. 62) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 63) Mercury advancing left, holding eagle and caduceus. 64) Minerva advancing right, aiming spear and holding shield. 65) Minerva helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder 66) Minerva helmeted, cuirassed bust left. 67) Minerva helmeted bust right. 68) Minerva standing left, holding spear. 69) Minerva standing left, holding thunderbolt and spear; shield to right 70) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield. 71) Minerva standing right on galley prow, aiming spear and holding shield; owl to lower right. 72) Minerva standing right on galley prow, aiming spear and holding shield. 73) Minerva standing right, aiming spear and holding shield. 74) Minerva, winged, advancing left, holding javelin and shield. 75) Modius with grain ears 76) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 77) Owl standing left. 78) Owl standing right. 79) Pax diademed, draped bust right. 80) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. 81) Pax standing left, holding caduceus and branch. 82) Pax standing left, holding cornucopia and setting fire to pile of weapons with torch. 83) Pegasus advancing right. 84) Raven perched left on branch.

65 85) Raven perched right on branch. 86) Rhinoceros advancing left. 87) Rhinoceros advancing right. 88) Roma seated left, holding wreath and parazonium. 89) Salus seated left, holding grain ears. 90) Salus standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, feeding snake. 91) Shields and various weapons. 92) Shields crossed in front of vexillum. 93) Shrine with (4) columns 94) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 95) Standards (3) 96) Temple with (2) columns, Jupiter(?) seated within.; two Victories on either side of temple. 97) Temple with (4) columns; Cybele standing within. 98) Temple with (4) columns; Juno, Jupiter and Minerva in center. 99) Temple with (4) columns; Jupiter(?) seated within, two standing aides either side. 100) Temple with (4) columns; Minerva within, holding shield and javelin, advancing right. 101) Temple with (4) columns; Serapis seated within holding patera and scepter. 102) Temple with (4) columns; Vesta standing within, another staute on either side, each holding a scepter 103) Temple with (6) columns; Jupiter(?) seated within, two standing aides either side. 104) Temple with (8) columns; Jupiter(?) seated within. 105) Throne with grain ears 106) Throne with helmet 107) Throne with thunderbolt. 108) Titus seated left, holding branch and scepter; altar in front. 109) Altar, dolphin above. 110) Altar, globe above. 111) Altar, snakes coiled around it. 112) Triumph arch adorned with elephants. 113) Trophy, seated captive on either side 114) Trophy; standing captive to right and seated captive to left. 115) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter. 116) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SPQR. 117) Victory advancing right, holding branch. 118) Victory advancing right, holding eagle with both hands. 119) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 120) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm. 121) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and trophy. 122) Victory standing left, touching standard and holding palm. 123) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, touching trophy reading DE GER; seated captive at base of trophy. 124) Virtus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding parazonium and spear. 125) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding parazonium and spear. 126) Winged caduceus. 127) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus; boat below. 128) Wreath over two chairs.

129) Wreath, cippus within reading LVD / SAEC / FEC; COS XIIII across fields. 130) Wreath, goat standing left within 131) Wreath, SC within.

Mints: 1) Ephesus 2) Lugdunum 3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O028, R042, T023 RIC II 185a, BMC 213 2) B4, O002, R110, T102 RIC II 230 (Vespasian) 3) B4, O002, R116, T020 RIC II 232 (Vespasian), C 663 4) B4, O003, R087, T094 RIC II 232 (Vespasian), C 374 5) B4, O015, R010, T015 RIC II 248 (Vespasian), C 29 6) B4, O015, R015, T127 RIC II 241 (Vespasian), C 50 7) B4, O015, R116, T018 RIC II 237 (Vespasian), C 46 8) B4, O028, R040, T049 RIC II 127, BMC 143, C 148 9) B4, O028, R041, T069 RIC II 163, BMC 171, C 150 10) B4, O028, R042, T049 RIC II 184, BMC 211, C 163 11) B4, O048, R049, T049 RIC II 66b, BMC 81, C 182 12) B4, O079, R072, T040 RIC II 40, BMC 51, C 319 13) B4, O079, R101, T003 RIC II 19, C 576 14) B4, O079, R109, T065 RIC II 33, C 607 15) B4, O085, R031, T019 RIC II 210, BMC 58, C 3

AR Tetradrachm

16) B4, O060, R024, T095 RIC II 223 17) B4, O074, R116, T095 RIC II 226, C 667 18) B4, O084, R116, T095 RIC II 227, C 668

AR Denarius

19) B2, O030, R011, T012 Exe: EPE RIC II 348 (Vespasian), C 38 20) B2, O030, R078, T079 Exe: EPE RIC II 350 (Vespasian), C 337 21) B3, O021, R087, T090

66 22) B4, O001, R014, T083 23) B4, O002, R116, T020 Legend starts left field, clockwise RIC II 232 (Vespasian), C 664 24) B4, O002, R116, T020 Legend starts right field, counter-clockwise RIC II 232 (Vespasian), C 664 25) B4, O003, R086, T094 RIC II 233 (Vespasian), C 375 26) B4, O015, R010, T015 RIC II 248 (Vespasian), C 30 27) B4, O015, R014, T083 RIC II 238 (Vespasian), C 47 28) B4, O015, R015, T127 RIC II 241 (Vespasian), C 51 29) B4, O015, R116, T021 RIC II 242 (Vespasian) 30) B4, O021, R087, T051 RIC II 246 (Vespasian), C 393 31) B4, O021, R087, T090 RIC II 239 (Vespasian), C 382 32) B4, O021, R087, T115 RIC II 244 (Vespasian), C 378 33) B4, O021, R087, T140 RIC II 245 (Vespasian), C 389 34) B4, O022, R087, T051 RIC II 45 (Titus), C 395 35) B4, O022, R087, T064 RIC II 41 (Titus) corrected 36) B4, O022, R087, T106 RIC II 47 (Titus) 37) B4, O023, R087, T005 RIC II 50 (Titus) 38) B4, O023, R087, T106 RIC II 51 (Titus) 39) B4, O023, R087, T130 RIC II 49 (Titus), C 390 40) B4, O048, R048, T048 41) B4, O048, R048, T071 42) B4, O048, R049, T048 RIC II 66b, C 183 43) B4, O049, R050, T071 44) B4, O049, R051, T064 RIC II 73, C 194 45) B4, O049, R052, T064 RIC II 79 46) B4, O050, R052, T067 47) B4, O050, R052, T069 RIC II 86 48) B4, O050, R055, T069 RIC II 93, C 215 49) B4, O050, R055, T071 RIC II 92 50) B4, O051, R055, T064 RIC II 100 51) B4, O051, R055, T068 RIC II 102, C 222 52) B4, O051, R055, T069 RIC II 101 53) B4, O052, R022, T053 RIC II 117 54) B4, O052, R058, T064 RIC II 137, C 252 55) B4, O052, R058, T068 RIC II 140, C 250 56) B4, O052, R058, T071 RIC II 138, C 253 57) B4, O052, R064, T069 58) B4, O052, R116, T016 RIC II 116, C 73 59) B4, O052, R116, T129 RIC II 115, C 70 60) B4, O054, R064, T064 RIC II 147, C 261 61) B4, O054, R064, T068 RIC II 150, C 259 62) B4, O054, R064, T071 RIC II 148, C 262 63) B4, O055, R064, T064 RIC II 152, C 265 64) B4, O055, R064, T068 RIC II 155, C 263 65) B4, O055, R064, T069 RIC II 154, C 264 66) B4, O055, R064, T071 RIC II 153 67) B4, O056, R064, T064 RIC II 157, C 270 68) B4, O056, R064, T068 RIC II 159, C 267 69) B4, O056, R064, T069 RIC II 158, C 268 70) B4, O056, R065, T064 RIC II 166, C 273 71) B4, O056, R065, T068 RIC II 169, C 271 72) B4, O056, R065, T069 RIC II 168, C 272 73) B4, O056, R065, T071 RIC II 167, C 274 74) B4, O057, R065, T064 RIC II 172, C 281 75) B4, O057, R065, T069 RIC II 173, C 279 76) B4, O057, R066, T068 RIC II 174, C 278 77) B4, O058, R066, T064 RIC II 175, C 283b 78) B4, O058, R066, T068 RIC II 178, C 282 79) B4, O058, R066, T069 RIC II 177, C 283 80) B4, O058, R066, T071 RIC II 176, C 284 81) B4, O059, R066, T064 C 284c 82) B4, O059, R066, T064 RIC II 179 83) B4, O059, R067, T068 RIC II 189, C 286 84) B4, O059, R067, T069 RIC II 188, C 287 85) B4, O059, R067, T071 RIC II 186 86) B4, O061, R067, T063 RIC II 196, C 295 87) B4, O061, R067, T064 RIC II 190, C 292 88) B4, O061, R067, T068 RIC II 193, C 290 89) B4, O061, R067, T069 RIC II 192, C 291 90) B4, O061, R067, T071 RIC II 191, C 293 91) B4, O065, R057, T064 RIC II 107, C 235 92) B4, O073, R116, T064 RIC II 131, C 246 93) B4, O079, R018, T007 RIC II 14, C 63 94) B4, O079, R028, T010 RIC II 209a 95) B4, O079, R072, T040 RIC II 40 96) B4, O079, R093, T089 RIC II 41, C 412 97) B4, O079, R099, T003 RIC II 19, C 577 98) B4, O079, R099, T007 RIC II 20, C 568 99) B4, O079, R099, T064 RIC II 22, C 560 100) B4, O079, R099, T105 RIC II 15 101) B4, O079, R099, T107 RIC II 16, C 575 102) B4, O079, R099, T109 RIC II 21 103) B4, O079, R099, T128 RIC II 18, C 571 104) B4, O079, R101, T107 RIC II 24, C 597 105) B4, O079, R103, T067 RIC II 28, C 593 106) B4, O079, R103, T069 RIC II 31 107) B4, O079, R103, T105 RIC II 25, C 596 108) B4, O079, R103, T109 RIC II 27, C 594 109) B4, O079, R103, T128 RIC II 26, C 595 110) B4, O079, R106, T064

67 111) B4, O079, R106, T068 RIC II 38, C 601 112) B4, O079, R109, T046 RIC II 32, C 610 113) B4, O084, R098, T007 RIC II 4, C 552 114) B4, O084, R098, T105 RIC II 2 115) B4, O084, R098, T128 RIC II 5, C 553

AR Quinarius Reference(s) 116) B4, O003, R112, T120 RIC II 235a (II, Vespasian)

AE Sestertius

117) B4, O005, R081, T080 RIC II 155b (II, Titus) 118) B4, O005, R116, T062 RIC II 159 (II, Titus), C 422 119) B4, O005, R116, T064 RIC II 157a (II, Titus) 120) B4, O007, R116, T064 RIC II 157d (II, Titus) 121) B4, O019, R116, T094 RIC II 714 (II, Vespasian), C 450 122) B4, O038, R116, T037 RIC II 288a 123) B4, O038, R004, T014 Exe: SC RIC II 277b, C 18 124) B4, O042, R070, T056 Exe: SC RIC II 342b, C 311 125) B4, O043, R070, T056 Exe: SC RIC II 358 126) B4, O043, R116, T028 Exe: SC RIC II 363, C 512 127) B4, O044, R070, T056 Exe: SC RIC II 388, C 314 128) B4, O044, R116, T028 Exe: SC RIC II 390, C 513 129) B4, O045, R116, T056 Exe: SC RIC II 401, C 315 130) B4, O046, R116, T056 Exe: SC RIC II 412, C 316 131) B4, O069, R116, T029 RIC II 258 132) B4, O069, R117, T035 RIC II 256, C 491 133) B4, O070, R116, T027 RIC II 286, C 504

AE Dupondius

134) B7, O041, R038, T046 RIC II 326a, C 123 135) B7, O041, R116, T061 RIC II 328, C 432 136) B7, O041, R116, T092 RIC II 329, C 538 137) B7, O045, R038, T046 RIC II 405, C 133 138) B7, O045, R115, T125 RIC II 406, C 659 139) B7, O050, R056, T059 140) B7, O053, R022, T033 RIC II 381, C 87 141) B7, O069, R003, T009 Exe: SC RIC II 262, C 11 142) B7, O069, R035, T043 RIC II 263

AE As

143) B4, O004, R010, T015 RIC II 165c (II, Titus) 144) B4, O004, R116, T069 RIC II 169b (II, Titus), C 442 145) B4, O005, R011, T017 Exe: SC RIC II 166b (II, Titus), C 39 146) B4, O011, R088, T020 RIC II 716 (II, Vespasian), C 402 147) B4, O016, R112, T122 Exe: SC 148) B4, O034, R116, T118 RIC II 242b 149) B4, O035, R100, T064 RIC II 242a 150) B4, O038, R074, T076 RIC II 301b 151) B4, O040, R095, T093 RIC II 304a, C 418 152) B4, O040, R115, T125 153) B4, O042, R115, T125 RIC II 356b, C 651 154) B4, O044, R075, T076 RIC II 395, C 332 155) B4, O045, R038, T046 RIC II 407 156) B4, O045, R038, T076 RIC II 408 157) B4, O046, R115, T125 RIC II 424a, C 660 158) B4, O053, R022, T032 RIC II 385a, C 85 159) B4, O068, R095, T093 RIC II 251 160) B4, O069, R095, T093 RIC II 272, C 417 161) B6, O011, R034, T041 RIC II 710 (II, Vespasian) 162) B6, O017, R001, T002 RIC II 694a (II, Vespasian) 163) B6, O017, R034, T041 RIC II 695a (II, Vespasian), C 98 164) B6, O020, R116, T020

AE Semis

165) Ba, O096, R116, T085 RIC II 398a, C 527

AE Quadrans

166) Bb, O092, R045, T059 RIC II 436b 167) Bc, O104, R045, T059 RIC II 435 168) Bd, O104, R045, T059 RIC II 434

68

Domitian Busts

Domitian Types

69 Domitian Types (continued)

70

Domitia

? – d.126

Domitian Types (continued)

Wife of Domitian. Domitia was forced to marry Domitian early in his political career. She bore him a son who died in infancy and some time later Domitian had her sent away so that he could pursue a relationship with Domitilla, his own niece. However, Domitia was not forgotten and it wasn't long before he had her recalled even though his liaison with Domitilla would continue.

Domitia would find her revenge, however, when she was asked to become involved in the plot to depose him and she willingly participated in his assassination.

Bust:

1) Draped bust right

Obverses:

1) DOMITIA AVG IMP CAES DIVI F DOMITIAN AVG 2) DOMITIA AVG IMP DOMITIAN AVG GER 3) DOMITIA AVG IMP DOMITIAN AVG GERM 4) DOMITIA AVGVSTA 5) DOMITIA AVGVSTA IMP DOMIT 6) DOMITIA AVGVSTA IMP DOMITIANI 7) DOMITIAE AVG IMP CAES DIVI F DOMITIAN AVG

Reverses: 1) CONCORDIA AVGVST 2) DIVI CAES MATER 3) DIVI CAESAR MATRI 4) DIVI CAESARIS MATER 5) DIVVS CAESAR IMP DOMITIANI F 6) PACI AVGVST 7) PIETAS AVGVST 8) VENVS AVG

Types:

1) Baby seated on globe, raising hands; seven stars around. 2) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter 3) Domitia seated left, raising right hand and holding scepter; child to left. 4) Domitia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 5) Peacock 6) Pietas seated left, holding scepter; child to left. 7) Venus standing right, facing away, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding helmet and cradling scepter.

Mints:

1) Ephesus 2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1 O3 R1 T5 RIC 215a, C 4 2) B1 O5 R1 T5 RIC 212 (Domitian) 3) B1 O5 R5 T1 RIC 213 (Domitian)

The coins of this empress are very rare and unlikely to be found outside of a major auction. Provincial AE denominations are somewhat easier to come by though nearly always in poor condition. A halfway passable Denarius will still cost hundreds of dollars and the Aureus, exceptionally rare items, between ten and twenty thousand dollars.

71

Julia Titi

65 – 91

AR Tetradrachm Reference(s) 4) B1 O4 R8 T7 RIC 230 (Domitian)

AR Denarius 5) B1 O5 R1 T5 RIC 212 (Domitian), BMC 61 6) B1 O5 R5 T1 RIC 213 (Domitian), C 11 7) B1 O5 R7 T6 RIC 214 (Domitian), C 12

Domitia Bust

Following a brief marriage to a cousin, Julia Titi had a long-lasting affair with her uncle Domitian. She died well shy of her 30th birthday due to a botched abortion.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Draped bust left 3) Draped bust right

a) Carpentum drawn right by two mules

Obverses:

1) DIVA IVLIA 2) DIVA IVLIA AVGVSTA 3) DIVAE IVLIAE AVG DIVI TITI F 4) IVLIA AVGVSTA 5) IVLIA AVGVSTA DIVI TITI F 6) IVLIA AVGVSTA T AVG F 7) IVLIA AVGVSTA TITI AVGVSTI F 8) IVLIA IMP T AVG F AVGVSTA

Reverses:

1) AVGVSTA 2) CERES AVGVST 3) CONCORDIA AVGVSTI 4) DIVI TITI FILIA 5) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XV CENS PER PP 6) SALVS AVG 7) VENVS AVG 8) VENVS AVGVST 9) VESTA 10) No legend

Types:

1) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter 2) Julia Titi riding elephant biga right, holding grain ears and scepter 3) Legend SC 4) Peacock 5) Salus seated left, holding patera. 6) Venus standing right, facing away, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding helmet and cradling scepter. 7) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter.

Another rare empress, Julia Titi can be difficult to find. Both her bronzes and Denarii are of about equally limited availability. Of course, the silver tends to hold its shape better but many collectors prefer the bigger size and heft of the bronze coins. While prices vary widely depending on condition one should expect to pay at least $500 for a Denarius. Bronzes are harder to set a price because they are often found in very poor condition which limits their marketability. However, a presentable Dupondius, the commonest copper-based denomination, will command hundreds of dollars at a minimum and quite possibly thousands.

72 Mints:

1) Ephesus 2) Roma

AU Aureus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R10, T2 RIC 219 (II, Domitian), C 19

AR Tetradrachm

2) B3, O5, R10, T7 Exe: VESTA RIC 231 (II, Domitian), C 15

AR Denarius

3) B1, O6, R06, T5 RIC 54 (II, Titus), C 11 4) B1, O6, R07, T6 RIC 55a (II, Titus), C 12 5) B1, O7, R07, T6 RIC 55b (II, Titus), C 13 6) B1, O7, R08, T6 RIC 56 (II, Titus), C 14 7) B3, O8, R10, T7 Exe: VESTA RIC 57 (II, Titus), C 16

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

8) Ba, O3, R05, T3 Obv. Exe: SPQR RIC 400 (II, Domitian), C 9

AE Dupondius (Posthumous)

9) B3, O8, R02, T3 RIC 177 (II, Titus), C 2 10) B3, O8, R10, T7 Exe: VESTA RIC 180 (II, Titus), C 18

Julia Titi Busts

Julia Titi Types

73

Nerva

Augustus 96-98

Nerva's career as emperor ended less than two years after his accession to the throne. Up to that point he had been a long-time central politician under the various emperors before him, particularly Domitian and Nero. However, he started off as emperor under a precarious relationship with the army which rightly suspected him of being involved in the conspiracy against Domitian. He made things right in their eyes by

presenting them with an embarrassingly apologetic speech and appointing Trajan as his successor. Trajan was at the time an admired general engaging the Germanic tribes. He died in 98 following a stroke and afterwards Trajan forced the Senate to consecrate him.

Busts: 1) Laureate head right 2) Radiate head right

b) Grain ears c) Modius with grain ears d) Juno draped head right

Obverses: 1) DIVO NERVAE 2) IMP NERVA CAES AVG 3) IMP NERVA CAES AVG GERM PM TR P II 4) IMP NERVA CAES AVG GERM PM TR POT 5) IMP NERVA CAES AVG GERM PM TR POT PP 6) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR P COS II DESIGN III PP 7) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR P COS II PP 8) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR P COS III PP 9) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR P II COS III PP 10) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR POT 11) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR POT II 12) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR POT PP 13) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR POT PP COS III 14) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR POT PP COS IIII 15) IMP NERVA CAES AVG PONT MAX TR P 16) IMP NERVA CAES AVG REST 17) IMP NERVA CAESAR AVGVSTVS REST

Reverses: 1) ADLOCVT AVG 2) AEQVITAS AVGVST 3) ANNONA AVGVST 4) CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM 5) CONGIAR P R 6) CONSECRATIO 7) COS II DESIGN III PP 8) COS III 9) COS III PATER PATRIAE 10) COS III PP 11) COS IIII 12) DIVVS AVGVSTVS 13) DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER 14) FISCI IVDACI CALVMNIA SVBLATA 15) FORTVNA AVGVST 16) FORTVNA PR 17) IMP II COS III DES IIII PP

18) IMP II COS III DESIGN IIII PP 19) IMP II COS IIII PP 20) IVSTITIA AVGVST 21) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 22) MONETA AVGVST 23) PAX AVG 24) PAX AVGVSTI 25) PLEBEI VRBANAE FRVMENTO CONSTITVTO 26) PM TR P COS III PP 27) PROVIDENTIA SENATVS 28) ROMA RENASCENS 29) SALVS PVBLICA 30) TR POT COS II 31) TVTELA ITALIAE 32) VEHICVLATIONE ITALIA REMISSA 33) VICTORIA AVGVST 34) No legend

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Altar 3) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and scepter. 4) Annona standing to left, holding cornucopia facing Ceres seated to right, holding torch; modius on altar between and galley prow in background. 5) Caduceus, winged 6) Eagle 7) Fortuna seated left, holding grain ears and scepter. 8) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 9) Grain ears 10) Hands, in handshake 11) Hands, in handshake, holding legionary eagle on galley prow. 12) Justitia seated right, holding scepter and branch. 13) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter. 14) Luna (Diana) advancing forward, pulling arrow from quiver and holding bow; deer behind. 15) Modius with grain ears

In the two years or so being on the throne Nerva managed to make a lot of coins. They are available in gold, silver and bronze today on the cheap… well, the silver and bronze ones anyway! The main challenge is finding a Denarius or, say, an As in nice shape that one cost an arm and a leg. For cheap you can expect to get a worn silver or a corroded bronze coin. Mint state coins are rare and typically cost several hundred dollars and up, up, up. Somewhere between the two extremes one can expect to find a nice, representative coin of this emperor for about a hundred dollars or so. Prices fluctuate quite a bit not only on overall condition but based on reverse types as well. Some of these types are highly sought after regardless of condition.

74 16) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 17) Mules (2), one standing to left and in front of the second standing to right, grazing; shafts and harness in background. 18) Nerva seated right on platform accompanied by lictor and officer giving donative to citizen to lower right; Minerva and Liberalitas in background. 19) Nerva seated right on platform accompanied by officer giving donative to citizen to lower right; Minerva and Liberalitas in background. 20) Nerva seated to right, raising hand, facing Italia to left; two children between them. 21) Nerva standing right on platform, addressing four soldiers; temple in background. 22) Nerva standing, shaking hands with soldier. 23) Palm tree 24) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter 25) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 26) Rudder on globe 27) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 28) Salus seated left, holding grain ears. 29) Standards (3) 30) Temple with (2) columns, Diana within. 31) Temple with (2) columns, Diana within; DIANA PERG inscribed above 32) Temple with (2) columns, Nerva within to left, being crowned by Roma to right, holding cornucopia; ROM ET AVG inscribed above. 33) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 34) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm.

Mint: 1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O08, R02, T01 RIC II 13, C 5 2) B1, O08, R04, T10 RIC II 14, C 19 3) B1, O08, R04, T11 RIC II 15, BMC 27, C 28 4) B1, O08, R15, T08 RIC II 16, BMC 36, C 65

AR Tetradrachm 5) B1, O12, R08, T29 RIC II 119 6) B1, O12, R08, T31 RIC II 116, C 42 7) B1, O13, R34, T32 COM ASI across fields 8) B1, O13, R34, T32 COS III across fields RIC II 122 corrected, C 14a

AR Denarius 9) B1, O03, R09, T08 RIC II 42, C 86 10) B1, O03, R19, T10 RIC II 48, S 3031, C 96 11) B1, O03, R19, T27 RIC II 47, C 95 12) B1, O04, R09, T27 RIC II 24, C 48 13) B1, O07, R04, T10 RIC II 2, C 16 14) B1, O07, R04, T11 RIC II 3, C 25 15) B1, O07, R21, T13 RIC II 7, S 3034 16) B1, O07, R29, T28 RIC II 9, S 3035, C 132 17) B1, O08, R02, T01 RIC II 13, C 6 18) B1, O08, R04, T10 RIC II 14, S 3020 19) B1, O08, R04, T11 RIC II 15, C 29 20) B1, O08, R15, T08 RIC II 16, S 3025 21) B1, O08, R16, T07 RIC II 17, S 3026, C 79 22) B1, O08, R20, T12 RIC II 18, C 101 23) B1, O08, R21, T13 RIC II 19 24) B1, O08, R29, T28 RIC II 20, C 134 25) B1, O09, R04, T10 RIC II 26, C 22 26) B1, O10, R09, T27 RIC II 34, C 51

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous) 27) B2, O1, R06, T06 RIC 83a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 152

AE Sestertius 28) B1, O07, R15, T08 RIC II 60, C 67 29) B1, O08, R04, T11 RIC II 80, C 30 30) B1, O08, R14, T23 RIC II 82, C 57 31) B1, O08, R15, T08 RIC II 83 32) B1, O08, R21, T13 RIC II 316, C 114 33) B1, O08, R23, T24 RIC II 88, C 123 34) B1, O08, R25, T15 RIC II 89, C 127 35) B1, O08, R32, T17 Exe: SC RIC II 93, C 143 36) B1, O09, R15, T08 RIC II 98

AE Dupondius 37) B2, O07, R21, T13 RIC II 65, C 109 38) B2, O09, R15, T08 RIC II 99, C 74

75 AE As Reference(s) 39) B1, O07, R04, T10 Exe: SC RIC II 53, C 17 40) B1, O07, R15, T08 RIC II 83, C 68 41) B1, O08, R02, T01 RIC II 77, S 3060 42) B1, O08, R04, T10 Exe: SC RIC II 79, C 21 43) B1, O08, R21, T13 RIC II 86, C 115 44) B1, O09, R15, T08 RIC II 98, C 73 45) B1, O09, R21, T13 RIC II 100, C 119

AE Quadrans 46) Bb, O02, R34, T05 RIC II 112, C 138

Nerva Busts

Nerva Types

76

Trajan

Augustus 98-117

Trajan was probably one of the fondest-remembered Roman emperors. During Nerva's reign he was singled out as the heir to the throne. Nerva died soon after and the General wrapped up his battles along the German borders and packed up for Rome. Here he was received as a hero and he reciprocated by walking humbly through the admiring crowds. He put the Senate on notice that they would be allowed to resume their administrative duties without his

personal interference. He then set out on large-scale building programs and set up a charity for orphaned children. But the beloved emperor was a military man at heart and could not wait to return to the business of fighting the empire's enemies and expanding its borders. He added Dacia (Romania), Armenia and Mesopotamia to the roster of domains. His military campaigns slowed under several provincial revolts and he suffered a fatal stroke on his return from one of these.

Busts:

1) Laureate head left 2) Laureate head right 3) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate, draped bust left 6) Laureate, draped bust right 7) Radiate head right 8) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) DIVI TRAIANO PARTH AVG PATRI 2) DIVO TRAIANO 3) DIVO TRAIANO PATRI AVG 4) DIVVS TRAIANVS PATER AVGVSTVS 5) FORVM TRAIAN 6) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN AVG 7) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GER DAC 8) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GER DAC PARTH 9) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GER DAC PARTHICO 10) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GERM DAC 11) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG PM TR P COS VI PP 12) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIMO AVG GERM DAC 13) IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIM AVG GER DAC PARTHICO 14) IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC 15) IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC PARTHICO PM TR P COS VI PP 16) IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS VI PP 17) IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GERM 18) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG 19) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GER DAC 20) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM 21) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM DAC PM TR P VII 22) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM DACICVS PM 23) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM PM 24) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM PM TR P 25) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM PM TR P PP 26) IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM PM TR P VI 27) IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS V PP 28) IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS VI PP 29) IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P CS AP 30) IMP CAES TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS VI PP 31) IMP CAESAR TRAIAN AVG GERM 32) IMP NER TRAIAN AVG GER DACICVS 33) IMP NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC PM TR P 34) IMP NERVA CAES TRAIAN AVG GERM PM 35) IMP NERVA CAES TRAIAN AVG GERM PM TR P PP 36) IMP NERVA TRAIANVS AVG GER DACICVS 37) IMP NERVAE TRAIANO AVG DAC PM TR P COS VI PP 38) IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P 39) IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS V DES VI PP 40) IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS V PP 41) IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS VI PP 42) IMP TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC PM TR P 43) IMP TRAIANVS 44) IMP TRAIANVS AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS VI PP 45) IMP TRAIANVS AVG GERM DACICVS

Reverses: 1) AETERNITAS 2) ARMENIA ET MESOPOTAMIA IN POTESTATEM P R REDACTAE 3) AVGVSTI PROFECTIO 4) CONGIARVM TERTIVM 5) CONSECRATIO 6) CONSERVATORI PATRIS PATRIAE

7) COS II 8) COS II DES III PP 9) COS II PP CONG PR 10) COS III DES IIII PP 11) COS III PP CLEMENTIA AVG 12) COS V CONGIAR SECVND

With a long reign and an economy at its peak, the Roman treasury struck millions of beautiful coins of Trajan, many of which have survived. Of course, all that beauty doesn’t come without a price what with mint state Denarii fetching hundreds of dollars and high-grade Sestertii often thousands. However, as long as one can get by on less than museum-grade pieces the collector will find many affordable coins to choose from in a wide assortment of denominations. Trajan was a warrior first and foremost and the greater part of his coins will portray military themes and honor the favored gods of war. It will also become evident that Trajan’s coins set records for most titles stuffed around the rim of each coin; all the better to represent his wartime accolades.

77 13) COS V DES VI 14) COS V PP SPQR OPTIMO PRINC 15) COS VI PP SPQR 16) COS VI PP SPQR OPTIMO PRINC 17) DAC PARTHICO PM TR POT XX COS VI PP 18) DACIA AVGVST 19) DACICVS COS IIII PP 20) DACICVS COS V PP 21) DARDANICI 22) DECIVS MVS 23) DIVI NERVA ET TRAIANVS PAT 24) DIVVS PATER TRAIAN 25) FELICITAS AVGVST 26) FIDES EXERCIT 27) FORTVNA AVGVSTI 28) FORTVNAE AVGVSTI 29) FORTVNAE REDVCI 30) IMP HADRIAN DIVI NER TRAIAN OPT FIL REST 31) IMP IIII COS IIII DES V PP 32) MARS VICTOR 33) METALL VLPIANI 34) METALL VLPIANI DELM 35) METALL VLPIANI PANN 36) METALLI PANNONICI 37) PARTHICO PM TR P COS VI PP SPQR 38) PLOTINAE AVG 39) PM TR P COS DES II 40) PM TR P COS II PP 41) PM TR P COS III PP 42) PM TR P COS IIII PP

43) PM TR P COS V PP 44) PM TR P COS VI PP SPQR 45) PM TR P XX COS VI PP 46) PONT MAX TR POT COS II 47) PORTVM TRAIANI 48) PROVIDENTIA AVGVSTI SPQR 49) REGNA ADSIGNATA 50) REST ITALIA 51) REX PARTHIS DATVS 52) REX PARTHVS 53) ROMA REST 54) SALVS GENERI HVMANI 55) SENATVS POPVLVSQVE ROMANVS 56) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI 57) TR P COS II PP 58) TR P COS IIII PP 59) TR P VII IMP IIII COS IIII DES V PP 60) TR P VII IMP IIII COS V PP 61) TR POT COS 62) TR POT COS II 63) TR POT COS II PP 64) TR POT COS III PP 65) TR POT COS IIII PP 66) TR POT XX COS VI PP 67) TRIVMPHVS PARTHICVS 68) VIRTVTI ET FELICITATI 69) No legend

Types: 1) Abundantia seated left, holding scepter 2) Abundantia seated right, holding scepter 3) Abundantia standing left, holding grain ears over child and cornucopia. 4) Abundantia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia; galley prow to lower right. 5) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia 6) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 7) Aeternitas standing left, holding heads of Sun and Moon 8) Altar 9) Aqua Traiana lying left under arch, holding reed. 10) Arabia standing left, holding branch over camel and cradling bundle of rods. 11) Arabia standing, facing, holding branch and cinnamon sticks; camel to left. 12) Arabia standing, facing, holding branch and cinnamon sticks; ostrich to left 13) Boar standing right 14) Bridge, boat below 15) Captive seated left on weapons, resting head on hand. 16) Captive seated left on weapons, resting head on hand; trophy to left. 17) Captive seated right on weapons, hands bound 18) Captive seated right, resting head on hand 19) Captive seated right, resting head on hand; trophy in background. 20) Captive standing left by weapons, hands bound. 21) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears. 22) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter. 23) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears over modius and torch 24) Circus Maximus; bird’s eye view of interior including central obelisk 25) Clementia seated left, holding patera and scepter 26) Club 27) Club and lion skin 28) Column with eagle atop 29) Concordia seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 30) Concordia seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding two cornucopiae. 31) Cuirass 32) Dacia seated left, holding standard; two children to left, one holding grapes and the other grain ears. 33) Dacia seated right, scimitar below 34) Danube lying left, holding on galley prow tip, drapery flying overhead. 35) Eagle 36) Felicitas seated left 37) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 38) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia; altar to left. 39) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus 40) Fides standing left, holding grain ears and fruit basket. 41) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia 42) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 43) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and two cornucopiae 44) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on galley prow and cornucopia. 45) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 46) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 47) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears 48) Germania seated left on shield, holding branch 49) Germania seated left, resting head on hand. 50) Grain ears in tied bundle 51) Hadrian laureate bust right 52) Hercules standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding club 53) Hercules standing, facing, holding club and lion skin 54) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter

78 55) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt over Trajan and scepter; Trajan holds branch. 56) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and rod 57) Mars advancing left, holding Victory and trophy. 58) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 59) Mars standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield; kneeling captive with raised arms to left. 60) Mars standing right, holding spear and shield 61) Mars standing, facing, holding spear and trophy 62) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus 63) Nerva laureate, draped bust right facing bareheaded, draped bust of Trajan’s father. 64) Owl 65) Oxen (2) advancing right, priest(?) leading them from behind. 66) Pax seated left, holding branch and cornucopia; kneeling captive to left. 67) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter 68) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia 69) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 70) Pax standing left, leaning on column, holding branch 71) Pax standing left, stepping on captive, holding branch and cornucopia 72) Pax standing left, torching pile of weapons and holding cornucopia 73) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding hand to chest. 74) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 75) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, raising hand over globe and holding scepter. 76) Providentia standing left, raising hand over globe and holding scepter. 77) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium 78) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear 79) Roma seated left, stepping on helmet, holding Victory and spear. 80) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear 81) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear; kneeling captive to left. 82) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar 83) Saturn standing left, holding branch and scepter 84) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand; altar to left. 85) Securitas standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia 86) Sol radiate, draped bust right 87) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 88) Standards (3) 89) Table with wreath and cruet atop 90) Temple with (2) columns, Diana seated within 91) Temple with (8) columns, Jupiter within 92) Tiber subduing Dacia to left and holding branch 93) Trajan advancing right, raising hand and holding spear. 94) Trajan riding horse left followed by cavalryman. 95) Trajan riding horse left, holding spear 96) Trajan riding horse left, holding spear and Victory. 97) Trajan riding horse right, holding spear; soldier with standard in front, cavalryman behind. 98) Trajan riding horse right, raising hand 99) Trajan riding horse right, soldier leading and three behind 100) Trajan riding horse right, soldier on either side 101) Trajan riding horse right, spearing enemy. 102) Trajan riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter 103) Trajan riding quadriga left, holding wreath and scepter 104) Trajan riding quadriga right, holding branch and scepter 105) Trajan standing left, sacrificing over altar 106) Trajan seated left on platform, lictor behind, king Parthamaspates and kneeling captive to lower left. 107) Trajan seated left on platform, accompanied by two lictors, facing three kings. 108) Trajan seated right on platform, accompanied by two lictors, facing several soldiers. 109) Trajan seated to right, holding scepter, facing woman to left holding baby, child to her side. 110) Trajan standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter, being crowned by Victory, holding palm. 111) Trajan standing left, reaching out to two children 112) Trajan standing left, stepping on captive, holding spear 113) Trajan standing, facing, holding branch and scepter, being crowned by flying Victory; two eagles and child on either side at base. 114) Trajan standing, facing, holding scepter and parazonium, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 115) Trajan standing, facing, holding spear and parazonium; Armenia lying to lower left and Euphrates and Tigris to right. 116) Trajan standing, facing, trophy on either side. 117) Trajan to left, holding parazonium and spear, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 118) Trajan to left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Nerva to right 119) Trajan to left, holding spear, facing Roma to right, holding hand of kneeling captive in center. 120) Trajan to left, holding spear, handing over kneeling captive (Dacia?) to woman to right (the Senate?) 121) Trajan to left, sacrificing over altar in center, facing Genius to right, holding cornucopia 122) Trajan to right, holding hand of Italia, holding globe; two children between them. 123) Trajan to right, holding hand of Roma to left; two children between. 124) Trajan to right, holding Victory facing Roma to left, seated right and holding scepter 125) Trajan to right, stepping on captive, touching trophy and holding spear. 126) Trajan’s column; statue of Trajan atop 127) Trajan’s column; statue of Trajan atop, eagle on either side. 128) Trajan’s father bare-headed, draped bust right 129) Trajan’s father seated left, holding patera and scepter 130) Trajan’s forum; quadriga and statues atop. 131) Trajan’s harbor, port buildings and ships within 132) Triumphal arch 133) Trophies (2) 134) Trophy, seated captive on either side. 135) Trophy, weapons at its base 136) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter 137) Vesta seated left, holding patera and torch 138) Via Traiana lying left, holding wheel and branch 139) Victory advancing left, holding branch and palm 140) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SPQR and palm. 141) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 142) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 143) Victory standing left, sacrificing over altar, holding palm.

79 144) Victory seated left, holding patera and branch. 145) Victory seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 146) Victory seated left, holding patera and palm 147) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm. 148) Victory seated right on cippus, holding shield 149) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and trophy 150) Victory standing left on shields, holding wreath and palm 151) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm 152) Victory standing left, leaning on column, holding wreath and palm 153) Victory standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding palm. 154) Victory standing right on galley prow, holding wreath and palm 155) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on cippus. 156) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on cippus. 157) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm reading DA / CI / CA 158) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm reading VIC / DAC 159) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and palm. 160) Virtus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 161) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield 162) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium 163) Virtus to right, holding spear and parazonium, facing Felicitas to right, holding caduceus and cornucopia 164) Weapons in a pile (shields, cuirass, spears, etc.), variously arranged 165) Wolf standing left 166) Wolf standing right 167) Wreath, COS V PP SPQR OPTIMO PRINC within 168) Wreath, COS V PP SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI within 169) Wreath, SC within 170) Wreath, SPQR OB CIV SER within

Mint: 1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B2, O13, R44, T134 Exe: PARTHIA CAPTA RIC II 325, BMC 606, C 186 2) B2, O14, R44, T041 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 321, C 151 3) B2, O20, R41, T044 RIC II 4, C 205 4) B2, O38, R14, T054 5) B4, O14, R44, T041 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 319, C 153 6) B4, O14, R44, T081 Exe: SALVS AVG BMC 585 7) B4, O38, R14, T022 RIC II 109, BMC 258, C 65 8) B4, O38, R14, T091 RIC II 146, C 97 9) B4, O40, R56, T101 RIC II 208, BMC 246 10) B4, O41, R56, T138 Exe: VIA TRAIANA RIC II 266, BMC 484, C 647 11) B4, O44, R23, T061 12) B4, O44, R69, T130 Exe: FORVM TRAIAN BMC 509, C 168 13) B6, O41, R56, T127 RIC II 292, BMC 449, C 557

AR Tetradrachm 14) B2, O23, R62, T050 RIC II 717, C 607 15) B2, O23, R62, T088 RIC II 719, S 3113, C 608 16) B2, O25, R07, T088 RIC II 718, C 52 17) B2, O25, R07, T090 RIC II 720, BMC 709, C 53 18) B2, O25, R69, T050 COS II across fields

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous) 19) B7, O02, R05, T008 RIC IViii 86a (Trajan Decius), C 590 20) B7, O02, R05, T035 RIC IViii 85b (Trajan Decius), C 666

AR Denarius 21) B2, O14, R44, T047 RIC II 348 22) B2, O14, R44, T075 PRO AVG across fields RIC II 358, C 308 23) B2, O20, R14, T087 RIC II 10, C 213 24) B2, O20, R40, T001 RIC II 1, BMC 36 25) B2, O20, R40, T030 RIC II 2, C 212 26) B2, O20, R40, T137 RIC II 9, S 3143, C 203 27) B2, O20, R41, T001 RIC II 32, C 219 28) B2, O20, R41, T030 RIC II 33, BMC 64 29) B2, O20, R41, T053 RIC II 37, C 216 30) B2, O20, R41, T068 RIC II 38, C 222 31) B2, O20, R41, T137 RIC II 40, BMC 60, C 214 32) B2, O20, R42, T137 RIC II 53, C 229 33) B2, O20, R41, T146 RIC II 41, C 223 34) B2, O20, R42, T001 RIC II 54, C 237 35) B2, O20, R42, T037 RIC II 56, C 238 36) B2, O20, R42, T053 RIC II 49, BMC 86 37) B2, O20, R42, T058 RIC II 52, C 228 38) B2, O20, R42, T141 RIC II 60, C 242 39) B2, O20, R42, T142 RIC II 61, C 244

80 40) B2, O20, R42, T146 RIC II 57, C 239 41) B2, O20, R42, T153 RIC II 67, C 248 42) B2, O20, R42, T154 RIC II 59, C 241 43) B2, O20, R42, T156 RIC II 65, C 246 44) B2, O20, R42, T159 RIC II 58, C 240 45) B2, O20, R46, T001 46) B2, O20, R46, T029 RIC II 12, BMC 4 47) B2, O20, R46, T037 RIC II 13, C 294 48) B2, O20, R46, T068 S 3152 49) B2, O20, R46, T137 RIC II 21, BMC 2, C 288 50) B2, O20, R46, T146 RIC II 22, C 295 51) B2, O34, R57, T029 RIC II 31, C 594 52) B2, O34, R57, T067 RIC II 30, C 592 53) B2, O34, R57, T118 RIC II 28, BMC 55 54) B2, O38, R14, T006 RIC II 118, S 3122 55) B2, O38, R14, T007 AET AVG across fields RIC II 91, C 3 56) B2, O38, R14, T012 RIC II 142, C 89 57) B2, O38, R14, T015 Exe: DAC CAP RIC II 98, BMC 390, C 120 58) B2, O38, R14, T016 Exe: DAC CAP RIC II 96, C 118 59) B2, O38, R14, T020 Exe: DAC CAP RIC II 99, C 121 60) B2, O38, R14, T034 Exe: DANVVIVS RIC II 100, C 136 61) B2, O38, R14, T037 RIC II 121, BMC 301, C 81 62) B2, O38, R14, T039 RIC II 120, BMC 305 63) B2, O38, R14, T044 RIC II 122, S 3125 64) B2, O38, R14, T057 RIC II 114, C 63 65) B2, O38, R14, T068 66) B2, O38, R14, T070 RIC II 126, C 83 67) B2, O38, R14, T072 RIC II 102, C 196 68) B2, O38, R14, T074 RIC II 104, C 199 69) B2, O38, R14, T078 RIC II 116, S 3121, C 69 70) B2, O38, R14, T080 RIC II 115, S 3120, C 66 71) B2, O38, R14, T087 RIC II 127, S 3127, C 84 72) B2, O38, R14, T135 RIC II 147, BMC 358, C 98 73) B2, O38, R14, T141 S 3130 74) B2, O38, R14, T150 RIC II 129, C 76 75) B2, O38, R14, T151 RIC II 128, BMC 328, S 3129 76) B2, O40, R14, T006 77) B2, O40, R14, T078 RIC II 178, C 481 78) B2, O40, R56, T004 RIC II 165 79) B2, O40, R56, T006 RIC II 169, C 462 80) B2, O40, R56, T018 RIC II 218, BMC 175 81) B2, O40, R56, T019 RIC II 220, C 537 82) B2, O40, R56, T045 RIC II 183, S 3160 83) B2, O40, R56, T057 RIC II 154, C 371 84) B2, O40, R56, T060 RIC II 162 85) B2, O40, R56, T066 RIC II 187, BMC 218 86) B2, O40, R56, T071 RIC II 190, S 3161 87) B2, O40, R56, T087 RIC II 191, C 457 88) B2, O40, R56, T088 RIC II 228, C 575 89) B2, O40, R56, T114 RIC II 212, C 514 90) B2, O40, R56, T134 RIC II 225, C 571 91) B2, O40, R56, T152 RIC II 194, C 425 92) B2, O40, R56, T160 RIC II 163, C 378 93) B2, O40, R56, T162 RIC II 202, BMC 230 94) B2, O41, R56, T003 Exe: ALIM ITAL RIC II 243, BMC 472, S 3117 95) B2, O41, R56, T011 Exe: ARAB ADQ RIC II 245 96) B2, O41, R56, T012 Exe: ARAB ADQ RIC II 244, C 26 97) B2, O41, R56, T041 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 254 98) B2, O41, R56, T074 Exe: PIET RIC II 262 99) B2, O41, R56, T088 RIC II 295 100) B2, O41, R56, T095 RIC II 291, BMC 445, C 497 101) B2, O41, R56, T126 RIC II 292, C 558 102) B2, O41, R56, T129 RIC II 252, BMC 500, S 3323, C 140 103) B2, O41, R56, T138 Exe: VIA TRAIANA RIC II 266, S 3173, C 648 104) B2, O41, R56, T157 RIC II 286, C 451 105) B4, O14, R44, T037 RIC II 344, C 279 106) B4, O40, R56, T004 RIC II 167 107) B4, O40, R56, T037 RIC II 172, C 403 108) B4, O40, R56, T060 RIC II 161 109) B4, O40, R56, T066 RIC II 189, C 418 110) B4, O41, R56, T041 RIC II 177, BMC 204 111) B5, O40, R56, T045 112) B6, O07, R37, T058 RIC II 331, C 190 113) B6, O07, R37, T075 RIC II 361 114) B6, O07, R37, T082 RIC II 370, S 3156 115) B6, O07, R37, T085 RIC II 326, C 152 116) B6, O10, R37, T037 RIC II 332, C 191 117) B6, O10, R37, T162 RIC II 334, C 193 118) B6, O13, R44, T037 RIC II 346 119) B6, O13, R44, T058 RIC II 340, C 271 120) B6, O13, R44, T076 PRO VID across fields RIC II 365, C 317 121) B6, O13, R44, T162 RIC II 353, C 272 122) B6, O13, T44, T047 RIC II 349 123) B6, O14, R44, T037 RIC II 343, S 3150 124) B6, O14, R44, T037 RIC II 345, C 280 125) B6, O14, R44, T041 Exe: FORT RED S 3139, C 154 126) B6, O14, R44, T047 RIC II 347, C 276 127) B6, O14, R44, T058 RIC II 337, C 270 128) B6, O14, R44, T075 PRO AVG across fields RIC II 360

81 129) B6, O14, R44, T127 RIC II 356, C 284 130) B6, O14, R44, T162 RIC II 355, C 273 131) B6, O14, T44, T142 132) B6, O40, R56, T047 RIC II 180, C 396 133) B6, O40, R56, T058 RIC II 157 134) B6, O41, R56, T037 RIC II 271, C 404 135) B6, O41, R56, T047 RIC II 278, C 399 136) B6, O41, R56, T058 RIC II 269, C 372 137) B6, O42, R15, T037 RIC II 301, C 106 138) B6, O42, R15, T041 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 308, C 149 139) B6, O42, R15, T058 RIC II 299, S 3133, C 163 140) B6, O42, R15, T127 RIC II 307, C 115

AR Quinarius Reference(s)

141) B2, O38, R14, T147 Exe: SC RIC II 134, BMC 345, C 72

AE Sestertius 142) B2, O23, R62, T067 RIC II 383, C 590 143) B2, O23, R63, T067 RIC II 390, BMC 715 144) B2, O23, R65, T067 RIC II 432, BMC 745 145) B2, O27, R56, T004 RIC II 492, C 469 146) B2, O27, R56, T016 Exe: SC RIC II 561, C 532 147) B2, O27, R56, T023 RIC II 480 148) B2, O27, R56, T042 RIC II 500, C 478 149) B2, O27, R56, T066 BMC 804 150) B2, O27, R56, T071 RIC II 503, BMC 800, C 407 151) B2, O27, R56, T079 RIC II 489, BMC 778, C 391 152) B2, O27, R56, T081 RIC II 485, BMC 772 153) B2, O27, R56, T087 RIC II 519, C 459 154) B2, O27, R56, T092 BMC 793 155) B2, O27, R56, T101 RIC II 534, BMC 836, C 503 156) B2, O27, R56, T117 RIC II 549, C 516 157) B2, O27, R56, T158 RIC II 527, C 454 158) B2, O28, R47, T131 RIC II 632 159) B2, O28, R56, T014 Exe: SC RIC II 569 160) B2, O28, R56, T024 Exe: SC RIC II 571, C 545 161) B2, O28, R56, T132 Exe: SC RIC II 572, C 547 162) B4, O27, R56, T071 RIC II 504 163) B4, O28, R56, T132 Exe: SC RIC II 573 164) B4, O28, R69, T108 Exe: IMPERATOR VIII / SC BMC 1019 165) B6, O28, R02, T115 RIC II 642, C 39 166) B6, O28, R18, T032 Exe: PROVINCIA / SC 167) B6, O28, R49, T108 Exe: SC RIC II 666, BMC 1043 168) B6, O28, R51, T106 RIC II 667, BMC 1046, C 328 169) B6, O28, R55, T037 RIC II 672, C 352 170) B6, O28, R55, T041 Exe: FORT RED / SC RIC II 652, BMC 1026, C 158 171) B6, O28, R69, T108 Exe: IMPERATOR VIII / SC RIC II 655

AE Dupondius 172) B7, O23, R62, T001 RIC II 385, C 595 173) B7, O23, R63, T001 RIC II 398, C 618 174) B7, O23, R64, T001 RIC II 411, C 629 175) B7, O23, R65, T001 RIC II 428, BMC 748, S3225, C 639 176) B7, O27, R56, T003 RIC II 460 177) B7, O27, R56, T009 RIC II 464, C 22 178) B7, O27, R56, T012 Exe: ARABADQ RIC II 465, C 36 179) B7, O27, R56, T012 Exe: ARABADQVIS RIC II 467, C 36 180) B7, O27, R56, T012 Exe: ARABDAQ 181) B7, O27, R56, T031 RIC II 582, BMC 911, C 567 182) B7, O27, R56, T044 RIC II 502, C 497 183) B7, O27, R56, T058 RIC II 590, C 375 184) B7, O27, R56, T081 RIC II 487, C 389 185) B7, O27, R56, T087 RIC II 520, C 461 186) B7, O27, R56, T101 RIC II 538, C 506 187) B7, O27, R56, T110 RIC II 550, BMC 899, C 518 188) B7, O27, R56, T135 RIC II 586, BMC 905, C 573 189) B7, O28, R18, T031 Exe: PROVINCIA / SC RIC II 623, BMC 990 190) B7, O28, R25, T036 RIC II 626, C 146 191) B7, O41, R56, T011 Exe: ARABADQ RIC II 613, C 31 192) B7, O41, R56, T011 Exe: ARABADQVIS RIC II 615 193) B8, O15, R48, T074 RIC II 665, C 322 194) B8, O15, R55, T115 RIC II 676 195) B8, O16, R55, T036 RIC II 674, C 353 196) B8, O16, R55, T040 RIC II 653, C 160 197) B8, O16, R55, T125 RIC II 679, C 360 198) B8, O28, R29, T040 199) B8, O28, R55, T036 RIC II 635

AE As 200) B2, O23, R63, T139 RIC II 402, C 617 201) B2, O23, R64, T139 RIC II 411 202) B2, O23, R64, T161 RIC II 410 203) B2, O23, R65, T139

82 204) B2, O23, R65, T139 Exe: SC RIC II 434, BMC 753, C 640 205) B2, O27, R56, T016 RIC II 561, C 532 206) B2, O27, R56, T067 Exe: SC RIC II 503, S 3231 207) B2, O27, R56, T081 Exe: SC RIC II 515, C 486 208) B2, O27, R56, T090 RIC II 577, C 550 209) B2, O27, R56, T138 RIC II 521, BMC 938, C 436 210) B4, O28, R55, T141 RIC II 675, C 355 211) B6, O15, R55, T132 RIC II 681

AE Semis Reference(s) 212) B2, O18, R69, T052 RIC II 689, BMC 1059, C 336 213) B2, O18, R69, T088 RIC II 687, S 3247 214) B7, O17, R17, T168 RIC II 645, C 123

AE Quadrans 215) B2, O18, R21, T021 RIC II 704, BMC 1107, C 139 216) B2, O18, R69, T164 RIC II 694, BMC 1061, S 3246 217) B2, O18, R69, T165 RIC II 692, BMC 1060

Trajan Busts

83 Trajan Types

84 Trajan Types (Continued)

85 Trajan Types (Continued)

86

Plotina

b. ca.70 – d.129

Plotina was the wife of Trajan. She died without leaving Trajan an heir but used her influence to position Hadrian in line to succeed her husband.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses:

1) PLOTINA AVG DIVI 2) PLOTINA AVG IMP TRAIANI 3) PLOTINA AVGVSTA IMP TRAIANI 4) PLOTINA AVGVSTA IMP TRAIANI CAES 5) PLOTINAE AVG

Reverses:

1) AVG GER DAC PARTHICI PM TR P COS VI PP 2) CAES AVG GERMA DAC COS VI PP 3) COS III PATER PATRIAE 4) FELICITAS AVG COS III 5) FIDES AVGVST 6) MATIDIAE AVG 7) TRAIANI PARTHICI 8) VESTA

Types:

1) Eagle 2) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket 3) Matidia, diademed draped bust right 4) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium 5) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter. 6) Vesta seated left, holding scepter

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R2, T5 RIC 730 (II, Trajan), C 2 2) B1, O5, R6, T3 RIC 34 (II, Hadrian), C 1

AR Denarius

3) B1, O2, R2, T5 RIC 730 (II, Trajan), C 3

AE Sestertius

4) B1, O2, R5, T2 RIC 740 (II, Trajan), C 12

Plotina Bust Plotina Types

For the most part the coins of this empress are maddeningly difficult to find. Even the Denarii don’t seem to be much more in abundance than her Aurei or any bronze denomination. The few that do turn up every now and then always come with stiff asking prices in the four figures.

87

Marciana

? – 114

Sister of Trajan and mother of Matidia.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right

Obverses:

1) DIVA AVGVSTA MARCIANA 2) MARCIANA AVG SOROR IMP TRAIANI

Reverses:

1) CAES AVG GERMA DAC COS VI PP CONSECRATIO 2) EX SENATVS CONSVLTO

Types:

1) Carpentum pulled by mules 2) Eagle standng left 3) Eagle standing right 4) Marciana riding elephant biga left, holding patera and scepter. 5) Matidia seated left, holding patera and resting hand on child; child to left.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R2, T2 RIC 743 (II, Trajan), C 3

AR Denarius

2) B1, O2, R1, T5 Exe: MATIDIA AVG F RIC 742 (II, Trajan), C 2

AR Denarius (Posthumous)

3) B1, O1, R2, T2 RIC 743 (II, Trajan), C 4 4) B1, O1, R2, T3 RIC 745 (II, Trajan), C 8

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

5) B1, O1, R2, T2 RIC 748 (II, Trajan), C 6 6) B1, O1, R3, T4 RIC 750 corrected (II, Trajan), C 13

Marciana Bust Marciana Types

Trajan honored no less than three separate women by putting their names and faces on coins. But he was stingy in doing so. As a percentage of the overall number of coins struck during his reign well less than 1% were of any of these women. Marciana and her daughter Matidia got the bum rap because most of their coins were posthumous. One may assume from this slight treatment that Trajan didn’t like them but historical accounts dispute this. It was just a peculiarity of the Roman zeitgeist. Regardless, apart from the rare new find, these coins mostly recycle from the estates of dead collectors to those of wealthy collectors still living. The average Denarius will cost at least a grand or two and “average” is pretty much as good as it gets. Forget mint state coins this side of gold.

88

Matidia

c.68 – 119

Daughter of Marciana and mother of Sabina, Hadrian's wife. She is also the niece of Trajan.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right

Obverses:

1) DIVA AVGVSTA MATIDIA 2) DIVA MATIDIA AVGVST 3) DIVA MATIDIA AVGVSTA 4) MATIDIA AVG DIVAE MARCIANAE F

Reverses:

1) CONSECRATIO 2) PIETAS AVG 3) PIETAS AVGVST

Types:

1) Eagle standing left 2) Eagle standing right 3) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar 4) Pietas standing, facing, holding heads of child on either side

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O4, R3, T4 RIC 759 (II, Trajan), BMC 659, C 9

AR Denarius

2) B1, O4, R3, T4 RIC 759 (II, Trajan), BMC 660, C 10

AR Denarius (Posthumous)

3) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC 751 (II, Trajan) 4) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC 756 (II, Trajan)

AE Sestertius

5) B1, O4, R3, T4 Exe: SC RIC 761 (II, Trajan), C 11

Matidia Bust Matidia Types

No more difficult or easy to find than either Plotina or Marciana, the three matriarchs are fiendishly difficult to get. Low-grade bronzes are the first ones to turn up and depending on how unappealing the overall coin is, especially that all-important part reading”MATIDIA”, the cost will be anywhere from a few hundred dollars to many, many hundreds of dollars. The Denarii benefit from a bit more pricing uniformity thanks to the grades being more predictable. And it’s probably not very surprising to know that they tend to come pretty worn. Even at this stage they will still cost near a thousand dollars per with a $3,000 beauty not raising any eyebrows. Numismatica Ars Classica sold at auction a very nice Aureus in 2002 for just over $10,000.

89

Hadrian

Augustus 117-138

Hadrian was the cousin of Trajan with whom he had a rocky love-hate relationship. However, his relationship with Trajan turned out to be less consequential to his own rise to becoming emperor. It is widely thought that Trajan himself never actually selected Hadrian as his successor but his powerful aunt, who was very fond of Hadrian and took the role of surrogate mother, forged documents to the effect when Trajan was on his deathbed. Hadrian is

remembered chiefly by his active role in the military, by the prolific building of all sorts of city and military improvements, by being a shrewd economic strategist as well as for his infamous homosexual relationship with a boy named Antinous.

Busts:

1) Bare head left 2) Bare head right 3) Bare-headed, draped bust left 4) Bare-headed, draped bust right 5) Laureate bust left 6) Laureate bust right 7) Laureate head left 8) Laureate head right 9) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 10) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 11) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 12) Laureate, draped bust left 13) Laureate, draped bust right 14) Radiate bust right 15) Radiate head right 16) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 17) Radiate, draped bust right

a) Eagle standing right b) Hercules bust right, wearing lion skin

Obverses:

1) AVGVST HADRIANVS PP 2) AVGVSTVS HADRIANVS 3) DIVVS HADRIANVS AVG 4) HADRIANO TRAIANO CAESARI 5) HADRIANVS AVG COS III PP 6) HADRIANVS AVG PP REN 7) HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS 8) HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS PP 9) HADRIANVS OPT AVGVSTVS 10) IMP CAE D TR PAR F D NER N TRA HADRIANO AVG 11) IMP CAE DI TRAIAN F DIV NER NEP TRA HADRIANO AVG 12) IMP CAES DIVI TRA PARTH F DIVI NER NEP TRAIANO HADRIANO AVG 13) IMP CAES DIVI TRAIAN AVG F TRAIAN HADRIAN OPT AVG GER 14) IMP CAES HADRIANVS AVG COS III 15) IMP CAES TRA HADRIANO AVG PP 16) IMP CAES TRA HADRIANVS AVG 17) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIAN OPT AVG G D PAR 18) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIAN OPT AVG GER D PAR 19) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIAN OPT AVG GER DAC 20) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO AVG DIVI NER 21) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO AVG DIVI TRA 22) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO AVG DIVI TRA PARTH F 23) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO OPT AVG G D PAR 24) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO OPT AVG G D PART 25) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO OPT AVG G D PARTH 26) IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO OPT AVG GER DAC 27) IMP CAES TRAIANO HADRIANO AVG 28) IMP CAES TRAIANO HADRIANO AVG PM TR P COS 29) IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG 30) IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG PM TR P COS III 31) IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG 32) IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG GE D P 33) IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG GER DAC 34) IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG PM TR P 35) IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG PM TR P COS III 36) IMP TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG

Reverses:

1) ADLOCVTIO 2) ADOPTIO TRIBVNIC POTEST 3) ADVENTVI AVG AFRICAE 4) ADVENTVI AVG ALEXANDRIAE 5) ADVENTVI AVG ARABIAE 6) ADVENTVI AVG ASIAE

7) ADVENTVI AVG BITHYNIAE 8) ADVENTVI AVG BRITANNIAE 9) ADVENTVI AVG CILICIAE 10) ADVENTVI AVG GALLIAE 11) ADVENTVI AVG HISPANIAE 12) ADVENTVI AVG ITALIAE

Hadrian reigns during the height of the Roman Golden Age. The immense amount of wealth pouring into Rome from all corners of the then known world translate into, among other things, an earnest pursuit of art. And this naturally includes the cash being made. As the years go by Hadrian ages gracefully on the coins he’s portrayed on from youth to full maturity. Every coin made seems to have been given special attention to convey a sense of realism and glory. And, thankfully, many of these look as though they were made just yesterday. These immaculately preserved coins come with dizzying price tags when in gold or copper but can be routinely found in silver for $100-$200 each. Considering that each and every one of them was handmade by a team of professionals almost 2,000 years ago that is a true bargain! If paying that much is regardless too much then you can still expect to get a lot of coin for $50 or so. A “starter” Denarius or As can be had for just a few dollars.

90 13) ADVENTVI AVG IVDAEAE 14) ADVENTVI AVG MACEDONIAE 15) ADVENTVI AVG MAVRETANIAE 16) ADVENTVI AVG MOESIAE 17) ADVENTVI AVG NORICI 18) ADVENTVI AVG PHRYGIAE 19) ADVENTVI AVG SICILIAE 20) ADVENTVI AVG THRACIAE 21) ADVENTVS AVG 22) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 23) AEGYPTOS 24) AELIVS CAESAR 25) AEQVITAS AVG 26) AETERNITAS AVG 27) AETERNITAS AVGVSTI 28) AFRICA 29) ALEXANDRIA 30) ANN DCCLXXIIII NAT VRB P CIR CON 31) ANNONA AVG 32) ANNONA AVGVSTI 33) ASIA 34) BRITANNIA 35) CAPPADOCIA 36) CLEMENTIA AVG 37) CLEMENTIA AVG COS III PP 38) CLEMENTIA AVG PP COS III 39) COH PRAETOR 40) COHORT PRAETOR 41) CONCORDIA AVG 42) CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM 43) CONCORDIA TR POT COS II 44) CONSECRATIO 45) COS 46) COS III 47) COS III PP 48) COS III PP CLEMENTIA AVG 49) COS III PP IVSTITIA AVG 50) DAC PARTHICO PM TR P COS PP 51) DACIA 52) DIANA EPEHSIA COS 53) DIANA EPHESIA 54) DISCIPLINA AVG 55) DIVI NER NEP PM TR P COS 56) DIVIS PARENTIBVS 57) DIVO TRAIANO PART AVG PATRI 58) DIVO TRAIANO PATRI 59) DIVO TRAIANO PATRI AVG 60) DIVVS TRAIAN AVG PARTH PATER 61) ESERC SYRIACVS 62) EXER BRITANNICVS 63) EXER CAPPADOCICVS 64) EXER MOESIACVS 65) EXERC BRITAN 66) EXERC DACICVS 67) EXERC GERMA 68) EXERC HISPAN 69) EXERC HISPANICVS 70) EXERC SYRIAC 71) EXERC SYRIACVS 72) EXERCITVS DACICVS 73) EXERCITVS GERMANICVS 74) EXERCITVS MAVRETANICVS 75) EXERCITVS NORICVS 76) EXERCITVS RAETICVS 77) EXERCITVS SYRIACVS 78) FELIC AVG PM TR P COS III 79) FELICITAS AVG 80) FELICITAS AVG COS III PP 81) FELICITAS AVGVSTI 82) FELICITAS P R 83) FELICITATI 84) FELICITATI / AVG 85) FELICITATI / AVGG PP 86) FELICITATI AVG 87) FIDES PVBLICA 88) FORT RED 89) FORT REDVCI 90) FORT RFDVCI 91) FORTV AVGVS 92) FORTVNA AVG 93) FORTVNA AVGVST 94) FORTVNA EPHESIA 95) FORTVNA SPES 96) FORTVNAE REDVCA 97) FORTVNAE REDVCI 98) FORTVNAE REDVCI COS III PP 99) GENIO P R 100) GERMANIA 101) HADRIANVS AVG COS III PP

102) HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS 103) HILARITAS P R 104) HISPANIA 105) IMP CAES ANTONINVS 106) IMP CAES DIVI TRA PARTH F DIVI NER NEP TRAIANO

HADRIANO AVG 107) IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GERM DAC 108) IMP CAESAR AVGVSTVS 109) IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG 110) IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG 111) IMP T AELIVS CAESAR ANTONINVS 112) INDVLGENTIA AVG 113) INDVLGENTIA AVG COS III PP 114) INDVLGENTIA AVG PP 115) IOVI CONSERVAT 116) IOVI CVSTODI 117) IOVI VICTORI 118) IOVIS OLYMPIVS 119) ITALIA 120) ITALIA FELIX 121) IVDAEA 122) IVSTITIA AVG 123) IVSTITIA AVG PP 124) L AELIVS CAESAR 125) LIBERALITAS AVG 126) LIBERALITAS AVG COS III PP 127) LIBERALITAS AVG III 128) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII 129) LIBERALITAS AVG PP 130) LIBERALITAS AVG VI 131) LIBERALITAS AVG VII 132) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 133) LOCVPLETATORI ORBIS TERRARVM 134) MARTI 135) MAVRETANIA 136) MONETA AVG 137) MONETA AVGVSTI 138) NILVS 139) PARTH F DIVI NER NEP PM TR P COS 140) PARTHIC DIVI NER NEP PM TR P 141) PARTHIC DIVI TRAIAN AVG F PM TR P COS PP 142) PATIENTIA AVGVSTI 143) PAX AVG 144) PIETAS AVG 145) PIETAS AVG COS III PP 146) PIETAS AVGVSTI 147) PIETATI AVG COS III PP 148) PLOTINAE AVG 149) PM TR P COS DES II 150) PM TR P COS DES III 151) PM TR P COS II 152) PM TR P COS III 153) PM TR POTES COS III 154) PONT MAX TR POT COS 155) PONT MAX TR POT COS DES II 156) PONT MAX TR POT COS DES III 157) PONT MAX TR POT COS II 158) PONT MAX TR POT COS III 159) PROVIDENTIA AVG 160) PROVIDENTIA AVGVSTI COS III 161) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 162) RELIQVA VETERA H S NOVIES MILL ABOLITA 163) RESTITVTORI ACHAIAE 164) RESTITVTORI AFRICAE 165) RESTITVTORI ARABIAE 166) RESTITVTORI ASIAE 167) RESTITVTORI BYTHINIAE 168) RESTITVTORI GALLIAE 169) RESTITVTORI HISPANIAE 170) RESTITVTORI ITALIAE 171) RESTITVTORI LIBYAE 172) RESTITVTORI MACEDONIAE 173) RESTITVTORI NICOMEDIA 174) RESTITVTORI ORBIS TERRAR 175) RESTITVTORI ORBIS TERRARVM 176) RESTITVTORI PHRYGIAE 177) RESTITVTORI SICILIAE 178) ROMA 179) ROMA AETERNA 180) ROMA FELIX 181) ROMA FELIX COS III PP 182) ROMAE AETERNAE 183) ROMVLO CONDITORI 184) SABINA AVGVSTA 185) SABINA AVGVSTA HADRIANI 186) SALVS AVG 187) SALVS AVGVSTI 188) SALVS PVBLICA 189) SECVR PVB COS III PP

91 190) SECVRITAS AVG 191) SICILIA 192) SPES P R 193) SPQR 194) TELLVS STABIL 195) TRANQVILLITAS AVG 196) TRANQVILLITAS AVG COS III PP 197) TRANQVILLITAS AVG PP 198) TRIBVNIC POTESTAS COS III 199) VENERI GENETRICI

200) VENERIS FELICIS 201) VICTORIA AVG 202) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 203) VIRTVTI AVG 204) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI 205) VOT PVB 206) VOT PVB PM TR P COS III 207) VOTA PVBL 208) VOTA PVBLICA 209) No legend

Types:

1) Abundantia seated left, holding sickle over modius and cornucopia 2) Abundantia standing left, stepping on modius, holding sickle and cornucopia. 3) Aelius bare-headed bust right 4) Aequitas seated left, holding scale and cornucopia. 5) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 6) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and scepter. 7) Aesculapius standing left, holding scepter with snake around it 8) Aeternitas standing left, holding heads of Sun and Moon 9) Africa lying left, holding grain ears and cornucopia 10) Africa lying left, holding scorpion and cornucopia; modius to left 11) Africa lying left, holding sistrum and resting arm on basket; modius to left 12) Africa lying left, resting arm on lion’s head 13) Alexandria lying left, holding grain ears and branch; grain ears on ground to left. 14) Alexandria standing left, holding sistrum and snake in basket. 15) Altar 16) Annona seated left, facing child with cornucopia; galley in background. 17) Annona seated right, facing child with cornucopia. 18) Annona seated right, holding cornucopia; modius with grain ears to lower right. 19) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and rudder; galley to left. 20) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia; galley prow to right 21) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and rudder on galley prow 22) Annona standing right, hand on hip and holding cornucopia; modius with grain ears and galley prow to right. 23) Antoninus Pius bare headed, draped bust right 24) Antoninus Pius laureate bust right 25) Apollo standing left, holding raven and branch 26) Apollo standing right, holding deer and bow 27) Apollo standing right, holding plectrum and lyre 28) Asia standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding hook and rudder. 29) Britannia seated, facing, resting head on hand and holding scepter; shield to right 30) Caduceus 31) Cappadocia standing left, holding Mt. Argaeus and standard. 32) Capricorn standing right 33) Ceres advancing right, holding grain ears and scepter. 34) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and cornucopia; modius to left 35) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter. 36) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch. 37) Clementia standing left, holding patera and scepter. 38) Clementia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 39) Clementia standing left, sacrificing over altar and leaning on column, holding scepter. 40) Club 41) Concordia seated left, holding patera and resting arm on Spes 42) Concordia seated left, holding patera and resting arm on Spes; cornucopia below chair. 43) Concordia standing left, holding eagle and standard. 44) Concordia standing left, holding patera and scepter; galley prow to left. 45) Concordia standing left, leaning on column, holding patera and cornucopia. 46) Crescent; seven stars above 47) Crescent; star above 48) Crescent; star and dot above 49) Cybele seated left, holding patera over lion. 50) Dacia seated left, holding standard and scimitar 51) Diana standing right, holding arrow and bow. 52) Diana standing right, raising hand and holding bow; dog by feet. 53) Diana standing, facing, holding patera and bow; deer to left. 54) Eagle in center; peacock to left and owl on helmet to right. 55) Eagle standing right 56) Eagle standing right on globe 57) Eagle standing right on thunderbolt 58) Eagle standing right, standard on either side 59) Egypt lying left, holding sistrum and resting arm on bread basket; ibis to left. 60) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 61) Felicitas seated left, holding cornucopia and branch. 62) Felicitas seated left, holding cornucopia and caduceus. 63) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and caduceus. 64) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. 65) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and scepter. 66) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and branch. 67) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 68) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia; wheel to lower left 69) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 70) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 71) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit tray 72) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia 73) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia 74) Fortuna standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 75) Fortuna standing left, holding patera and cornucopia with rudder on globe

92 76) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 77) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 78) Fortuna standing left, leaning on column, holding rudder and cornucopia 79) Fortuna to left, holding rudder on globe across from Spes, holding flower and raising skirt. 80) Galley sailing left 81) Galley sailing right 82) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 83) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears. 84) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 85) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears. 86) Genius standing right on left, holding scepter, facing Genius to right, pouring cornucopia over altar and holding another cornucopia. 87) Genius standing right, stepping on globe, holding scepter and cornucopia. 88) Germania standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 89) Germania standing, facing, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 90) Goat standing right, suckling child. 91) Grain ears 92) Griffin advancing left 93) Griffin advancing right 94) Griffin poised left. 95) Hadrian advancing right; (3) soldiers following, each holding a standard. 96) Hadrian advancing right; (4) soldiers following, each holding a standard. 97) Hadrian on horse to left, hailing (3) soldiers, each holding a standard 98) Hadrian on horse to right, hailing (3) soldiers, each holding a standard 99) Hadrian on horse to right, hailing (5) soldiers, each holding a standard 100) Hadrian riding eagle skywards 101) Hadrian riding horse left, raising hand 102) Hadrian riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter 103) Hadrian riding horse right, holding spear 104) Hadrian riding horse right, raising hand. 105) Hadrian seated left, giving money to a citizen 106) Hadrian seated left, giving money to two citizens 107) Hadrian seated left, Liberalitas with coin counter in background, attendant gifting money to citizen on steps to lower left. 108) Hadrian seated left, raising hand; Liberalitas to left, pouring cornucopia into citizens’ togas. 109) Hadrian seated to right on pedestal facing woman to left, holding baby, with child to side. 110) Hadrian standing left on platform, raising hand, facing five citizens to left, raising hands; temple with four columns to right 111) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Achaea to left; palm in vase between them. 112) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Africa to left, holding grain ears; grain ears growing on ground between them. 113) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Asia to left, holding scepter. 114) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Bithynia to left, holding acrostolium. 115) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Hispania to left, holding branch; rabbit on ground between them 116) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Orbis to left 117) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Phrygia to left, holding scimitar. 118) Hadrian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Sicilia to left, holding grain ears. 119) Hadrian standing left on right, receiving globe from Trajan to left 120) Hadrian standing left on right, sacrificing over altar; three citizens and sacrificial bull to left 121) Hadrian standing left on right, shaking hands with Roma to left, holding spear. 122) Hadrian standing left, holding rudder on globe and spear 123) Hadrian standing left, raising hand and holding spear; two standards to left, one to right. 124) Hadrian standing left, raising hand towards flying eagle bearing scepter. 125) Hadrian standing left, sacrificing over altar. 126) Hadrian standing right on left and Genius to right, sacrificing over altar between them. 127) Hadrian standing right on left, facing several soldiers 128) Hadrian standing right on left, facing two children; Judea to right standing left, sacrificing over altar. Third child to extreme right. 129) Hadrian standing right on left, holding globe with Trajan 130) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Africa, holding grain ears; plants on ground between them. 131) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Arabia. 132) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Asia, holding scepter. 133) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Bithynia, holding acrostolium. 134) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Gallia 135) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Hispania, holding branch; rabbit on ground between them. 136) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Hispania; rabbit on ground in between them. 137) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Italia, holding cornucopia. 138) Hadrian standing right on left, holding hand of kneeling Libya. 139) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Africa, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 140) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Africa, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia; calf by altar 141) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Africa, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears; calf by altar 142) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Africa, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding standard; calf by altar 143) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Alexandria, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding bird. 144) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Arabia, standing left sacrificing over altar. 145) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Asia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 146) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Bithinia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding rudder; calf by altar. 147) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Cilicia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding standard. 148) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Gallia, standing left, sacrificing over altar; calf by altar 149) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Hispania, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding branch. 150) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Italia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 151) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Italia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia; calf by feet or altar. 152) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Judea, standing left, sacrificing over altar and child to either side of her; calf by feet or altar. 153) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Judea, standing left, sacrificing over altar and child to either side of altar; calf by feet or altar. 154) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Judea, standing left, sacrificing over altar and child to either side of her. 155) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Macedonia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding whip. 156) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Mauretania, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding vexillum; calf by feet or altar. 157) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Mauretania, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears; calf by feet or altar. 158) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Moesia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding quiver with arrows; calf by feet or altar. 159) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Noricum, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding standard; calf by feet or altar. 160) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Phrygia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scimitar; calf by feet or altar. 161) Hadrian standing right on left, raising hand, facing Sicilia, standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears; calf by feet or altar. 162) Hadrian standing right on left, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding thunderbolt; eagle between them. 163) Hadrian standing right on left, shaking hands with Felicitas to right, holding caduceus. 164) Hadrian standing right on left, shaking hands with Fortuna, seated to right, holding cornucopia

93 165) Hadrian standing right on left, shaking hands with Fortuna, standing to right, holding cornucopia 166) Hadrian standing right on left, shaking hands with Roma seated to right, holding spear. 167) Hadrian standing right on left, shaking hands with Roma standing to right, holding spear. 168) Hadrian standing right on left, shaking hands with Trajan to right 169) Hadrian standing right, raising hand, facing four soldiers to right; praetorian prefect to left 170) Hadrian standing right, stepping on crocodile, holding spear and parazonium. 171) Hadrian standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding spear and parazonium. 172) Hadrian standing, facing, under arch, holding phoenix on globe 173) Hercules seated left, holding club and two arrows. 174) Hercules seated right, holding club on shield and two arrows. 175) Hercules seated right, holding club on shield and Victory. 176) Hercules seated, facing, resting hand on club and holding distaff 177) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding apple; galley prow to left and Tiber(?) to right. 178) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin. 179) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia; child on either side. 180) Hilaritas standing right, holding palm and touching head. 181) Hilaritas standing, facing, pulling veil with both hands 182) Hispania lying left, holding branch; rabbit to lower left. 183) Hispania lying left, holding branch; rabbit to lower right. 184) Indulgentia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter. 185) Italia standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia 186) Janus standing, facing, hand on hip and holding scepter. 187) Janus standing, facing, holding scepter and hand on hip. 188) Jupiter seated left, holding Diana Ephesia and scepter 189) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 190) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 191) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle by feet. 192) Jupiter seated right, holding scepter and Victory on globe; eagle by feet. 193) Jupiter standing left, holding eagle and scepter 194) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 195) Jupiter standing, facing, holding axe and spear 196) Justitia seated left, holding patera and scepter 197) Liber standing left, pouring cup over panther and holding thrysus. 198) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 199) Liberalitas standing right, pouring out cornucopia 200) Libertas seated left, holding branch and scepter 201) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and branch 202) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia 203) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter. 204) Lictor standing left, holding fasces, setting fire to documents. 205) Lictor standing left, holding fasces, setting fire to documents; two citizens to left, raising hands 206) Lictor standing left, holding fasces, setting fire to documents; three citizens to left, raising hands 207) Lictor standing right, holding fasces, setting fire to documents; two citizens to right, raising hands 208) Luna advancing right, holding torch in each hand. 209) Luna standing left, holding patera and torch; deer to left. 210) Lunus standing left, holding patera and scepter 211) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 212) Mars standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 213) Mauretania leading horse left and holding two spears 214) Mauretania leading horse right and holding two spears 215) Mauretania standing left, holding two spears and reins of horse behind 216) Mauretania standing right, holding reins of horse behind and two javelins. 217) Minerva advancing right, aiming spear and shield 218) Minerva seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 219) Minerva standing left, holding patera and spear with shield 220) Minerva standing left, holding spear and shield. 221) Minerva standing left, holding thunderbolt and spear; shield by feet. 222) Minerva standing left, raising hand and holding spear; tree to left, rabbit to lower left. 223) Minerva standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding spear. 224) Minerva standing left, sacrificing over candelabrum and, holding spear; snake on shield to side. 225) Minerva standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield 226) Minerva standing right, holding spear and trophy 227) Minerva standing, facing, holding spear and shield 228) Modius with grain ears 229) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 230) Nemeses (2) standing, facing each other, each pulling her dress 231) Nemesis advancing right, pulling dress and holding branch. 232) Nemesis standing left, holding sistrum; wheel by feet. 233) Nemesis standing left, pulling dress and holding purse; wheel by feet. 234) Nemesis standing right, pulling dress and resting hand on wheel. 235) Neptune sacrificing left over patera, holding trident. 236) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident 237) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding acrostolium and trident. 238) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding acrostolium and dolphin 239) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and dolphin 240) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding trident and dolphin 241) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding trident. 242) Neptune standing left, stepping on globe, holding acrostolium and dolphin 243) Neptune standing right, holding trident and seagull 244) Neptune standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding acrostolium and trident. 245) Neptune standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding dolphin and trident 246) Neptune standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding trident and dolphin 247) Neptune standing, facing, holding acrostolium and trident 248) Nilus lying left, holding reed and cornucopia with child hanging on; child riding hippopotamus to left, crocodile below. 249) Nilus lying left, holding reed and cornucopia; hippopotamus to left, crocodile below. 250) Nilus lying right, holding reed and cornucopia; child to left, child in center, child riding hippopotamus to right and crocodile below 251) Nilus lying right, holding reed and cornucopia; hippopotamus to right, crocodile below. 252) Nilus lying right, holding reed and cornucopia; reeds to right, crocodile below 253) Oceanus lying left, holding anchor.

94 254) Owl standing on helmet 255) Patientia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter 256) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter. 257) Pax seated left, holding Victory and branch. 258) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia 259) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 260) Pax standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding branch and cornucopia; anchor in left field. 261) Pegasus advancing left 262) Pegasus advancing right 263) Pietas seated left, holding patera and scepter. 264) Pietas standing left, raising hands 265) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar 266) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar; stork to right. 267) Pietas standing right, raising hands 268) Pietas standing right, raising hands over altar 269) Pietas standing, facing, raising hands 270) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 271) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, raising hand over globe and holding cornucopia. 272) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, raising hand over globe and holding scepter 273) Providentia standing left, raising hand over globe and holding scepter. 274) Pudicitia advancing right. 275) Pudicitia seated left 276) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil. 277) Pudicitia standing, facing 278) River god lying left, holding reed; water below 279) Roma seated left, holding branch and spear. 280) Roma seated left, holding branch and spear; shield to side. 281) Roma seated left, holding heads of Sun and Moon and spear; shield to side. 282) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and spear; shield to side. 283) Roma seated left, holding parazonium and spear 284) Roma seated left, holding Victory and cornucopia; shield to side 285) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; shield to side 286) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; snake on altar to right 287) Roma seated right, holding Victory and spear 288) Roma seated right; holding spear and parazonium; shield to side 289) Roma seated right; holding spear and shaking hands with Hadrian 290) Roma standing left, holding Palladium and spear 291) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear 292) Roma standing right, holding spear and cornucopia. 293) Roma standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding spear and parazonium 294) Roma standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and cornucopia. 295) Roma standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and resting hand on shield 296) Roma standing right, stepping on helmet, holding Victory and cornucopia 297) Roma standing, facing, holding spear; Senate to left, Hadrian to right. 298) Romulus advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 299) Sabina draped bust left. 300) Sacrificial implements: knife, lituus, apex and simpulum on axe 301) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 302) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar 303) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder on globe. 304) Salus seated left, sacrificing over altar 305) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder on globe. 306) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter. 307) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar. 308) Salus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 309) Salus standing left, stepping on globe, holding patera and rudder. 310) Salus standing right, feeding snake on altar. 311) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 312) Securitas seated left, holding cornucopia and resting head on hand. 313) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand. 314) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter 315) Sol radiate bust right 316) Sol riding quadriga left 317) Sol riding quadriga right 318) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 319) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 320) Standards (3) 321) Statue of Artemis, grain ear on either side 322) Statue of Diana Ephesia, raising hands 323) Statue of Diana Ephesia, raising hands, deer on either side 324) Statue of Proserpina, holding grain ears 325) Statue of Venus, Cupid to lower right. 326) Tellus lying left, holding branch and leaning on fruit basket 327) Tellus lying left, holding resting hand on globe and leaning on fruit basket 328) Tellus standing left, holding plow handle and rake; two plants on right. 329) Temple with (10) columns 330) Temple with (2) columns, Hercules standing within, resting hand on club; attendant on either side; river god lying right below. 331) Temple with (2) columns, Hercules standing within, resting hand on club; river god lying left below. 332) Temple with (2) columns, Minerva holding patera and spear and shield by feet within 333) Temple with (2) columns, Proserpina within 334) Temple with (4) columns reading ROM S P AVG on frieze and COM BIT across fields; statue of Hadrian within, holding spear and Victory. 335) Temple with (4) columns, Apollo holding deer and bow within 336) Temple with (4) columns, Hercules standing within, resting hand on club and raising hand; indeterminate object below. 337) Temple with (4) columns, statue of Diana Ephesia within, raising hands 338) Temple with (4) columns, two Nemeses standing, facing each other within 339) Temple with (6) columns, statue of Ephesia within 340) Temple with (8) columns reading ROM S P AVG on frieze and COM BIT across fields. 341) Thunderbolt 342) Tiber lying left, holding rudder

95 343) Time(?) lying left, holding wheel. 344) Trajan bare headed bust right over diademed bust of Plotina 345) Trajan bust to left, facing bust of Plotina to right; star above each. 346) Trajan laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 347) Trajan’s father seated left, holding branch and scepter. 348) Tranquillitas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter 349) Triumphal arch 350) Trophy, shields at base. 351) Venus seated left 352) Venus seated left, holding Cupid and spear. 353) Venus standing, facing, holding Victory with trophy and resting hand on shield. 354) Vexillae (2) with standard on either side 355) Vexillum with standard on either side 356) Victory advancing right, holding trophy 357) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 358) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 359) Victory advancing right, pulling dress and holding branch. 360) Victory advancing right, raising hand to head and holding palm. 361) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm 362) Victory standing left, holding eagle and palm. 363) Victory standing left, holding vexillum and palm 364) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 365) Victory standing right, pulling dress and holding palm 366) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm. 367) Virtus standing left, holding parazonium and spear. 368) Virtus standing left, holding spear and parazonium. 369) Virtus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding parazonium and spear. 370) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium 371) Virtus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 372) Weapons in a pile 373) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus 374) Wolf standing right 375) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus 376) Wreath, AELIANA PINCENSIA within 377) Wreath, COS III within 378) Wreath, IOVI OPTIMO MAXIMO SPQR within 379) Wreath, MET NOR within 380) Wreath, SC within 381) Wreath, SPQR AN FF HADRIANO AVG PP within 382) Wreath, VIC AVG within 383) Wreath, VOTA SVSCEPTA within

Mints:

1) Asia, locality uncertain 2) Bythinia, locality uncertain 3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B02, O05, R122, T196 RIC II 252a, C 878 2) B02, O07, R047, T123 RIC II 204b, BMC 530, C 485 3) B03, O05, R104, T182 RIC II 305h, C 828 4) B04, O05, R028, T012 RIC II 298, BMC 808 5) B04, O05, R087, T071 RIC II 241, C 715 6) B08, O07, R045, T316 RIC II 168, BMC 378 7) B08, O07, R045, T373 Exe: III RIC II 193, BMC 448, C 422 8) B08, O29, R152, T247 RIC II 72, C 1079 9) B08, O29, R152, T331 RIC II 56, C 1083 10) B09, O24, R059, T346 RIC II 24b, BMC 45 11) B11, O07, R046, T102 RIC II 188e, BMC 439 12) B11, O08, R209, T104 Exe: COS III RIC II 348, C 410 13) B11, O14, R030, T343 RIC II 144, BMC 333, C 162 14) B11, O29, R151, T302 Exe: SALVS AVG RIC II 46, C 1349 15) B11, O29, R152, T286 BMC 133

AU Quinarius

16) B11, O07, R046, T302 RIC II 180, C 365

AR Tetradrachm

17) B02, O01, R091, T076 18) B02, O08, R046, T076 C 374 19) B02, O08, R046, T190 RIC II 499 20) B02, O08, R046, T192 RIC II 497, C 275 21) B02, O08, R046, T197 RIC II 485, C 323a 22) B02, O08, R046, T230 23) B02, O08, R046, T321 RIC II 510 24) B02, O08, R046, T323 RIC II 489 25) B02, O08, R053, T322 26) B02, O08, R052, T323 RIC II 527, C 539 27) B02, O08, R053, T323 RIC II 474

96 28) B02, O08, R209, T337 RIC II 475a 29) B04, O08, R046, T027 RIC II 482, C 285 30) B04, O08, R046, T053 31) B04, O08, R046, T193 C 275a 32) B04, O08, R046, T219 RIC II 503, C 294 33) B08, O08, R046, T284 RIC II 511, C 347f 34) B08, O15, R209, T340 RIC II 461a, C 240a

AR Denarius Reference(s)

35) B01, O05, R028, T010 RIC II 299g, C 139 36) B01, O07, R086, T080 Exe: COS III PP RIC II 209, C 653 37) B01, O07, R125, T199 38) B02, O05, R021, T121 RIC II 225, S 3455, C 84 39) B02, O05, R023, T059 RIC II 296a, C 96 40) B02, O05, R025, T006 RIC II 228, S 3457, C 122 41) B02, O05, R029, T014 RIC II 300, C 154 42) B02, O05, R031, T228 RIC II 230, C 170 43) B02, O05, R033, T028 RIC II 301, C 188 44) B02, O05, R046, T076 RIC II 379, C 376 45) B02, O05, R079, T066 RIC II 234a, C 614 46) B02, O05, R079, T163 RIC II 237, C 628 47) B02, O05, R082, T064 RIC II 238, S 3489, C 649 48) B02, O05, R087, T071 RIC II 241, C 716 49) B02, O05, R089, T165 RIC II 243, C 762 50) B02, O05, R090, T073 grain ear in exergue Curtis Clay collection 51) B02, O05, R092, T076 RIC II 244a, S 3494, C 762 52) B02, O05, R100, T088 RIC II 302, C 805 53) B02, O05, R104, T182 RIC II 305, C 822 54) B02, O05, R136, T229 RIC II 256a, S 3507, C 963 55) B02, O05, R138, T251 RIC II 309, C 989 56) B02, O05, R144, T265 RIC II 257a, C 1028 57) B02, O05, R159, T270 RIC II 261, C 1204 58) B02, O05, R159, T273 RIC II 262, S 3531, C 1201 59) B02, O05, R182, T282 RIC II 265, C 1312 60) B02, O05, R183, T298 RIC II 266a, C 1316 61) B02, O05, R186, T310 RIC II 267a, C 1334 62) B02, O05, R192, T319 RIC II 274, C 1411 63) B02, O05, R201, T361 RIC II 286a, S 3548, C 1461 64) B02, O07, R046, T314 Curtis Clay collection 65) B02, O07, R114, T184 Exe: COS III RIC II 212, C 846 66) B02, O07, R123, T196 Exe: COS III RIC II 215, C 894 67) B02, O07, R126, T199 RIC II 216, C 918 68) B02, O07, R145, T263 RIC II 218, C 1039 69) B03, O07, R037, T037 RIC II 606, C 221 70) B04, O05, R097, T165 RIC II 248 71) B04, O05, R201, T359 RIC II 282c, C 1455 72) B04, O07, R114, T184 Exe: COS III RIC II 213, C 857 73) B04, O07, R129, T199 RIC II 217, C 927 74) B04, O07, R147, T263 RIC II 219, C 1046 75) B04, O07, R196, T348 RIC II 222, C 1443 76) B06, O21, R139, T264 PIE TAS across fields RIC II 13, C 1023 77) B06, O26, R139, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 9, C 248 78) B06, O26, R141, T196 Exe: IVSTITIA RIC II 6, C 875 79) B06, O29, R149, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 17, C 251 80) B06, O29, R149, T196 Exe: IVSTITIA RIC II 19, C 876 81) B06, O29, R149, T258 Exe: PAX RIC II 21 82) B06, O29, R150, T302 Exe: SALVS AVG RIC II 51, C 1352 83) B06, O29, R151, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 39, C 252 84) B06, O29, R151, T196 Exe: IVSTITIA RIC II 42, C 877 85) B06, O29, R151, T264 PIE TAS across fields RIC II 45, C 1027 86) B06, O29, R151, T267 VOT PVB across fields RIC II 47, C 1475 87) B06, O29, R152, T008 AETER AVG across fields RIC II 115, C 131 88) B06, O29, R152, T041 RIC II 82, C 1149 89) B06, O29, R152, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 118b, C 255 90) B06, O29, R152, T067 FEL AVG across fields RIC II 119, C 599 91) B06, O29, R152, T067 FELIC AVG across fields RIC II 121, S 3487, C 601 92) B06, O29, R152, T067 RIC II 83, C 1143 93) B06, O29, R152, T076 RIC II 85, C 1157 94) B06, O29, R152, T078 RIC II 86b, S 3521, C 1155 95) B06, O29, R152, T085 RIC II 90a, C 1089 96) B06, O29, R152, T107 Exe: LIBERAL AVG / III RIC II 132, C 913 97) B06, O29, R152, T211 RIC II 67, S 3516, C 1073 98) B06, O29, R152, T257 RIC II 95, C 1148 99) B06, O29, R152, T259 RIC II 94, C 1123 100) B06, O29, R152, T267 VOT PVB across fields RIC II 52, C 1476 101) B06, O29, R152, T267 RIC II 97, S 3524, C 1116 102) B06, O29, R152, T269 RIC II 96, C 1115 103) B06, O29, R152, T270 PRO AVG across fields RIC II 133, S 3530, C 1198 104) B06, O29, R152, T277 PV DIC across fields RIC II 135, C 1260 105) B06, O29, R152, T284 RIC II 77c, C 1104 106) B06, O29, R152, T302 Exe: SAL AVG RIC II 137b, C 1326 107) B06, O29, R152, T302 Exe: SALVS AVG RIC II 139, C 1354 108) B06, O29, R152, T302 RIC II 98, C 1151 109) B07, O05, R186, T306 110) B07, O07, R037, T037 RIC II 206 111) B08, O05, R023, T059 RIC II 297, S 3456, C 99 112) B08, O05, R028, T010 RIC II 299d, C 138

97 113) B08, O05, R079, T066 RIC II 234d, C 615 114) B08, O05, R083, T080 Exe: AVGVSTI RIC II 240, C 712 115) B08, O05, R092, T074 RIC II 245 116) B08, O05, R092, T076 RIC II 244c, C 768 117) B08, O05, R097, T072 RIC II 247, C 783 118) B08, O05, R136, T229 RIC II 256d, C 966 119) B08, O05, R144, T263 RIC II 260 120) B08, O05, R144, T265 RIC II 257c, S 3513, C 1028 121) B08, O05, R168, T134 RIC II 324, C 1247 122) B08, O05, R169, T115 RIC II 327, C 1260 123) B08, O05, R169, T135 RIC II 326d, C 1270 124) B08, O05, R180, T279 RIC II 264, C 1304 125) B08, O05, R183, T298 RIC II 266c, S 3538, C 1317 126) B08, O05, R186, T302 RIC II 270, C 1342 127) B08, O05, R186, T306 RIC II 268, C 1329 128) B08, O05, R186, T310 RIC II 267d, C 1336 129) B08, O05, R194, T328 RIC II 276, C 1425 130) B08, O05, R201, T359 RIC II 282d, S 3547, C 1456 131) B08, O05, R201, T361 RIC II 286d, C 1461 132) B08, O05, R208, T125 RIC II 290, S 3550, C 1484 133) B08, O07, R046, T001 Exe: • RIC II 146 134) B08, O07, R046, T001 RIC II 170 135) B08, O07, R046, T002 RIC II 169, C 381 136) B08, O07, R046, T041 RIC II 172, S 3475, C 328 137) B08, O07, R046, T046 RIC II 202, C 465 138) B08, O07, R046, T048 RIC II 200, S 3484, C 460 139) B08, O07, R046, T051 RIC II 147, C 315 140) B08, O07, R046, T174 RIC II 149, C 330 141) B08, O07, R046, T175 RIC II 148, C 332 142) B08, O07, R046, T203 RIC II 175, C 374 143) B08, O07, R046, T217 RIC II 152 144) B08, O07, R046, T220 RIC II 154 145) B08, O07, R046, T228 RIC II 197 146) B08, O07, R046, T246 RIC II 155 147) B08, O07, R046, T274 Exe: • RIC II 179, C 394 148) B08, O07, R046, T275 RIC II 178, C 393 149) B08, O07, R046, T276 RIC II 176, C 392 150) B08, O07, R046, T280 RIC II 165, C 341 151) B08, O07, R046, T283 Exe: • RIC II 164, C 339 152) B08, O07, R046, T285 RIC II 161, S 3471, C 349 153) B08, O07, R046, T288 Exe: • RIC II 163, S 3472, C 337 154) B08, O07, R046, T300 RIC II 199, C 455 155) B08, O07, R046, T301 RIC II 398, C 454 156) B08, O07, R046, T319 RIC II 181, S 3479, C 390 157) B08, O07, R046, T361 RIC II 183, C 361 158) B08, O07, R046, T365 RIC II 182, C 358 159) B08, O07, R046, T370 RIC II 160, C 353 160) B08, O07, R180, T279 RIC II 220, C 1038 161) B08, O07, R189, T313 RIC II 221, S 3541, C 1399 162) B08, O08, R046, T001 RIC II 338, C 380 163) B08, O08, R046, T005 RIC II 399, C 382 164) B08, O08, R046, T047 RIC II 355, C 458 165) B08, O08, R046, T080 RIC II 351 166) B08, O08, R046, T225 RIC II 330d, C 295 167) B08, O08, R046, T275 RIC II 343, C 366 168) B08, O08, R046, T284 RIC II 333 169) B08, O08, R046, T288 RIC II 332, C 338 170) B08, O08, R046, T295 RIC II 337, C 354 171) B08, O08, R046, T361 RIC II 345, C 362 172) B08, O08, R152, T005 RIC II 381, C 1121 173) B08, O08, R152, T285 RIC II 380, C 1100 174) B08, O08, R197, T348 Curtis Clay collection 175) B08, O08, R209, T081 Exe: COS III RIC II 352 176) B08, O29, R151, T302 Exe: SALVS AVG RIC II 46, C 1330 177) B08, O29, R152, T005 RIC II 80, S 3520, C 1119 178) B08, O29, R152, T060 Exe: FEL P R RIC II 120, S 3486, C 600 179) B08, O29, R152, T078 RIC II 86a, S 3521, C 1155 180) B08, O29, R152, T080 RIC II 113a, C 1174 181) B08, O29, R152, T084 RIC II 88, S 3522, C 1094 182) B08, O29, R152, T085 RIC II 90b, C 1090 183) B08, O29, R152, T181 HI LAR and P R across fields RIC II 126, C 815 184) B08, O29, R152, T203 LIB PVB across fields RIC II 128, C 906 185) B08, O29, R152, T284 RIC II 77b, S 3591 186) B08, O29, R152, T302 Exe: LIB PVB RIC II 127a, C 903 187) B08, O29, R152, T302 Exe: SAL AVG RIC II 137a, S 3539, C 1324 188) B08, O29, R152, T306 SAL AVG across fields RIC II 138, C 1323 189) B08, O29, R152, T319 RIC II 100, C 1153 190) B08, O29, R152, T356 RIC II 101, S 3527, C 1131 191) B09, O21, R139, T072 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 10, C 749a 192) B09, O21, R139, T258 Exe: PAX 193) B09, O26, R141, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 4, C 250 194) B09, O29, R151, T258 Exe: PAX RIC II 44, S 3511, C 1015b 195) B09, O29, R152, T302 Exe: SAL AVG RIC II 137c, C 1327 196) B10, O29, R152, T200 Exe: LIB PVB RIC II 127d, C 905b 197) B11, O08, R046, T005 RIC II 339e, S 3473, C 383 198) B11, O08, R046, T225 RIC II 330e, S 3468 199) B11, O08, R046, T301 C 456 200) B11, O08, R142, T255 201) B11, O26, R141, T168 Exe: ADOPTIO RIC II 3, C 4

98 202) B11, O29, R151, T072 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 41, S 3493, C 745 203) B11, O29, R152, T038 Exe: CLEM RIC II 117, S 3463 204) B11, O29, R152, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 118c, C 255 205) B11, O29, R152, T080 RIC II 113c, C 1174 206) B11, O29, R152, T122 RIC II 110 207) B11, O29, R152, T194 RIC II 63, C 1059 208) B11, O29, R152, T200 Exe: LIB PVB RIC II 127c, C 904 209) B11, O29, R152, T217 RIC II 69, S 3517, C 1063 210) B11, O29, R152, T291 RIC II 76, C 1107 211) B13, O05, R029, T014 C 156b 212) B13, O05, R134, T212 C 951b 213) B13, O08, R112, T184 Exe: COS III RIC II 361 214) B13, O08, R122, T196 Exe: COS III RIC II 362 215) B13, O08, R195, T348 RIC II 367, C 1438 216) B13, O29, R152, T253 C 1111

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

217) B02, O03, R044, T056 RIC 389 (II, A. Pius), C 271

AR Quinarius

218) B06, O29, R152, T358 RIC II 103, C 1127 219) B06, O29, R152, T361 RIC II 108

AE Medallion

220) B11, O35, R137, T229 C 972

AE Sestertius

221) B04, O05, R003, T142 RIC II 872 222) B04, O05, R010, T148 Exe: SC RIC II 884, C 31 223) B04, O05, R012, T150 Exe: SC RIC II 888, S 3565, C 48 224) B04, O05, R015, T156 Exe: SC RIC II 897, C 63 225) B04, O05, R023, T059 Exe: SC RIC II 838, C 112 226) B04, O05, R168, T134 Exe: SC RIC II 950, C 1251 227) B04, O07, R084, T080 Exe: COS III PP RIC II 719, C 663 228) B04, O07, R085, T080 Exe: COS III C 699 229) B05, O08, R209, T231 RIC II 828, C 1373 230) B06, O12, R154, T072 Exe: FORT RED / SC 231) B06, O12, R155, T042 Exe: CONCORD RIC II 542 232) B06, O13, R050, T168 Exe: SC RIC II 534, C 523 233) B06, O31, R156, T020 Exe: ANNONA AVG RIC II 560, C 180 234) B06, O31, R157, T020 Exe: ANNONA AVG RIC II 548, C 178 235) B06, O31, R157, T042 Exe: CONCORDIA RIC II 550, C 264 236) B06, O31, R157, T072 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 551, C 756 237) B06, O31, R158, T067 RIC II 563 238) B06, O31, R158, T109 Exe: LIBERTAS RES / TITVTA RIC II 568, C 949 239) B06, O31, R158, T190 Exe: SC RIC II 561 240) B06, O35, R132, T200 Exe: SC RIC II 583, C 948 241) B06, O35, R146, T268 RIC II 587, C 1042 242) B06, O35, R161, T124 RIC II 589, C 1207 243) B06, O35, R162, T206 Exe: SC RIC II 592, C 1282 244) B06, O35, R162, T207 Exe: SC RIC II 593, C 1213 245) B06, O35, R174, T116 Exe: SC RIC II 594 246) B08, O05, R021, T167 Exe: SC RIC II 741, C 85 247) B08, O05, R023, T059 Exe: SC RIC II 839d, C 111 248) B08, O05, R025, T006 RIC II 743, C 125 249) B08, O05, R079, T068 RIC II 749, C 609 250) B08, O05, R209, T231 RIC II 779, C 1374 251) B08, O07, R046, T110 Exe: SC RIC II 640, C 417 252) B08, O07, R046, T237 RIC II 634 253) B08, O07, R046, T284 Exe: SC RIC II 636c, C 343 254) B08, O07, R049, T196 Exe: SC RIC II 710d, C 889 255) B08, O07, R086, T080 Exe: COS III PP RIC II 706 256) B08, O07, R152, T101 Exe: EXPED AVG RIC II 613a, C 592 257) B08, O08, R046, T073 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 969, C 729 258) B08, O08, R103, T179 Exe: COS III RIC II 970, C 819 259) B08, O08, R209, T379 RIC II 971, C 862 260) B11, O29, R152, T035 RIC III 610, C 1075 261) B12, O05, R176, T117 Exe: SC 262) B13, O05, R021, T167 Exe: SC RIC II 741, C 82 263) B13, O05, R028, T010 Exe: SC RIC II 840, C 144 264) B13, O05, R091, T074 RIC II 760, C 770 265) B13, O05, R096, T165 266) B13, O05, R163, T111 Exe: SC RIC II 938, C 1218 267) B13, O05, R209, T050 Exe: DACIA RIC II 849, C 528 268) B13, O05, R209, T096 Exe: DISCIPLINA AVG / SC RIC II 746, C 542 269) B13, O05, R209, T169 Exe: COHOR PRAETORI / SC 270) B13, O05, R209, T250 Exe: SC RIC II 781, C 1377 271) B13, O07, R046, T284 Exe: SC RIC II 636e, C 343 272) B13, O07, R047, T073 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 707, C 738 273) B13, O35, R136, T229 RIC II 586

99 AE Dupondius Reference(s)

274) B14, O31, R156, T020 Exe: ANNONA AVG RIC II 560, C 181 275) B14, O31, R157, T020 Exe: ANNONA AVG RIC II 555, C 179 276) B14, O31, R157, T072 Exe: FORT RED RIC II 557, C 759 277) B14, O35, R188, T309 RIC II 604, C 1358 278) B14, O35, R204, T370 279) B15, O07, R045, T262 Exe: SC / III RIC II 658, C 436 280) B15, O08, R103, T179 Exe: COS III RIC II 974, C 820 281) B15, O35, R146, T268 RIC II 608, C 1041 282) B17, O35, R137, T229 RIC II 600, C 977 283) B17, O35, R146, T268 RIC II 601

AE As

284) B01, O05, R170, T150 Exe: SC RIC II 957, C 1277 285) B02, O05, R031, T021 RIC II 796, C 166 286) B06, O31, R152, T258 RIC II 616b, C 1142 287) B06, O31, R157, T320 Exe: SC 288) B08, O05, R025, T006 RIC II 795 289) B08, O05, R031, T021 RIC II 797, C 165 290) B08, O05, R209, T217 RIC II 827, C 1359 291) B08, O07, R046, T292 RIC II 665 292) B08, O07, R046, T311 RIC II 669 293) B08, O07, R047, T294 RIC II 716, C 482 294) B08, O07, R048, T037 RIC II 714, C 510 295) B08, O07, R086, T080 Exe: COS III PP RIC II 719, C 667 296) B08, O07, R188, T307 Exe: COS III RIC II 678, S 3692, C 1357 297) B08, O08, R046, T311 RIC II 975 298) B08, O31, R152, T265 PIE AVG and S C across fields 299) B11, O35, R152, T258 RIC II 616d, C 1142 300) B13, O05, R028, T010 Exe: SC RIC II 840, C 144 301) B13, O05, R035, T031 RIC II 848, C 202 302) B13, O05, R092, T074 RIC II 812, C 773 303) B13, O05, R194, T327 Exe: SC RIC II 835, C 144 304) B13, O07, R046, T285 Exe: SC RIC II 666, C 346 305) B13, O07, R113, T184 Exe: SC RIC II 725

AE Semis

306) B11, O29, R152, T341 Exe: SC RIC II 619, C 1165 307) Ba, O31, R152, T341 Exe: SC RIC II 621, C 1166

Hadrian Busts

100

Hadrian Types

101

Hadrian Types (continued)

102

Hadrian Types (continued)

103

Hadrian Types (continued)

104

Sabina

b. ca.88 – d.137

Hadrian Types (continued)

Wife of Hadrian. Sabina was married to Hadrian at the age of twelve and the two never got along well. While Hadrian accused her of nagging the real problem seems to be her inability to accept her husband's relationship with Antinous, the young slave boy who was the true love of his life. The rumor mill of the time whispered that Hadrian had her commit suicide or that he poisoned her

himself. However, both these options seem unlikely in the face of her consecration by him as well as the fact that he had long before accepted his marriage. By the time she died he was gravely ill himself and would not survive her for more than a year.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust left 2) Diademed, draped bust right (Style “A”: hair let down towards neck line) 3) Diademed, draped bust right (Style “B”: hair coiled up in bun) 4) Veiled, draped bust right with grain ears in veil

Obverses:

1) DIVA AVG SABINA 2) DIVA AVGVSTA SABINA 3) SABINA AVGVSTA 4) SABINA AVGVSTA HADRIANI AVG 5) SABINA AVGVSTA HADRIANI AVG PP 6) SABINA AVGVSTA IMP HADRIANI AVG PP

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVG 2) CONCORDIA AVGVSTA 3) CONSECRATIO 4) COS III 5) INDVLGENTIA AVG PP 6) IVNONI REGINAE 7) MONETA AVG 8) PIETAS 9) PIETAS AVG 10) PIETATI 11) PVDICITIA 12) VENERI GENETRICI 13) VESTA 14) No legend

Types:

1) Altar 2) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch. 3) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch; modius to left.

Sabina is the earliest Roman empress that is easily found and affordable to most ancient coin collectors. Earlier emperors issued coins sporadically honoring their wives or other close relatives, often only posthumously, but these coins were often relegated to playing a minor role in the makeup of the available currency. It is a bit odd too considering that it was more or less an open secret how Sabina and Hadrian’s relationship was tense and distant. With some patience and luck one may find a good Denarius for around $50 on Ebay but the going rate seems to be two or three times that from a dealer or at a coin show. Bronzes typically survive in deplorable condition which while keeping prices down are more often than not relegated to “hole filler” status.

105 4) Concordia seated left, holding patera; cornucopia below. 5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and scepter; cornucopia below. 6) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 7) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 8) Concordia standing left, leaning on column, holding patera and cornucopia. 9) Crescent, star above. 10) Eagle standing left. 11) Indulgentia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter. 12) Juno standing left, extending hand and holding scepter. 13) Juno standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 14) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 15) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock by feet. 16) Pietas seated left, holding patera and scepter. 17) Pietas standing, facing, placing hands on head of a child on either side of her. 18) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil. 19) Pudicitia standing left, raising hand. 20) Sabina riding eagle right 21) Venus standing left, pulling veil and holding apple. 22) Venus standing right, pulling veil and holding apple. 23) Venus standing right, pulling veil and holding Victory. 24) Venus standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding helmet and spear; shield behind column. 25) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O5, R01, T04 RIC 398 (II, Hadrian), BMC 901, C 13

AR Denarius

2) B1, O3, R04, T09 3) B1, O5, R01, T04 RIC 398a, l (II, Hadrian), S 3920 4) B1, O5, R06, T14 RIC 401b (II, Hadrian) 5) B2, O3, R01, T05 RIC 391 (II, Hadrian), C 24 6) B2, O3, R01, T07 RIC 390 (II, Hadrian), S 3918, C 3 7) B2, O3, R07, T07 Curtis Clay collection 8) B2, O3, R11, T22 RIC 396 (II, Hadrian), S 3924 9) B2, O3, R12, T25 10) B2, O5, R01, T04 RIC 398a, r (II, Hadrian), C 12 11) B2, O5, R01, T05 RIC 399 (II, Hadrian), C 25 12) B2, O5, R05, T11 Exe: COS III RIC 417 (II, Hadrian), C 36 13) B2, O5, R11, T18 RIC 407 (II, Hadrian), C 62 14) B2, O5, R13, T25 RIC 410 (II, Hadrian), S 3925, C 81 15) B3, O5, R14, T02 RIC 411 (II, Hadrian), C 91 16) B3, O5, R14, T19 RIC 415 (II, Hadrian), S 3931, C 95 17) B3, O5, R14, T24 RIC 412 (II, Hadrian), C 89 18) B3, O5, R14, T25 Exe: SC RIC 408 (II, Hadrian), C 64

AR Denarius (Posthumous)

19) B4, O1, R03, T10 RIC 421 (II, Hadrian), C 34 20) B4, O1, R10, T01 Exe: AVG RIC 422a (II, Hadrian), C 56

AE Sestertius

21) B2, O5, R12, T22 RIC 1035 (II, Hadrian), C 74 22) B2, O5, R13, T25 RIC 1036 (II, Hadrian), C 82 23) B3, O5, R01, T07 RIC 1017 (II, Hadrian), C 7 24) B3, O5, R14, T02 Exe: SC RIC 1019 (II, Hadrian), C 69

AE Dupondius

25) B3, O5, R14, T02 Exe: SC C 70

AE As

26) B1, O5, R01, T04 Exe: SC RIC 1037 (II, Hadrian), C 16 27) B3, O5, R14, T02 Exe: SC RIC 1023 (II, Hadrian), C 70

106

Sabina Busts

Sabina Types

107

Aelius

Caesar 136-137

Hadrian appointed Aelius as his Caesar to succeed him but died of illness shortly before his own death. Aelius would probably have made a fine emperor as he was well liked by Roman citizens and was a capable military leader.

Busts:

1) Bare head left 2) Bare head right 3) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Bare headed, draped bust right

Obverse:

1) L AELIVS CAESAR

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA 2) FELICITAS AVG 3) HISPANIA 4) TR POT COS II 5) TRIB POT COS II

Types:

1) Aelius standing on left, shaking hands with Roma seated on cuirass on right, holding spear. 2) Aelius standing on right, raising hand, facing Ceres to left, holding grain ears and torch 3) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 4) Concordia seated left, holding patera 5) Concordia seated left, holding patera; cornucopia under chair. 6) Concordia seated left, lying on cornucopia, holding patera 7) Concordia standing left, holding patera 8) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 9) Concordia standing left, leaning on column, holding patera. 10) Diana standing right, holding arrow and bow 11) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 12) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket 13) Fortuna standing left, holding flower and cornucopia; rudder to right 14) Hispania lying left, holding branch 15) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield. 16) Pannonia standing, facing, holding standard 17) Pannonia standing, facing, holding vexillum 18) Pannonia standing, facing, holding vexillum and raising skirt. 19) Pietas standing left, raising hand and holding cornucopia 20) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and other hand over chest. 21) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar. 22) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 23) Pietas standing right, raising hand over altar 24) Pietas standing right, raising hand over altar and holding incense box. 25) Pietas standing right, raising hand over altar and other hand over chest. 26) Pietas standing, facing, raising hands, altar by feet. 27) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 28) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter 29) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 30) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R4, T04 Exe: CONCORD RIC 443 (II, Hadrian), C 12 2) B1, O1, R4, T24 PIE TAS across fields RIC 444c (II, Hadrian), C 42

AU Quinarius 3) B2, O1, R3, T11 RIC 430 (II, Hadrian), C 51

Finding a coin of Aelius is a bit tricky. You’re not likely to just stumble onto one. He is equally well represented in silver and copper. The Denarii naturally tend to hold up better than the various bronze denominations but due to scarcity neither is abundantly available in the top grades. Given the wide states of preservation for the bronzes it’s difficult to pin down a price range. Suffice to say that any which is well enough preserved to be attributable will be marketable. For a worn Denarius expect to pay a minimum of $100 with $200-$500 being more typical.

108 AR Denarius Reference(s)

4) B2, O1, R1, T08 RIC 428 (II, Hadrian) 5) B2, O1, R3, T04 Exe: CONCORD RIC 436, (II, Hadrian) S 3967 6) B2, O1, R3, T11 RIC 430 (II, Hadrian), C 50 7) B2, O1, R3, T13 RIC 431 (II, Hadrian), C 52 8) B2, O1, R3, T24 PIE TAS across fields RIC 439 (II, Hadrian) 9) B2, O1, R3, T24 RIC 432 (II, Hadrian), C 53 10) B2, O1, R3, T30 RIC 435 (II, Hadrian) 11) B2, O1, R4, T04 Exe: CONCORD

AE Sestertius 12) B2, O1, R3, T27 Exe: SALVS RIC 1063 (II, Hadrian), C 44 13) B2, O1, R3, T30 RIC 1055 (II, Hadrian), C 56

AE Dupondius 14) B2, O1, R3, T13 RIC 1065 (II, Hadrian)

AE As 15) B2, O1, R3, T18 PANNO NIA across fields RIC 1071 (II, Hadrian), S 1217 16) B4, O1, R3, T29 RIC 1067 (II, Hadrian), C 59

Aelius Busts

Aelius Types

109

Antoninus Pius

Augustus 138-161

Antoninus succeeded Hadrian once the latter's death and gained the "Pius" suffix after his goodwill in securing a Senate proclamation consecrating Hadrian. Through a combination of good luck and an even-keeled, frugal personality, he was able to pull off the most exemplary and peaceful reign of any emperor before or since. He was more interested in modernizing Roman law and its infrastructure than on waging wars of conquest. After

his death he was consecrated himself and the empire started another slide into troubled times.

Busts: 1) Bare head left 2) Bare head right 3) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right 4) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust left 5) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 6) Bare headed, draped bust right 7) Laureate bust right 8) Laureate head left 9) Laureate head right 10) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 11) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 12) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 13) Laureate, draped bust left 14) Laureate, draped bust right 15) Radiate head left 16) Radiate head right a) Eagle standing right

Obverses: 1) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS 2) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS COS III 3) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P TR P XXII 4) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP 5) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP COS II 6) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP COS III 7) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP COS IIII 8) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP IMP II 9) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P 10) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P COS III 11) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P COS IIII 12) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P X 13) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XI 14) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XI COS IIII 15) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XII 16) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XIII 17) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XIIII 18) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XIX 19) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XV 20) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XVI 21) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XVII 22) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XVIII

23) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XX 24) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XXI 25) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XXII 26) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XXIII 27) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XXIIII 28) ANTONINVS AVG PIVS TR P COS II 29) ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PIVS 30) DIVO PIO 31) DIVVS ANTONINVS 32) IMP ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS 33) IMP CAES AEL ANTONINVS AVG 34) IMP CAES AELIVS ANTONINVS AVG 35) IMP CAES T AEL HADR ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP 36) IMP II 37) IMP T AEL CAES ANTONINVS 38) IMP T AEL CAES ANTONINVS AVG 39) IMP T AEL CAES HADR ANTONINVS 40) IMP T AEL CAES HADR ANTONINVS AVG PIVS 41) IMP T AEL CAES HADRI ANTONINVS 42) IMP T AEL CAES HADRI ANTONINVS AVG PIVS 43) IMP T AEL CAES HADRI ANTONINVS PIVS 44) IMP T AEL CAESAR HADR ANTONINVS 45) IMP T AELIVS CAESAR ANTONINVS

Reverses: 1) AED DIVI AVG REST 2) AEDE DIVI AVG REST 3) AEQVITAS AVG 4) AETERNITAS 5) AFRICA COS II 6) ALEXANDRIA 7) ALEXANDRIA COS II 8) ANNONA AVG 9) ANNONA AVG COS IIII 10) ANNONA AVG FELIX 11) APOLLINI AVGVSTO 12) ASIA COS II 13) AVG PIVS PM TR P COS DES II 14) AVG PIVS PM TR P COS II 15) AVG PIVS PM TR P COS II PP 16) AVGVSTA 17) AVRELIVS CAES AVG F COS 18) AVRELIVS CAES AVG P II F COS 19) AVRELIVS CAES AVG P II F COS DES 20) AVRELIVS CAES AVG P II P COS 21) AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F COS 22) AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F COS DES 23) BONO EVENTVI

24) BONO EVENTVI COS II 25) BONVS EVENTVS COS IIII 26) BRITANNIA 27) BRITANNIA COS IIII 28) CAPPADOCIA 29) CLEMENTIA AVG 30) CONCORD COS IIII 31) CONCORDIA AVG 32) CONCORDIA EXERCITVM 33) CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM 34) CONCORDIAE 35) CONG AVG VIIII COS IIII 36) CONSECRATIO 37) COS II 38) COS III 39) COS III DES IIII 40) COS IIII 41) COS IIII LIB V 42) COS IIII LIBERAL AVG V 43) COS IIII VOTA 44) DACIA 45) DARDANICI 46) DES IIII

Another long-reigning emperor at the height of the Pax Romana translates into a great deal of numismatic material available left over from the days of Mr. Pius. The Denarius spearheads the list, a nice one of which can be purchased for well under a hundred dollars. Copper comes in all shapes, sizes, colors and conditions range from the eyesore to the breathtaking with corresponding price tags. And for when a splurge is warranted even the golden Aureus is not too hard to find for a few thousand dollars.

110 47) DISCIPLIN AVG 48) DISCIPLINA AVG 49) DIVA FAVSTINA 50) DIVO PIO 51) FELIC SAEC COS IIII 52) FELICITAS AVG 53) FELICITAS AVG COS II 54) FELICITAS AVGVSTI 55) FELICITAS COS IIII 56) FELICITATI AVG COS IIII 57) FIDES EXERC COS IIII 58) FORTVNA AVG 59) FORTVNA AVG COS II 60) FORTVNA AVGVSTI COS II 61) FORTVNA COS IIII 62) FORTVNA OBSEQVENS 63) FORTVNA OPSEQVENS 64) GENIO SENATVS 65) GENIVS POP ROMANI 66) GENIVS POPVLI ROMANI 67) HILARITAS 68) HISPANIA 69) HONORI AVG COS IIII 70) IMP II 71) IMPERATOR 72) IMPERATOR II 73) IMPERATOR II BRITAN 74) IMPERATOR II BRITANNIA 75) IMPERATOR II MARTI VLT 76) INDVLGENTIA AVG COS IIII 77) IOVI LATIO 78) IOVI STATORI 79) ITALIA 80) IVNONI SISPITAE 81) LAETITIA COS IIII 82) LIB IIII 83) LIBERALITAS 84) LIBERALITAS AVG II 85) LIBERALITAS AVG III 86) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII COS IIII 87) LIBERALITAS AVG V 88) LIBERALITAS AVG VIIII COS IIII 89) LIBERALITAS AVGVS 90) LIBERALITAS COS II 91) LIBERALITAS IIII 92) LIBERALITAS V COS IIII 93) LIBERALITAS VII COS IIII 94) LIBERT 95) LIBERTAS COS IIII 96) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 97) LIBERTAS PVBLICA COS II 98) MARTI VLTORI 99) MAVRETANIA 100) MAVRETANIA COS III 101) MONETA AVG 102) MONETA AVGVSTI 103) MONETA AVGVSTI COS II 104) MVNIFICENTIA AVG COS IIII 105) OPI AVG 106) P II PP TR POT II COS II 107) PACI AVG COS IIII 108) PARTHIA 109) PAX AVG 110) PAX AVG COS IIII 111) PHOENICE 112) PIETAS AVG 113) PIETATI AVG COS IIII 114) PM TR P COS II 115) PM TR P IIII COS III PP 116) PM TR POT COS 117) PM TR POT COS DES II 118) PM TR POT COS II 119) PM TR POT COS III 120) PM TR POT COS IIII LIB III 121) PM TR POT XX COS IIII 122) PM TR POT XXI COS IIII LIB VIII 123) PONT MAX TR POT COS 124) PP TR P COS III 125) PRIMI DECENNALES 126) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 127) PROVIDENTIAE DEORVM 128) REX ARMENIIS DATVS 129) REX QVADIS DATVS

130) ROMA AETERNA 131) ROMA COS IIII 132) ROMAE AETERNAE 133) ROMVLO AVGVSTO 134) SALVS AVG 135) SALVS AVG COS II 136) SALVS AVG COS IIII 137) SALVS AVGVSTI 138) SALVS PVBLICA 139) SALVTI AVG COS IIII 140) SCYTHIA 141) SECVRITAS AVG 142) SECVRITAS PVBLICA 143) SICILIA 144) SICILIA COS II 145) SPES PR 146) SYRIA 147) TEMPL DIV AVG REST 148) TEMPL DIVI AVG REST 149) TEMPLVM DIV AVG REST 150) TEMPLVM DIVI AVG REST 151) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 152) TIBERIS 153) TR P COS II 154) TR P COS III 155) TR P COS III DES IIII 156) TR P COS IIII IMP III 157) TR POT COS II 158) TR POT COS II G P R 159) TR POT COS II PAX 160) TR POT COS III 161) TR POT COS III DES IIII 162) TR POT COS III ITALIA 163) TR POT COS III TIBERIS 164) TR POT COS III VICT AVG 165) TR POT COS IIII 166) TR POT COS IIII ITALIA 167) TR POT COS IIII IVSTITIA 168) TR POT COS IIII LIBERALITAS AVG VIIII 169) TR POT COS IIII VICT AVG 170) TR POT XI COS IIII 171) TR POT XII COS IIII 172) TR POT XIIII COS IIII 173) TR POT XIIII COS IIII ANNONA AVG 174) TR POT XIIII COS IIII IVSTITIA 175) TR POT XIIII COS IIII MON AVG 176) TR POT XIIII COS IIII PIETAS 177) TR POT XIIII COS IIII PIETATI 178) TR POT XIIII COS IIII ROMA 179) TR POT XIX COS IIII 180) TR POT XV COS IIII 181) TR POT XV COS IIII ANNONA AVG 182) TR POT XV COS IIII ROMA 183) TR POT XVII COS IIII ANNONA AVG 184) TR POT XVIIII COS IIII ANNONA AVG 185) TR POT XX COS IIII 186) TR POT XXI COS IIII 187) TR POT XXI COS IIII LIB VIII 188) TR POT XXII COS IIII 189) TR POT XXIII COS IIII 190) TR POT XXIIII COS IIII 191) TRANQVILLITAS AVG 192) TRIB POT COS 193) TRIB POT COS DES II 194) TRIB POT COS DES II CONCORD 195) TRIB POT COS II PAX 196) TRIB POT COS III 197) TRIB POT COS PIETAS 198) VENERI FELICI 199) VICTORIA AVG 200) VICTORIA AVG 201) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 202) VIRTVS AVG 203) VOTA 204) VOTA SOL DEC II 205) VOTA SOL DECENN II 206) VOTA SVSCEP DEC III 207) VOTA SVSCEP DECENN III 208) VOTA SVSCEPTA DEC III 209) VOTA SVSCEPTA DECENNAL III 210) VOTA VIGENNALIA 211) No legend

111 Reverses: 1) Aeneas advancing right, carrying Anchises and holding hand of Ascanius to left 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 3) Aeternitas standing left, holding caduceus and phoenix on globe. 4) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and pulling veil. 5) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and scepter 6) Africa standing left, holding basket and cornucopia; lion’s head to lower left. 7) Africa standing left, holding crown and cornucopia 8) Africa standing left, holding crown and grain ears. 9) Alexandria standing left, holding crown and ibis. 10) Alexandria standing right 11) Altar. 12) Annona seated left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 13) Annona seated right, holding cornucopia 14) Annona seated right, holding cornucopia; modius to right. 15) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and anchor. 16) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia 17) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and resting hand on modius on galley prow. 18) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and rudder. 19) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and anchor 20) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and rudder on galley prow. 21) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and scepter. 22) Annona standing left, holding modius on cippus and grain ears over modius. 23) Annona standing left, holding tablet and rudder; in background, modius on galley prow to left and lighthouse to right. 24) Annona standing right, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia; galley prow to right. 25) Annona standing right, resting hand on modius and holding branch over fruit basket 26) Annona standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding rudder on globe and modius 27) Antoninus Pius advancing right with one soldier to right and three to left 28) Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius riding quadriga left 29) Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius seated left on platform with a lictor standing on either side of platform. 30) Antoninus Pius riding horse left, raising hand and holding parazonium 31) Antoninus Pius riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 32) Antoninus Pius riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop. 33) Antoninus Pius riding quadriga of elephants left, holding branch. 34) Antoninus Pius seated left on platform facing Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen to far left 35) Antoninus Pius seated left on platform with Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia and lictor to right; citizen to far left 36) Antoninus Pius seated left, crowning King of Armenia 37) Antoninus Pius seated left, holding branch and scepter. 38) Antoninus Pius seated left, holding globe; being crowned by Victory hovering to right 39) Antoninus Pius standing left on right, touching Armenian king to left 40) Antoninus Pius standing left, holding branch and spear. 41) Antoninus Pius standing left, holding coin counter 42) Antoninus Pius standing left, holding globe. 43) Antoninus Pius standing left, sacrificing over altar 44) Antoninus Pius standing left, sacrificing over altar; bull by altar. 45) Antoninus Pius standing right on left, holding Concordia, shaking hands with Faustina I to right 46) Antoninus Pius standing right on left, holding Concordia, shaking hands with Faustina I to right; Marcus Aurelius and Faustina below in center, also shaking

hands. 47) Antoninus Pius standing right, sacrificing over altar; two witnesses to right and temple in background. 48) Apollo seated left, holding branch; statue on column to right 49) Apollo standing, facing, holding patera and lyre. 50) Asia standing left, holding crown and anchor. 51) Asia standing left, holding crown and anchor; galley prow to left. 52) Britannia seated left, holding spear. 53) Britannia seated left, holding standard and spear; shield to right 54) Britannia seated left, holding standard. 55) Britannia seated left, resting head on hand; shield and scepter to left 56) Cappadocia standing left, holding crown and vexillum. 57) Capricornii (2) back to back over globe 58) Ceres seated left, holding scepter and grain ears. 59) Ceres seated left, holding torch and grain ears. 60) Ceres standing right on left, holding grain ears next to Proserpina to right, holding pomegranate. 61) Clementia seated left, holding patera and scepter. 62) Clementia standing left, holding patera and raising skirt. 63) Clementia standing left, holding patera and scepter 64) Club and winged caduceus, crossed. 65) Column with statue of Antoninus Pius atop. 66) Concordia seated left, holding patera and resting arm on Spes 67) Concordia standing left, holding patera and scepter 68) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae 69) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand 70) Concordia standing left, holding vexillum and cornucopia 71) Concordia standing left, holding Victory and standard 72) Concordia standing left, leaning on column, holding patera 73) Concordia standing, facing, holding scepter and cornucopia 74) Cornucopia 75) Cornucopiae (2), crossed, caduceus in between. 76) Cornucopiae (2), crossed, child’s head atop each. 77) Cornucopiae (2), crossed, winged caduceus in between. 78) Eagle standing center on thunderbolts with owl on globe to left and peacock to right 79) Eagle standing center with owl to left and peacock to right 80) Eagle standing center with peacock to left and owl to right 81) Eagle standing left on globe 82) Eagle standing right 83) Eagle standing right on altar 84) Eagle standing right on globe. 85) Elephant advancing left.

112 86) Elephant advancing right. 87) Faustina I draped bust right 88) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and caduceus 89) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and branch 90) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 91) Felicitas standing left, holding capricornus and caduceus. 92) Felicitas standing left, holding globe and cornucopia 93) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus 94) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding globe and cornucopia 95) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand. 96) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit dish 97) Fides standing, facing, holding a standard in each hand. 98) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 99) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 100) Fortuna standing right, holding rudder and cornucopia. 101) Fortuna standing right, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 102) Funeral pyre. 103) Genius standing left, holding branch and scepter. 104) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears. 105) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 106) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears. 107) Genius standing, facing, holding scepter and cornucopia. 108) Hands, in handshake, grasping winged caduceus and grain ears. 109) Hercules seated on cuirass, facing, holding club and arrows. 110) Hercules standing left, holding club and bow with arrow. 111) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia. 112) Hispania standing left, holding crown and branch; rabbit by feet. 113) Honos standing, facing, holding branch and cornucopia 114) Honos standing, facing, holding rudder and cornucopia. 115) Indulgentia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter. 116) Italia seated left on globe, holding cornucopia and scepter. 117) Janus standing, facing, holding scepter. 118) Juno advancing right, aiming spear and holding spear; snake to right 119) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 120) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter 121) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left. 122) Jupiter standing, facing, holding scepter and thunderbolt. 123) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter 124) Jupiter standing, facing, resting hand on hip and holding scepter; eagle to lower right. 125) Justitia seated left, holding patera and globe. 126) Justitia seated left, holding patera and scepter. 127) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 128) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and scepter 129) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and vexillum 130) Liberalitas standing left, holding vexillum and cornucopia 131) Liberalitas standing left, pouring out cornucopia. 132) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter 133) Libertas standing left, raising hand and holding pileus. 134) Libertas standing right, holding pileus and raising hand. 135) Luna (Diana) standing right, holding arrow and bow 136) Marcus Aurelius bare head left 137) Marcus Aurelius bare head right 138) Marcus Aurelius bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust left 139) Marcus Aurelius bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 140) Marcus Aurelius bare headed, draped bust left 141) Marcus Aurelius bare headed, draped bust right 142) Marcus Aurelius laureate head right. 143) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 144) Mars hovering right on left, facing Rhea Sylvia lying left 145) Mars standing left, holding Victory and spear. 146) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 147) Mars standing right, holding spear with shield 148) Mauretania standing left, holding crown and spear. 149) Mauretania standing left, holding crown and two spears. 150) Minerva advancing right, aiming javelin and holding shield. 151) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield. 152) Modius with grain ears 153) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 154) Munificentia standing left, holding wreath and scepter; lion by feet. 155) Ops seated left, holding scepter and pulling veil 156) Ops seated left, resting hand on globe and cradling scepter. 157) Parthia standing left, holding crown and quiver with arrows and bow. 158) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter 159) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. 160) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 161) Pax standing left, setting fire to pile of weapons and holding torch. 162) Phoenicia standing left, holding wreath and scepter; galley prow to left and palm tree to right. 163) Pietas seated left, holding patera and scepter. 164) Pietas standing left, holding baby in each arm; child on either side. 165) Pietas standing left, holding globe and baby, child on either side. 166) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar 167) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box 168) Pietas standing right, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 169) Pietas standing, facing, holding deer hind quarter and fruit basket over modius. 170) Pig with piglets kneeling right under tree 171) Providentia standing left, raising hand over globe and holding scepter. 172) Roma seated left leaning on shield on galley prow, holding Victory and spear 173) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and spear; shield to side. 174) Roma seated left, holding spear; shield to side

113 175) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear 176) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; shield to side. 177) Romulus advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 178) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 179) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar 180) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder on globe 181) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter. 182) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar 183) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder on globe. 184) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter. 185) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake 186) Scythia standing left, holding crown and grain ears. 187) Securitas seated left, holding patera. 188) Securitas seated left, holding scepter 189) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand. 190) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter 191) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter. 192) Shields (2) with extensions top and bottom. 193) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 194) Standards (3) 195) Syria standing left, holding crown and cornucopia. 196) Temple with (2) columns, Antoninus Pius standing within, holding scepter with eagle atop and branch 197) Temple with (4) columns, Vesta standing within, holding branch and Palladium 198) Temple with (8) columns, Augustus and Livia within 199) Temple with ten columns 200) Temple with ten columns, Roma seated within. 201) Thracia standing left, holding crown and palm. 202) Throne with winged thunderbolt 203) Thunderbolt, winged 204) Tiber lying left, holding reed. 205) Tranquilitas standing left, holding rudder and grain ears. 206) Tranquilitas standing right, holding rudder and grain ears. 207) Venus standing left, holding apple and cornucopia. 208) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter. 209) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum and Palladium. 210) Vesta standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding Palladium 211) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading BRITAN 212) Victory advancing left, holding shield reading SPQR 213) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 214) Victory advancing right, holding trophy 215) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 216) Victory flying left, placing opened wreath on shield on column. 217) Victory riding quadriga right. 218) Victory seated left, holding patera and palm 219) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm 220) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm 221) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm 222) Virtus standing left, holding spear and parazonium 223) Virtus standing right, stepping on globe, holding spear and parazonium 224) Wolf standing left, suckling Remus and Romulus 225) Wolf standing right, suckling Remus and Romulus 226) Wolf standing right, suckling Remus and Romulus; cave ceiling above 227) Wolf standing right, suckling Remus and Romulus; tree in background. 228) Wreath, AN F F OPTIMO PRINCIPI within. 229) Wreath, PRIMI / DECEN / COS IIII within 230) Wreath, PRIMI / DECEN / NALES / COS IIII within. 231) Wreath, SECVND DECEM ANNALES COS IIII within. 232) Wreath, SPQR / OPTIMO / PRINCIPI within 233) Wreath, SPQR AMPLIATORI CIVIVM within 234) Wreath, SPQR AN F F OPTIMO PRINCIPI within 235) Wreath, TR POT / XIX / COS IIII within.

Mint: 1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B02, O15, R040, T002 RIC III 177, C 237 2) B02, O17, R081, T060 RIC III 199a, C 477 3) B02, O35, R180, T042 RIC III 214 4) B02, O35, R180, T160 Exe: PAX RIC III 216a 5) B02, O37, R192, T066 Exe: CONCORD RIC 453 (III, Hadrian), C 477 6) B02, O39, R013, T166 RIC III 14b 7) B08, O10, R018, T141 RIC III 421c 8) B08, O10, R021, T137 C 20 9) B08, O10, R211, T223 RIC III 105a, C 1172 10) B08, O11, R165, T151 RIC III 158, C 1147 11) B08, O19, R040, T042 RIC III 206, C 305 12) B08, O21, R040, T042 RIC III 233e, C 314 13) B09, O08, R185, T213 RIC III 266, C 1013 14) B09, O10, R021, T137 15) B09, O10, R134, T181 16) B09, O11, R211, T034 Exe: LIB IIII RIC III 141, C 495 17) B09, O15, R040, T002 RIC III 48, C 239

114 18) B09, O19, R093, T129 RIC III 207 19) B09, O20, R040, T042 RIC III 226c, C 309 20) B09, O25, R208, T043 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 294a 21) B14, O04, R165, T173 RIC III 147d 22) B14, O15, R151, T076 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 185, C 812 23) B14, O21, R040, T042 RIC III 233a

AU Aureus (Posthumous) Reference(s) 24) B02, O31, R036, T102 RIC 435 (III, M. Aurelius), C 163

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous) 25) B16, O30, R036, T011 RIC 90 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 1189

AR Denarius 26) B01, O41, R013, T002 RIC III 10d, C 78 27) B02, O04, R153, T215 28) B02, O04, R157, T152 RIC III 58b, C 875 29) B02, O04, R157, T159 RIC III 51, C 857a 30) B02, O04, R160, T226 RIC III 95a, C 914 31) B02, O10, R011, T049 RIC III 63b(a), C 59 32) B02, O10, R029, T063 RIC III 64a, S 4061, C 123 33) B02, O10, R031, T073 RIC III 65a, C 135 34) B02, O37, R123, T096 RIC III 5a, C 668 35) B02, O37, R192, T068 36) B02, O37, R192, T135 RIC 447a (III, Hadrian), C 1058 37) B02, O37, R192, T151 RIC 448 (III, Hadrian), C 1057 38) B02, O39, R013, T090 RIC III 11a 39) B02, O39, R013, T159 RIC III 23a, C 84 40) B02, O39, R015, T099 RIC III 34 41) B02, O39, R015, T159 RIC III 35 42) B02, O39, R015, T215 RIC III 25, C 86 43) B02, O39, R192, T090 44) B02, O41, R013, T096 RIC III 12a, C 79 45) B02, O41, R013, T002 RIC III 10a, S 4053, C 78 46) B02, O41, R013, T151 RIC III 9a, S 4052, C 67 47) B02, O41, R123, T090 RIC 446 (III, Hadrian) 48) B07, O08, R179, T179 RIC III 254, S 4126, C 982 49) B08, O15, R040, T098 50) B09, O04, R039, T159 RIC III 117, C 187 51) B09, O04, R039, T222 RIC III 118, S 4064 52) B09, O04, R040, T002 RIC III 127a, S 4066 53) B09, O04, R040, T067 RIC III 129, S 4070, C 203 54) B09, O04, R040, T088 RIC III 130, C 258 55) B09, O04, R040, T108 RIC III 136, C 344 56) B09, O04, R040, T202 RIC III 137, S 4079, C 345 57) B09, O04, R149, T198 RIC III 143d, C 809 58) B09, O04, R153, T108 RIC III 43, C 833 59) B09, O04, R153, T152 RIC III 44, C 814 60) B09, O04, R153, T159 RIC III 42, C 831 61) B09, O04, R153, T178 RIC III 46, C 836 62) B09, O04, R157, T098 RIC III 49, C 836 63) B09, O04, R157, T108 RIC III 54b, C 873 64) B09, O04, R157, T132 RIC III 50, C 861 65) B09, O04, R157, T152 RIC III 58a, C 875 66) B09, O04, R157, T178 RIC III 56, C 876 67) B09, O04, R160, T226 RIC III 95c, C 915 68) B09, O04, R165, T127 LIB IIII across fields RIC III 155, C 491 69) B09, O04, R165, T127 RIC III 150, C 940 70) B09, O04, R165, T130 Exe: LIB IIII RIC III 156, S 4089, C 490 71) B09, O04, R165, T159 RIC III 153 72) B09, O04, R165, T222 RIC III 154, S 4121, C 945 73) B09, O04, R204, T044 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 291a 74) B09, O04, R208, T043 Exe: COS IIII C 1115 75) B09, O04, R208, T043 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 283a 76) B09, O06, R101, T153 RIC III 76b 77) B09, O06, R109, T159 RIC III 78b 78) B09, O08, R121, T014 RIC III 262, C 1021 79) B09, O08, R121, T025 RIC III 260, C 1016 80) B09, O08, R121, T059 RIC III 259, S 4127, C 1006 81) B09, O08, R121, T179 RIC III 264, C 1023 82) B09, O08, R179, T014 RIC III 250, C 985 83) B09, O08, R179, T016 84) B09, O08, R179, T017 RIC III 249, C 983 85) B09, O08, R179, T101 RIC III 251, C 987 86) B09, O08, R179, T159 RIC III 252, C 979 87) B09, O08, R186, T020 RIC III 274, S 4131, C 1038 88) B09, O08, R186, T026 RIC III 275, C 1039 89) B09, O10, R003, T002 RIC III 61a, S 4049, C 13 90) B09, O10, R008, T152 RIC III 62b, C 33 91) B09, O10, R018, T137 92) B09, O10, R018, T140 RIC III 63b(c), C 60 93) B09, O10, R018, T141 RIC III 417b, C 14 94) B09, O10, R031, T068 RIC III 66, C 136

115 95) B09, O10, R064, T103 RIC III 69a, S 4084, C 398 96) B09, O10, R065, T107 RIC III 70d, C 407 97) B09, O10, R072, T219 RIC III 111a 98) B09, O10, R112, T167 RIC III 79, C 619 99) B09, O10, R127, T203 RIC III 80a, C 681 100) B09, O10, R202, T222 RIC III 102c 101) B09, O10, R202, T223 RIC III 105c, C 1176b 102) B09, O12, R150, T198 103) B09, O13, R040, T017 RIC III 163, C 286 104) B09, O13, R040, T019 RIC III 162, S 4067, C 283 105) B09, O13, R040, T043 RIC III 164, C 217 106) B09, O13, R040, T043 RIC III 168d, C 301 107) B09, O13, R040, T180 RIC III 167, C 280 108) B09, O13, R211, T229 RIC III 171a, C 670 109) B09, O13, R211, T230 RIC III 172, C 673 110) B09, O15, R040, T002 RIC III 177a, C 238 111) B09, O15, R040, T019 RIC III 175, C 284 112) B09, O15, R040, T043 RIC III 183, C 304 113) B09, O15, R040, T090 RIC III 178, S 4071, C 252 114) B09, O15, R040, T098 RIC III 179, C 263 115) B09, O15, R040, T104 RIC III 180, C 218 116) B09, O15, R040, T183 RIC III 181, S 4075 117) B09, O16, R040, T104 RIC III 189, C 219 118) B09, O17, R040, T099 RIC III 194, C 265 119) B09, O17, R040, T104 RIC III 196, C 220 120) B09, O18, R040, T017 RIC III 244a, C 293 121) B09, O18, R040, T159 RIC III 246, C 256 122) B09, O18, R040, T210 RIC III 243, C 202 123) B09, O19, R040, T017 RIC III 204, C 288 124) B09, O19, R040, T099 RIC III 205, C 267 125) B09, O19, R040, T209 RIC III 203, C 196 126) B09, O20, R040, T017 RIC III 221, C 290 127) B09, O20, R040, T101 RIC III 222, S 4073 128) B09, O20, R040, T209 RIC III 219, S 4065, C 197 129) B09, O21, R040, T017 RIC III 231, C 291 130) B09, O21, R040, T100 RIC III 232, C 291 131) B09, O21, R040, T209 RIC III 229a, C 198 132) B09, O21, R040, T210 RIC III 229b, C 200 133) B09, O21, R093, T041 RIC III 237, C 518 134) B09, O21, R093, T131 RIC III 234 135) B09, O22, R040, T017 RIC III 239, C 292 136) B09, O22, R040, T017 RIC III 240, C 272 137) B09, O22, R040, T209 138) B09, O22, R040, T210 RIC III 238, C 201 139) B09, O22, R113, T164 RIC III 313c, S 4098 140) B09, O22, R139, T184 RIC III 305, C 741 141) B09, O25, R001, T198 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 284, C 2 142) B09, O25, R040, T196 RIC III 285, S 4077, C 331 143) B09, O25, R063, T098 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 286, S 4083, C 390 144) B09, O25, R139, T184 RIC III 288, C 740 145) B09, O25, R149, T198 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 272a, C 802 146) B09, O25, R149, T198 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 290a, S 4107, C 804 147) B09, O25, R150, T198 Exe: COS IIII C 799 148) B09, O25, R205, T044 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 292a, S 4139, C 111 149) B09, O25, R207, T043 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 293a, s 4140 150) B09, O26, R051, T093 RIC III 298, S 4080, C 360 151) B09, O26, R056, T092 RIC III 299, C 374 152) B09, O26, R061, T101 RIC III 300a, C 383 153) B09, O26, R107, T160 RIC III 301, C 573 154) B09, O26, R131, T175 RIC III 303, S 4104, C 696 155) B09, O26, R136, T184 RIC III 304, C 735 156) B09, O35, R172, T160 Exe: PAX RIC III 200c, S 4095, C 582 157) B09, O35, R172, T206 Exe: TRANQ RIC III 202 158) B09, O35, R180, T017 RIC III 210, S 4123 159) B09, O35, R180, T160 Exe: PAX RIC III 216a, C 585 160) B09, O35, R180, T169 RIC III 217, S 4097, C 617 161) B09, O35, R180, T206 RIC III 218, C 826 162) B09, O39, R014, T108 RIC III 26, C 91 163) B09, O41, R013, T096 RIC III 12c, S 4055, C 80

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s) 164) B02, O31, R036, T082 RIC 429 (III, M. Aurelius), C 247 165) B02, O31, R036, T083 RIC 430 (III, M. Aurelius), C 155 166) B02, O31, R036, T102 RIC 436 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5193 167) B02, O31, R050, T037 RIC 442 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5194

AE Medallion 168) B09, O14, R211, T048

AE Sestertius 169) B02, O45, R193, T167 PIE TAS and S C across fields RIC 1093 (III, Hadrian), C 610 170) B07, O09, R069, T113 171) B07, O10, R046, T183

116 172) B08, O21, R076, T115 Exe: SC RIC III 914 anecdotal 173) B09, O04, R154, T118 174) B09, O04, R156, T225 Exe: SC RIC III 788 175) B09, O04, R157, T090 RIC III 545a 176) B09, O04, R157, T096 RIC III 546, S 4238, C 846 177) B09, O04, R160, T225 Exe: SC RIC III 648, C 917 178) B09, O04, R160, T226 Exe: SC RIC III 650 179) B09, O04, R204, T044 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 792, C 1107 180) B09, O04, R208, T043 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 794 181) B09, O06, R018, T141 Exe: SC RIC III 1212, C 34 182) B09, O07, R052, T091 RIC III 770, C 363 183) B09, O08, R179, T097 RIC III 943a, C 988 184) B09, O08, R185, T026 RIC III 964, C 1017 185) B09, O08, R185, T188 Exe: SC RIC III 967, C 1008 186) B09, O09, R040, T035 Exe: LIBERALITAS / AVG IIII RIC III 774, C 498 187) B09, O09, R040, T040 RIC III 765, C 318 188) B09, O09, R040, T161 PAX AVG and S C across fields RIC III 777, C 594 189) B09, O09, R040, T172 Exe: SC RIC III 759, C 225 190) B09, O09, R069, T113 RIC III 772, C 414 191) B09, O09, R211, T032 Exe: COS IIII / SC RIC III 767a, C 320 192) B09, O10, R008, T024 RIC III 597 193) B09, O10, R011, T049 RIC III 598, C 62 194) B09, O10, R033, T071 RIC III 600, C 139 195) B09, O10, R034, T046 RIC III 601, C 146 196) B09, O10, R064, T103 RIC III 605, S 4177, C 400 197) B09, O10, R072, T053 Exe: BRITANNIA RIC III 745, C 119 198) B09, O10, R072, T096 RIC III 716, C 426 199) B09, O10, R072, T214 RIC III 717a, C 433 200) B09, O10, R072, T220 BRI TAN and S C across fields RIC III 719, C 114 201) B09, O10, R078, T122 RIC III 607, C 460 202) B09, O10, R098, T146 RIC III 609, C 550 203) B09, O10, R101, T153 RIC III 610, C 556 204) B09, O10, R105, T155 Exe: SC RIC III 612 205) B09, O10, R109, T159 RIC III 616, S 4200, C 589 206) B09, O10, R128, T039 Exe: SC RIC III 619, C 686 207) B09, O10, R132, T199 RIC III 622, C 699 208) B09, O10, R132, T200 Exe: SC RIC III 623, C 703 209) B09, O10, R133, T170 Exe: SC RIC III 629, C 775 210) B09, O10, R134, T184 RIC III 635a, C 710 211) B09, O10, R141, T191 RIC III 640 212) B09, O10, R198, T199 Exe: SC RIC III 651, C 1075 213) B09, O10, R211, T116 Exe: IATALIA RIC III 746, C 464 214) B09, O10, R211, T170 Exe: SC RIC III 628 215) B09, O10, R211, T193 RIC III 626, C 754 216) B09, O10, R211, T217 Exe: VICTORIA AVG / SC RIC III 654 217) B09, O11, R087, T034 Exe: SC RIC III 775, C 511 218) B09, O11, R211, T143 RIC III 778, C 751 219) B09, O11, R211, T151 RIC III 779, C 745 220) B09, O11, R211, T175 Exe: SC RIC III 780, C 753 221) B09, O13, R008, T019 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 840, C 39 222) B09, O15, R040, T002 RIC III 855, C 232 223) B09, O15, R151, T076 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 857, C 813 224) B09, O19, R040, T101 RIC III 885, C 268 225) B09, O19, R139, T184 RIC III 886, C 728 226) B09, O20, R136, T184 RIC III 906, C 732 227) B09, O22, R095, T132 RIC III 929, C 543 228) B09, O22, R095, T134 RIC III 916a, C 535 229) B09, O25, R040, T196 Exe: SC RIC III 999, C 332 230) B09, O25, R149, T198 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 1004, C 805 231) B09, O25, R204, T043 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 1026, C 1105 232) B09, O25, R208, T043 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 1010 233) B09, O26, R113, T165 RIC III 1031, C 621 234) B09, O27, R113, T164 RIC III 1045, C 628 235) B09, O27, R113, T167 PIE TAS and S C across fields RIC 1083a (III, Hadrian), C 604 236) B09, O35, R118, T096 RIC III 530b, C 653 237) B09, O35, R172, T038 Exe: SC RIC III 889 238) B09, O35, R172, T174 RIC III 874, C 690 239) B12, O10, R134, T184 RIC III 635b, C 712

AE Sestertius (Posthumous) Reference(s) 240) B02, O31, R036, T102 RIC 1266 (III, M. Aurelius), C 165 241) B09, O31, R036, T081 RIC 1265 (III, M. Aurelius), C 162

AE Dupondius 242) B16, O08, R179, T014 Exe: SC RIC III 956, C 986 243) B16, O08, R179, T120 244) B16, O08, R179, T171 245) B16, O08, R179, T171 RIC III 953, C 978 246) B16, O09, R037, T183 RIC III 551 247) B16, O09, R069, T113 RIC III 802, C 415 248) B16, O10, R008, T024 RIC III 656, S 4264, C 36 249) B16, O10, R052, T089 RIC III 658 250) B16, O10, R052, T091 RIC III 659 251) B16, O10, R064, T103 RIC III 660a, C 403 252) B16, O10, R072, T214

117 253) B16, O10, R134, T184 RIC III 668, S 4283, C 714 254) B16, O11, R211, T143 RIC III 807, C 752 255) B16, O15, R040, T002 RIC III 858, C 233 256) B16, O18, R095, T132 RIC III 950, C 545 257) B16, O20, R136, T184 RIC III 909a, C 733 258) B16, O22, R095, T134 RIC III 932, C 541 259) B16, O22, R179, T208 260) B16, O26, R113, T165 RIC III 1035, C 625 261) B16, O35, R172, T012 Exe: ANNONA RIC III 898, C 51

AE As Reference(s) 262) B02, O45, R192, T108 Exe: SC RIC III 1088a, S 4322, C 1066 263) B08, O04, R160, T190 Exe: SC 264) B09, O04, R058, T098 RIC III 533b, C 650 265) B09, O04, R058, T098 RIC III 558 266) B09, O04, R157, T096 RIC III 546, C 846 267) B09, O04, R157, T150 RIC III 563, C 842 268) B09, O04, R157. T090 RIC III 565, C 854 269) B09, O04, R160, T099 RIC III 700a 270) B09, O04, R160, T144 RIC III 694, C 885 271) B09, O06, R072, T170 RIC III 733, C 450 272) B09, O08, R179, T014 Exe: SC RIC III 956, C 986 273) B09, O08, R179, T097 RIC III 943a, C 988 274) B09, O08, R179, T159 RIC III 945, C 980 275) B09, O08, R179, T171 RIC III 957, C 977 276) B09, O08, R211, T235 RIC III 958, C 999 Exe: SC 277) B09, O09, R040, T098 RIC III 760 278) B09, O10, R023, T106 RIC III 676, C 106 279) B09, O10, R033, T071 RIC III 678, C 140 280) B09, O10, R072, T132 Exe: LIBERT RIC III 738, C 533 281) B09, O10, R072, T192 Exe: ANCILIA RIC III 736a, C 30 282) B09, O11, R211, T049 RIC III 824, C 748 283) B09, O11, R211, T232 Exe: SC RIC III 827a, C 791 284) B09, O13, R008, T019 Exe: COS IIII RIC III 840 285) B09, O15, R040, T196 Exe: SC 286) B09, O18, R040, T159 RIC III 955, C 257 287) B09, O21, R009, T024 RIC III 921, C 45 288) B09, O22, R027, T055 Exe: SC RIC III 934, C 117 289) B09, O22, R052, T089 RIC III 937 290) B09, O22, R052, T090 RIC III 936, C 372 291) B09, O35, R172, T126 Exe: IVSTITIA RIC III 881, C 474 292) B12, O04, R160, T144 RIC III 694c, S 4315, C 885

AE As (Posthumous) 293) B02, O31, R036, T084 RIC 1262 (III, M. Aurelius)

AE Quadrans 294) B09, O04, R040, T057 RIC III 711, C 181 295) Ba, O36, R040, T202

Antoninus Pius Busts

118

Antoninus Pius Types

119

Antoninus Pius Types (continued)

120

Antoninus Pius Types (continued)

121

Faustina I

b. ca.100 - d.141

Wife of Antoninus Pius. Her death was deeply mourned by Antoninus despite widely circulating rumors of her being unfaithful to him. Her daughter Faustina II, another woman of questionable repute, married Marcus Aurelius who would also eventually go on to grieve the loss of his wife.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust left 2) Diademed, draped bust right 3) Draped bust right 4) Veiled bust left 5) Veiled bust right 6) Veiled, diademed bust left 7) Veiled, diademed bust right

Obverses: 1) DIVA AVG FAVSTINA 2) DIVA AVGVSTA FAVSTINA 3) DIVA FAVSTINA 4) DIVAE FAVSTINAE 5) DIVA I FAVSTINA 6) FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG 7) FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PP 8) FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG PII PP 9) FAVSTINA AVGVSTA

Reverses: 1) AED DIV FAVSTINAE 2) AETERNITAS 3) AVGVSTA 4) CERES 5) CONCORDIA AVG 6) CONCORDIAE 7) CONSECRATIO 8) COS IIII 9) DEDICATIO AEDIS 10) DIVA FAVSTINA 11) EX SENATVS CONSVLTO

12) FAVSTINIANAE 13) IMP II 14) IMPERATOR II 15) IVNO 16) IVNONI LVCINAE 17) IVNONI REGINAE 18) MATRI DEVM SALVTARI 19) PIET AVG 20) PIETAS AVG 21) PM TR P VI IMP IIII 22) PROV DEOR TR P COS II

23) PVELLAE FAVSTINIANAE 24) SALVTI AVG 25) SALVTI AVGVSTAE 26) TR P VI IMP IIII COS II PAX 27) TR POT COS II 28) VENERI AVGVSTAE 29) VENVS 30) VESTA 31) VOTA PVBLICA 32) No legend

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Aeternitas advancing left, holding starry mantle overhead 3) Aeternitas seated left on globe, raising hand and holding scepter. 4) Aeternitas seated left, holding Phoenix on globe and scepter 5) Aeternitas standing left, holding Phoenix and raising skirt 6) Aeternitas standing right, pulling veil and holding scepter 7) Altar 8) Carpentum pulled by two mules right 9) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch. 10) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch. 11) Ceres standing left, holding torch and grain ears 12) Ceres standing right, holding scepter and grain ears. 13) Concordia seated left, holding patera and resting arm on cornucopia 14) Concordia seated left, holding patera and resting arm on Spes 15) Concordia seated left, holding Spes and scepter. 16) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 17) Concordia standing left, leaning on column, holding patera and cornucopia. 18) Concordia standing left, leaning on column, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 19) Concordia standing right, holding scepter and cornucopia 20) Cornucopiae (2), crossed, caduceus in between 21) Crescent, seven stars above. 22) Cybele riding lion left, holding drum 23) Cybele seated left, holding drum and branch 24) Cybele seated right, holding drum; lion on either side. 25) Cybele, holding drum, riding carriage led by two lions left 26) Dove standing right 27) Eagle standing right 28) Faustina I and Antoninus Pius riding quadriga left 29) Faustina I and Antoninus Pius standing on pedestal, together holding Fortuna; Marcus Aurelius and Faustina II beneath, shaking hands over altar. 30) Faustina I and her family in diagram of a two storey house; adults in upper floor and children in lower. 31) Faustina I draped bust right 32) Faustina I riding biga left. 33) Faustina I riding quadriga right, holding torch. 34) Faustina I standing by Antoninus Pius, seated left, both on platform, receiving their children from assistants.

Among the most common of empresses to be found are the “Faustinas”. This mother-daughter duo were both honored while living and quite a while posthumously. In fact, in the case of Faustina senior the bulk of her coinage happens after her death. Marginal coins of Faustina start at under $10 and a nice Denarius can be bought for around $30 or so. There is much to be seen in the bronzes, especially lower grade Asses which also typically cost only a few dollars but with bronzes as the coin’s grade increases the price does so exponentially.

122 35) Faustina I standing left on right, holding scepter, shaking hands with Antoninus Pius to left, holding scroll. 36) Faustina I, holding grain ears and torch, riding carriage with two elephants left 37) Faustina I, holding scepter, riding carriage with two elephants left 38) Faustina I, holding scepter, riding carriage with two elephants right 39) Faustina I, holding scepter, riding eagle left, upwards. 40) Faustina I, holding scepter, riding eagle right, upwards. 41) Faustina I, holding torch and grain ears, riding carriage with two elephants left 42) Faustina I, holding torch and grain ears, riding carriage with two elephants right 43) Faustina I, holding torch, riding carriage with two elephants right 44) Fecunditas standing right, holding scepter and baby. 45) Fortuna standing left, holding globe and rudder 46) Fortuna standing left, holding patera and rudder 47) Fortuna standing left, holding patera and rudder on globe 48) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 49) Funeral pyre, Faustina I riding biga right atop. 50) Isis riding oncoming dog, holding sistrum 51) Juno seated right, holding scepter. 52) Juno standing left raising hand and skirt. 53) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 54) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left. 55) Juno standing left, holding torch and raising skirt 56) Juno standing left, holding torch and scepter 57) Juno standing left, holding torch in each hand 58) Juno standing left, raising hand and holding torch 59) Juno standing right, holding scepter 60) Juno standing right, raising hand and holding scepter. 61) Juno standing, facing, raising hand and holding scepter 62) Marcus Aurelius and Faustina II standing, shaking hands; Concordia between them in background. 63) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. 64) Pax standing, facing, holding branch and scepter 65) Peacock advancing left 66) Peacock advancing right 67) Peacock standing, facing, with tail spread. 68) Pietas standing left, raising hand and holding incense box 69) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box 70) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar 71) Providentia standing left, holding globe and veil over head 72) Providentia standing left, holding globe and cornucopia 73) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter. 74) Providentia standing left, raising hand and holding globe 75) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar 76) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter 77) Salus standing left, holding snake and leaning on tree 78) Star 79) Temple with (6) columns. 80) Temple with (6) columns; Faustina I seated within 81) Throne; peacock in front, standing left 82) Throne with scepter. 83) Throne with scepter; peacock in front, facing. 84) Throne with scepter; peacock in front, standing right. 85) Throne with wreath and scepter. 86) Throne with wreath and scepter; peacock to left, fruit basket to right. 87) Venus standing left, holding apple and resting hand on shield. 88) Venus standing left, holding arrow and bow 89) Venus standing right, pulling dress and holding apple. 90) Venus standing right, pulling veil and holding apple. 91) Venus standing, facing, pulling veil and holding scepter. 92) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter 93) Vesta seated left, holding patera and scepter 94) Vesta seated left, holding scepter 95) Vesta standing left, holding Palladium and scepter 96) Vesta standing left, holding Palladium and torch. 97) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum and Palladium 98) Vesta standing left, holding torch and Palladium 99) Vesta standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding Palladium. 100) Vesta standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding torch. 101) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mint: 1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B2, O9, R17, T054 RIC 338 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 214

AU Aureus (Posthumous) 2) B2, O1, R02, T047 RIC 349a (III, Antoninus Pius), BMC 285 3) B2, O1, R32, T061 RIC 404c (III, Antoninus Pius) 4) B2, O2, R20, T069 RIC 394c (III, Antoninus Pius), C 232 5) B2, O3, R02, T080 RIC 354 (III, Antoninus Pius), BMC 83, C 64 6) B2, O3, R03, T056 RIC 356 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 97 7) B6, O3, R03, T057 RIC 375a (III, Antoninus Pius), BMC 406, C 76

123

AR Denarius Reference(s) 8) B2, O7, R05, T013 RIC 328a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 148 9) B2, O9, R17, T054 RIC 338d (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4669, C 215 10) B2, O9, R17, T083 RIC 339a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 214 11) B2, O9, R30, T092 RIC 342a (III, Antoninus Pius) 12) B9, O9, R17, T081 Tom Mullally collection

AR Denarius (Posthumous) 13) B2, O1, R02, T073 RIC 350a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 35 14) B2, O1, R02, T078 RIC 355 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 63 15) B2, O1, R02, T091 RIC 346b (III, Antoninus Pius), C 41 16) B2, O1, R06, T035 RIC 381b (III, Antoninus Pius), C 159 17) B2, O1, R07, T058 RIC 382a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 32 18) B2, O1, R09, T079 RIC 388 (III, Antoninus Pius) 19) B2, O1, R20, T069 RIC 394 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4598, C 234 20) B2, O1, R32, T012 RIC 404b (III, Antoninus Pius) 21) B2, O3, R01, T080 RIC 343 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4573, C 1 22) B2, O3, R02, T005 RIC 347 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4576, C 11 23) B2, O3, R02, T046 RIC 348 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4577, C 6 24) B2, O3, R02, T061 RIC 344 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4574, C 26 25) B2, O3, R02, T071 RIC 351 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4578, C 32 26) B2, O3, R02, T084 RIC 353a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 61 27) B2, O3, R03, T010 RIC 360a (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4582 28) B2, O3, R03, T012 RIC 358 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4581, C 94 29) B2, O3, R03, T051 RIC 363 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 128 30) B2, O3, R03, T055 RIC 362 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4584, C 104 31) B2, O3, R03, T056 RIC 356 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 96 32) B2, O3, R03, T059 RIC 361 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 101 33) B2, O3, R03, T069 RIC 373 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4589, C 124 34) B2, O3, R03, T082 RIC 377 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4590, C 131 35) B2, O3, R03, T087 RIC 366 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 73 36) B2, O3, R03, T092 RIC 400 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4601, C 291 37) B2, O3, R03, T093 RIC 371 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4588, C 72 38) B2, O3, R03, T095 RIC 369a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 109 39) B2, O3, R03, T097 RIC 368 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 108 40) B2, O3, R03, T099 RIC 370 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 116 41) B2, O3, R04, T009 RIC 379a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 144 42) B2, O3, R04, T010 RIC 378a (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4591 43) B2, O3, R07, T058 RIC 382b (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4593, C 165 44) B2, O3, R07, T066 RIC 384a (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4584, C 175 45) B2, O3, R15, T053 RIC 391 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4597, C 209 46) B2, O3, R23, T034 RIC 399 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 262 47) B2, O5, R13, T020 48) B3, O3, R07, T007 49) B3, O3, R04, T010 RIC 359 (III, Antoninus Pius) 50) B7, O1, R04, T027 RIC 387 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 181 51) B7, O1, R20, T069 52) B7, O3, R02, T061 RIC 345 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 27 53) B7, O3, R02, T084 RIC 353b (III, Antoninus Pius), C 61

AE Sestertius (Posthumous) 54) B2, O1, R03, T010 RIC 1169 (III, Antoninus Pius) 55) B2, O2, R07, T049 RIC 1135 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 186 56) B2, O2, R15, T053 RIC 1143 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 210 57) B2, O2, R20, T069 RIC 1146a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 240 58) B2, O2, R20, T079 RIC 1147 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 254 59) B2, O2, R32, T008 RIC 1141 (III, Antoninus Pius) 60) B2, O2, R32, T041 RIC 1140 (III, Antoninus Pius) 61) B2, O3, R02, T004 RIC 1103 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 15 62) B2, O3, R02, T005 RIC 1105 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 12 63) B2, O3, R02, T041 RIC 1113 (III, Antoninus Pius) 64) B2, O3, R02, T061 RIC 1102 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 28 65) B2, O3, R03, T011 RIC 1118 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 88 66) B7, O2, R02, T073 RIC 1108 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 37

AE Dupondius (Posthumous) 67) B2, O2, R20, T069 C 241

AE As 68) B2, O8, R05, T013 RIC 1087 (III, Antoninus Pius) 69) B2, O8, R05, T014 RIC 1086 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 149 70) B2, O8, R05, T018 RIC 1088 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 152 71) B2, O8, R17, T083 RIC 1092 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 226 72) B2, O8, R28, T089 RIC 1097 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4685, C 152

AE As (Posthumous)

124 73) B2, O1, R02, T004 74) B2, O1, R02, T069 C 343 75) B2, O2, R02, T073 RIC 1163a (III, Antoninus Pius), C 38 76) B2, O2, R19, T007 Exe: SC RIC 1191 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4654, C 258 77) B2, O2, R20, T070 RIC 1194 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 252 78) B2, O2, R20, T079 Exe: SC RIC 1195 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 255 79) B2, O3, R02, T004 RIC 1156a (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4637, C 18 80) B2, O3, R02, T073 RIC 1163b (III, Antoninus Pius) 81) B2, O3, R03, T096 RIC 1178 (III, Antoninus Pius) 82) B2, O3, R03, T099 RIC 1126 (III, Antoninus Pius), S 4619, C 117 83) B2, O3, R03, T100 RIC 1180 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 118 84) B7, O2, R32, T021 Exe: SC RIC 1199 (III, Antoninus Pius), C 276

Faustina I Busts

Faustina I Types

125 Faustina I Types (continued)

126

Marcus Aurelius

Augustus 161-180

Marcus Aurelius owes much of him becoming Augustus to Hadrian who groomed him from childhood for the post. He became Caesar shortly after Hadrian died and the political grooming continued under Antoninus Pius. He had to wait another twenty years or so to become Augustus himself in the year 161. No sooner did this happen than he was thrust in a series of wars that would eat up the rest of his time in office.

He died while fighting the ever-harassing tribes of the Germanic region and power then passed to his son Commodus.

During his lengthy reign he is remembered as being among the noblest and most even-keeled of emperors. He preferred to use the considerable power of his post to pursue a period of enlightenment out of character not only for his age but clear across time to our very own. Gibbon summarizes that he "was severe to himself, indulgent to the imperfections of others, just and beneficent to all mankind."

Busts: 1) Bare bust right 2) Bare head left 3) Bare head right 4) Bare headed, cuirassed bust left 5) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right 6) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust left 7) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 8) Bare headed, draped bust left 9) Bare headed, draped bust right 10) Laureate head left 11) Laureate head right 12) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 13) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 14) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 15) Laureate, draped bust left 16) Laureate, draped bust right 17) Radiate head right 18) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 19) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

a) Eagle, standard on either side; LEG VI across lower fields b) Woman’s laureate, draped bust right Obverses: 1) ANTONINVS AVG 2) ANTONINVS AVG ARMENIACVS 3) ANTONINVS ET VERVS AVG REST 4) ANTONIVS AVGVR III VIR R P C 5) AVRELIVS CAES ANTON AVG P II F 6) AVRELIVS CAES ANTON AVG P II FIL 7) AVRELIVS CAES AVG P II FIL 8) AVRELIVS CAESAR ANTONINI AVG P II F 9) AVRELIVS CAESAR ANTONINI AVG P II FIL 10) AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F 11) AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F COS 12) AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F COS II 13) AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II FIL 14) CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG COS III 15) DIVVS M ANTONINVS PIVS 16) IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS AVG 17) IMP CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG 18) IMP CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG PM 19) IMP M ANTONINVS AVG 20) IMP M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXV 21) IMP M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG 22) IMP M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG PM 23) M ANTONINVS AVG 24) M ANTONINVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX 25) M ANTONINVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX MEDIC 26) M ANTONINVS AVG ARMEN PM 27) M ANTONINVS AVG ARMENIACVS 28) M ANTONINVS AVG ARMENIACVS PM 29) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM 30) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM SARM 31) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM SARM TR P XXXI 32) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM SARMATICVS 33) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM TR P XXIX 34) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM TR P XXX 35) M ANTONINVS AVG GERM TR P XXX PP 36) M ANTONINVS AVG IMP II 37) M ANTONINVS AVG PM

From awesome, big Sestertii to pristine Denarii to gorgeous Aureii Marcus Aurelius continues to offer us the finest of Roman classical art on coins. While low grade material is ubiquitous and cheap the collector can’t help but notice the often very affordable coins that have passed down through the ages with nary a scratch. Having enjoyed a long reign starting with his Caesarship soon after Antoninus Pius came to power we are left with delicate renderings of his portraits as he passed from childhood into adolescence and then into the grave, bearded maturity of the wise philosopher-king. And because of the continued golden age of the empire we are assured of a good supply of these coins today. As a general pointer, superbly preserved Denarii can be bought in the $100 region on Ebay or somewhat more directly from a coin dealer. While museum-grade bronze pieces will undoubtedly cost an arm and a leg many will find comfort in knowing they can own a downright handsome Sestertius, Dupondius or As for just a few hundred dollars that may well become the highlight of their collection.

127 38) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XX 39) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXIII 40) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXIIII 41) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXIX 42) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXV 43) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXVI 44) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXVII 45) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXVIII 46) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXXI 47) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG 48) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG ARM PARTH 49) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX

50) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG ARMENIACVS PM 51) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG GERM SARM 52) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG PM 53) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXXII 54) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXXIII 55) M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXXIIII 56) M AVREL CAESAR AVG F II FIL 57) M AVRELIVS CAESAR ANTONINI AVG P II FIL 58) M AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F 59) M AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II F COS 60) M AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG P II FIL 61) No legend

Reverses: 1) ANNONA AVG IMP VII COS III 2) ANTONIVS AVGVR 3) CLEMENTIA AVG IMP VI COS III 4) CLEMENTIA AVG TR P XXX IMP VIII COS III 5) COMMODVS CAES AVG FIL GERM 6) CONCORD AVG TR P XV 7) CONCORD AVG TR P XVI 8) CONCORD AVG TR P XVII 9) CONCORD AVG TR P XVIII 10) CONCORD AVGVSTOR TR P XV 11) CONCORD AVGVSTOR TR P XVI 12) CONCORD EXERC IMP VII 13) CONCORDIA 14) CONCORDIA COS II 15) CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM COS III 16) CONCORDIA TR POT III 17) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR TR P XV COS III 18) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR TR P XVI COS III 19) CONG AVG III TR P XX IMP III COS III 20) CONG AVG III TR POT XX IMP III COS III 21) CONG AVG IIII TR P XXI IMP IIII COS III 22) CONSECRATIO 23) COS DES II 24) COS II 25) COS III 26) COS III PP 27) DES II 28) DIVVS VERVS 29) FAVSTINAE AVG P II AVG F COMMOD

CAES FIL AVG 30) FEL TEMP TR P XV COS III 31) FELIC AVG IMP VI COS III 32) FELICITAS AVG COS III 33) FELICITAS AVG IMP VI COS III 34) FELICITAS AVG IMP VIIII COS III PP 35) FELICITAS AVG IMP X COS III PP 36) FELICITATI CAES 37) FIDES EXERCITVVM 38) FIDES EXERCITVVM IMP VIIII COS III PP 39) FORT DVCI TR P XXX IMP VIII COS III 40) FORT RED COS III 41) FORT RED TR P XXI IMP V 42) FORT RED TR P XXIII IMP V 43) GERMANIA SVBACTA IMP VI COS III 44) GERMANICO AVG IMP VI COS III 45) HILARITAS 46) HONOS 47) IMP CAES L AVREL VERVS AVG 48) IMP VI COS III 49) IMP VII COS III 50) IMP VIII COS III 51) IMP VIII COS III CLEMENTIA AVG 52) IMP VIII COS III DE GERMANIS 53) IMP VIII COS III PAX AETERNA AVG 54) IMP VIII COS III PP PAX AETERNA AVG 55) IMP VIIII COS III PP 56) IMP X COS III PP 57) IMPERATOR II 58) IVSTITIA AVG TR P XXXIII IMP X COS III PP 59) IVVENTAS 60) L AVREL COMMODVS CAES AVG FIL

GERM 61) LIB AVG III TR P XX COS III 62) LIB AVGVSTOR TR P XV

63) LIB AVGVSTOR TR P XV COS III 64) LIB AVGVSTOR TR POT XX IMP III

COS III 65) LIBERAL AVG TR P XIX IMP II COS III 66) LIBERAL AVG V COS III 67) LIBERAL AVG VI IMP VII COS III 68) LIBERAL AVGVSTOR IMP VIII COS III 69) LIBERALITAS AVG VI IMP VII COS III 70) LIBERALITAS AVG VII IMP VII COS III 71) LIBERALITAS AVG VII IMP VIIII COS III

PP 72) M ANTONINVS AVG 73) M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXVIII 74) MARTI VICTORI IMP VI COS III 75) MARTI VICTORI IMP VII COS III 76) PAX AVG TR P XX COS III 77) PIET AVG TR P XXXI IMP VIII COS III

PP 78) PIETAS AVG 79) PIETAS AVG IMP VIII COS III 80) PIETAS AVG IMP VIIII COS III PP 81) PIETAS AVG TR P XX COS III 82) PM TR P XIX IMP II COS III 83) PM TR P XIX IMP III COS III 84) PM TR P XVIII COS III 85) PM TR P XVIII IMP II COS III 86) PM TR P XX IMP III COS III 87) PROPVGNATORI IMP VIIII COS III 88) PROV DEOR TR P COS II 89) PROV DEOR TR P XV COS III 90) PROV DEOR TR P XVI COS III 91) PROV DEOR TR P XVII COS III 92) PROV DEOR TR P XVIII COS III 93) RELIG AVG IMP VI COS III 94) RESTITVTORI ITALIAE IMP VI COS III 95) SALVTI AVG COS III 96) SALVTI AVGVSTAE 97) SALVTI AVGVSTOR TR P XV 98) SALVTI AVGVSTOR TR P XVI 99) SALVTI AVGVSTOR TR P XVII 100) SALVTI AVGVSTOR TR P XVIII 101) SECVRIT PVB TR P XXIX 102) SECVRIT PVB TR P XXX 103) SECVRITAS PVBLICA IMP VI COS III 104) TR P XIX IMP II COS III 105) TR P XV COS II VIRTVS 106) TR P XV COS III 107) TR P XVII IMP II COS III 108) TR P XVIII COS III 109) TR P XVIII IMP II COS III 110) TR P XX IMP III COS III 111) TR P XX IMP IIII COS III 112) TR P XXI COS IIII 113) TR P XXI IMP IIII COS III 114) TR P XXII IMP IIII COS III 115) TR P XXII IMP V COS III 116) TR P XXIII IMP V COS III 117) TR P XXIIII COS III 118) TR P XXIX IMP VIII COS III 119) TR P XXVI COS III 120) TR P XXVII IMP VI COS III 121) TR P XXX IMP VIII COS III 122) TR P XXX IMP VIII COS III PP 123) TR P XXXI IMP VIII COS III PP

124) TR P XXXII IMP VIIII COS III PP 125) TR P XXXIII IMP VIIII COS III PP 126) TR P XXXIII IMP X COS III PP 127) TR P XXXIII IMP X COS III PP 128) TR P XXXIIII IMP X COS III 129) TR P XXXIIII IMP X COS III PP 130) TR POT COS II 131) TR POT COS III 132) TR POT II COS II 133) TR POT III COS II 134) TR POT III COS II CLE 135) TR POT III COS II CLEM 136) TR POT III COS II HONOS 137) TR POT III COS II IVVENTAS 138) TR POT III COS II PIETAS 139) TR POT III COS II VIRTVS 140) TR POT IIII COS II 141) TR POT IIII COS II HONOS 142) TR POT IIII COS II VIRTVS 143) TR POT VI COS II 144) TR POT VI COS II HONOS 145) TR POT VI COS II VIRTVS 146) TR POT VII COS II 147) TR POT VIII COS II 148) TR POT VIIII COS II 149) TR POT X COS II 150) TR POT XI COS II 151) TR POT XII COS II 152) TR POT XIII COS II 153) TR POT XIIII COS II 154) TR POT XIIII COS II DESIG III 155) TR POT XIX IMP II COS III 156) TR POT XIX IMP III COS III 157) TR POT XV COS II DESIG III 158) TR POT XV COS II VIRTVS 159) TR POT XV COS III 160) TR POT XX IMP II COS III 161) TR POT XX IMP III COS III 162) TR POT XX IMP IIII COS III 163) TR POT XXI IMP IIII COS III 164) TR POT XXII IMP IIII COS III 165) TR POT XXII IMP V COS III 166) TR POT XXIII IMP V COS III 167) VENERI GENETRICI 168) VICT AVG COS III 169) VICT AVG COS III PP 170) VICT AVG TR P XVIII IMP II COS III 171) VICT AVG TR P XX COS III 172) VICT AVG TR P XX IMP IIII COS III 173) VICT AVG TR POT XX IMP III COS III 174) VICT AVG TR POT XX IMP IIII COS III 175) VIRTVS AVG IMP X COS III PP 176) VIRTVS COS II 177) VOTA DEC ANN SVSC TR P XX IMP IIII

COS III 178) VOTA PVBLICA 179) VOTA PVBLICA IMP VIIII COS III 180) VOTA PVBLICA IMP VIIII COS III PP 181) VOTA SOL DECENN COS III 182) VOTA SOLVTA DECENNALIVM COS III 183) VOTA SVSCEP DECENN II 184) No legend

Types: 1) Aequitas seated left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and scepter. 3) Aesculapius standing left, holding staff with snake coiled around it. 4) Altar, eagle atop

128 5) Altar, FORT REDVCI within 6) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia; galley prow to right 7) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 8) Annona standing left, pouring cornucopia into modius. 9) Annona standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket. 10) Apollo standing left, holding patera and lyre. 11) Armenia seated left, resting head on hand; trophy to right. 12) Armenia seated left, shield and vexillum behind in background. 13) Captive seated left, trophy in background. 14) Captive seated right, trophy in background. 15) Captive seated right, trophy, spear and shield in background. 16) Captives (2), seated back to back on shields, trophy in between. 17) Clementia standing left holding patera 18) Clementia standing left, holding patera and raising skirt. 19) Clementia standing left, holding patera and scepter 20) Clementia standing left, holding patera in each hand 21) Commodus bare-headed, cuirassed bust right. 22) Commodus bare-headed, draped bust right. 23) Commodus head right. 24) Concordia seated left, holding patera and resting arm on Spes on cornucopia 25) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 26) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand. 27) Diana standing left, holding arrow and bow. 28) Eagle flying right, scepter in claws 29) Eagle standing left on altar 30) Eagle standing left on globe 31) Eagle standing left, wreath in beak 32) Eagle standing right 33) Eagle standing right on altar 34) Eagle standing right on globe 35) Eagle standing right on thunderbolt 36) Eagle standing right, wreath in beak 37) Faustina II head right facing Commodus head left. 38) Felicitas seated right, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 39) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 40) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia; globe to lower left. 41) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter. 42) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and standard 43) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and caduceus. 44) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus and scepter. 45) Fides standing left, holding globe and standard 46) Fides standing left, holding spear; two standards on either side 47) Fides standing left, holding Victory and standard. 48) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket. 49) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 50) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair 51) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 52) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 53) Fortuna standing left, raising skirt and holding rudder. 54) Fortuna standing right, holding rudder and raising skirt. 55) Funeral pyre 56) Galley sailing left 57) Galley sailing right 58) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears. 59) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears 60) Genius standing right, holding scepter and cornucopia. 61) Germania seated left; trophy in background. 62) Germania seated left; trophy with weapons in background. 63) Germania seated right; trophy in background. 64) Germania seated right; trophy with weapons in background. 65) Hands, in handshake, holding caduceus. 66) Hands, in handshake, holding grain ears 67) Hands, in handshake, holding legionary eagle. 68) Hands, in handshake, holding standard. 69) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia. 70) Honos standing left, holding branch and cornucopia 71) Honos standing, facing, holding scepter and cornucopia 72) Jupiter head right 73) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 74) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 75) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt at enemy lying to right. 76) Justitia seated left, holding patera and scepter. 77) Juventas standing left, holding branch and scepter. 78) Juventas standing left, sacrificing over candelabrum and holding patera. 79) Juventas standing left, holding branch; trophy to right with shield at base 80) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 81) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter. 82) Lucius Verus bare head right. 83) Marcus Aurelius advancing left over bridge followed by 2 soldiers; three boats under bridge. 84) Marcus Aurelius advancing left over bridge followed by 5 soldiers; three boats under bridge. 85) Marcus Aurelius advancing left over bridge followed by 6 soldiers; three boats under bridge. 86) Marcus Aurelius and Commodus riding quadriga right. 87) Marcus Aurelius and Commodus seated left on platform, attended by lictor and officer giving donative to citizen on steps to lower left. 88) Marcus Aurelius and Commodus seated left on platform; Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and scepter, citizen on steps to lower left. 89) Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus riding quadriga left. 90) Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus seated left on platform, attended by lictor and officer giving donative to citizen on steps to lower left. 91) Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus seated left on platform; Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and scepter, citizen on steps to lower left. 92) Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus standing, facing each other, shaking hands. 93) Marcus Aurelius bare head right.

129 94) Marcus Aurelius laureate head right 95) Marcus Aurelius riding eagle right, holding scepter. 96) Marcus Aurelius riding elephant quadriga right 97) Marcus Aurelius riding horse right, holding spear, soldier to right and 2 soldiers to left 98) Marcus Aurelius riding horse right, holding spear, soldier to right and 3 soldiers to left 99) Marcus Aurelius riding horse right, raising hand and holding parazonium. 100) Marcus Aurelius riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop. 101) Marcus Aurelius riding quadriga right. 102) Marcus Aurelius left on right, holding hand of kneeling Italia, holding globe, and scepter. 103) Marcus Aurelius left on right, shaking hands with Faustina II to left; Concordia between them, in background 104) Marcus Aurelius seated left, holding branch and scepter. 105) Marcus Aurelius standing left, holding branch and scepter. 106) Marcus Aurelius standing left, holding globe. 107) Marcus Aurelius standing left, holding thunderbolt and spear, being crowned by Victory from behind, holding palm. 108) Marcus Aurelius standing left, sacrificing over altar 109) Marcus Aurelius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 110) Marcus Aurelius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding standard 111) Marcus Aurelius standing left, sacrificing over altar; bull to left 112) Marcus Aurelius standing right on platform, attended by two lictors, addressing three soldiers below. 113) Mars advancing left, holding trophy and spear. 114) Mars advancing left, holding Victory and trophy. 115) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 116) Mars standing right, holding shield reading SC and spear. 117) Mars standing right, holding shield reading SC on captive and spear 118) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus. 119) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus; cock by feet. 120) Minerva advancing right, aiming spear and holding shield. 121) Minerva seated right, holding spear and pulling veil; shield to side. 122) Minerva seated right, holding spear and shield. 123) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield 124) Minerva standing left, holding owl and resting hand on shield. 125) Minerva standing left, holding owl and spear with shield. 126) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield. 127) Minerva standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 128) Modius with grain ears 129) Pax seated left, holding branch and cornucopia. 130) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. 131) Pax standing left, setting weapons on fire and holding cornucopia 132) Pietas standing left, holding baby in either arm; child on either side. 133) Pietas standing left, holding patera and scepter. 134) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box. 135) Pietas standing left, raising hand over child and holding baby. 136) Pietas standing left, raising hand over child and holding incense box 137) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 138) Pietas standing left, touching child to left and holding baby. 139) Pietas standing, facing, holding patera and scepter. 140) Providentia standing left, holding globe and cornucopia. 141) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 142) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, raising hand over globe and holding scepter. 143) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and parazonium; shield below 144) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and spear; shield below 145) Roma seated left, holding spear; shield below 146) Roma seated left, holding Victory and cornucopia. 147) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium. 148) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; shield below 149) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear 150) Roma standing left, stepping on helmet, holding Victory and spear. 151) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 152) Salus seated left, feeding snake 153) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 154) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar 155) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter. 156) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 157) Securitas seated left, holding scepter 158) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and cradling scepter. 159) Securitas standing left, holding wreath and palm. 160) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, raising hand and holding scepter. 161) Securitas standing right, holding wreath over head and palm. 162) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 163) Spes standing left, leaning on column, holding flower. 164) Temple with (4) columns, Mercury within. 165) Thunderbolt, winged 166) Tiber lying left, resting arm on boat and cradling scepter. 167) Trophies (3) 168) Trophy; seated captive to left, standing captive to right. 169) Trophy; standing captive to left, seated captive to right. 170) Venus standing left, raising hand and holding shield. 171) Vesta standing right, holding Palladium and scepter. 172) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath with both hands. 173) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and wreath. 174) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 175) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy 176) Victory advancing right, holding trophy and wreath. 177) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 178) Victory seated left, holding patera and palm. 179) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 180) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and trophy. 181) Victory standing left, holding wreath and trophy. 182) Victory standing right, holding palm and shield reading VIC / AVG on palm

130 183) Victory standing right, holding palm and shield reading VIC / GER on palm 184) Victory standing right, holding palm and shield reading VIC / PAR on palm 185) Victory standing right, holding trophy; seated captive to right. 186) Virtus seated left, holding parazonium and spear. 187) Virtus seated left, holding patera and palm. 188) Virtus seated right, holding spear and parazonium. 189) Virtus standing left, holding parazonium and spear. 190) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and parazonium 191) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 192) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium. 193) Weapons, in a pile. 194) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus 195) Wreath, METAL / AVRELIA / NIS within 196) Wreath, IVVENTVS within 197) Wreath, PRIMI / DECEN / NALES / COS / III within 198) Wreath, VICT / GERM / IMP VI / COS III within 199) Wreath, VICT / GERMA / IMP VI / COS III within 200) Wreath, VOTA PVBLICA within.

Mints: 1) Caesarea 2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B02, O09, R143, T018 RIC 456c (III, A. Pius), C 26 2) B03, O11, R045, T069 RIC 432a (III, A. Pius), BMC 606, C 233 3) B03, O11, R078, T151 RIC 424a (III, A Pius), BMC 276, C 450 4) B03, O12, R178, T103 RIC 434 (III, A. Pius), BMC 610, C 1021 5) B06, O19, R099, T155 Exe: COS III RIC 77 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 226, C 560 6) B07, O07, R153, T115 RIC 481 (III, A. Pius), C 753 7) B07, O09, R146, T147 RIC 457b (III, A. Pius), C 660 8) B07, O24, R113, T184 9) B09, O10, R132, T127 RIC 438a (III, A. Pius), C 606 10) B09, O11, R045, T069 RIC 432b (III, A. Pius), BMC 608, C 234 11) B11, O24, R115, T001 RIC 189 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 465, C 898 12) B13, O45, R048, T099 RIC 295 (III, M. Aurelius) 13) B14, O17, R089, T140 RIC 20 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 14 14) B14, O20, R182, T106 RIC 250 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 552a 15) B14, O24, R113, T174 RIC 174 (III, M. Aurelius), C 883 16) B14, O26, R107, T011 Exe: ARMEN RIC 86 (III, M. Aurelius), C 11 17) B14, O27, R083, T040 RIC 136 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 375, C 479 18) B14, O30, R121, T041 19) B14, O47, R129, T109 RIC 408 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 792

AU Quinarius 20) B03, O13, R146, T190 RIC 457a (III, A. Pius), C 26

AR Denarius 21) B03, O02, R082, T191 RIC 123 (III, M. Aurelius), C 472 22) B03, O02, R085, T191 RIC 91 (III, M. Aurelius), C 468 23) B03, O05, R149, T002 RIC 466a (III, A. Pius), S 4792 24) B03, O05, R149, T189 RIC 468 (III, A. Pius) 25) B03, O05, R150, T041 RIC 470 (III, A. Pius), C 709 26) B03, O05, R150, T189 RIC 473 (III, A. Pius), C 721 27) B03, O05, R151, T041 RIC 475a (III, A. Pius), C 727 28) B03, O05, R151, T162 RIC 476 (III, A. Pius), C 731 29) B03, O10, R023, T070 RIC 426 (III, A. Pius), C 100 30) B03, O10, R024, T163 RIC 431 (III, A. Pius), S 4783 31) B03, O10, R130, T192 RIC 433 (III, A. Pius), C 1006 32) B03, O10, R132, T048 RIC 436 (III, A. Pius), C 602 33) B03, O10, R133, T127 RIC 438b (III, A. Pius), C 608 34) B03, O10, R149, T002 RIC 466b (III, A. Pius), C 701 35) B03, O11, R024, T070 RIC 429a (III, A. Pius), S 4784, C 105 36) B03, O11, R046, T070 RIC 422 (III, A. Pius), C 236 37) B03, O11, R078, T151 RIC 424 (III, A. Pius), S 4786, C 451 38) B03, O13, R133, T018 RIC 448b (III, A. Pius), S 4781 39) B03, O13, R133, T141 RIC 446 (III, A. Pius), S 4789, C 628 40) B03, O13, R143, T110 RIC 453 (III, A. Pius), C 645 41) B03, O13, R146, T110 RIC 458 (III, A. Pius), C 661 42) B03, O13, R147, T110 RIC 461 (III, A. Pius), C 673 43) B03, O13, R148, T125 RIC 463a (III, A. Pius), C 676 44) B03, O13, R153, T120 RIC 483 (III, A. Pius), C 762 45) B03, O19, R008, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 59 (III, M. Aurelius) 46) B03, O21, R006, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 2 (III, M. Aurelius), C 30 47) B03, O21, R007, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 35 (III, M. Aurelius), C 35 48) B03, O21, R089, T140 RIC 22 (III, M. Aurelius), C 507 49) B03, O21, R090, T140 RIC 50 (III, M. Aurelius), C 519 50) B03, O36, R008, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 62 (III, M. Aurelius), C 42 51) B03, O36, R091, T140 RIC 70 (III, M. Aurelius), C 526

131 52) B03, O36, R108, T038 RIC 110 (III, M. Aurelius), C 852 53) B03, O36, R108, T123 RIC 102 (III, M. Aurelius), C 847 54) B11, O02, R082, T008 RIC 125 (III, M. Aurelius), C 474 55) B11, O02, R082, T012 Exe: ARMEN RIC 122 (III, M. Aurelius), C 9 56) B11, O02, R082, T040 RIC 132 (III, M. Aurelius), C 476 57) B11, O02, R082, T191 RIC 124 (III, M. Aurelius), C 473 58) B11, O02, R085, T012 Exe: ARMEN RIC 81 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4881 59) B11, O02, R085, T191 RIC 92 (III, M. Aurelius), C 469 60) B11, O16, R006, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 1 (III, M. Aurelius),C 32 61) B11, O19, R008, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 60 (III, M. Aurelius), C 40 62) B11, O19, R091, T140 RIC 73 (III, M. Aurelius), C 525 63) B11, O20, R025, T073 RIC 228 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4884, C 114 64) B11, O20, R183, T108 Exe: COS III RIC 251 (III, M. Aurelius), C 1036 65) B11, O20, R184, T197 RIC 245 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4924, C 493 66) B11, O21, R006, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 3 (III, M. Aurelius), C 31 67) B11, O21, R007, T024 Exe: COS III RIC 37 (III, M. Aurelius), BMC 185, C 36 68) B11, O21, R030, T039 RIC 14 (III, M. Aurelius), C 196 69) B11, O21, R089, T140 RIC 23 (III, M. Aurelius), C 508 70) B11, O21, R090, T140 RIC 51 (III, M. Aurelius), C 518 71) B11, O23, R026, T191 RIC 418 (III, M. Aurelius), C 147 72) B11, O24, R041, T049 RIC 185 (III, M. Aurelius), C 208 73) B11, O24, R081, T137 RIC 149 (III, M. Aurelius), C 464 74) B11, O24, R111, T130 RIC 164 (III, M. Aurelius), C 880 75) B11, O24, R111, T184 RIC 163 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4933, C 878 76) B11, O24, R113, T002 RIC 171 (III, M. Aurelius), C 882 77) B11, O24, R113, T141 RIC 170 (III, M. Aurelius), C 881 78) B11, O24, R114, T002 RIC 178 (III, M. Aurelius), C 892 79) B11, O24, R114, T141 RIC 176 (III, M. Aurelius), C 890 80) B11, O24, R115, T001 RIC 191 (III, M. Aurelius), C 899 81) B11, O24, R115, T002 RIC 192 (III, M. Aurelius), C 901 82) B11, O26, R109, T191 RIC 120 (III, M. Aurelius), C 868 83) B11, O27, R081, T137 RIC 148 (III, M. Aurelius), C 463 84) B11, O27, R083, T006 RIC 142 (III, M. Aurelius), C 484 85) B11, O27, R083, T144 RIC 138 (III, M. Aurelius), C 481 86) B11, O30, R077, T133 RIC 380 (III, M. Aurelius), C 442 87) B11, O30, R101, T157 RIC 325 (III, M. Aurelius) 88) B11, O30, R118, T058 RIC 327 (III, M. Aurelius), C 917 89) B11, O30, R121, T002 RIC 359 (III, M. Aurelius), C 938 90) B11, O30, R121, T039 RIC 356 (III, M. Aurelius), C 93 91) B11, O30, R121, T115 RIC 349 (III, M. Aurelius), C 926 92) B11, O30, R121, T149 RIC 352 (III, M. Aurelius) 93) B11, O30, R123, T045 RIC 374 (III, M. Aurelius), C 945 94) B11, O30, R123, T069 RIC 375 (III, M. Aurelius), C 946 95) B11, O30, R123, T174 RIC 378 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4944, C 949 96) B11, O30, R123, T193 RIC 367 (III, M. Aurelius), C 173 97) B11, O36, R108, T038 RIC 112 (III, M. Aurelius) 98) B11, O39, R032, T041 RIC 203 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4498 99) B11, O39, R066, T080 RIC 206 (III, M. Aurelius) 100) B11, O39, R095, T155 RIC 207 (III, M. Aurelius), C 543 101) B11, O40, R025, T027 RIC 212 (III, M. Aurelius), C 130 102) B11, O40, R025, T120 RIC 211 (III, M. Aurelius), C 211 103) B11, O40, R025, T156 RIC 216 (III, M. Aurelius), C 139 104) B11, O40, R040, T049 RIC 220 (III, M. Aurelius), C 205 105) B11, O40, R095, T155 RIC 222 (III, M. Aurelius), C 546 106) B11, O40, R168, T175 RIC 225 (III, M. Aurelius), 9 107) B11, O41, R049, T039 RIC 314 (III, M. Aurelius) 108) B11, O41, R049, T115 RIC 310 (III, M. Aurelius), C 315 109) B11, O41, R049, T149 RIC 316 (III, M. Aurelius), C 341 110) B11, O41, R049, T178 RIC 312 (III, M. Aurelius) 111) B11, O41, R050, T178 RIC 324 (III, M. Aurelius), C 355 112) B11, O42, R025, T074 RIC 227 (III, M. Aurelius), C 113 113) B11, O42, R048, T174 RIC 237 (III, M. Aurelius) 114) B11, O43, R048, T002 RIC 252 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4903 115) B11, O43, R048, T148 RIC 259 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4902, C 280 116) B11, O43, R048, T191 RIC 261 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4901, C 290 117) B11, O44, R048, T015 RIC 278 (III, M. Aurelius), C 297 118) B11, O44, R048, T105 RIC 282 (III, M. Aurelius) 119) B11, O44, R048, T177 RIC 273 (III, M. Aurelius), S 4904, C 261 120) B11, O44, R048, T191 RIC 276 (III, M. Aurelius), C 292 121) B11, O45, R031, T043 RIC 285b (III, M. Aurelius) 122) B11, O45, R048, T014 RIC 289 (III, M. Aurelius), C 298 123) B11, O45, R048, T106 RIC 296 (III, M. Aurelius), C 306 124) B11, O45, R048, T115 RIC 286 (III, M. Aurelius), C 254 125) B11, O45, R048, T177 RIC 287 (III, M. Aurelius), C 263 126) B11, O45, R049, T039 RIC 304 (III, M. Aurelius), C 331 127) B11, O47, R026, T147 RIC 420 (III, M. Aurelius), C 148 128) B11, O47, R124, T152 RIC 385 (III, M. Aurelius), C 954 129) B11, O47, R125, T153 RIC 399 (III, M. Aurelius), C 965 130) B11, O47, R125, T191 RIC 396 (III, M. Aurelius), C 963 131) B11, O47, R129, T153 RIC 403 (III, M. Aurelius), C 968 132) B13, O02, R082, T008 RIC 126 (III, M. Aurelius) 133) B13, O23, R026, T006 RIC 424 (III, A. Pius), C 151 134) B13, O43, R048, T191 RIC 262 (III, M. Aurelius), C 291 135) B13, O44, R048, T148 136) B14, O24, R113, T002 137) B14, O27, R085, T012 Exe: ARMEN RIC 82a (III, M. Aurelius), C 7d 138) B14, O44, R048, T105 RIC 283 (III, M. Aurelius) 139) B14, O45, R048, T177 RIC 288 (III, M. Aurelius), C 264 140) B14, O47, R129, T050 RIC 409 (III, M. Aurelius), C 972

132 141) B16, O21, R089, T140 RIC 25 (III, M. Aurelius), C 510 142) Ba, O03, R002, T058 RIC 443 (III, M. Aurelius)

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s) 143) B03, O15, R022, T030 RIC 274 (III, Commodus), C 88 144) B03, O15, R022, T031 RIC 267 (III, Commodus), C 80 145) B03, O15, R022, T032 RIC 265 (III, Commodus) 146) B03, O15, R022, T033 RIC 272 (III, Commodus), C 84 147) B03, O15, R022, T034 RIC 273 (III, Commodus), C 91 148) B03, O15, R022, T035 RIC 269 (III, Commodus), C 83 149) B03, O15, R022, T055 RIC 275 (III, Commodus), C 97 150) Ba, O02, R002, T056 RIC 443 (III, Commodus)

AE Sestertius 151) B03, O12, R184, T120 RIC 1243a (III, A. Pius), C 576 152) B03, O18, R010, T092 Exe: COS III RIC 795 (III, M. Aurelius) 153) B03, O54, R132, T048 RIC 1270 (III, A. Pius), C 614 154) B03, O59, R059, T079 RIC 1233a (III, A. Pius), C 394 155) B03, O59, R078, T151 Exe: SC RIC 1234a (III, A. Pius), C 454 156) B09, O60, R148, T125 RIC 1321 (III, A. Pius), C 678 157) B11, O18, R011, T092 Exe: COS III RIC 826 (III, M. Aurelius), C 54 158) B11, O18, R098, T155 Exe: COS III RIC 835 (III, M. Aurelius) 159) B11, O18, R099, T155 Exe: COS III RIC 844 (III, M. Aurelius), C 564 160) B11, O31, R055, T193 Exe: DE GERMANIS RIC 1184 (III, M. Aurelius), C 163 161) B11, O40, R025, T098 Exe: PROFECTIO AVG / SC RIC 977 (III, M. Aurelius), C 502 162) B11, O40, R095, T155 RIC 979 (III, M. Aurelius), C 547 163) B11, O41, R050, T042 RIC 1136 (III, M. Aurelius), C 163 164) B11, O42, R025, T073 RIC 989 (III, M. Aurelius) 165) B11, O42, R025, T115 RIC 992 (III, M. Aurelius), C 127 166) B11, O42, R048, T183 RIC 1001 (III, M. Aurelius), C 269 167) B11, O42, R184, T197 RIC 1003 (III, M. Aurelius), C 495 168) B11, O43, R043, T013 RIC 1021 (III, M. Aurelius) 169) B11, O43, R048, T183 RIC 1029 (III, M. Aurelius), C 272 170) B11, O44, R044. T168 Exe: SC RIC 1062 (III, M. Aurelius), C 229 171) B11, O44, R184, T198 Exe: SC RIC 1090 (III, M. Aurelius), C 995 172) B11, O48, R161, T184 RIC 931 (III, M. Aurelius), C 807 173) B11, O50, R160, T191 RIC 898 (III, M. Aurelius), C 796 174) B13, O44, R048, T164 Exe: RELIG AVG RIC 1076 (III, M. Aurelius), C 534 175) B13, O54, R034, T041 RIC 1237 (III, A. Pius), C 185 176) B13, O55, R175, T188 RIC 1250 (III, M. Aurelius), C 576

AE Sestertius (Posthumous) 177) B03, O15, R022, T029 RIC 658 (III, Commodus) 178) B03, O15, R022, T033 RIC 657 (III, Commodus) 179) B03, O15, R022, T055 RIC 662 (III, Commodus), C 98

AE Dupondius 180) B17, O18, R011, T092 Exe: COS III RIC 828 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5021, C 58 181) B17, O20, R037, T047 RIC 999 (III, M. Aurelius), C 200 182) B17, O39, R095, T155 RIC 965 (III, M. Aurelius) 183) B17, O42, R184, T197 RIC 1004 (III, M. Aurelius), C 496 184) B17, O43, R048, T148 RIC 1035 (III, M. Aurelius)

AE As 185) B03, O05, R149, T071 HO NOS and S C across fields RIC 1279 (III, A. Pius), S 4803, C 242 186) B03, O07, R176, T192 187) B03, O10, R130, T048 RIC 1288 (III, A. Pius) 188) B03, O10, R152, T192 189) B03, O11, R045, T069 RIC 1260 (III, A. Pius) 190) B03, O11, R078, T151 Exe: SC RIC 1240a (III, A. Pius), S 4834, C 455 191) B03, O12, R184, T127 RIC 1264 (III, A. Pius), C 573 192) B09, O05, R149, T137 RIC 1333 (III, A. Pius) 193) B09, O11, R078, T151 Exe: SC RIC 1234b (III, A. Pius), C 457 194) B11, O44, R103, T161 RIC 1083 (III, M. Aurelius), C 584 195) B11, O46, R054, T131 RIC 1202 (M. Aurelius), C 363

AE As (Posthumous) 196) B03, O15, R022, T033 RIC 664 (III, Commodus), C 86

AE Semis 197) Bb, O61, R184, T195

133

Marcus Aurelius Busts

Marcus Aurelius Types

134

Marcus Aurelius Types (continued)

135

Marcus Aurelius Types (continued)

136

Faustina II

b. ca.128 - d.175

Daughter of Antoninus Pius and Faustina Sr. and wife of Marcus Aurelius. She was also the mother of Commodus and Lucilla, wife of Lucius Verus. Her claim to fame, or rather notoriety, was her rampant unfaithfulness to Marcus Aurelius who, it seemed, was the only Roman who wasn't on to her. Upon her death a mournful Aurelius asked for her deification. Alarmed at

the possible scandal but unwilling to test the will of the beloved emperor the Senate complied.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Draped bust left 3) Draped bust right 4) Veiled, draped bust right

Obverses:

1) DIVA AVG FAVSTINA 2) DIVA FAVSTINA PIA 3) DIVAE FAVSTIN AVG MATR CASTROR 4) DIVAE FAVSTINAE PIAE 5) FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG 6) FAVSTINA AVG P II AVG FIL 7) FAVSTINA AVGVSTA 8) FAVSTINA AVGVSTA AVG P II F 9) FAVSTINA AVGVSTA AVG P II FIL 10) FAVSTINA AVGVSTA P II AVG FIL 11) FAVSTINAE AVG ANTONINI AVG P II FIL 12) FAVSTINAE AVG P II AVG F 13) FAVSTINAE AVG P II AVG FIL

Reverses:

1) AETERNITAS 2) AVGVSTA 3) AVGVSTI P II FIL 4) CERES 5) CONCORDIA 6) CONCORDIA AVG 7) CONSECRATIO 8) DIANA LVCIF 9) DIANA LVCINA 10) DIVA FAVSTINA 11) FECVND AVGVSTAE 12) FECVNDITAS 13) FECVNDITAS AVGVST 14) FECVNDITAS AVGVSTAE 15) FELICITAS

16) FORTVNAE MVLIEBRI 17) HILARITAS 18) INDVLGENTIA AVG 19) IVNO 20) IVNONI LVCINAE 21) IVNONI REGINAE 22) LAETITIA 23) LAETITIA PVB 24) LAETITIA PVBLICAE 25) LAETITIAE PVBLICAE 26) MATRI CASTRORVM 27) MATRI MAGNAE 28) PIETAS 29) PVDICITIA 30) SAECVLI FELICIT

31) SALVS 32) SALVTI AVG COS TRIB POT 33) SALVTI AVGVSTAE 34) SIDERIBVS RECEPTA 35) TEMPOR FELIC 36) VENERI AVGVSTAE 37) VENERI FELICI 38) VENERI GENETRICI 39) VENERI VICTRICI 40) VENVS 41) VENVS FELIX 42) VENVS GENETRIX 43) VENVS VICTRIX 44) VESTA 45) No legend

Types:

1) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and pulling veil. 2) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and raising skirt. 3) Aeternitas standing left, leaning on column, holding phoenix on globe. 4) Aeternitas standing, facing, pulling veil and holding torch. 5) Altar 6) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and raising skirt. 7) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch. 8) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch. 9) Children (2) seated, facing, stars above 10) Concordia seated left, holding flower; globe below. 11) Concordia seated left, holding patera. 12) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 13) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 14) Concordia standing, facing, raising skirt and holding cornucopia. 15) Crescent surrounded by seven stars 16) Cybele seated left, holding branch and resting arm on drum; lion below 17) Cybele seated left, holding drum; lion on either side. 18) Cybele seated right, holding drum; lion on either side. 19) Dove standing right 20) Eagle 21) Faustina II riding biga right 22) Faustina II riding eagle left, upwards 23) Faustina II riding elephant biga left, holding scepter. 24) Faustina II seated left, holding scepter and phoenix on globe; standards (2) to left. 25) Faustina II seated left, holding scepter and phoenix on globe; standards (3) to left. 26) Faustina II seated left, holding scepter, dancer with veil overhead on either side.

Just as with the rest of the coins of this period the Denarius becomes the default denomination that collectors will find available. But her bronze series is well represented as well with the three main denominations of the Sestertius, Dupondius and As. Many of these can be located in very nice grades although, as usual, the truly top end coins are normally carried via the bigger numismatic firms. A decent Denarius can be had for as little as $20 and a very nice example for just two or three times that much.

137 27) Faustina II standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box; standards (2) in background. 28) Faustina II standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box; standards (3) in background. 29) Fecunditas standing left, holding baby in each arm; child on either side. 30) Fecunditas standing left, holding scepter and baby. 31) Fecunditas standing right, holding baby in each arm; child on either side. 32) Fecunditas standing right, holding baby; child on either side. 33) Fecunditas standing right, holding scepter and baby. 34) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia 35) Funeral pyre 36) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia. 37) Hilaritas standing right, pulling veil and holding palm. 38) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera. 39) Juno seated left, holding child on lap and scepter; another child to left, holding grain ears. 40) Juno seated left, holding patera and scepter. 41) Juno seated left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left. 42) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 43) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left. 44) Laetitia standing left, holding globe and scepter. 45) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and scepter. 46) Laetitia standing right, holding scepter and wreath 47) Luna (Diana) standing left, holding arrow and bow 48) Luna (Diana) standing left, holding arrow and resting hand on bow 49) Luna (Diana) standing left, holding scepter with both hands 50) Luna (Diana) standing left, holding torch with both hands. 51) Luna (Diana) standing right, holding scepter with both hands 52) Luna (Diana) standing right, holding torch with both hands. 53) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 54) Peacock flying left, bearing Faustina II towards heaven. 55) Peacock standing left 56) Peacock standing right 57) Peacock standing, facing 58) Pietas seated left, raising skirt and holding cornucopia; child to left. 59) Pietas standing left, holding flower and cornucopia; child to left. 60) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 61) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil 62) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil and raising skirt. 63) Pudicitia standing left, raising hand and pulling dress 64) Pudicitia standing left, sacrificing over altar. 65) Pudicitia standing left, touching head. 66) Pudicitia standing, facing, raising skirt and holding cornucopia 67) Sacrificial ceremony with six members in front of temple with six columns. 68) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar 69) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter. 70) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 71) Throne with two children 72) Throne with two children; stars above. 73) Throne with scepter across and peacock in front 74) Venus seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 75) Venus standing left, holding apple and rudder on dove 76) Venus standing left, holding apple and rudder with dolphin coiled around 77) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter 78) Venus standing left, holding apple and touching head. 79) Venus standing left, holding apples and baby wrapped in blankets. 80) Venus standing left, holding dove and scepter. 81) Venus standing left, holding rudder 82) Venus standing left, holding rudder with dolphin coiled around 83) Venus standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on shield 84) Venus standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on shield on helmet. 85) Venus standing left, pulling veil and holding apple. 86) Venus standing right on left, holding arm of Mars to right, holding shield. 87) Venus standing right, holding scepter and apple. 88) Venus standing right, leaning on column, holding spear and helmet 89) Venus standing, facing, pulling veil and holding apple 90) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter. 91) Vesta seated left, holding simpulum and Palladium. 92) Vesta standing left, holding globe and scepter 93) Victory advancing right, holding torch, carrying Faustina II upwards 94) Wreath, PRIMI DECENNALES COS III within.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O07, R33, T68 RIC 717a (III, M. Aurelius), C 199 2) B2, O07, R03, T47 RIC 494b (III, Ant. Pius), C 19 3) B3, O06, R05, T19 RIC 503a (III, Ant. Pius), C 61 4) B3, O13, R40, T76 RIC 515b (III, Ant. Pius), C 260 5) B3, O13, R40, T89 RIC 514 (III, Ant. Pius), C 256

AU Quinarius(s)

6) B3, O13, R40, T89 RIC 514 (III, A. Pius), BMC 1061, C 256

138 AR Denarius Reference(s)

7) B1, O07, R21, T41 RIC 698 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5257, C 145 8) B1, O07, R21, T43 RIC 696 (III, M. Aurelius) 9) B1, O07, R22, T45 RIC 701 (III, M. Aurelius), C 148 10) B1, O07, R30, T71 RIC 712 (III, M. Aurelius), C 191 11) B1, O13, R25, T45 RIC 506c (III, Ant. Pius), S 4705 12) B2, O06, R05, T10 RIC 502b (III, Ant. Pius), C 55 13) B2, O07, R03, T84 RIC 495b (III, Ant. Pius), C 15a 14) B3, O05, R06, T13 15) B3, O06, R05, T11 RIC 502a (III, Ant. Pius), S 4704, C 54 16) B3, O06, R29, T66 Curtis Clay collection 17) B3, O07, R03, T70 RIC 497 (III, Ant. Pius), S 4702, C 24 18) B3, O07, R03, T84 RIC 495a (III, Ant. Pius), S 4700, C 15 19) B3, O07, R05, T07 RIC 669 (III, M. Aurelius), C 35 20) B3, O07, R08, T50 RIC 674 (III, M. Aurelius), C 85 21) B3, O07, R11, T31 RIC 676 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5251, C 95 22) B3, O07, R12, T33 RIC 677 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5252, C 99 23) B3, O07, R15, T34 RIC 683 (III, M. Aurelius), C 107 24) B3, O07, R17, T36 RIC 686 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5254, C 111 25) B3, O07, R19, T41 RIC 689 (III, M. Aurelius), C 126 26) B3, O07, R19, T42 RIC 690 (III, M. Aurelius) 27) B3, O07, R19, T43 RIC 688 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5255, C 120 28) B3, O07, R21, T41 RIC 697 (III, M. Aurelius), C 144 29) B3, O07, R21, T43 RIC 694 (III, M. Aurelius), C 141 30) B3, O07, R27, T16 RIC 706 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5259, C 172 31) B3, O07, R29, T64 RIC 708 (III, M. Aurelius) 32) B3, O07, R30, T71 RIC 711 (III, M. Aurelius) 33) B3, O07, R31, T68 RIC 714 (III, M. Aurelius), C 195 34) B3, O07, R31, T69 RIC 715 (III, M. Aurelius), C 197 35) B3, O07, R35, T29 RIC 719 (III, M. Aurelius), C 221 36) B3, O07, R36, T74 RIC 721 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5264, C 226 37) B3, O07, R40, T77 RIC 728 (III, M. Aurelius), C 249 38) B3, O07, R40, T80 RIC 730 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5266 39) B3, O07, R42, T74 RIC 735 (III, M. Aurelius), C 281 40) B3, O07, R42, T83 RIC 734 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5268, C 280 41) B3, O07, R44, T90 RIC 737 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5270, C 286 42) B3, O08, R29, T64 RIC 508a (III, Ant. Pius), C 184 43) B3, O11, R05, T14 RIC 500b (III, Ant. Pius), S 4703, C 42 44) B3, O13, R29, T62 RIC 507a (III, Ant. Pius), C 176 45) B3, O13, R40, T75 RIC 515b (III, Ant. Pius), C 261 46) B3, O13, R40, T76 RIC 517a (III, Ant. Pius), C 266

AR Denarius (Posthumous)

47) B3, O02, R01, T03 RIC 740 (III, M. Aurelius), C 6 48) B3, O02, R01, T04 RIC 739 (III, M. Aurelius), C 2 49) B3, O02, R07, T05 RIC 746 (III, M. Aurelius), C 75 50) B3, O02, R07, T15 RIC 750 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5219, C 83 51) B3, O02, R07, T56 RIC 744 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5215, C 71 52) B3, O02, R07, T57 RIC 743 (III, M. Aurelius), C 70 53) B3, O02, R07, T73 RIC 745 (III, M. Aurelius), S 5216, C 73 54) B4, O02, R07, T35 RIC 747 (III, M. Aurelius), C 77

AE Sestertius

55) B1, O07, R12, T33 RIC 1638 (III, M. Aurelius), C 100 56) B1, O07, R21, T43 RIC 1651 (III, M. Aurelius), C 142 57) B1, O07, R33, T68 Exe: SC RIC 1668 (III, M. Aurelius), C 200 58) B1, O07, R38, T84 RIC 1679 (III, M. Aurelius) 59) B1, O13, R29, T61 RIC 1404b (III, Ant. Pius), C 187 60) B3, O06, R28, T59 RIC 1379 (III, Ant. Pius), S 4715, C 173 61) B3, O07, R22, T45 RIC 1654 (III, M. Aurelius), C 149 62) B3, O07, R30, T71 63) B3, O07, R30, T71 Exe: SC 64) B3, O09, R44, T92 RIC 1387 (III, Ant. Pius), C 250 65) B3, O09, R45, T48 RIC 1383 (III, Ant. Pius), C 210

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

66) B3, O02, R01, T03 RIC 1692 (III, M. Aurelius), C 4 67) B3, O02, R01, T26 RIC 1697 (III, M. Aurelius), C 10 68) B3, O02, R01, T93 RIC 1699 (III, M. Aurelius), C 12 69) B3, O02, R07, T05 RIC 1706 (III, M. Aurelius), C 72 70) B3, O02, R07, T55 RIC 1703 (III, M. Aurelius), C 72 71) B3, O02, R07, T73 RIC 1705 (III, M. Aurelius) 72) B3, O02, R34, T21 RIC 1717 (III, M. Aurelius), C 217 73) B3, O02, R34, T50 RIC 1716 (III, M. Aurelius), C 216 74) B3, O02, R34, T52 RIC 1715 (III, M. Aurelius), C 215

AE Dupondius

75) B3, O09, R45, T48 RIC 1383 (III, Ant. Pius), C 211

139 AE As Reference(s)

76) B1, O07, R05, T11 RIC 1626 (III, M. Aurelius), C 59 77) B1, O07, R33, T68 Exe: SC RIC 1671 (III, M. Aurelius), C 201 78) B1, O13, R25, T45 RIC 1401c (III, Ant. Pius) 79) B3, O07, R39, T86 RIC 1680 (III, M. Aurelius), C 241 80) B3, O07, R45, T15 Exe: SC RIC 1714 (III, M. Aurelius), C 213 81) B3, O13, R29, T62 RIC 1403 (III, Ant. Pius), C 179

Faustina II Busts

Faustina II Types

140

Faustina II Types (continued)

141

Lucius Verus

Augustus 161-169

Sharing the title of Augustus with his brother Marcus Aurelius, history records Verus in a less-than-glowing light. Although an intelligent and handsome man, he didn't seem much interested in political or military affairs. Going through the motions, he followed his war generals who did the dirty work while it was noted he enjoyed a hedonistic lifestyle on the road complete with a traveling theater and frequent banquets to entertain him. It was on the return

of one of these battles that he died after a stroke. Consensus holds that his greatest accomplishment was, unflatteringly enough, that he delegated administrative duties to his much more capable brother.

Busts: 1) Bare head left 2) Bare head right 3) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right 4) Bare headed, draped bust left 5) Bare headed, draped bust right 6) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 7) Laureate head right 8) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 9) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 10) Laureate, draped bust right 11) Radiate head right 12) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 13) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 14) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) DIVVS VERVS 2) IMP CAES L AVREL VERVS AVG 3) IMP CAES L VERVS AVG 4) IMP CAESAR L AVRELIVS VERVS AVG 5) IMP L AVREL VERVS AVG 6) IMP L VERVS AVG 7) L AVREL VERVS ARMENIACVS 8) L AVREL VERVS AVG 9) L AVREL VERVS AVG ARMENIACVS 10) L VERVS AVG 11) L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX 12) L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX MEDIC 13) L VERVS AVG ARMENIACVS 14) VERVS AVG 15) VERVS AVG IMP PARTH MAX

Reverses: 1) ADLOCVT AVG 2) CONCORD AVG COS II 3) CONCORD AVG TR P 4) CONCORD AVGVSTOR 5) CONCORD AVGVSTOR COS II 6) CONCORD AVGVSTOR TR P 7) CONCORD AVGVSTOR TR P COS II 8) CONCORD AVGVSTOR TR P II 9) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR 10) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR COS II 11) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR TR P 12) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR TR P II 13) CONCORDIAE AVGVSTORVM COS II 14) CONG AVG IIII TR P VII IMP IIII COS III 15) CONSECRATIO 16) COS II 17) FEL TEM COS II 18) FELIC AVG TR P III 19) FORT RED TR P V IMP II COS II 20) FORT RED TR P VIII IMP V 21) FORT RED TR P VIIII IMP V COS III 22) FORT RED TR POT II COS II 23) FORT RED TR POT III 24) HERC PAC TR P IIII IMP II COS II 25) HILARITAS 26) IMP II TR P IIII COS II 27) INDVLGENTIA AVG 28) IVNO 29) L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX 30) LIB AVG III TR P VI COS II 31) LIB AVGVSTOR TR P COS II 32) LIBERAL AVG TR P V IMP II COS II

33) PAX AVG TR P VI COS II 34) PIETAS 35) PIETAS AVG TR P VI COS II 36) PROFECTIO AVG TR P II COS II 37) PROFECTIO AVG TR P III COS II 38) PROV DEOR TR P COS II 39) PROV DEOR TR P II COS II 40) PROV DEOR TR P III COS II 41) SALVTI AVGSTOR TR P III 42) SALVTI AVGVSTAE 43) SALVTI AVGVSTOR TR P II COS II 44) TR P II COS II 45) TR P III IMP II COS II 46) TR P IIII COS II 47) TR P IIII IMP II COS II 48) TR P V IMP II COS II 49) TR P V IMP III COS II 50) TR P VI IMP III COS II 51) TR P VI IMP IIII COS II 52) TR P VII COS III 53) TR P VII IMP IIII COS III 54) TR P VIII COS III 55) TR P VIII IMP IIII COS III 56) TR P VIII IMP V COS III 57) TR P VIIII IMP V COS III 58) TR P XIX IMP II COS III 59) TR POT COS II 60) TR POT II COS II 61) TR POT III COS II 62) TR POT IIII IMP II COS II 63) TR POT V IMP II COS II 64) TR POT V IMP III COS II

Many choice, well-preserved coins remain for this emperor. Most commonly offered will be Denarii some of which may cost less than $100 and still be very attractive. Even mint state ones will not cost significantly more. The story changes, predictably, for bronzes which, largely in part due to the weathering of nearly two millennia, are much more difficult to find in the higher grades. While an As or Dupondius may cost only $20 or $30 do not expect it to be especially attractive at these prices. A nearly flawless Sestertius will easily cost several thousand dollars of this or any other “common” emperor. Gold, too, is available although it hardly need be mentioned that an Aureus, regardless of emperor, is likely to cost thousands of dollars except for the worn and/or problem coins.

142 65) TR POT VI IMP III COS II 66) TR POT VII IMP IIII COS III 67) TR POT VIII IMP IIII COS III 68) TR POT VIII IMP V COS III 69) TR POT VIIII COS III 70) TR POT VIIII IMP V COS III 71) TR POT XIIII COS IIII

72) VENVS 73) VICT AVG TR P III IMP II COS II 74) VICT AVG TR P IIII IMP II COS II 75) VICT AVG TR P VI COS II 76) VICT AVG TR POT VI IMP III COS II 77) No legend

Types: 1) Aequitas seated left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Annona standing left, holding roll and oar; modius on galley prow to left. 4) Armenia seated left, resting head on hand, shield and standard behind. 5) Armenia seated left, resting head on hand; trophy behind. 6) Captive, bound, seated right by weapons and trophy. 7) Captive, bound, seated right by weapons. 8) Concordia seated left, holding patera 9) Cybele seated left, holding drum; lion below. 10) Eagle 11) Eagle perched on globe 12) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 13) Funeral pyre 14) Galley sailing left 15) Galley sailing left, Nike at prow 16) Galley sailing right, Nike at prow 17) Hercules standing, facing, holding branch and club with lion skin. 18) Hercules standing, facing, holding branch and club. 19) Indulgentia seated left, holding scepter. 20) Juno standing left, holoding patera and scepter; peacock to lower left. 21) Liberalitas standing, facing, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 22) Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius riding quadriga left, one holding scepter with eagle atop, the other a branch. 23) Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius seated left on platform, citizen on steps to lower left. 24) Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius seated left on platform, Liberalitas holding coin counter and citizen on steps to lower left. 25) Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius standing, facing each other, shaking hands. 26) Lucius Verus laureate head right 27) Lucius Verus riding elephant quadriga left 28) Lucius Verus riding elephant quadriga right 29) Lucius Verus riding horse right, holding spear. 30) Lucius Verus riding horse right, spearing enemy. 31) Lucius Verus seated left on platform, attended by two lictors; Armenian king Soemias to lower left, touching head. 32) Lucius Verus standing left on platform, attended by lictor, addressing several soldiers. 33) Lucius Verus standing left, holding globe. 34) Lucius Verus standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Roma seated to right, holding spear; shield to side. 35) Lucius Verus standing right on left, shaking hands with Roma seated to right, holding spear. 36) Mars advancing left, holding spear and trophy 37) Mars advancing left, holding trophy and parazonium 38) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 39) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 40) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield 41) Minerva standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield 42) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia 43) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 44) Providentia standing left, holding globe and cornucopia 45) Roma advancing left, holding Victory and trophy. 46) Roma standing left, stepping on helmet, holding Victory and spear. 47) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar 48) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter 49) Trophies (3) 50) Trophies (3); seated captive in front of each one. 51) Two hands holding standard 52) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter 53) Victory advancing left, holding open wreath with both hands. 54) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 55) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 56) Victory standing left, touching trophy with shield by base. 57) Victory standing left, touching trophy. 58) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VIC / AVG on palm. 59) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VIC / PAR on palm. 60) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VIC / PAR on palm; shield leaning against palm. 61) Victory standing right, holding trophy with Armenia seated by its base.

Mint: 1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B02, O13, R45, T58 RIC 522 (III, Marcus Aurelius), BMC 294 2) B02, O13, R46, T31 Exe: REX ARMEN / DAT RIC 512 (III, Marcus Aurelius), BMC 300 3) B06, O02, R41, T48 Exe: COS II RIC 496 (III, Marcus Aurelius), BMC 232 4) B06, O13, R46, T05 Exe: ARMEN BMC 236 5) B07, O02, R11, T25 Exe: COS II RIC 456 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 51 6) B08, O11, R56, T30 RIC 543 (III, Marcus Aurelius), BMC 391 7) B09, O11, R14, T21 RIC 658 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 52

143 8) B10, O11, R33, T42 RIC 559 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 30 9) B10, O13, R45, T58 RIC 525 (III, Marcus Aurelius)

AR Denarius Reference(s) 10) B02, O05, R03, T08 Exe: COS II RIC 447 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 21 11) B02, O05, R38, T44 RIC 463 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 144 12) B02, O05, R39, T44 RIC 482 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 155 13) B02, O06, R40, T44 RIC 491 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 156 14) B02, O13, R47, T04 Exe: ARMEN RIC 501 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 6 15) B02, O13, R47, T39 RIC 515 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 229 16) B06, O02, R16, T33 RIC 457 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 61 17) B07, O11, R20, T12 RIC 586 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 111 18) B07, O11, R33, T42 RIC 555 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 127 19) B07, O11, R49, T07 RIC 540 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 273 20) B07, O11, R50, T07 RIC 548 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 286 21) B07, O11, R51, T42 Exe: PAX RIC 561 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 126 22) B07, O11, R51, T59 RIC 566 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 279 23) B07, O11, R53, T02 RIC 576 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 297 24) B07, O11, R55, T02 RIC 578 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 310 25) B07, O11, R56, T02 RIC 590 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 316 26) B07, O11, R56, T54 RIC 581 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 313 27) B07, O11, R75, T53 RIC 553 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 339 28) B07, O13, R48, T39 RIC 529 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 263 29) B07, O13, R48, T45 RIC 537 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 270 30) B08, O11, R51, T59 31) B08, O13, R47, T39 RIC 514 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 228 32) B10, O05, R38, T44

AR Denarius (Posthumous) 33) B02, O01, R15, T10 RIC 596a (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 55 34) B02, O01, R15, T13 RIC 596b (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 58

AE Medallion 35) B09, O11, R53, T32 C 288

AE Sestertius 36) B02, O02, R60, T12 Exe: FORT RED RIC 1317 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 87 37) B02, O11, R51, T06 RIC 1443 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 201 38) B07, O02, R06, T25 Exe: COS II RIC 1284 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 161 39) B07, O02, R08, T25 Exe: COS II RIC 1309 (III, Marcus Aurelius) 40) B07, O02, R18, T16 Exe: COS II C 83 41) B07, O09, R47, T58 RIC 1397 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 250 42) B07, O11, R53, T35 Exe: SC RIC 1463 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 299 43) B08, O09, R47, T31 Exe: REX ARMEN DAT RIC 1371 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 161

AR Sestertius (Posthumous) 44) B02, O01, R15, T13 RIC 1511 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 59

AE Dupondius 45) B11, O11, R66, T54 RIC 1462 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 210 46) B12, O02, R18, T14 Exe: COS II RIC 1330 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 75

AE As 47) B02, O13, R45, T30 RIC 1404 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 257 48) B07, O11, R57, T03 RIC 1489 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 326

144

Lucius Verus Busts

Lucius Verus Types

145

Lucilla

c.149 –182

Lucilla was the wife of Lucius Verus. After his death she remained influential through the marriage of a senator. In 182 a plot to overthrow Commodus was uncovered in which she played a role and she was subsequently banished to the island of Capri. Fearing that this might not be enough to prevent any future plans of the sort, Commodus had her executed shortly afterwards.

Bust:

1) Draped bust right

Obverses:

1) LVCILLA AVG ANTONINI AVG F 2) LVCILLA AVGVSTA 3) LVCILLAE AVG ANTONINI AVG F 4) LVCILLAE AVGVSTAE

Reverses:

1) CERES 2) CONCORDIA 3) DIANA LVCIFERA 4) FECVNDITAS 5) FECVNDITAS AVGVSTA 6) HILARITAS 7) IVNO REGINA 8) IVNONI LVCINAE 9) LAETITIA 10) MATRI MAGNAE 11) PIETAS 12) PVDICITIA 13) SALVS 14) VENERI GENETRICI 15) VENVS 16) VENVS GENETRIX 17) VENVS VICTRIX 18) VESTA 19) VOTA PVBLICA 20) No legend

Types:

1) Altar 2) Ceres seated right, holding grain ears and torch 3) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch. 4) Concordia seated left, holding patera 5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 6) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 7) Concordia seated left, holding patera; cornucopia under seat. 8) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 9) Cybele seated, holding drum; lion on either side. 10) Diana standing left, holding torch with both hands. 11) Diana standing right, holding torch with both hands. 12) Fecunditas seated left, holding baby; child on either side. 13) Fecunditas seated left, raising hand; child to right. 14) Fecunditas seated right, holding baby; child on either side. 15) Fecunditas seated right, holding baby; child to left. 16) Fecunditas seated right, holding baby; child to right. 17) Fecunditas standing left, holding patera and scepter. 18) Fecunditas standing right, holding baby and scepter. 19) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia 20) Juno seated left, holding flower and baby. 21) Juno seated left, holding patera and scepter. 22) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left. 23) Juno standing left, raising hand and holding baby. 24) Laetitia standing, facing, holding wreath and rudder. 25) Pietas seated left, holding incense box; lit altar to left. 26) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box. 27) Pudicitia seated left, holding hand over chest 28) Pudicitia seated left, touching head. 29) Pudicitia standing left, holding hand over chest 30) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil and raising skirt. 31) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 32) Salus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 33) Venus seated left, holding apple and scepter; Cupid to left.

Compared to the two Faustinae, the easiest of the 2nd

century empresses to find, Lucilla’s coins are not considerably more difficult to locate and not much more expensive either.

Her coins are well represented in all denominations of the period but finding high grade copper will be challenging. An Aureus may be found in pricey auctions with reasonable frequency. This leaves Denarii as the most commonly available coins featuring this empress.

In terms of rarity and prices her coins are right on par with those of Crispina.

146 34) Venus seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 35) Venus standing left, holding apple and lifting dress off shoulder. 36) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter. 37) Venus standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on shield on helmet. 38) Venus standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on shield. 39) Venus standing left, raising hand and holding scepter. 40) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum and Palladium. 41) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum over altar and Palladium. 42) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum over altar and torch. 43) Vestal Virgins (6) sacrificing over altar; Temple of Vesta in background. 44) Wreath, dot within 45) Wreath, VOTA / PVBLI / CA within.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O3, R11, T26 RIC 773 (III, Marcus Aurelius) 2) B1, O3, R15, T36 RIC 783 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 69 3) B1, O3, R20, T45 RIC 790 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 97

AR Denarius

4) B1, O2, R04, T16 RIC 765 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 19 5) B1, O2, R06, T19 RIC 769 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 28 6) B1, O2, R08, T20 RIC 770 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 36 7) B1, O2, R08, T23 Curtis Clay collection 8) B1, O2, R12, T27 RIC 781 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5490 9) B1, O2, R12, T29 RIC 780 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 80 10) B1, O2, R15, T36 RIC 785 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 71 11) B1, O2, R16, T38 RIC 786 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5492 12) B1, O2, R20, T45 RIC 791 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5494 13) B1, O3, R02, T04 RIC 758 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5479 14) B1, O3, R02, T06 RIC 759 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 7 15) B1, O3, R03, T10 RIC 762 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 14 16) B1, O3, R08, T23 RIC 771 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 38 17) B1, O3, R11, T26 RIC 775 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 50 18) B1, O3, R15, T36 RIC 784 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 70 19) B1, O3, R18, T41 RIC 788 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 92 20) B1, O3, R18, T42 RIC 789 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 93

AE Medallion

21) B1, O3, R20, T43 C 105

AE Sestertius

22) B1, O2, R04, T14 RIC 1736 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 21 23) B1, O3, R02, T04 RIC 1730 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 8 24) B1, O3, R03, T11 RIC 1734 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 15 25) B1, O3, R08, T20 RIC 1747 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 37 26) B1, O3, R10, T26 RIC 1756 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 54 27) B1, O3, R15, T35 RIC 1767 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 77 28) B1, O3, R15, T36 RIC 1763 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 72 29) B1, O3, R18, T41 RIC 1779 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5510

AE As

30) B1, O3, R12, T27 RIC 1759 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 64 31) B1, O3, R13, T32 RIC 1761 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 61 32) B1, O3, R15, T36 RIC 1764 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 73

147

Lucilla Bust

Lucilla Types

148

Commodus

Augustus 177-192

Commodus vies with Caligula and Nero as Roman history's most perverse and sadistic of rulers. Like Caligula and Nero before, Commodus was an ordinary (by imperial standards) ruler who succeeded Marcus Aurelius, his father, upon his death. In his one major positive deed, Commodus called off the expedition against the Germans which his father had commenced on terms favorable to Rome. He sped off to Rome where he much preferred

living the perks of an emperor to the dirty business of waging wars. While he whiled away his time pursuing a hedonistic lifestyle he was happy to delegate administrative responsibilities to others.

Unfortunately, his appointees never seemed to last long on the job. Whether through incompetence, bad luck or corruption, one by one these fell and needed replacement. Commodus little by little began gaining a taste for power as the shuffling of his foremen took place and, finally, he decided to manage the empire himself. It is starting with this period that Commodus began to act increasingly unpredictably and cruel. A botched conspiracy against him, orchestrated by no less than his beloved sister Lucilla, was discovered and his surviving the episode turned him afterwards into a highly paranoid individual who had countless officials executed for disloyalty imagined or real.

In his final year of life he shocked Romans of all classes by personally moonlighting as a gladiator. Of course, these fights were arranged so that he could invariably come out the victor. Because of this a record-breaking 700+ victories were scored in his name, each one ending in the deaths of one or more gladiators and/or wild beasts at the Colosseum. A successful conspiracy against him was finally hatched by one of his lovers who first tried poisoning him but he threw up and a wrestler was summoned who strangled him to death on the last day of the year 192.

Busts: 1) Bare head right 2) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Bare headed, draped bust right 4) Head right, wearing lion skin 5) Laureate bust left 6) Laureate head left 7) Laureate head right 8) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 9) Laureate, cuirassed torso right 10) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 11) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 12) Laureate, draped bust right 13) Radiate bust right, with lion skin and club 14) Radiate head right 15) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 16) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 17) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) COMM ANT AVG P BRIT 2) COMMODO CAES AVG FIL GERM 3) COMMODO CAES AVG FIL GERM SARM 4) COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVG 5) COMMODVS CAES AVG FIL 6) COMMODVS CAES AVG FIL GERM SARM 7) COMMODVS CAES AVG FIL GERM SARM COS 8) DIVO COMMODO 9) IMP CAES L AVREL COMMODVS GERM SARM 10) IMP L AVREL COMMODVS AVG GERM SARM 11) L AEL AVR COM AVG PF 12) L AEL AVR COMM AVG P FEL 13) L AEL AVREL COMM AVG P FEL 14) L AVREL COMMODO CAES AVG FIL GERM 15) L AVREL COMMODO CAES AVG FIL GERM SARM 16) L AVREL COMMODVS AVG 17) L AVREL COMMODVS AVG GERM SARM 18) L AVREL COMMODVS AVG TR P III 19) L AVREL COMMODVS AVG TR P IIII 20) L AVREL COMMODVS AVG TR P V 21) L AVREL COMMODVS CAES AVG FIL GERM 22) L COMMODVS AVG 23) M ANTONINVS COMMODVS AVG

24) M COMM ANT AVG P BRIT FEL 25) M COMM ANT AVG PIVS BRIT 26) M COMM ANT P FEL AVG BRIT 27) M COMM ANT P FEL AVG BRIT PP 28) M COMM ANT P FELIX AVG BRIT 29) M COMM ANT P FELIX AVG BRIT PP 30) M COMM ANT P PEL AVG BRIT 31) M COMM ANTO AVG PIVS FEL 32) M COMM ANTON AVG PIVS BRIT 33) M COMM ANTON AVG PIVS FEL 34) M COMM ANTONIN AVG BRIT 35) M COMMOD ANT P FELIX AVG BRIT PP 36) M COMMODVS ANT AVG P BRIT FELIX 37) M COMMODVS ANT FELIX AVG P BRIT 38) M COMMODVS ANT P FELIX AVG BRIT 39) M COMMODVS ANTON AVG PIVS 40) M COMMODVS ANTON AVG PIVS BRIT 41) M COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVG 42) M COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVG PIVS 43) M COMMODVS ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVG BRIT 44) M COMMODVS AVG PIVS BRIT 45) M COMMODVS N AVG PIVS BRIT

For the period, Commodus’s coins are no different in terms of prices and availability compared to that of his immediate predecessors. However, it is somewhat surprising that few Denarii remain in mint state or even close to it. While the ever declining fineness of the silver content in the coins themselves is partly to blame one may wonder about the even baser Denarii of Caracalla or Elagabalus which are downright plentiful in truly gem condition. Because of the historical significance, coins featuring Commodus’s portrait wearing a lion’s head skin, the symbolism of which is associated with Hercules, are particularly prized.

149 Reverses: 1) ADVENTVS AVG IMP IIII COS II PP 2) ADVENTVS CAES 3) ANN AVG 4) ANN AVG PM TR P VIIII IMP VI COS IIII PP 5) ANN AVG TR P VI IMP IIII COS III PP 6) ANN AVG TR P VII IMP IIII COS III 7) ANN AVG TR P VII IMP IIII COS III PP 8) ANN AVG TR P VIIII IMP VI COS IIII PP 9) ANN PM TR P VIIII IMP VII COS IIII PP 10) ANN PM TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP 11) ANNO AVG TR P VIIII IMP VII COS IIII PP 12) APOL MONET PM TR P XV 13) APOL MONETAE PM TR P XV IMP VIII COS VI 14) APOL MONETAE PM TR P XVI IMP VIII COS VI 15) APOL PAL 16) APOL PAL PM TR P XVI COS VI 17) APOL PALAT PM TR P XVI COS VI 18) APOLLINI PALATINO 19) AVCT PIET PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 20) AVCTOR PIETAT PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 21) AVCTOR PIETAT PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V PP 22) BRITT PM TR P VIIII IMP VII COS IIII PP 23) CONC COM PM TR P XVI COS VI 24) CONC COMMODI 25) CONC MIL 26) CONC MIL PM TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP 27) CONC MIL PM TR P XI IMP VII COS IIII PP 28) CONC MIL PM TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP 29) CONCOR COMMODI 30) CONCORDIAE COMMODI AVG 31) CONSECRATIO 32) COS PP 33) COS VI PP 34) COS VII PP 35) D P R C 36) DE GERMANIS 37) DE SARMATIS 38) FEL 39) FEL AVG TR P VI IMP IIII COS III PP 40) FEL PVBLICA 41) FELIC COM PM TR P XVII COS VII PP 42) FELIC PERPETVAE AVG 43) FELIC PERPETVAE AVG COS VI 44) FELICITATI CAES 45) FID EXERC 46) FID EXERC PM TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP 47) FID EXERCIT 48) FIDEI COH PM TR P XII COS V 49) FIDEI COH PM TR P XVI COS VI 50) FIDEI COH PM TR P XVII COS VI 51) FIDEI COHORTIVM AVG 52) FOR FEL PM TR P XIIII COS V DES VI 53) FOR RED 54) FOR RED PM TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP 55) FOR RED PM TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP 56) FOR RED PM TR P XIII IMP VIII COS V PP 57) FORT FEL PM TR P XIIII COS V PP 58) FORT FELI PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V DES VI 59) FORT FELI PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V PP 60) FORT MANENT PM TR P XIIII COS V PP 61) FORT RED 62) FORTVNAE MANENTI 63) GEN AVG FELIC COS VI 64) HER ROM COND COS VII PP 65) HERC COM PM TR P XVI COS VI 66) HERC COMMODIANO 67) HERC COMMODIANO PM TR P XVI COS VI 68) HERC ROM CONDITORI COS VII PP 69) HERC ROM CONDITORI PM TR P XVII IMP VIII COS VII PP 70) HERCVLI COMITI 71) HERCVLI ROMANO AVG 72) HERCVLI ROMANO AVGVSTO 73) HILAR AVG 74) HILARIT AVG 75) HILARIT AVG PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 76) HILARITAS 77) HILARITAS AVG 78) HILARITAS AVG TR P VIII IMP V COS III PP 79) IMP II COS II PP 80) IMP III COS II PP 81) IOM SPONSOR SEC AVG 82) IOM SPONSOR SEC AVG COS VI PP 83) IOV EXSVP PM TR P XI IMP VIII 84) IOV EXSVP PM TR P XII IMP VIII 85) IOV IVVEN PM TR P XIIII COS V DES VI 86) IOV IVVEN PM TR P XIIII COS V PP

87) IOVI CONSERVATORI 88) IOVI DEFENS SALVTIS AVG 89) IOVI DEFENS SALVTIS AVG COS VI 90) IOVI EXSVPER PM TR P XI IMP VIII COS V PP 91) IOVI EXSVPER PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 92) IOVI EXSVPER PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V PP 93) IOVI IVVENI PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V PP 94) IOVI VICTORI IMP III COS II PP 95) IOVI VLTORI 96) IVNO REGINA 97) IVPPITER CONSERVATOR 98) IVPPITER COSERVATOR TR P V IMP IIII COS II PP 99) LAET AVG PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 100) LAETITIA 101) LAETITIAE AVG 102) LIB AVG IIII 103) LIB AVG IIII TR P VI IMP IIII COS III PP 104) LIB AVG PM TR P XV COS VI 105) LIB AVG PM TR P XVII COS VII PP 106) LIB AVG TR P V IMP IIII COS II PP 107) LIB AVG V TR P VII IMP IIII COS III PP 108) LIB AVG VI 109) LIB AVG VI PM TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP 110) LIB AVG VIII 111) LIB AVG VIII PM TR P XVII COS VII PP 112) LIB AVG VIIII 113) LIBERAL AVG VI 114) LIBERAL AVG VII 115) LIBERAL V 116) LIBERALITAS AVG 117) LIBERALITAS AVG II 118) LIBERALITAS AVG II TR P III 119) LIBERALITAS AVG TR P V IMP IIII COS II PP 120) LIBERALITAS AVG VII 121) LIBERT AVG 122) LIBERT AVG PM TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP 123) LIBERT PM TR P XIII IMP VIIII COS V PP 124) LIBERTAS AVG IMP II COS PP 125) LIBERTAS AVG TR P VI IMP IIII COS III 126) MART PAC 127) MART PAC PM TR P XIIII COS V DES VI 128) MART PAC PM TR P XIIII COS V PP 129) MART PACAT PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V PP 130) MARTI VLTORI AVG 131) MARTI VLTORI AVG COS VI 132) MARTI VLTORI AVG COS VI PP 133) MATRI DEV CONSERV AVG 134) MATRI DEVM CONSERV AVG COS VI 135) MAVRETANIA 136) MIN AVG PM TR P XVI COS VI 137) MIN VICT PM TR P XIIII COS V DES VI 138) MINER AVG 139) MINER AVG PM TR P XVI 140) MINER PAC 141) MINER VICT 142) MINER VICT PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V 143) MINER VICT PM TR P XV IMP VIII COS VI 144) MVNIFICENTIA AVG TR P VIII IMP VI COS IIII PP 145) MVNIFICENTIA AVG TR P VIIII IMP VI COS IIII PP 146) NOBILIT AVG PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 147) NOBILITAS AVG 148) OPTIME MAXIME 149) PACI AETER PM TR P XIIII COS V PP 150) PACI AETER PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII 151) PACI AETERNAE COS V PP 152) PACI AETERNAE CV PP 153) PAT SENAT 154) PATER SENAT PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 155) PATER SENATVS 156) PIET SENAT PM TR P XIIII COS V PP 157) PIETAS AVG 158) PIETATI AETERNAE COS V PP 159) PIETATI SENATVS 160) PIETATI SENATVS CV PP 161) PM TR P VIII IMP VI COS IIII PP 162) PM TR P VIIII IMP VI COS IIII PP 163) PM TR P VIIII IMP VII COS IIII PP 164) PM TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP 165) PM TR P XI IMP VII COS IIII PP 166) PM TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP 167) PM TR P XI IMP VIII COS V PP 168) PM TR P XII IMP VII COS V PP 169) PM TR P XII IMP VIII 170) PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 171) PM TR P XIII IMP VIII COS V PP 172) PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII COS V PP

150 173) PM TR P XV IMP VIII COS VI 174) PM TR P XVI COS VI 175) PM TR P XVII IMP VIII COS VII PP 176) PM TR P XVIII IMP VIII COS VII PP 177) PONTIF 178) PRINC IVVENT 179) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 180) PROV AVG TR P VIII IMP VI COS IIII PP 181) PROV DEOR TR P VI IMP IIII COS III PP 182) PROVID AVG 183) PROVIDENTIAE AVG 184) PVBLIC FEL PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 185) PVBLICA FEL 186) ROM FEL PM TR P XVI COS VI 187) ROMAE AETERNAE COS V PP 188) ROMAE AETERNAE CV PP 189) ROMAE FELICI 190) ROMAE FELICI COS VI 191) SAEC FEL PM TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP 192) SAECVLI FELIC 193) SAL GEN HVM 194) SAL GEN HVM COS VI PP 195) SALVS AVG 196) SALVS AVG TR P VII IMP V COS III PP 197) SALVS AVG TR P VIII IMP V COS IIII PP 198) SEC ORB PM TRP XIIII COS V DES VI 199) SECVR ORB PM TR P XIIII 200) SECVRIT ORB 201) SECVRITAS PVBLICA 202) SECVRITAS PVBLICA TR P VI IMP III COS III PP 203) SERAPIDI CONSERV AVG 204) SERAPIDI CONSERV AVG COS VI PP 205) SERAPIDI COSERV AVG COS VI PP 206) SPES PVBLICA 207) TEMP FELI 208) TEMP FELIC 209) TEMP FELIC PM TR P XV IMP VIII COS VI 210) TEMP FELIC PM TR P XV IMP VIIII COS VI 211) TEMP FELIC PM TR P XVI COS VI 212) TEMPOR FELIC 213) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 214) TR P II COS PP 215) TR P II COS PP DE GERM 216) TR P II COS PP DE SARM 217) TR P II IMP II COS

218) TR P III IMP II COS PP 219) TR P IIII IMP II COS PP 220) TR P IIII IMP II COS II PP 221) TR P IIII IMP III COS II PP 222) TR P V IMP III COS II PP 223) TR P V IMP IIII COS II PP 224) TR P VI IMP IIII COS III PP 225) TR P VII IMP III COS III PP 226) TR P VII IMP IIII COS III PP 227) TR P VII IMP V COS III PP 228) TR P VIII IMP V COS IIII PP 229) TR P VIII IMP VI COS IIII PP 230) TR P VIIII IMP VI COS IIII PP 231) TR P VIIII IMP VII COS IIII PP 232) TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP 233) TR P XI IMP VII COS V PP 234) TR P XV IMP VIII COS VI 235) TR P XVII IMP VIII COS VII PP 236) TR POT COS 237) TR POT II COS 238) TR POT II COS DE GERM 239) TR POT II COS PP 240) VICTORIAE FELICI 241) VIRT AETER AVG 242) VIRTVS AVG TR P V IMP III COS II PP 243) VIRTVT AVG PM TR P XII IMP VIII COS V PP 244) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI TR P VII IMP IIII COS III PP 245) VOT SOL DEC PM TR P XI IMP VIII 246) VOT SOLV PRO SAL PR 247) VOT SVSC DEC 248) VOT SVSC DEC PM TR P VIIII IMP VII COS IIII PP 249) VOT SVSC DEC PM TR P X IMP VII COS IIII PP 250) VOTA DEC ANN SVSC 251) VOTA DEC ANN SVSC TR P VI IMP IIII COS III PP 252) VOTA P 253) VOTA PVBLICA 254) VOTA PVBLICA IMP II COS II PP 255) VOTA SOLV PRO SAL PR 256) VOTA SVSCEP DECEN TR P VIIII IMP VII 257) No legend

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scales over globe and cornucopia. 3) Aesculapius standing left, holding hand of kneeling Salus to left and staff with snake coiled around. 4) Altar 5) Altar reading FORT REDVCI 6) Annona standing left, holding Ceres over modius and cornucopia; galley prow to right, two people within. 7) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 8) Apollo standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, resting head on hand. 9) Apollo standing, facing, holding patera and lyre. 10) Apollo standing, facing, holding plectrum and lyre on column. 11) Archway, Janus within, holding scepter. 12) Bow, club and quiver 13) Bow, quiver, club with lion skin and trident. 14) Britannia standing left, holding scythe and wreath 15) Castor leading horse left, holding spear. 16) Ceres standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding torch and cornucopia. 17) Commodus bare head right. 18) Commodus laureate head right 19) Commodus leading oxen right 20) Commodus riding horse right, holding spear, led by soldier and followed by three other soldiers. 21) Commodus riding horse right, raising hand. 22) Commodus riding horse right, spearing enemy. 23) Commodus riding horse right, spearing lion. 24) Commodus riding horse right, spearing panther. 25) Commodus riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter; Victory crowning him from behind. 26) Commodus riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop 27) Commodus riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop, Victory crowning him. 28) Commodus riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop 29) Commodus seated left on platform accompanied by Liberalitas, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen on steps to lower left. 30) Commodus seated left on platform accompanied by lictor and Liberalitas, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen on steps to lower left. 31) Commodus seated left, holding branch and scepter. 32) Commodus seated left, holding globe, being crowned by hovering Victory from behind. 33) Commodus seated left, holding globe. 34) Commodus standing left on platform, raising hand and holding scepter, facing (3) soldiers below. 35) Commodus standing left on platform, raising hand and holding scepter, facing (4) soldiers below. 36) Commodus standing left on platform, raising hand and holding scepter, facing (5) soldiers below. 37) Commodus standing left on platform, raising hand and holding scepter, facing (6) soldiers below. 38) Commodus standing left on right, being crowned by Victory, shaking hands with Serapis and Isis to left; Isis holds sistrum. 39) Commodus standing left on right, holding cornucopia, shaking hands with Felicitas to left, holding caduceus.

151 40) Commodus standing left, holding branch and cradling scepter. 41) Commodus standing left, holding branch and scepter; trophy to right with weapons at its base. 42) Commodus standing left, holding globe and scepter; Jupiter behind him, standing left, touching his shoulder and holding thunderbolt. 43) Commodus standing left, sacrificing over altar. 44) Commodus standing left, sacrificing over altar; bull lying at altar’s base. 45) Commodus standing left, sacrificing over altar; child by altar, citizen slaying bull to left and musicians in background. 46) Commodus standing left, sacrificing over altar; victimarius with bull to left. 47) Commodus standing right on left, holding scepter, shaking hands with Senator to right, holding scepter. 48) Commodus standing right on left, raising hands, facing Victory on column to right; star in field. 49) Commodus standing to left, facing, holding branch and scepter, next to Jupiter to right, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 50) Commodus standing, facing, holding spear and parazonium. 51) Concordia standing left, holding patera and scepter. 52) Concordia standing, facing, holding standard in each hand. 53) Cornucopiae (2) crossed, caduceus within 54) Cornucopiae (2) crossed, winged caduceus within 55) Cybele riding lion right, holding drum and scepter. 56) Eagle standing left on globe 57) Eagle standing right 58) Elephant standing right 59) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 60) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia; modius to left. 61) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter. 62) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and scepter. 63) Felicitas standing left, holding Victory and winged caduceus. 64) Fides standing left, holding globe and standard. 65) Fides standing left, holding grain ears and standard. 66) Fides standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia. 67) Fides standing left, holding standard and cornucopia 68) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket 69) Fides standing right, holding standard and cornucopia. 70) Fortuna seated left, holding horse by bridle and cornucopia. 71) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 72) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair. 73) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 74) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia; wheel under chair. 75) Fortuna seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 76) Fortuna standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 77) Fortuna standing right, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 78) Four Seasons frolicking 79) Galley sailing left 80) Galley sailing right 81) Genius standing left, holding patera and grain ears. 82) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears. 83) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 84) Hercules leading oxen left 85) Hercules leading oxen left, holding club with lion skin. 86) Hercules standing left on right, holding club and receiving grain ears from Africa to left, holding sistrum; lion by her feet. 87) Hercules standing left on right, stepping on galley prow, holding club with lion skin and receiving grain ears from Africa to left, holding sistrum. 88) Hercules standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia; tree to left with lion skin. 89) Hercules standing left, touching trophy and holding club with lion skin. 90) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow. 91) Hercules standing, facing, hand on hip and resting hand on club with lion skin. 92) Hercules standing, facing, holding club and bow. 93) Hercules standing, facing, holding patera and club. 94) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia. 95) Italia seated left on globe, holding cornucopia and scepter. 96) Juno advancing right, aiming spear at snake to lower right and holding shield. 97) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left. 98) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; seven stars in field. 99) Jupiter seated left, holding branch and scepter 100) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 101) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 102) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 103) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left. 104) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; small Commodus to left, holding trophy. 105) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left. 106) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory; eagle to left. 107) Laetitia standing left, holding branch and palm. 108) Laetitia standing left, holding grain ears and rudder on globe. 109) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder. 110) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 111) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter. 112) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 113) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear. 114) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear; weapons by feet. 115) Mars standing left, stepping on cuirass, holding branch and spear. 116) Mars standing right, holding spear and shield 117) Mauretania standing in front of horse, holding its bridle and scepter. 118) Minerva advancing right, aiming spear and holding shield. 119) Minerva advancing right, aiming spear and holding shield; owl to right. 120) Minerva advancing right, holding branch and shield. 121) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 122) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear; shield to left, trophy to right. 123) Minerva standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding spear with shield. 124) Modius with grain ears. 125) Monetae (3) holding scale and cornucopia. 126) Nobilitas standing right, holding scepter and Palladium 127) Pax seated left, holding branch and cornucopia. 128) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter

152 129) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. 130) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia; shield to left. 131) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 132) Pax standing left, setting fire to weapons and holding scepter. 133) Pietas seated left, raising hand and holding scepter. 134) Pietas seated left, raising hand and holding scepter; child to left. 135) Pietas standing left, holding scepter and hand of kneeling child. 136) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 137) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter 138) Roma seated left, holding Victory and cornucopia 139) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium 140) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 141) Roma seated right, holding Victory and parazonium 142) Roma standing left, holding spear. 143) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear. 144) Romulus advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 145) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 146) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 147) Salus seated left, holding branch over snake. 148) Salus seated left, Sphinx under chair, feeding snake to left under tree and next to column with statue atop. 149) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter. 150) Salus standing left, holding patera and scepter. 151) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake 152) Securitas seated left, holding globe. 153) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand. 154) Securitas seated left, holding scepter. 155) Securitas seated right, holding scepter. 156) Serapis standing right, raising hand and holding scepter. 157) Serapis standing, facing, holding branch and scepter. 158) Shield, EQVESTER / ORDO / PRINCIPI / IVVENT within 159) Sol radiate, draped bust right. 160) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 161) Temple with (2) columns, Janus standing within, holding scepter. 162) Trophy; seated captive on either side. 163) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield on cippus. 164) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield reading SC on cippus reading COS V PP 165) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over two shields over base reading C V PP 166) Victory advancing left, holding trophy with both hands. 167) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 168) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy. 169) Victory advancing right, holding trophy with both hands. 170) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 171) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy. 172) Victory seated left, holding patera and palm. 173) Victory seated right, holding shield 174) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm. 175) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm; seated captive to right of palm. 176) Victory standing right, holding Victory on globe on column 177) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on palm reading VO / DE 178) Virtus seated left, holding Victory and spear. 179) Virtus seated right, holding spear and parazonium. 180) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield. 181) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 182) Weapons in a pile 183) Wreath, club within; HER CVL / RO MAN / AV GV across fields 184) Wreath, EQVESTER ORDO PRINCIPI IVVENT within 185) Wreath, MAGN / IFICENT / IAE AVG / COS VII / PP within. 186) Wreath, PRIMI / DECEN PM / TR P X IMP VII / COS IIII PP / SC within. 187) Wreath, SPQR LAETITIAE CV within. 188) Wreath, TEMPORVM FELICITAS within 189) Wreath, VOT XX within 190) Wreath, VOTIS XX COS VI within

Mint: 1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B02, O03, R002, T021 RIC 604 (III, Marcus Aurelius), BMC 641, C 1 2) B02, O03, R178, T041 Exe: PROVID AVG Calico 2316a 3) B08, O26, R167, T079 4) B08, O39, R162, T100 RIC III 69e, BMC 118 5) B11, O12, R071, T089 RIC 254b, C 201 6) B11, O16, R221, T112 RIC 659 (III, Marcus Aurelius), BMC 795, C 768 7) B11, O27, R065, T088 RIC III 221, C 180 8) B12, O10, R214, T182 Exe: DE GERM RIC 633 (III, Marcus Aurelius) 9) B12, O13, R111, T110 RIC III 239a, BMC 311 10) B12, O16, R218, T015 RIC 648 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 760 11) B12, O24, R164, T034 Exe: FID EXERC RIC III 110, C 139 12) B12, O26, R169, T161 Exe: COS V PP

AU Quinarius 13) B11, O27, R173, T170 RIC III 211, BMC 279, C 553

153 AR Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s) 14) B14, O08, R031, T057 RIC 93 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 1009

AR Denarius 15) B01, O02, R116, T110 RIC 599 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 291 16) B01, O02, R178, T041 RIC 603 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 608 17) B03, O03, R036, T162 RIC 606 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5543, C 77a 18) B03, O03, R178, T041 RIC 617 (III, Marcus Aurelius) 19) B03, O03, R205, T161 RIC 622 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 709 20) B04, O13, R257, T183 RIC III 251d, C 190 21) B07, O01, R231, T059 Exe: FEL RIC III 97 22) B07, O01, R231, T100 RIC III 88, C 457 23) B07, O01, R231, T124 RIC III 94, C 467 24) B07, O01, R231, T138 Exe: ROM RIC III 98a, S 5689, C 660 25) B07, O01, R231, T143 RIC III 90c, C 460 26) B07, O01, R232, T006 Exe: ANN RIC III 106, C 18 27) B07, O01, R232, T059 Exe: FEL RIC III 108, C 117 28) B07, O01, R232, T100 RIC III 101, C 472 29) B07, O01, R232, T138 Exe: ROM RIC III 112 30) B07, O01, R232, T143 RIC III 102, C 476 31) B07, O13, R042, T039 RIC III 249, C 120 32) B07, O13, R071, T089 RIC III 254a, S 5646 33) B07, O13, R081, T042 RIC III 255, S 5648, C 239 34) B07, O13, R088, T098 RIC III 256, C 245 35) B07, O13, R105, T111 RIC III 241, C 288 36) B07, O13, R111, T110 RIC III 239, C 325 37) B07, O13, R130, T180 RIC III 257, C 346 38) B07, O13, R175, T016 RIC III 230, C 582 39) B07, O13, R175, T067 * in left field RIC III 233, C 583 40) B07, O13, R175, T067 RIC III 232, C 584 41) B07, O13, R175, T076 * in left field RIC III 235, S 5685 42) B07, O13, R175, T134 * in left field RIC III 236, S 5686, C 575 43) B07, O13, R175, T167 * in left field RIC III 237, C 568 44) B07, O13, R183, T087 RIC III 259, C 643 45) B07, O13, R203, T157 RIC III 261, C 703 46) B07, O13, R246, T043 RIC III 262, S 5725, C 984 47) B07, O13, R257, T185 RIC III 248 48) B07, O16, R220, T147 RIC 663 (III, Marcus Aurelius) 49) B07, O16, R220, T168 RIC 664 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 774 50) B07, O16, R221, T173 RIC 666 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 775 51) B07, O23, R224, T007 RIC III 14b, C 811 52) B07, O23, R224, T059 RIC III 15b, C 805 53) B07, O23, R226, T007 RIC III 28, C 835 54) B07, O23, R226, T061 RIC III 29a, C 831 55) B07, O24, R168, T034 56) B07, O25, R146, T126 RIC III 155, S 5663, C 385 57) B07, O26, R019, T136 RIC III 146, S 5630, C 34 58) B07, O26, R057, T076 RIC III 172, C 162 59) B07, O26, R062, T070 Exe: CVPP RIC III 191a, S 5642 60) B07, O26, R083, T098 Exe: COSVPP RIC III 138, C 241 61) B07, O26, R084, T099 RIC III 152, C 242 62) B07, O26, R086, T103 RIC III 173, S 5650, C 259 63) B07, O26, R099, T107 RIC III 154, C 278 64) B07, O26, R101, T108 RIC III 201, S 5653, C 279 65) B07, O26, R122, T111 RIC III 135, C 340 66) B07, O26, R128, T113 RIC III 175, S 5659, C 350 67) B07, O26, R148, T102 Exe: CVPP RIC III 192, C 387 68) B07, O26, R167, T061 RIC III 137, C 514 69) B07, O26, R170, T059 RIC III 143, C 523 70) B07, O26, R170, T111 RIC III 144, C 521 71) B07, O26, R171, T001 RIC III 164d, C 537 72) B07, O26, R171, T073 RIC III 166a, C 540 73) B07, O26, R171, T081 RIC III 167, C 532 74) B07, O26, R171, T082 RIC III 384, C 532 75) B07, O26, R171, T111 RIC III 168, S 5681, C 542 76) B07, O26, R171, T146 RIC III 169, S 5682 77) B07, O26, R191, T177 RIC III 136, C 664 78) B07, O26, R199, T152 Exe: COSVPP RIC III 179, C 697 79) B07, O26, R233, T001 RIC III 120, C 499 80) B07, O26, R233, T032 RIC III 125, C 505 81) B07, O26, R233, T052 RIC III 126, C 53 82) B07, O26, R233, T073 RIC III 131, C 150 83) B07, O26, R233, T100 RIC III 117, C 486 84) B07, O26, R233, T167 RIC III 122a, C 492 85) B07, O26, R240, T165 RIC III 196, C 952 86) B07, O26, R243, T180 RIC III 160, C 966 87) B07, O26, R245, T044 RIC III 140, C 1000 88) B07, O27, R012, T008 COS VI across fields RIC III 205, C 22 89) B07, O27, R016, T010 RIC III 218, S 5629, C 24 90) B07, O27, R023, T051 RIC III 219, S 5631 91) B07, O27, R049, T065 RIC III 220, C 127 92) B07, O27, R063, T083 RIC III 227, S 5643 93) B07, O27, R085, T103 RIC III 187, C 260 94) B07, O27, R104, T111 RIC III 208d, S 5654, C 282 95) B07, O27, R120, T110 RIC III 202a, C 323

154 96) B07, O27, R127, T113 RIC III 188, C 351 97) B07, O27, R136, T120 RIC III 222, C 358 98) B07, O27, R137, T122 RIC III 189, C 366 99) B07, O27, R139, T120 RIC III 223a 100) B07, O27, R173, T031 RIC III 212, S 5683 101) B07, O27, R186, T140 RIC III 224, C 655 102) B07, O27, R198, T152 RIC III 190, C 695 103) B07, O27, R211, T053 RIC III 209, C 719 104) B07, O32, R154, T040 RIC III 157, C 397 105) B07, O32, R184, T062 RIC III 159, C 646 106) B07, O32, R230, T181 107) B07, O32, R231, T167 RIC III 93, S 5674, C 466 108) B07, O39, R227, T137 RIC III 44, C 846 109) B07, O39, R229, T112 RIC III 54 110) B07, O39, R229, T118 RIC III 56 111) B07, O39, R229, T129 RIC III 64 112) B07, O39, R229, T143 RIC III 58, C 885 113) B07, O39, R229, T149 RIC III 66, C 903 114) B07, O39, R230, T060 RIC III 74, C 445 115) B07, O39, R230, T068 RIC III 75, C 448 116) B07, O39, R230, T081 RIC III 76, C 435 117) B07, O39, R230, T119 RIC III 72, C 424 118) B07, O39, R230, T124 RIC III 81, C 447 119) B07, O39, R230, T130 RIC III 86, C 940 120) B07, O39, R230, T181 RIC III 71, C 427 121) B07, O41 R224, T007 RIC III 14a, C 812 122) B07, O41, R103, T110 RIC III 22, C 307 123) B07, O41, R106, T110 RIC III 10, C 302 124) B07, O41, R107, T109 RIC III 133, C 316 125) B07, O41, R107, T110 RIC III 36a, S 5655, C 311 126) B07, O41, R223, T162 RIC III 9a, S 5706, C 791 127) B07, O41, R224, T059 RIC III 15a, S 5711, C 805 128) B07, O41, R224, T129 RIC III 17, C 806 129) B07, O41, R224, T137 RIC III 19, C 804 130) B07, O41, R224, T140 RIC III 12, S 5707, C 803 131) B07, O41, R227, T112 RIC III 46, C 842 132) B07, O41, R228, T143 RIC III 49, C 854 133) B08, O09, R237, T149 RIC 626 (III, Marcus Aurelius) 134) B08, O16, R222, T179 135) B08, O39, R229, T129 136) B11, O09, R237, T101 RIC 636 (III, Marcus Aurelius) 137) B11, O09, R237, T149 RIC 641 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5698 138) B11, O09, R237, T167 RIC 642 (III, Marcus Aurelius) 139) B11, O16, R032, T144 RIC 651 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 64 140) B11, O16, R218, T144 RIC 650 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 761 141) B11, O16, R218, T146 RIC 649 (III, Marcus Aurelius), S 5702 142) B11, O16, R222, T074 RIC III 2, C 779 143) B11, O17, R218, T147 RIC 647 (III, Marcus Aurelius) 144) B11, O22, R032, T148 RIC 654 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 66

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s) 145) B07, O33, R031, T056 RIC 72a (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 61

AR Quinarius 146) B12, O16, R032, T167 RIC 656 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 65

AE Medallion 147) B09, O43, R150, T129 Exe: COSVPP

AE Sestertius 148) B04, O13, R257, T184 RIC III 637, C 192 149) B07, O12, R071, T089 Exe: SC RIC III 640, C 203 150) B07, O12, R183, T087 Exe: SC RIC III 641, C 644 151) B07, O13, R175, T059 RIC III 607 152) B07, O13, R175, T176 * over SC in field RIC III 613, C 590 153) B07, O38, R129, T114 RIC III 527, C 352 154) B07, O38, R142, T123 RIC III 528, C 369 155) B07, O38, R146, T127 RIC III 501 156) B07, O38, R159, T047 Exe: COS V PP RIC III 549, C 410 157) B07, O38, R166, T032 RIC III 463, C 506 158) B07, O38, R166, T161 RIC III 460, C 489 159) B07, O38, R171, T073 Exe: FOR RED RIC III 513, C 153 160) B07, O40, R256, T043 Exe: COS IIII PP RIC III 441, C 988 161) B07, O41, R181, T138 RIC III 312, C 627 162) B07, O41, R224, T030 Exe: LIB AVG IIII RIC III 310, C 310 163) B07, O41, R226, T006 RIC III 325 164) B07, O41, R227, T006 RIC III 344 165) B07, O41, R228, T106 RIC III 348, C 850 166) B07, O41, R244, T023 Exe: SC RIC III 332a, C 972 167) B07, O42, R180, T138 RIC III 379, C 620 168) B07, O42, R229, T169 RIC III 374, C898

155 169) B08, O18, R254, T046 Exe: SC RIC 1595 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 979 170) B11, O19, R079, T123 RIC 1602 (III, Marcus Aurelius)

AE Dupondius Reference(s) 171) B14, O20, R242, T179 RIC III 292a, C 961 172) B14, O28, R171, T001 173) B14, O41, R125, T112 RIC III 315, C 336 174) B14, O42, R229, T119 RIC III 368b, C 881

AE As 175) B02, O07, R206, T161 RIC 1545 (III, Marcus Aurelius) 176) B03, O07, R076, T094 RIC 1547 (III, Marcus Aurelius), C 218 177) B04, O13, R257, T183 Exe: SC RIC III 644, C 193 178) B07, O28, R171, T001 RIC III 517

Commodus Busts

Commodus Types

156 Commodus Types (continued)

157

Commodus Types (continued)

158

Crispina

? – d.183

The wife of Commodus, upon discovering Crispina had been unfaithful to him he had her exiled to an island and executed some time afterwards.

Busts:

1) Draped bust left 2) Draped bust right

Obverses:

1) CRISPINA AVG 2) CRISPINA AVG IMP COMMODI AVG 3) CRISPINA AVGVSTA

Reverses:

1) CERES 2) CONCORDIA 3) DIANA LVCIFERA 4) DIS CONIVGALIBVS 5) DIS GENITALIBVS 6) FECVNDITAS 7) HILARITAS 8) IVNO 9) IVNO LVCINA 10) IVNO REGINA 11) LAETITIA 12) PVDICITIA 13) ROMAE AETERNAE 14) SALVS 15) VENVS 16) VENVS FELIX 17) VENVS VICTRIX

Types:

1) Altar 2) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch. 3) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch. 4) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 6) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 7) Diana standing right, holding torch with both hands. 8) Hands, in handshake. 9) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia. 10) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 11) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to lower left. 12) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder on globe. 13) Pudicitia seated left, touching chest 14) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil. 15) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 16) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 17) Venus seated left, holding Minerva 18) Venus seated left, holding Minerva and scepter. 19) Venus seated left, holding Victory and scepter; dove under chair. 20) Venus standing left, holding apple and pulling dress from shoulder. 21) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter. 22) Venus standing right, facing away, leaning on column, holding helmet and scepter.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B2 O3 R16 T18 RIC 287 (Commodus)

AR Denarius 2) B2 O1 R05 T01 RIC 281 (Commodus), C 15 3) B2 O3 R01 T03 RIC 276 (Commodus), C 1 4) B2 O3 R02 T06 RIC 278 (Commodus), C 5

It’s easier to find a bronze Sestertius or Dupondius of Crispina than it is a Denarius which is atypical of second century Roman imperial coinage. It’s unlikely that this was any sort of intentional design apart from an administrative oddity. While the abundance of total coins of Crispina and Lucilla are far less than the Faustinas of the previous generation the Denarii are not hard to find and often can be found in pristine condition. Due to the wide range of conditions available in bronze it’s hard to give any sort of meaningful price range but a $100 should buy a fairly nice Crispina bronze or, for that matter, a Denarius too.

159 5) B2 O3 R02 T08 RIC 279 (Commodus), C 8 6) B2 O3 R07 T09 RIC 282 (Commodus), S 6000 7) B2 O3 R08 T11 RIC 283 (Commodus), C 21 8) B2 O3 R15 T20 RIC 286a (Commodus), S 6002, C 35 9) B2 O3 R16 T18

AE Sestertius 10) B2 O2 R14 T16 RIC 672 (Commodus) C 32 11) B2 O3 R02 T04 RIC 665 (Commodus), C 6 12) B2 O3 R07 T09 RIC 678 (Commodus), C 20 13) B2 O3 R11 T12 RIC 669 (Commodus), C 27 14) B2 O3 R12 T13 RIC 670 (Commodus), C 30 15) B2 O3 R16 T18 RIC 673 (Commodus), S 1690, C 40

AE As 16) B2 O3 R11 T12 RIC 683 (Commodus) 17) B2 O3 T09 T10 RIC 680 (Commodus)

Crispina Busts

Crispina Types

160

Pertinax

Augustus 193

A former grammar teacher, Pertinax dabbled in the army where he found great success and climbed the ranks eventually landing several high ranking army and civil posts. He was then nominated Augustus following the murder of Commodus by a Senate only too willing to put the Commodus legacy behind them.

With prompt resolve, he immediately began deconstructing the corrupt machinery that had been operating under the former administration and restoring civil liberties, a liberalized economy and the dignity of the Senate. Loved then by both the public and the Senate, his key misfortune was securing the favor of the army entrusted to protect him. Financially incapable of providing a large donative as was by now customary upon the accession of a new emperor (Commodus had drained the imperial treasury to just a few hundred thousand Denarii) as well as the promise of restoring the traditionally strict discipline of the army (again, under Commodus the army, too, had become corrupted with all sorts of bribes and other ill-gotten wealth) all amounted to a deep dissatisfaction within the army. The hushed complaints broke out into an impromptu mob that then advanced towards the palace. Naive but ever the patriot Pertinax personally met the discontented to attempt to reason with them and instead wound up skewered before help could arrive. No sooner had his blood been spilled than the whole empire wept for the insensible loss of so bright a leader. His reign lasted all of 86 days and his death eventually precipitated a major civil war.

Busts: 1) Bare head right 2) Bare headed, draped bust right 3) Laureate head right 4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate, draped bust right 6) Radiate head right

Obverses: 1) DIVVS PERT PIVS PATER 2) IMP CAES P HELV PERT AVG 3) IMP CAES P HELV PERTIN AVG 4) IMP CAES P HELV PERTINAX AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVIT AVG TR P COS II 2) CONSECRATIO 3) DIS CVSTODIBVS 4) DIS GENITORIBVS 5) IANO CONSERVAT 6) LAETITIA TEMPOR COS II 7) LAETITIA TEMPORVM COS II 8) LIB AVG TR P COS II 9) MENTI LAVDANDAE 10) OPI DIVIN TR P COS II 11) OPI DIVINAE TR P COS II 12) PON M TR P COS II 13) PROVID DEOR COS II 14) PROVIDEN DEORVM COS II 15) PROVIDENTIAE DEORVM COS II 16) ROMAE AETERNAE 17) SAECVLO FRVGIFERO 18) VOT DECEN TR P COS II 19) No legend

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Caduceus with grain ears attached on either side. 3) Eagle perched on globe 4) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia 5) Funeral pyre, quadriga atop. 6) Janus standing, facing, holding scepter and resting hand on hip. 7) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and scepter. 8) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 9) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter 10) Ops seated left, holding grain ears 11) Pertinas seated left on platform, raising hand, facing citizen on steps to lower left; lictor and Liberalitas in background. 12) Pertinax standing left, sacrificing over altar. 13) Pietas standing, facing, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box; child to right. 14) Providentia standing left, raising hands toward star. 15) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory and spear

Scoring a Pertinax takes a bit of patience and a lot of cash. Coins are “available” in all three metals but all are very rare. Prices for a Denarius, the most abundant denomination, start in the low- to mid-hundreds of dollars for a barely recognizable coin and go up quickly from there based on condition. Septimius Severus honored Pertinax posthumously on a few coins. These, unfortunately, are also quite rare.

161 16) Wreath, PRIMI DENNALES COS II within.

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B3, O3, R01, T01 RIC IVi 1, BMC 14, C 1 2) B3, O3, R06, T07 RIC IVi 4, C 19 3) B5, O3, R13, T14 RIC IVi 11, BMC 12, C 41

AR Denarius 4) B3, O3, R01, T01 RIC IVi 1, C 2 5) B3, O3, R05, T06 RIC IVi 3, C 17 6) B3, O3, R06, T07 RIC IVi 4, S 6041, C 20 7) B3, O3, R10, T10 RIC IVi 8, S 6045, C 33 8) B3, O3, R13, T14 RIC IVi 10, C 40 9) B3, O3, R17, T02 RIC IVi 12 10) B3, O3, R18, T12 RIC IVi 13

AR Denarius (Posthumous) 11) B1, O1, R02, T03 RIC 24a (IVi, Septimius Severus)

AE Sestertius 12) B3, O4, R15, T14 RIC IVi 21, C 49 13) B3, O4, R18, T12 RIC IVi 24

AE As 14) B3, O3, R10, T10 RIC IVi 35

Pertinax Busts

Pertinax Types

162

Didius Julianus

Augustus 193

In what was to become one of the most shameful episodes in the political annals of the empire, the death of Pertinax launched a frantic search for an imperial replacement. The imperial guard, who held de facto power, decided to "right the wrongs" of Pertinax in a most self-serving manner: by auctioning off the throne! Two of Rome's richest Senators, Didius Julianus and Sulpicianus bid back and forth the donative to be given to each soldier until the sum of

about 25,000 Sestertii was reached by Julianus. He was at this point declared the winner amid a joyous uproar. A joyous uproar, of course, by the soldiers who managed such a princely sum for themselves. The rest of Rome cowered in angst at what fate may bring them in the near future. Gibbon, the famous Roman historian of the eighteenth century, called it the "most insolent excess of military licence" and recalls that after the initial festivities of the day were over Julianus "...passed a sleepless night; revolving most probably in his mind his own rash folly, the fate of his virtuous predecessor, and the doubtful and dangerous tenure of an empire, which had not been acquired by merit, but purchased by money."

And if he did worry he had ample reason to: as soon as news of this travesty reached the various legions scattered about the empire generals were driven to condemn the new emperor and set out to seek the position for themselves, backed by their veteran legions. Septimius Severus, the first to reach the capital, quickly deposed and executed Julianus and then went on to defeat the other rival contenders in a bloody and prolonged civil war.

Busts: 1) Laureate head right 2) Laureate bust right 3) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Radiate head right

Obverses: 1) IMP CAES M DID IVLIAN AVG 2) IMP CAES M DID IVLIAN SEVER AVG 3) IMP CAES M DID SEVER IVLIAN AVG

Reverses: 1) CONCORD MILIT 2) PM TR P COS 3) RECTOR ORBIS 4) SECVRITAS PR Types: 1) Concordia standing, facing, holding legionary eagle and standard 2) Didius Julianus seated left, holding globe. 3) Didius Julianus standing left, holding globe and scroll. 4) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia 5) Securitas standing left, holding wreath and scepter.

Mint: 1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R2, T4 RIC IVi 2, BMC 4, C 8 2) B3, O1, R3, T3 RIC IVi 3, C 14 3) B3, O3, R1, T1 RIC IVi 5, BMC 9, C 1

AR Denarius 4) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC IVi 1, C 2 5) B1, O1, R2, T4 RIC IVi 2 6) B1, O1, R3, T3 RIC IVi 3, C 15

AE Sestertius 7) B1, O3, R1, T1 RIC IVi 14, C 3

With only two months in power, Rome’s mint officials barely had enough time to get new dies ready before the order came to throw them all away and start working on ones for Septimius Severus. But there are a few coins left of this emperor, even gold ones, and all are highly prized by collectors. How prized? A collectable Denarius will cost a couple thousand dollars or thereabouts. Bronze denominations have more variance because of the wider states of preservation but even a very low grade coin will still be several hundred dollars as long as it can be positively attributed to his reign.

163 8) B1, O3, R3, T3 RIC IVi 16, C 17

AE Dupondius Reference(s) 9) B4, O1, R2, T4 RIC IVi 12, C 13

Didius Julianus Busts

Didius Julianus Types

164

Manlia Scantilla

? - ?

Wife of Didius Julianus.

Bust:

1) Draped bust right

Obverses:

1) MANL SCANTILLA AVG 2) MANLIA SCANTILLA AVG

Reverses:

1) IVNO REGINA 2) PIETAS PVBLICA

Types:

1) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter 2) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left 3) Pietas raising hands towards altar

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC 7 (IV, Didius Julianus), C 1

AR Denarius

2) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC 7 (IV, Didius Julianus), C 2

AE Sestertius

3) B1, O2, R1, T2 RIC 18a (IV, Didius Julianus)

Although Didius Julianus seems to have been more generous than most other emperors when it came to honoring his wife (and daughter) by way of striking coins with her likeness this doesn’t translate into their easy availability for no other reason than his very short reign. It is worth noting however that for the first time in Roman imperial history an empress appears with nearly the same frequency on coins as her husband. In fact, only one other emperor, the ultra-rare usurper Regalianus, will show as much devotion to his wife in this manner.

Known in the gold Aureus, the silver Denarius and in copper Sestertii and Dupondii, all can be expected to cost several hundred dollars even when barely recognizable. More typically, a decent Denarius or Sestertius will cost between $2,000-$5,000.

165

Didia Clara

? - ?

Daughter of Didius Julianus, reputedly the most beautiful woman in Rome at the time.

Bust:

1) Draped bust right

Obverse:

1) DIDIA CLARA AVG

Reverse:

1) HILAR TEMPOR

Type:

1) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC 10 (IV.i, Didius Julianus), C 2

AR Denarius

2) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC 10 (IV.i, Didius Julianus), C 3

AE Sestertius

3) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC 20 (IV.i, Didius Julianus), C 4

Very rare in either silver or bronze (and of course, just about unheard of in gold), coins of Didia Clara do turn up on a fairly regular basis along the numismatic auction house circuit. And they always sell for thousands of dollars each.

166

Pescennius Niger

Augustus 193-194

Niger was the governor of Syria at the time of Pertinax's murder. When he heard what had happened he decided he was the right man for the job. His soldiers quickly fell in line and off they went to Rome. A little kink in their plans cropped up when news reached them that the army of Septimius Severus had the same plans. Niger judiciously figured that his chances of defeating Severus in the open field were not good

so he retreated at once back to Syria to await Severus on his own turf. Although this made things a bit more difficult for Severus, however, he was still able to defeat his rival in separate battles and then executed.

Busts: 1) Laureate head right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP ACES C PESCE NIGER IVSTI AV 2) IMP C NIGER IVS AVG COS II 3) IMP C PESC NIGER AVG 4) IMP C PESC NIGER IVS AVG COS II 5) IMP C PESCE NIGER AVG 6) IMP CAES C PES NIGER IVS A 7) IMP CAES C PES NIGER IVS AV 8) IMP CAES C PES NIGER IVS AVG COS II 9) IMP CAES C PESC NGER 10) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER 11) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER AVG 12) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVS 13) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVS AV 14) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVS AVG COS II 15) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVS COS II 16) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST A 17) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AV 18) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG 19) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG COS II 20) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST COS II 21) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVSTI A 22) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVSTI AV 23) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVSTVS AVG 24) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVSTVS AVG COS II 25) IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVT AV 26) IMP CAES C PESCE NIGER ISTI A 27) IMP CAES C PESCE NIGER ISTI AVG 28) IMP CAES C PESCE NIGER IVS COS 29) IMP CAES C PESCE NIGER IVST AVG 30) IMP CAES C PESCE NIGER IVSTI AV 31) IMP CAES C PESCEN NIGER IVST A 32) IMP CAES C PESCEN NIGER IVST AV 33) IMP CAES C PESCEN NIGER IVST AVG 34) IMP CAES C PESCEN NIGER IVSTI A 35) IMP CAES C PESCEN NIGER IVSTI AV 36) IMP CAES C PESE NIGER AVG 37) IMP CAES C PESE NIGER IV A 38) IMP CAES C PISE NIGER AVG 39) IMP CAES PESC NIGER IVS COS II 40) IMP CAES PESC NIGER IVST AV 41) IMP CAES PESC NIGER IVST AVG 42) IMP CAES PESC NIGER IVT AV 43) IMP CAES PESCE NIGER ISTI AVG 44) IMP CAES PESCE NIGER IVST

Reverses: 1) AETERNITAS AVG 2) APOLLINI SANCTO 3) BONAS SPEI 4) BONI EVENTVS 5) CELERI FRVGIFER 6) CERER FRVG 7) CERERI FRVFER 8) CERERI FRVGIF 9) CERERI FRVGIFER 10) CERERI FRVGIFERI 11) CONCORDIA 12) FELICIA TEMPORA 13) FELICIT TEMPOR 14) FELICITAS TEMPOR 15) FELICITAS TEMPORVM 16) FIDEI EXERCITVI

17) FORTVNA PP 18) FORTVNA RED 19) FORTVNA REDVCI 20) FORTVNAE RED 21) FORTVNAE REDV 22) FORTVNAE REDVC 23) FORTVNAE REDVCI 24) HILARITAS AVG 25) IMVISTO IMPER 26) INVIC IMP 27) INVICT IMPERAT 28) INVICTO IMP 29) INVICTO IMP TA 30) INVICTO IMP TROPAE 31) INVICTO IMP TROPAEA 32) INVICTO IMP TROPHAEA

As far as the collector is concerned, locating a coin of Pescennius Niger is not very difficult. However, they are fairly pricey. Regardless of condition, so long as the coin can be positively identified expect to pay a minimum of around $500. Due to imperial bronze coins being mostly issued from Rome itself during this period, there are no available Sestertii, Dupondii or Asses. Other than a few exceedingly rare Aurei this leaves only Denarii. If an abbreviated choice of denominations from which to choose is somewhat disappointing, the bewildering amount of variations from one Denarius to the next will make up for it. Given the nature of Niger’s rise to power coins had to be rushed into production from a provincial mint that did not have extensive familiarity with minting mainstream Denarii. The legends are often erratic and blundered and the rendition of the typical numismatic themes of the day seem odd, crude and carelessly executed. None of this takes away the charm of the coins themselves but it does make cataloguing the corpus of his series very challenging. It should therefore not be surprising to find new varieties.

167 33) INVICTO MPERAI 34) IOVI CAP PR VRB 35) IOVI CONSER 36) IOVI CONSERVATORI 37) IOVI PRAE 38) IOVI PRAE ORBIS 39) IVSTI AVG 40) IVSTITIA AVG 41) IVSTITIA AVGV 42) IVSTITIA AVGVSTI 43) MARTI AVG 44) MARTI AVGVSTO 45) MARTI INVICTO 46) MARTI VICTOR 47) MARTI VICTORI 48) MINER VICT 49) MINER VICTRIS 50) MONET AVG 51) MONETA AVG 52) MONETA COS 53) MONETAE AVG

54) MONETE AVG 55) PIETATI AVG 56) ROMAE AETERN 57) ROMAE AETERNA 58) ROMAE AETERNAE 59) ROMAE ATERAE 60) SAECVLI FELICITAS 61) SAECVLI FLICITAS 62) SALVTI AVG 63) SALVTI AVGVS 64) SALVTI AVGVSTI 65) VICTO IMP TROPAEA 66) VICTOR IVST AVG 67) VICTOR IVSTI AV 68) VICTOR IVSTI AVG 69) VICTORIA AVG 70) VICTORIAE 71) VICTORIAE AVG 72) VIRTVS AVG 73) VIRTVTI AVG

Types: 1) Apollo standing left, leaning on column, holding branch and resting hand on hip 2) Capricorns (2) facing away from each other, hind quarters covered by shield; globe with stars within above and between them. 3) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and scepter 4) Ceres standing left, holding torch in each hand 5) Concordia standing left, raising hand and holding cornucopiae 6) Cornucopiae (2), crossed 7) Cornucopiae (2), crossed, grain ear in between 8) Crescent with seven stars above 9) Fides standing, facing, holding grain ears and fruit basket 10) Fides standing, facing, holding fruit basket and grain ears. 11) Fides standing, facing, holding wreath and grain ears. 12) Fortuna seated left, holding branch and cornucopia 13) Fortuna seated left, holding branch and wreath 14) Fortuna seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 15) Fortuna seated left, holding patera and wreath 16) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia 17) Fortuna seated left, holding scale and cornucopia 18) Fortuna standing left, holding palm and cornucopia. 19) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 20) Jupiter seated left, holding eagle and scepter 21) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 22) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left. 23) Justitia standing, facing, holding globe and scepter 24) Justitia standing, facing, holding scale and cornucopia 25) Justitia standing, facing, holding scale and scepter. 26) Mars advancing left, holding spear and trophy 27) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 28) Mars standing left, holding trophy and spear 29) Mars standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield. 30) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 31) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield. 32) Modius, grain ears within 33) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 34) Moneta standing left, holding scale and raising skirt. 35) Pescennius Niger standing left, sacrificing over altar 36) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; shield to side. 37) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear 38) Salus standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 39) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake; altar to lower right. 40) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 41) Trophy 42) Trophy with shields, spears, helmet, etc. (various positions, arrangements) 43) Vexillae (3); center vexillum with shield reading VI / CAV / G 44) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 45) Victory standing left, holding cornucopia and resting hand on hip. 46) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 47) Victory standing left, holding shield reading AVG on column and palm 48) Victory standing left, holding shield reading AVG on trophy and palm. 49) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm 50) Virtus advancing right, holding spear and shield 51) Victory advancing right, holding wreath with both hands 52) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 53) Virtus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Caesarea Capadociae

168 AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B2, O18, R17, T19 2) B2, O18, R34, T21

AR Denarius 3) B1, O11, R54, T34 RIC IVi 66b 4) B1, O12, R49, T31 5) B1, O13, R14, T06 6) B1, O14, R48, T31 RIC IVi 59, C 53 7) B1, O14, R53, T33 C 56e 8) B1, O14, R66, T44 9) B1, O17, R23, T19 RIC IVi 26c, C 28 10) B1, O17, R40, T24 RIC IVi 45a, C 43 11) B1, O18, R16, T43 12) B1, O18, R23, T14 13) B1, O18, R58, T37 14) B1, O18, R60, T08 RIC IVi 73 15) B1, O18, R62, T39 RIC IVi 75b, C 66a 16) B1, O27, R21, T12 17) B1, O27, R67, T44 18) B1, O31, R23, T18 19) B1, O33, R53, T33 RIC Ivi 64b 20) B1, O41, R62, T39 21) B1, O41, R64, T39 RIC Ivi 77, C 68 22) B1, O41, R71, T47 23) B1, O41, R73, T52 RIC Ivi 92b, C 80a 24) B1, O42, R37, T21

Pescennius Niger Busts

Pescennius Niger Types

169

Clodius Albinus

Augustus 195-196

Albinus was the Governor of Britain when the bloody shakeout and high-emperor turnover was happening in Rome. He struck a deal with Septimius Severus under which he acknowledged Severus as Augustus in return for the title of Caesar. Initially this setup was agreeable to Albinus but Severus little by little began positioning himself in the customary fashion of a dynast. Albinus recognized that if Severus's sons were being groomed for imperial roles this

could only lead to contesting of the initial agreement down the road and, so, he took matters into his own hands and had himself declared emperor.

His timing was good because Severus had his hands full at the time warring in Persia and the Senate despised Severus anyway. Albinus then packed up the main body of his army and began moving towards Rome to solidify his claim there. However, Severus acted quickly and withdrew from the conflicts out east to settle the score with Albinus. By careful maneuvering he was able to intercept the main forces of Albinus, cut off their supplies and engage his weakened armies which were subsequently obliterated. For his part Albinus committed suicide when all was lost for certain. Severus then returned to Rome where he had those in the Senate who had vouched for Albinus executed for treason.

Busts: 1) Bare head right 2) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Bare headed, draped bust right 4) Laureate head right 5) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 6) Laureate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) D CL SEPT ALBIN CAES 2) D CL SEPT ALBINO CAE 3) D CLO SEP ALBIN CAES 4) D CLOD SEPT ALBIN CAES 5) D CLODIVS ALBIN CAES 6) D CLODIVS ALBINVS CAES 7) IMP C D CLO SEP ALBIN AVG 8) IMP CAE D CLO SEP ALB AVG 9) IMP CAE D CLO SEP ALBINV 10) IMP CAES D CL ALBIN AVG 11) IMP CAES D CLO ALBIN AVG 12) IMP CAES D CLO SEP ALB AVG 13) IMP CAES D CLO SEP AVG 14) IMP CAES D CLOD SEP ALB AVG 15) IMP CAES D CLOD SEPT ALBIN AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG COS II 2) ANNONA AVG COS II 3) CLEMENTIA AVG COS 4) CONCORDIA 5) COS II 6) FEL AVG COS II 7) FELICITAS AVG COS II 8) FELICITAS COS II 9) FIDES AVG COS II 10) FIDES LEGION COS II 11) FORT REDVCI COS II 12) FORT REDVCT COS II 13) FORTITVDO AVG INVICTA 14) FORTVNA AVG COS II 15) FORTVNAE AVG COS II

16) FORTVNAE REDVCI COS II 17) GEN LVG COS II 18) IOVI VICTORI 19) IOVI VICTORI COS II 20) IOVIS VICTORIAE COS II 21) MAR VLT COS II 22) MARS PATER COS II 23) MIN PAC COS II 24) MINER PACIF COS II 25) MONET AVG COS II 26) PAX AVG COS II 27) PM TR P COS III FEL PR 28) PROV AVG COS II 29) PROVID AVG COS 30) PROVIDEN AVG COS II

31) PROVIDENT AVG COS II 32) PROVIDENTIA AVG COS II 33) ROMAE AETERNAE 34) SAEC FEL COS II 35) SAEC FRVGIF COS II 36) SAECVLI FEL COS II 37) SAECVLO FRVGIFERO 38) SAECVLO FRVGIFERO COS II 39) SALVTI AVG COS II 40) SPE AVG COS II 41) SPES AVG COS II 42) VICT AVG COS II 43) VIRTVTI AVG COS II 44) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Aesculapius standing left, holding staff with snake coiled around it. 3) Annona standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia. 4) Clementia standing left, holding patera and scepter. 5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae 6) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 7) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and branch. 8) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter. 9) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket.

The coinage of Clodius Albinus is split into two main groups. The first comprises those coins that were minted in Rome while he was recognized as Caesar and the second of him as rebel contender which were struck out of his homebase of Lugdunum (now Lyons, France). The Denarii of the first set are considerably easier to find and afford but tend to run fairly low grade as offered by coin dealers and usually the flans are a bit small making complete legends a rarity. On the other hand the Denarii minted in Lugdunum, while rarer, are often of better quality. Bronze denominations are scarce across the board and run on the poorer side of preservation when available. A typically preserved Rome-struck Denarius will cost about $100. High-grade Lugdunum Denarii will likely cost over $500.

170

10) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 11) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia; wheel under chair 12) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 13) Genius standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia; eagle to left. 14) Hands, in handshake, holding legionary eagle. 15) Hercules standing left, resting hand on club and holding globe. 16) Jupiter seated left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 17) Jupiter standing, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left. 18) Legionary eagle, standard on either side. 19) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 20) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield 21) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield 22) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 23) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. 24) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 25) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and scepter. 26) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 27) Salus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 28) Saeculum Frugiferum standing left, holding caduceus and trident 29) Saturn seated left, raising hand and holding grain ears; sphinx on either side. 30) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 31) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 32) Victory seated right, holding palm and shield 33) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 34) Virtus standing left, holding parazonium and spear.

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Lugdunum 3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O04, R37, T27 RIC IVi 9b, C 70

AR Denarius 2) B1, O01, R11, T11 Exe: SC RIC IVi 53 3) B1, O02, R12, T10 4) B1, O04, R05, T02 RIC IVi 2, S 6140, C 9 5) B1, O04, R08, T08 RIC IVi 4, C 15 6) B1, O04, R24, T21 RIC IVi 7, C 48 7) B1, O04, R33, T25 RIC IVi 11, C 61 8) B1, O06, R29, T24 RIC IVi 1, C 58 9) B4, O11, R17, T13 RIC IVi 23c, C 40 10) B4, O11, R21, T20 11) B4, O12, R10, T14 RIC IVi 20, C 24 12) B4, O12, R17, T13 RIC IVi 23b, C 40 13) B4, O12, R42, T32 RIC IVi 47 14) B4, O12, R42, T33

AE Sestertius 15) B1, O01, R11, T11 RIC IVi 53b 16) B1, O04, R04, T05 RIC IVi 62, C 7 17) B1, O04, R08, T08 RIC IVi 52b 18) B1, O04, R24, T21 RIC IVi 54a

AE As 19) B1, O01, R38, T28 RIC IVi 61b, C 72 20) B1, O04, R08, T08 RIC IVi 58, C 17

171

Clodius Albinus Busts

Clodius Albinus Types

172

Septimius Severus

Augustus 193-211

Septimius Severus was the remaining emperor of a bloody shakeout period which saw the violent demise of no less than five emperors in less than two years. A Governor in a sleepy quarter of the Empire, Septimius saw a golden opportunity after the murder of Pertinax and with the pretense of avenging his murder he recruited an army and advanced towards Rome. The situation in Rome, meanwhile,

was so chaotic that the Senate saw no way out of it but to save their skin by turning tail and declaring Septimius emperor in absentia. He would arrive a few days later to restore order to the city where he was welcomed as a savior. However, any love the Senate had for him quickly dissipated as he too, like Commodus before him (the last emperor of durable reign) was to systematically undermine and terrorize its members. Fortunately for them, Septimius would die a few years later during a campaign against the Scots in Britain.

Busts: 1) Bare head right 2) Laureate head left 3) Laureate head right 4) Laureate bust right, wearing lion skin 5) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 8) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right of Septimius Severus

over Caracalla laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 9) Laureate, draped bust right 10) Radiate head right

Obverses: 1) DIVO SEPTIMIO SEVERO PIO 2) DIVO SEVERO 3) DIVO SEVERO PIO 4) FELICITAS PVBLICA 5) IMP C L SEP SEVERVS AVG 6) IMP C L SEP SEVERVS P AV 7) IMP C L SEP SEVERVS P AVG 8) IMP C L SEPTI SEVERVS PP AVG 9) IMP CA L SE SEVER AG COS II 10) IMP CA L SEP SEV PER AVG COS II 11) IMP CA L SEP SEV PERT AVG OCS 12) IMP CAE L SEP PERT AVG COS II 13) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PER AVG COS II 14) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG 15) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG C II 16) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG C II C 17) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG CO II 18) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG CO III 19) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG COS I 20) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG COS II 21) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG II 22) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG II C 23) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG II CO 24) IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERTI AVG IIII 25) IMP CAE L SEPT SEV PERT AVG 26) IMP CAE L SEPT SEV PERT AVG N C 27) IMP CAES L SEP SEVERVS PERT AVG 28) IMP CAES L SEPT SEV PERT AVG 29) IMP CAES SEVE PERTINAX AVG 30) IMP L CAES SEPT SEV PERT AVG TR P VI 31) IMPP INVICT PII AVGG 32) L SEP SEVERVS PER AVG I M IMP XI 33) L SEP SEVERVS PER AVG IMP XI 34) L SEP SEVERVS PER AVG P V IMP XI PARP M 35) L SEP SEVERVS PER AVG PM IMP XI 36) L SEP SEVERVS PER AVG PM IMP XI PAR D N 37) L SEPT SEV AVG IMP XI 38) L SEPT SEV AVG IMP XI PART MAX 39) L SEPT SEV PERET AVG IMP I 40) L SEPT SEV PERET AVG IMP II 41) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP 42) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP I 43) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP II 44) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP III 45) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP IIII 46) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP V 47) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VI 48) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VII 49) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VIII 50) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VIIII 51) L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP X 52) L SEPT SEV PERTE AVG IMP

53) L SEPT SEV PERTE AVG IMP II 54) L SEPT SEV PRTE AVG IMP II

The collector who wishes to start off in silver Roman imperial coins will find those of Septimius Severus among the easiest to locate and afford… and usually very attractive as well. For example, a mint state (or nearly so) Denarius for this period may well cost less than $100. Think about it, an 1,800 year old coin that looks as though it was made a few days ago for the cost of a modern collectible coin! Bronze coins are now suddenly considerably scarcer. With Commodus’s death the mint in Rome suddenly finds itself with a lot less copper with which to make coins out of. Or, perhaps better put, the amount of copper it takes to make a Sestertius is now so expensive that the coin threatens to be worth more as bullion than as coin. The State cannot afford to strike coins which will be melted down immediately afterwards and sold at profit so its only choice is to either make them lighter or stop making them altogether. And that is exactly what happened although the change was very gradual and mint policies often reversed themselves, briefly and with hesitation, before abandoning big copper altogether by the mid-third century. Apart from the practical necessities of a still-vibrant economy, the Sestertius, Dupondius and As were an integral part of Roman culture for hundreds of years and there may well have been a wistful sense of loss in discontinuing these denominations. No matter what, a gold Aureus is always a big-ticket item. The fact that in antiquity they circulated so sparingly means that they’re typically found today with very little wear which only helps keep these beauties that much more expensive. Still, as with silver, those who can afford one will find that those of Septimius are among the most easily available. Depending largely on the selling venue, a problem-free Aureus of this age will cost anywhere from $1,000 to over $10,000 for even the most banal of designs. Even with this wide of a price swing the collector should expect to pay near the higher end of this range and should absolutely not be surprised to see an Aureus go for twenty or thirty-thousand dollars given an extraordinary design and/or exceptional craftsmanship.

173 55) L SEPT SEVER PERET IMP I 56) L SEPT SEVER PERT AVG IMP VIII 57) L SEPT SEVERVS AVG PART MAX PM TR P VIIII 58) L SEPT SEVERVS PER AVG PIV IMP XI PART MAX 59) L SEPT SEVERVS PER AVG PM IMP XI 60) L SEPT SEVERVS PIVS AVG 61) L SEPT SEVERVS PIVS AVG BRIT 62) L SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS PERTINAX AVG IMP IIII 63) L SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS PIVS AVG 64) SEVER P AVG PM TR P X COS III 65) SEVER P AVG PM TR P XI COS III

66) SEVERVS AVG PART MAX 67) SEVERVS AVG PART MAX PM TR P VIII 68) SEVERVS AVG PART MAX PM TR P VIIII 69) SEVERVS PIVS AVG 70) SEVERVS PIVS AVG BRIT 71) SEVERVS PIVS AVG PM TR P VIIII 72) SEVERVS PIVS AVG PM TR P X 73) SEVERVS PIVS AVG PM TR P XI 74) SEVERVS PIVS AVG PM TR P XII 75) SEVERVS PIVS AVGVSTVS

Reverses: 1) ADVENT AVGG 2) ADVENTV AVG FELICISSIMO 3) ADVENTVI AVG FELICISSIMO 4) ADVENTVS AVGVST 5) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 6) ADVENTVS AVGVSTOR 7) AEQVIT AVG TR P COS II 8) AEQVITAS AVG 9) AEQVITAS AVGG 10) AEQVITAS II 11) AEQVITAS PP 12) AEQVITATI AVGG 13) AEQVITATI PVBLICAE 14) AETERNIT IMPERI 15) AETERNITAS AVG 16) AFRICA 17) ANNONA AVG CERES 18) ANNONA AVG COS II 19) ANNONA AVG COS II PP 20) ANNONAE AVG 21) ANNONAE AVG COS 22) ANNONAE AVGG 23) ANTONIN PIVS AVG PON TR P V 24) ANTONINVS AVG PON TR P IIII 25) ANTONINVS AVG PON TR P V 26) ANTONINVS AVG PONT TR P IIII 27) ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS 28) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG 29) APOLLINI AVGVSTO 30) AR AD TR P VI COS II PP 31) ARAB ADIAB COS II PP 32) ARAB ADIABENIC 33) ARCVS AVGG 34) AVGVSTI COS 35) BON EVENT 36) BONA SEPS 37) BONA SPEI 38) BONA SPES 39) BONAE SPEI 40) BONI EVENT 41) BONI EVENTV 42) BONI EVENTVC 43) BONI EVENTVS 44) BONI SPES 45) CERER FRVG 46) CERER FRVG II COS 47) CERER FRVGIF COS 48) CERER FRVGIFER 49) CERERI FRVG 50) CONCORDIA 51) CONCORDIA / MILIT 52) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM 53) CONCORDIAE AETERNAE 54) CONCORDIAE AVGG 55) CONCORDIAE MILITVM 56) CONSECRATIO 57) COS II PP 58) COS III 59) COS III LVDOS SAECVL FEC 60) COS III PP 61) DI PATRII 62) DIS AVSPICIB TR P II 63) DIS AVSPICIBVS PM TR P III COS II PP 64) DIVI M P II F PM TR P III COS II PP 65) FEIICII TEMPOM 66) FELICIT TEMPO 67) FELICIT TEMPOR 68) FELICITAS / SAECVLI 69) FELICITAS AVGG 70) FELICITAS PVBLICA 71) FELICITAS TEMPO 72) FELICITAS TEMPOR 73) FELICITAS TEMPORVM II COS

74) FIDEI LEG TR P COS 75) FORETVN REDVC 76) FORT RDEVC 77) FORT RDVC 78) FORT RED PM TR P XIX COS III PP 79) FORT REDEVC 80) FORT REDVCI COS II 81) FORT REDVC 82) FORTA REDVC 83) FORTV REDV 84) FORTV REDVC 85) FORTVI REDVC 86) FORTVN AVG 87) FORTVN REDV 88) FORTVN REDVC 89) FORTVNA REDVC 90) FORTVNA REDVX 91) FORTVNAE AVGG 92) FORTVNAE REDVCI 93) FVNDAT PACIS 94) FVNDATOR PACIS 95) FVRTVNAE FELICI 96) GENIVS PR 97) HERCVLI DEFENS 98) IIII LIBERALITAS AVGG 99) IMPERII FELICITAS 100) INDVLGENTIA AVG 101) INDVLGENTIA AVGG 102) INVICT IMP 103) INVICTA VIRTVS 104) INVICTO IMP 105) INVICTO IMP I 106) INVICTO IMP TROPAE 107) INVICTO IMP TROPAEA 108) INVICTO IMP TROPAEA II 109) INVICTO IMP TROPEI 110) IOBI VICT 111) IOVI CONSERVATORI 112) IOVI INVICTO 113) IOVI PRAE ORBIS 114) IOVI PROPVGNATORI 115) IOVI VICT 116) IOVI VICT PM TR P XV COS III PP 117) IOVI VICTORI 118) IVLIA AVGVSTA 119) IVNO AVGVSTAE 120) IVSTITIA 121) L SEPTIMIVS GETA CAES 122) LAETITIA / TEMPORVM 123) LAETITIA AVGG 124) LEG I ADIVT 125) LEG I ITAL 126) LEG I MIN 127) LEG II ADIVT 128) LEG II ITAL 129) LEG III IT 130) LEG III ITAL 131) LEG IIII FL 132) LEG V MAC 133) LEG VII CL 134) LEG VIII AVG 135) LEG XI CL 136) LEG XIII GEM 137) LEG XIIII GEM M V 138) LEG XXII 139) LEG XXII PRI 140) LEG XXX VL 141) LEG XXX VLP 142) LIB AVG III PM TR P X COS III PP 143) LIBER AVG 144) LIBERA AVG 145) LIBERAL AVG 146) LIBERAL AVG COS

147) LIBERAL AVG TR P COS II 148) LIBERALITAS 149) LIBERALITAS AVG 150) LIBERALITAS AVG II 151) LIBERALITAS AVG V 152) LIBERALITAS AVG VI 153) LIBERALITAS AVGG IIII 154) LIBERALITAS AVGG V 155) LIBERO PATRI 156) LIBERT AVG 157) LIBERTA AVG 158) LIBERTAS AVG 159) LIBERTAS AVGG 160) LIR AVG 161) MAREI VICT 162) MARS PACATOR 163) MARS PATER 164) MART VICT 165) MART VICTO 166) MART VICTOR 167) MART VICTORI 168) MARTI PACIFERO 169) MARTI PACIFERO PM TR P V COS II

PP 170) MARTI VICT 171) MARTI VICTOR 172) MARTI VICTORI 173) MINER VICT 174) MINER VICT PM TR P XIIII IMP VIII

COS E C 175) MINER VICTRIC 176) MINER VICTRIX 177) MINERVA SANCT 178) MONE AVG 179) MONET AVG 180) MONET AVG COS II PP 181) MONETA AVG 182) MONETA AVG COS II PP 183) MONETA AVGG 184) MONETA II AVG 185) MONETAE AVG 186) MVNIFICENTIA AVG 187) NOBILITAS 188) ORT RDEVC 189) P MAX TR P VIII COS II PP 190) P SEPT GETA CAES PONT 191) P SEPTIMIVS GETA CAES 192) PACATOR ORBIS 193) PACI AET PM TR P VI 194) PACI AETERNAE 195) PACI AVGVSTI 196) PAR AR AD TR P VI 197) PART ARAB PART ADIAB 198) PART MAX PM TR P VIIII 199) PART MAX PM TR P X 200) PART MAX PM TR P X COS III PP 201) PART MAX PONT TR P IIII 202) PART MAXIMVS COS II PP 203) PAX AETERNA 204) PERPETVA CONCORDIA 205) PIETAS 206) PIETAT AVG 207) PM TR IIII COS II PP 208) PM TR P COS 209) PM TR P II COS II 210) PM TR P II COS II PP 211) PM TR P III COS II PP 212) PM TR P IIII COS II PP 213) PM TR P V COS II PP 214) PM TR P VI COS II PP 215) PM TR P VII COS II PP 216) PM TR P VIII COS II PP 217) PM TR P VIIII COS II PP

174 218) PM TR P X COS III PP 219) PM TR P XI COS III PP 220) PM TR P XII COS III PP 221) PM TR P XIII COS III PP 222) PM TR P XIIII COS III PP 223) PM TR P XIX COS III PP 224) PM TR P XIX COS III PP FORT RED 225) PM TR P XIX COS III PP VICT BRIT 226) PM TR P XV COS III PP 227) PM TR P XVI 228) PM TR P XVI COS III PP 229) PM TR P XVII COS III PP 230) PM TR P XVIII COS III PP 231) PONT III COS II 232) PONTIF COS II 233) PONTIF TR P VII COS II 234) PONTIF TR P VIII COS II 235) PONTIF TR P VIIII COS II 236) PONTIF TR P X COS II 237) PONTIF TR P X COS III 238) PONTIF TR P XI COS II 239) PONTIF TR P XI COS III 240) PONTIF TR P XII COS III 241) PROFECT AVGG FEL 242) PROFECTIO AVG 243) PROVID AVG 244) PROVID AVGG 245) PROVIDENTIA 246) PROVIDENTIA AVG 247) PVDICITIA 248) RECTOR ORBIS 249) RESTITVTOR VRBIS 250) RESTITVTORI VRBIS 251) ROI EVENTVS 252) ROMA AETERNA 253) ROMAE AETERNAE 254) SACRA SAECVLARIA 255) SAEC FELICIT 256) SAEC FRVGIF COS 257) SAECV FELICIT 258) SAECVL FELICIT 259) SAECVLI FELICIT 260) SAECVLI FELICITA

261) SAECVLI FELICITAS 262) SAECVLI FELICITAS COS II 263) SAECVLI FELICITAS COS III 264) SAECVLI FELICITAS COS III PP 265) SAECVLL FELLCIT 266) SAECVLO FRVGIFERO COS II 267) SAECVLO FRVGIFERO TR P COS 268) SALVTI AVG 269) SALVTI AVG PM TR P VI COS II PP 270) SALVTI AVGG 271) SECVRITAS PVBLICA 272) SEVERI AVG P II FIL 273) SOSPITATORI / IOVI 274) SPQR OPTIMO PRINC 275) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI 276) TELLVS STABIL PM TR POT VIII COS II PP 277) TR P COS 278) TR P III IMP V COS II 279) TR P IMP III COS II PP 280) TR P V IMP COS II PP 281) TR P V IMP III COS II 282) TR P VII COS II PP 283) TR P XIX COS III PP FORT RED 284) TR P XVIII COS III PP 285) VENERI VIC 286) VENERI VICTR 287) VENV P VICT 288) VENVS GENETRIX 289) VIC AVG 290) VIC AVG TR P COS 291) VIC AVGG COS II PP 292) VIC PAR MAX AVG 293) VICT AETERN 294) VICT AETERNAE 295) VICT AVG 296) VICT AVG COS II PP 297) VICT AVG PM TR P III COS II PP 298) VICT AVG TR P COS 299) VICT AVG TR P II COS II 300) VICT AVG TR P II COS II PP 301) VICT AVGG COS II PP 302) VICT BRIT PM TR P XIX COS III PP 303) VICT PART MAX

304) VICT PARTHIC AVGG PM TR P VIIII

305) VICT PARTHICAE 306) VICTOR ANTONINI AVG 307) VICTOR AVG 308) VICTOR AVG TR P COS 309) VICTOR IVST AVG 310) VICTOR IVST AVG II COS 311) VICTOR SEVER AG 312) VICTOR SEVER AVG 313) VICTOR SEVER C AVG 314) VICTORI AVG 315) VICTORIA AVGG 316) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 317) VICTORIA PARTHICA MAXIMA 318) VICTORIAE 319) VICTORIAE AVG 320) VICTORIAE AVGG 321) VICTORIAE AVGG FEL 322) VICTORIAE BRIT 323) VICTORIAE BRITTANNICAE 324) VICTORIVS T AVG 325) VIRT AVG P COS 326) VIRT AVG TR P COS 327) VIRT AVG TR P II COS II PP 328) VIRT AVGG 329) VIRTVS AVG 330) VIRTVS AVG COS II 331) VIRTVS AVGVST 332) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 333) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM 334) VIRTVTE AVG 335) VIRTVTI AVG 336) VIRTVTI AVGG 337) VOT SVSC DEC PM TR P X COS III PP 338) VOTA PVBLICA 339) VOTA SOLVT DEC COS III 340) VOTA SVSCEP DECEN 341) VOTA SVSCEPTA X 342) VOTA SVSCEPTA XX 343) VOTA SVSCEPTA XX COS III PP 344) VRBI ROMAE 345) No legend

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Africa lying left, holding scorpion and cornucopia; basket with grain ears within to left. 3) Africa standing right, resting hand on hip and holding grain ears; lion to right 4) Altar, lit 5) Annona seated right, holding grain ears; child to right. 6) Annona seated right, holding grain ears; modius to right 7) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 8) Annona standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding grain ears and cornucopia. 9) Annona standing right on left, holding cornucopia, facing Ceres seated to right, holding patera and torch; modius in center and galley in background. 10) Apollo standing left, holding patera and lyre 11) Basket; fruits and grains within 12) Bridge, boat below 13) Captive seated right; weapons in backround 14) Captives (2) seated back to back on shields 15) Caracalla bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 16) Caracalla laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, facing Geta bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust left 17) Caracalla laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right. 18) Caracalla laureate, draped bust right 19) Caracalla laureate head right facing Geta bare head left 20) Caracalla standing right on left, holding Victory together with Geta to right 21) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch 22) Circus: bird’s eye view of façade and interior, gladiators within 23) Concordia sacrificing left, holding two cornucopiae. 24) Concordia seated left, holding patera and scepter 25) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 26) Concordia standing left, holding standard and scepter; two more standards to left and three to right 27) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand 28) Cornucopiae (2) crossed, corn ear in between. 29) Crescent, seven stars above 30) Dea Caelestis riding lion right over flowing water, holding drum and scepter 31) Dea Caelestis riding lion right over flowing water, holding drum. 32) Dea Caelestis riding lion right over flowing water, holding thunderbolt. 33) Dea Caelestis riding lion right over flowing water, holding thunderbolt and scepter 34) Eagle standing left on cippus, standard on either side. 35) Eagle standing on globe, facing 36) Eagle standing on thunderbolt, facing 37) Eagle standing right 38) Eagle standing right on altar 39) Eagle standing, facing 40) Elephant advancing right 41) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 42) Felicitas standing left, pouring out cornucopia for two citizens, three more waiting their turn.

175 43) Felicitas standing left, pulling on dress and holding cornucopia; six children to left. 44) Fides standing left, holding fruit basket and grain ears. 45) Fides standing left, holding Victory and standard 46) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia 47) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia; wheel under chair 48) Fortuna standing left, holding branch and cornucopia 49) Fortuna standing left, holding cornucopia in each hand 50) Fortuna standing left, holding palm and cornucopia 51) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 52) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia 53) Fortuna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 54) Fortuna standing, facing, holding cornucopia and rudder; galley prow to left. 55) Funeral pyre 56) Galley sailing left 57) Galley sailing left, animals below and four quadrigae above 58) Genius standing left, holding fruit dish and grain ears 59) Genius standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae 60) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 61) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears. 62) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar. 63) Geta bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 64) Geta bare headed, draped bust right 65) Hercules standing left on left, resting hand on club and holding lion skin and Liber to right, pouring cup out over panther and holding thrysus. 66) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin 67) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera 68) Italia seated left on globe, holding cornucopia and scepter 69) Julia Domna draped bust facing in center with laureate, draped bust of Caracalla to left and bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust of Geta to right 70) Julia Domna draped bust right 71) Juno seated left, holding flower and baby 72) Jupiter advancing right, aiming thunderbolt and raising hand 73) Jupiter riding quadriga right, aiming thunderbolt at two giants. 74) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 75) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left. 76) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; child on either side 77) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left. 78) Jupiter standing, facing, aiming thunderbolt and raising hand 79) Justitia seated left, holding patera and scepter. 80) Liber standing left, pouring cup over panther and holding thrysus. 81) Liber standing right on left, holding cup over panther and thrysus, facing Hercules to right, resting hand on club and holding lion skin. 82) Liber standing right, touching head and holding thrysus; panther to left 83) Liberalitas seated left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 84) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 85) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter 86) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 87) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear 88) Mars standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch and spear 89) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield 90) Mars standing right, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 91) Mars standing right, resting hand on shield on captive and holding spear 92) Medusa head, facing over aegis 93) Minerva helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust right 94) Minerva standing left, holding spear and shield. 95) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear. 96) Minerva standing left, resting hand on shield. 97) Moneta seated left, holding scale and cornucopia. 98) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 99) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia 100) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coin piles by their feet. 101) Neptune standing left, stepping on rocks, resting hand on lap and holding trident. 102) Neptune standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding trident and acrostolium 103) Nobilitas standing right, holding scepter and Palladium. 104) Pax seated left, holding branch and cornucopia. 105) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter. 106) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 107) Pudicitia seated left, holding scepter in each hand 108) River God lying right, holding shell and rudder 109) Roma helmeted bust right 110) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and scepter; shield below 111) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium 112) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear 113) Roma seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding spear. 114) Roma seated right, holding Palladium and scepter; kneeling captive to right 115) Roma seated, facing, holding Victory and globe resting on atlas; flying Victory crowning Roma. 116) Roma standing left, holding parazonium and spear with shield 117) Sacrificial procession attended by five veiled members; three of whom are sacrificing over altar and the other two musicians. 118) Saeculum Frugiferum standing left, holding winged caduceus and trident 119) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar 120) Salus seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 121) Securitas seated left, holding globe 122) Septimius Severus and Caracalla seated right, lictor behind, soldier to right 123) Septimius Severus laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, facing Caracalla, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left. 124) Septimius Severus riding horse left, holding spear 125) Septimius Severus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 126) Septimius Severus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear; soldier to left leading the horse. 127) Septimius Severus riding horse left, spearing enemy 128) Septimius Severus riding horse right, holding spear 129) Septimius Severus riding horse right, raising hand 130) Septimius Severus riding horse right, raising hand, being led by soldier to right 131) Septimius Severus riding horse right, spearing enemy

176 132) Septimius Severus riding rearing horse right, holding spear 133) Septimius Severus seated left on right, raising hand and holding scepter, facing Aequitas standing to left, holding a scale and cornucopia 134) Septimius Severus seated left, holding globe and being crowned by Victory hovering to right 135) Septimius Severus seated, facing, holding Victory and shield on kneeling captive, being crowned by Victory hovering to right 136) Septimius Severus standing left on left, holding Victory and spear, being crowned by Roma to right, holding parazonium. 137) Septimius Severus standing left on right, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter, facing Roma seated to left on shield, holding Palladium and spear. 138) Septimius Severus standing left on right, sacrificing over altar with Caracalla standing to left; musicians behind and temple in background. 139) Septimius Severus standing left, holding branch 140) Septimius Severus standing left, holding globe and spear. 141) Septimius Severus standing left, sacrificing over altar 142) Septimius Severus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding spear 143) Septimius Severus standing right on left, holding spear, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 144) Septimius Severus standing right on left, sacrificing over altar in center facing Caracalla to right, also sacrificing; both being crowned by Victory 145) Septimius Severus standing right on left, sacrificing over altar in center; Fortuna to right, seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 146) Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta each riding horse left, raising hand. 147) Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta each riding horse right 148) Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta seated left on platform accompanied by lictor to right and Liberalitas to left; citizen to lower left 149) Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta seated right on platform sccompanied by lector to right; citizen to lower right 150) Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta standing right, addressing citizen to lower right; two more attendants in background. 151) Septmius Severus standing left, sacrificing over altar and lictor to left and musician to right. 152) Sol radiate, draped bust right 153) Sol riding quadriga left upwards; river god lying on lower right, holding cornucopia. 154) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 155) Spes seated left, holding flower 156) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 157) Temple with (2) columns, Aesculapius within, snake on either side 158) Temple with (2) columns, Jupiter standing within, holding patera and scepter 159) Temple with (6) columns, Roma seated within 160) Throne with wreath atop 161) Triumphal arch 162) Trophy with weapons at base 163) Trophy; captive leaning on either side 164) Trophy; captive seated right at base 165) Trophy; seated captive on either side 166) Trophy; seated captive to left and standing captive to right 167) Venus standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding apple and palm 168) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding shield on palm with seated captives on either side of its base 169) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield 170) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield reading SP / QR 171) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 172) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 173) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy. 174) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy; seated captive to left. 175) Victory advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy 176) Victory advancing right, holding shield reading VIC / PAR 177) Victory advancing right, holding trophy with both hands. 178) Victory advancing right, holding trophy with both hands; seated captive to right. 179) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 180) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy. 181) Victory riding biga right, holding whip 182) Victory riding quadriga right 183) Victory seated left, holding shield reading A / VG and palm 184) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm 185) Victory seated right, holding palm and shield; trophy to right. 186) Victory seated right, holding shield on palm. 187) Victory seated right, holding shield; trophy to right. 188) Victory standing left, holding shield on cippus and palm. 189) Victory standing left, holding shield reading AVG on cippus and palm 190) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm 191) Victory standing left, stepping on globe, holding shield with both hands. 192) Victory standing right, holding vexillum with both hands; seated captive on either side. 193) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on palm 194) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading SC on cippus and palm 195) Victory standing, facing, holding palm and shield on palm 196) Virtus seated left, holding Victory and parazonium; shield to side. 197) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear 198) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield. 199) Virtus standing right, holding spear and parazonium. 200) Wreath, VOTIS / DECEN / NALI / BVS within

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Emesa 3) Laodicea ad Mare 4) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B02, O69, R152, T084 RIC IVi 278b, C 297 2) B02, O69, R318, T181 3) B03, O14, R134, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 11, BMC 13 4) B03, O14, R137, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 14, C 271 5) B03, O14, R326, T197 RIC IVi 24, BMC 32 6) B03, O20, R145, T084 RIC IVi 400, BMC 372

177 7) B03, O20, R252, T112 8) B03, O43, R062, T065 Exe: COS II PP RIC IVi 25, BMC 58, C 113 9) B03, O43, R299, T171 RIC IVi 29, BMC 61 10) B03, O44, R210, T179 RIC IVi 36, C 382 11) B03, O48, R064, T173 RIC IVi 66 12) B03, O66, R014, T016 RIC IVi 155c, BMC 184 13) B03, O66, R094, T139 RIC IVi 160, BMC 189 14) B03, O66, R249, T141 RIC IVi 167b, BMC 201 15) B03, O69, R051, T026 RIC IVi 256, BMC 313 16) B03, O69, R122, T057 RIC IVi 274, C 254 17) B03, O69, R148, T148 RIC IVi 279, BMC 352, C 300 18) B03, O69, R152, T084 RIC IVi 278a 19) B03, O69, R192, T134 20) B03, O69, R192, T152 RIC IVi 282, BMC 353 21) B03, O69, R221, T077 RIC IVi 196, BMC 469 22) B03, O69, R221, T124 23) B03, O69, R226, T093 RIC IVi 206 24) B03, O69, R228, T185 RIC IVi 257, BMC 314, C 108 25) B03, O69, R230, R175 RIC IVi 237 26) B03, O69, R249, T110 RIC IVi 288, BMC 358, C 605 27) B03, O69, R252, T110 RIC IVi 291 28) B03, O69, R254, T084 RIC IVi 277, BMC 346, C 295 29) B03, O69, R303, T171 RIC IVi 295, C 743 30) B03, O69, R318, T181 RIC IVi 299, BMC 369 31) B03, O69, R333, T146 RIC IVi 305, BMC 374, C 770 32) B03, O71, R014, T016 RIC IVi 174, BMC 254 33) B04, O66, R118, T070 RIC IVi 161b, BMC 192, C 1 34) B07, O38, R012, T001 RIC IVi 122, C 20 35) B07, O38, R055, T027 RIC IVi 502a, C 77 36) B07, O38, R183, T097 RIC IVi 510b 37) B07, O38, R305, T174 RIC IVi 142b 38) B07, O51, R214, T154 39) B07, O64, R014, T016 RIC IVi 178b 40) B07, O64, R068, T069 RIC IVi 181a, BMC 379, C 5 41) B07, O69, R101, T033 Exe: IN CARTH 42) B07, O69, R137, T046 RIC IVi 189a, C 460 43) B08, O31, R317, T171 RIC IVi 311, BMC 265, C 8 44) B09, O66, R328, T198 RIC IVi 171b

AR Tetradrachm Reference(s) 45) B03, O06, R345, T034 AVGVS / TORVM across fields RIC IVi 528, C 55

AR Tridrachm (~9 gm.) 46) B03, O06, R319, T170 RIC IVi 533

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous) 47) B10, O02, R056, T004 RIC 96 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 800 48) B10, O02, R056, T037 RIC 95 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 799

AR Denarius 49) B02, O20, R107, T162 50) B02, O20, R324, T171 51) B02, O38, R345, T200 52) B03, O14, R043, T058 RIC IVi 347, C 66 53) B03, O14, R073, T011 54) B03, O14, R074, T045 RIC IVi 349, C 146 55) B03, O14, R124, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 2 56) B03, O14, R126, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 4, C 259 57) B03, O14, R127, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 5 58) B03, O14, R128, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 3, C 256 59) B03, O14, R130, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 7 60) B03, O14, R131, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 8 61) B03, O14, R132, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 9 62) B03, O14, R133, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 10 63) B03, O14, R134, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 11 64) B03, O14, R135, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 12 65) B03, O14, R136, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 13 66) B03, O14, R137, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 14 67) B03, O14, R138, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 15 68) B03, O14, R139, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 16 69) B03, O14, R141, T034 Exe: TR P COS RIC IVi 17 70) B03, O14, R146, T034 RIC IVi 18 71) B03, O14, R285, T167 72) B03, O14, R298, T171 RIC IVi 22, S 6369, C 682 73) B03, O14, R326, T197 RIC IVi 24, S 6386 74) B03, O19, R043, T058 C 68a 75) B03, O19, R260, T029 76) B03, O20, R037, T156 RIC IVi 365, C 60 77) B03, O20, R038, T156 RIC IVi 364, S 6266, C 58 78) B03, O20, R042, T058 79) B03, O20, R043, T058 RIC IVi 369, C 68

178 80) B03, O20, R045, T021 RIC IVi 370, C 60 81) B03, O20, R058, T102 82) B03, O20, R065, T028 83) B03, O20, R067, T028 RIC IVi 373 84) B03, O20, R072, T028 RIC IVi 374a 85) B03, O20, R084, T050 86) B03, O20, R088, T046 RIC IVi 379, C 173a 87) B03, O20, R088, T050 RIC IVi 383 88) B03, O20, R088, T051 RIC IVi 376b 89) B03, O20, R104, T162 RIC IVi 389, S 6288, C 232 90) B03, O20, R106, T162 RIC IVi 391, C 234 91) B03, O20, R137, T034 RIC IVi 397 92) B03, O20, R144, T084 RIC IVi 399 93) B03, O20, R145, T084 RIC IVi 400d, C 283 94) B03, O20, R171, T086 95) B03, O20, R179, T098 RIC IVi 411a, S 6314, C 346 96) B03, O20, R258, T029 RIC IVi 417, C 628a 97) B03, O20, R278, T013 RIC IVi 433, C 659 98) B03, O20, R278, T163 RIC IVi 435, C 658 99) B03, O20, R295, T171 C 677 100) B03, O20, R295, T171 RIC IVi 424, C 675 101) B03, O20, R307, T171 RIC IVi 425, C 697 102) B03, O20, R307, T179 RIC IVi 423a 103) B03, O20, R307, T182 C 700b 104) B03, O20, R312, T171 RIC IVi 428, C 749 105) B03, O20, R318, T189 106) B03, O20, R322, T177 107) B03, O20, R334, T199 RIC IVi 431, C 771 108) B03, O23, R039, T156 RIC IVi 366a 109) B03, O35, R196, T165 Exe: COS II PP RIC IVi 494b 110) B03, O35, R196, T171 RIC IVi 495, C 361 111) B03, O35, R270, T119 RIC IVi 497, C 642 112) B03, O35, R291, T171 RIC IVi 499, C 695 113) B03, O38, R009, T001 RIC IVi 122c, C 21 114) B03, O38, R012, T001 RIC IVi 500, S 6259, C 21 115) B03, O38, R022, T008 RIC IVi 501 116) B03, O38, R026, T019 117) B03, O38, R055, T027 RIC IVi 502b 118) B03, O38, R057, T171 RIC IVi 125a, C 96 119) B03, O38, R060, T171 RIC IVi 504, C 100 120) B03, O38, R091, T054 RIC IVi 126a, S 6280, C 195 121) B03, O38, R111, T074 RIC IVi 130, C 238 122) B03, O38, R114, T072 RIC IVi 131, S 6291 123) B03, O38, R120, T079 RIC IVi 505, S 6295, C 251 124) B03, O38, R121, T015 RIC IVi 506, C 4 125) B03, O38, R159, T085 RIC IVi 133, S 6308, C 306 126) B03, O38, R172, T091 RIC IVi 134, C 320 127) B03, O38, R183, T098 RIC IVi 510a, C 342 128) B03, O38, R189, T058 RIC IVi 511a, C 455a 129) B03, O38, R215, T054 RIC IVi 136, S 6332, C 452 130) B03, O38, R241, T132 RIC IVi 138 131) B03, O38, R249, T142 RIC IVi 512a, C 600 132) B03, O38, R301, T171 RIC IVi 141a, C 694a 133) B03, O38, R305, T172 RIC IVi 142a, C 741 134) B03, O38, R321, T169 RIC IVi 144b, S 6381, C 719 135) B03, O38, R328, T198 RIC IVi 145a, C 762 136) B03, O38, R329, T131 RIC IVi 146a, C 763 137) B03, O38, R345, T200 RIC IVi 520a, C 798 138) B03, O39, R102, T164 139) B03, O40, R076, T053 140) B03, O40, R079, T051 141) B03, O40, R089, T049 142) B03, O43, R155, T080 RIC IVi 27a 143) B03, O44, R155, T080 RIC IVi 32, S 6307, C 301 144) B03, O44, R195, T104 RIC IVi 37, S 6320 145) B03, O44, R210, T074 RIC IVi 48, S 6325 146) B03, O44, R210, T094 RIC IVi 49, S 6326, C 381 147) B03, O45, R029, T010 RIC IVi 40, C 42 148) B03, O45, R096, T060 RIC IVi 43, S 6283, C 209 149) B03, O45, R155, T080 RIC IVi 44, C 302 150) B03, O45, R162, T087 RIC IVi 45, C 309 151) B03, O45, R163, T086 RIC IVi 46, C 311 152) B03, O45, R211, T074 RIC IVi 53a 153) B03, O45, R211, T086 RIC IVi 52 154) B03, O45, R271, T121 RIC IVi 56, C 646 155) B03, O46, R031, T173 RIC IVi 58, C 48 156) B03, O46, R197, T164 Exe: COS II PP RIC IVi 62, S 6322, C 363 157) B03, O46, R211, T086 RIC IVi 60, C 396 158) B03, O46, R211, T094 RIC IVi 61, C 390 159) B03, O48, R081, T046 RIC IVi 470, C 265 160) B03, O48, R211, T052 RIC IVi 69, C 404 161) B03, O48, R211, T086 RIC IVi 67, C 397 162) B03, O48, R211, T094 RIC IVi 68, C 391 163) B03, O49, R003, T129 RIC IVi 74, S 6256, C 6 164) B03, O49, R076, T049 165) B03, O49, R092, T047 RIC IVi 78a, S 6281 166) B03, O49, R097, T066 RIC IVi 210, C 442 167) B03, O49, R100, T067 RIC IVi 80, C 216 168) B03, O49, R186, T040 RIC IVi 82, C 348

179 169) B03, O49, R212, T104 RIC IVi 85, C 429 170) B03, O49, R212, T171 RIC IVi 86, S 6328, C 419 171) B03, O49, R213, T052 RIC IVi 84, C 424 172) B03, O49, R213, T060 RIC IVi 87, C 436 173) B03, O49, R213, T105 RIC IVi 88, C 444 174) B03, O49, R246, T106 RIC IVi 92a, S 6356, C 592 175) B03, O49, R271, T121 RIC IVi 93, C 647 176) B03, O49, R338, T141 RIC IVi 96a, C 777 177) B03, O50, R097, T066 RIC IVi 97, S 6284, C 512 178) B03, O50, R155, T084 RIC IVi 99, C 304 179) B03, O50, R213, T052 RIC IVi 104, C 442 180) B03, O50, R213, T052 RIC IVi 493 181) B03, O50, R213, T154 RIC IVi 101, S 6331, C 433 182) B03, O50, R242, T128 RIC IVi 106, S 6353, C 580 183) B03, O51, R022, T008 RIC IVi 107, C 37 184) B03, O51, R055, T027 RIC IVi 108, C 76 185) B03, O51, R111, T074 RIC IVi 111a, S 6289, C 236 186) B03, O51, R168, T088 RIC IVi 113, S 6311, C 315 187) B03, O51, R194, T105 RIC IVi 118, S 6319, C 357 188) B03, O51, R214, T154 RIC IVi 117, C 449 189) B03, O51, R301, T171 RIC IVi 120c, C 694 190) B03, O53, R307, T194 191) B03, O56, R081, T051 RIC IVi 477, C 164 192) B03, O66, R022, T006 RIC IVi 156, C 41 193) B03, O66, R027, T017 RIC IVi 157, C 2 194) B03, O66, R094, T139 RIC IVi 160d, C 203 195) B03, O66, R118, T070 RIC IVi 161a, C 2 196) B03, O66, R216, T169 RIC IVi 150, C 454 197) B03, O66, R244, T106 RIC IVi 166, S 6354, C 586 198) B03, O66, R249, T142 RIC IVi 167a, S 6357 199) B03, O66, R293, T169 RIC IVi 170, C 670 200) B03, O66, R328, T198 RIC IVi 171, C 671 201) B03, O69, R001, T126 RIC IVi 248 202) B03, O69, R009, T133 203) B03, O69, R014, T016 RIC IVi 251, C 6 204) B03, O69, R014, T019 RIC IVi 252 205) B03, O69, R014, T123 RIC IVi 250, C 1 206) B03, O69, R016, T002 RIC IVi 254, C 31 207) B03, O69, R016, T003 RIC IVi 253 208) B03, O69, R059, T083 RIC IVi 257, C 109 209) B03, O69, R060, T161 RIC IVi 259, C 104 210) B03, O69, R060, T171 RIC IVi 526, C 201 211) B03, O69, R068, T149 RIC IVi 263, C 134 212) B03, O69, R069, T041 RIC IVi 261, C 135 213) B03, O69, R090, T047 RIC IVi 264, S 6279, C 181 214) B03, O69, R094, T139 RIC IVi 265, S 6282, C 205 215) B03, O69, R098, T084 RIC IVi 276, C 293 216) B03, O69, R101, T033 RIC IVi 266, S 6285, C 222 217) B03, O69, R122, T057 RIC IVi 274 218) B03, O69, R151, T084 219) B03, O69, R152, T084 RIC IVi 278, C 298 220) B03, O69, R154, T084 RIC IVi 277, C 296 221) B03, O69, R192, T152 RIC IVi 282 222) B03, O69, R198, T165 RIC IVi 176, C 370 223) B03, O69, R200, T165 RIC IVi 185, S 6323, C 373 224) B03, O69, R219, T047 RIC IVi 189b, S 6334, C 461 225) B03, O69, R220, T061 RIC IVi 195, S 6335, C 464 226) B03, O69, R221, T007 RIC IVi 198, C 472 227) B03, O69, R221, T077 RIC IVi 196, S 6336, C 469 228) B03, O69, R221, T197 RIC IVi 197, S 6337, C 470 229) B03, O69, R222, T007 RIC IVi 200, S 6338, C 476 230) B03, O69, R222, T061 RIC IVi 201, C 475 231) B03, O69, R222, T132 RIC IVi 202, C 480 232) B03, O69, R226, T003 RIC IVi 207a, C 493 233) B03, O69, R226, T061 RIC IVi 209, C 487 234) B03, O69, R226, T124 RIC IVi 213a, C 495 235) B03, O69, R226, T166 RIC IVi 214, C 498 236) B03, O69, R226, T186 RIC IVi 211, S 6340, C 489 237) B03, O69, R228, T024 RIC IVi 218, C 514 238) B03, O69, R228, T024 RIC IVi 221, C 517 239) B03, O69, R228, T059 RIC IVi 219, C 504 240) B03, O69, R228, T060 RIC IVi 220, C 505 241) B03, O69, R228, T078 RIC IVi 216, C 501 242) B03, O69, R228, T187 RIC IVi 224, C 510 243) B03, O69, R229, T076 RIC IVi 226, C 525 244) B03, O69, R229, T101 RIC IVi 228, S 6346 245) B03, O69, R229, T108 RIC IVi 229 246) B03, O69, R229, T119 RIC IVi 230, C 531 247) B03, O69, R229, T155 RIC IVi 232, C 535 248) B03, O69, R230, T076 RIC IVi 233, C 539 249) B03, O69, R230, T101 RIC IVi 234, C 543 250) B03, O69, R230, T119 RIC IVi 236, S 6348, C 548 251) B03, O69, R245, T092 RIC IVi 286, C 592 252) B03, O69, R249, T110 RIC IVi 288, S 6358, C 606b 253) B03, O69, R273, T158 RIC IVi 271, C 245 254) B03, O69, R303, T171 RIC IVi 295, S 6372, C 744 255) B03, O69, R318, T182 RIC IVi 299, C 713a 256) B03, O69, R320, T135 RIC IVi 301, BMC 371 257) B03, O69, R337, T139 RIC IVi 186, C 786

180 258) B03, O69, R342, T139 RIC IVi 308, S 6393 259) B03, O69, R342, T144 RIC IVi 309 260) B03, O70, R223, T076 RIC IVi 243, C 563 261) B03, O70, R223, T101 RIC IVi 244, C 564 262) B03, O70, R223, T119 RIC IVi 245, C 565 263) B03, O70, R230, T076 RIC IVi 240, C 540 264) B03, O70, R230, T101 RIC IVi 241, C 542 265) B03, O70, R230, T119 RIC IVi 242, C 549 266) B03, O70, R322, T179 RIC IVi 332, C 727 267) B03, O70, R322, T195 RIC IVi 336, C 730 268) B06, O49, R246, T106 RIC IVi 491b, C 593

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s) 269) B01, O03, R056, T035 RIC 191c (IVi, Caracalla), C 84 270) B01, O03, R056, T036 RIC 191b (IVi, Caracalla), C 82 271) B01, O03, R056, T038 RIC 191d (IVi, Caracalla), C 86 272) B01, O03, R056, T055 RIC 191f (IVi, Caracalla), C 89 273) B01, O03, R056, T160 RIC 191e (IVi, Caracalla), C 87

AR Quinarius 274) B03, O69, R060, T171 RIC IVi 258, C 103

AE Medallion 275) B06, O62, R297, T179 C 678 276) B07, O62, R063, T065

AE Sestertius 277) B02, O44, R182, T099 Exe: SC RIC IVi 670d, C 335 278) B02, O49, R003, T130 Exe: SC RIC IVi 719, C 8 279) B03, O44, R016, T003 RIC IVi 668, C 26 280) B03, O45, R016, T003 RIC IVi 676, C 28 281) B03, O48, R064, T136 Exe: SC RIC IVi 702, C 128 282) B03, O49, R186, T040 Exe: SC RIC IVi 721, C 351 283) B03, O60, R230, T168 Exe: SC C 547 284) B03, O60, R232, T168 Exe: SC RIC IVi 818, C 732 285) B07, O66, R304, T179 RIC IVi 754

AE Dupondius 286) B10, O44, R016, T003 RIC IVi 680, C 30 287) B10, O69, R230, T114 Exe: SC RIC IVi 802, C 550

AE As 288) B03, O69, R227, T012 Exe: COS III PP / SC RIC IVi 786a, C 523 289) B03, O69, R230, T114 Exe: SC RIC IVi 804, C 552 290) B03, O70, R302, T192 Exe: SC RIC IVi 812b, C 724

Septimius Severus Busts

181

Septimius Severus Types

182

Septimius Severus Types (continued)

183

Septimius Severus Types (continued)

184

Septimius Severus Types (continued)

185

Julia Domna

b. ca.170 - d.217

Julia Domna was the wife of Septimius Severus and mother of Geta and Caracalla. She died in exile of either as a result of breast cancer or after a self-imposed hunger strike following Caracalla's murder.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust left 2) Diademed, draped bust right 3) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent 4) Draped bust left 5) Draped bust right 6) Veiled, draped bust right

Obverses:

1) DIVA IVLIA AVGVSTA 2) IVLA DOMNA AVG 3) IVLIA AVGVSTA 4) IVLIA DOMINA AVG 5) IVLIA DOMNA AVG 6) IVLIA DOMNA AVGVSTA 7) IVLIA PIA FELIX AVG 8) IVLIA PIA MATER CASTR

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) AEQVITAS AVGG 3) AEQVITAS II 4) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 5) AEQVITATI AVG 6) AEQVITATI AVGG 7) AEQVITATI PVBLICAAE 8) AETERNIT IMPERI 9) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG 10) BONA SPES 11) BONAE SPEI 12) BONI EVENTVS 13) CERER FRVG 14) CERERE AVG 15) CERERE AVGVS 16) CERERI FRVGIF 17) CERES 18) CONCORDIA 19) CONCORDIA FELIX 20) CONSECRATIO 21) DIANA LVCIFERA 22) FECVNDITAS 23) FELICIT TEMPOR 24) FELICITAS 25) FELICITAS AVGG 26) FELICITAS PVBLICA 27) FELICITAS TEMPOR 28) FORT R AVG 29) FORT RED TR P III COS II 30) FORT REDVC 31) FORT REDVCI COS 32) FORTVN REDVC 33) FORTVN REDVCI 34) FORTVNAE FELICI 35) FORTVNAE REDVCI 36) FVNDATOR PACIS 37) HILARITAS 38) INDVLGENTIA AVGG IN CARTH 39) IVNO 40) IVNO CONSERVATRIX 41) IVNO REGINA 42) IVNONEM

43) IVNONI LVCINAE 44) LAETITIA 45) LIBERAL AVG 46) LVNA LVCIFERA 47) MAT AVGG MAT SEN M PATR 48) MATER 49) MATER AVGG 50) MATER CASTRORVM 51) MATER DEVM 52) MATRI CASTR 53) MATRI CASTRORVM 54) MATRI DEVM 55) MATRI MAGNAE 56) MONET AVG 57) MONETA AVG 58) MONETA AVG II COS 59) NOBILITAS 60) P SEPT GETA CAES PONT 61) PELICITAS 62) PIETAS 63) PIETAS AVG 64) PIETAS AVGG 65) PIETAS PVBLICA 66) PIETATI 67) PIETATI AVGVSTAE 68) PM TR P VIII COS II PP 69) PM TR P XII COS II PP 70) PM TR P XVI COS III PP 71) PROVID AVGG

72) PVDICITIA 73) ROMAE AETERNAE 74) SAECVL FELICIT 75) SAECVLI FELICITAS 76) SECVRITAS IMPERII 77) VENER VICT 78) VENER VICTOR 79) VENERI GENETRICI 80) VENERI VICT 81) VENERI VICTOR 82) VENERI VICTR 83) VENERI VICTRICI 84) VENVS CAELESTIS 85) VENVS FELIX 86) VENVS GENETRIX 87) VENVS GENITRIX 88) VENVS VICTRIX 89) VESTA 90) VESTA MATER 91) VESTA SANCTAE 92) VESTAE SANCTAE 93) VICT AVG TR P II COS II PP 94) VICTOR IVST AV 95) VICTORIAE AVGG FE 96) VIRTVS AVG COS 97) VOTA PVBLICA 98) VOTA SVSCEPTA XX 99) No legend

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Caracalla laureate bust right 3) Caracalla laureate head right 4) Caracalla laureate, draped bust right 5) Caracalla laureate, draped bust right facing Geta bare-headed, draped bust left

Among the Denarii of Roman empresses those of Julia Domna are among the most common. Gold, too, is comparatively abundant but bronzes are very difficult to find in all but the sorriest grades. This is also the first empress who has a significant portion of her coinage struck in the middle east. Because there is as yet no systematic form of mintmarks on the coins themselves the collector will have to learn the “styles” of each mint. While those of Rome follow the classical lines of portraiture the eastern mints take a more stylized approach with a considerably greater degree of individualistic touches from die to die. To complicate (if that’s the right word) matters, there is a very wide variety of portraits and hairstyles for her simply because she was an Augusta for over twenty years. The celators zealously marked the progress of her aging as well as the fashion of the day over the course of all those years. Expect a nice Denarius to cost between $40-$75.

186 6) Caracalla laureate, draped bust right facing Geta laureate, draped bust left 7) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch. 8) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears and torch. 9) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears over modius and scepter. 10) Ceres standing left, holding torch and grain ears. 11) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae 12) Genius standing left, holding fruit basket and grain ears 13) Grain ears in bundle. 14) Cornucopiae (2), grain ear within 15) Crescent, seven stars above. 16) Cybele riding lion quadriga left, holding branch 17) Cybele seated left, holding branch and scepter; lion on either side. 18) Cybele seated left, holding branch; lion on either side. 19) Cybele standing left, holding branch and drum; lion to left. 20) Cybele standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding drum and scepter; lion to left. 21) Cybele standing, facing, holding drum and scepter. 22) Cybele standing, facing, holding drum. 23) Dea Celestis riding lion right over flowing water. 24) Diana standing left, holding torch with both hands. 25) Fecunditas lying left with hand on globe, the Four Seasons frolicking to left and background. 26) Fecunditas seated right, holding baby; baby in cradle to right 27) Fecunditas seated right, holding baby; child to right. 28) Fecunditas standing left, holding baby; child on either side. 29) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 30) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter 31) Felicitas standing left, holding coin counter and scepter 32) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus. 33) Fortuna seated left, holding caduceus and rudder on globe 34) Fortuna seated left, holding caduceus and rudder on globe; child to left. 35) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 36) Fortuna standing left, holding cornucopia and resting arm on rudder 37) Fortuna standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia 38) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 39) Fruit basket 40) Genius standing left, holding fruit basket and grain ears. 41) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 42) Geta bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right. 43) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia. 44) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia; child to either side. 45) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and scepter 46) Isis standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding baby; rudder in front of altar to left 47) Julia Domna riding peacock right, upwards. 48) Julia Domna seated left, holding branch and scepter 49) Julia Domna seated left, holding phoenix on globe and scepter; (2) standards to left. 50) Julia Domna seated left, holding phoenix on globe and scepter; (3) standards to left. 51) Julia Domna standing left, holding branch and scepter. 52) Julia Domna standing left, sacrificing over altar 53) Julia Domna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus; three standards in background to left. 54) Julia Domna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box; three standards in background to left. 55) Julia Domna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter; three standards in background to left. 56) Julia Domna standing, facing, behind Septimius Severus to left and Caracalla to right, holding together globe. 57) Julia Domna, holding scepter, riding peacock right, upwards 58) Juno seated left, holding flower and bundle of rods. 59) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 60) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left. 61) Juno standing right, holding patera and scepter. 62) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder. 63) Legionary eagle, standard on either side. 64) Liberalitas seated left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 65) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 66) Luna riding biga left 67) Modius with grain ears. 68) Moneta seated left, holding scale and cornucopia. 69) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 70) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by feet. 71) Nobilitas standing, facing, holding scepter and Palladium. 72) Peacock advancing left 73) Peacock standing left, tail spread 74) Pietas seated left, holding Palladium 75) Pietas seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 76) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar 77) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 78) Pietas standing right, holding scepter and baby. 79) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and holding scepter. 80) Pudicitia seated left, touching chest 81) Pudicitia seated left, touching chest and holding scepter. 82) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory and spear. 83) Securitas seated right, holding globe. 84) Septimius Severus and Julia Domna standing, shaking hands. 85) Septimius Severus laureate bust right facing Caracalla laureate bust left. 86) Septimius Severus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right facing Caracalla laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left. 87) Septimius Severus standing left, holding branch. 88) Septimius Severus standing left, sacrificing over altar. 89) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 90) Temple with (4) columns, Vesta standing left, sacrificing over lit altar in temple’s center. 91) Temple with (6) columns, Pietas within 92) Venus seated left, holding apple and scepter; Cupid to left. 93) Venus seated left, raising hand and holding scepter. 94) Venus seated left, raising hand and holding scepter; child to left.

187 95) Venus standing left, holding apple and pulling dress 96) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter. 97) Venus standing left, holding patera and scepter. 98) Venus standing left, leaning on column, holding helmet and palm; shield to left 99) Venus standing left, raising hand and holding scepter. 100) Venus standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding apple and palm 101) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter. 102) Vesta seated left, holding simpulum and scepter. 103) Vesta standing left, holding Palladium and scepter 104) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter 105) Vestals (2) sacrificing over altar in between them, one holding simpulum and the other a patera; temple in background. 106) Vestals (4), attended by two children, sacrificing over altar; temple in background. 107) Victory advancing left, holding garland over shield on base. 108) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 109) Victory seated left, holding wreath and palm.

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Emesa 3) Laodicea ad Mare 4) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B5, O3, R08, T005 RIC 540 (IVi, S. Severus), BMC 3 (S. Severus) 2) B5, O3, R21, T024 RIC 548 anecdotal (IVi, S. Severus), BMC 14 (S. Severus), C 31 3) B5, O3, R39, T060 RIC 559 (IVi, S. Severus), BMC 37 (S. Severus) 4) B5, O3, R44, T064 5) B5, O3, R48, T016 Exe: AVGG RIC 562 (IVi, S. Severus), BMC 47 (S. Severus), C 116 6) B5, O5, R86, T092 RIC 537 (IVi, S. Severus), C 203 7) B5, O6, R82, T100 RIC 536 (IVi, S. Severus), BMC 48 (S. Severus), C 193 8) B5, O7, R47, T048 RIC 381 (IVi, Caracalla), BMC 11a (Caracalla), C 110

AR Antoninianus

9) B3, O7, R46, T066 RIC 379a (IVi, Caracalla), C 106 10) B2, O7, R79, T099 11) B3, O7, R86, T093 RIC 388a (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 211

AR Denarius

12) B2, O7, R79, T099 RIC 387 (IVi, Caracalla), C 186 13) B4, O3, R85, T096 14) B4, O3, R85, T096 RIC 605 (IVi, Septimius Severus) 15) B5, O2, R03, T001 16) B5, O3, R08, T005 RIC 540 (IVi, Septimius Severus) 17) B5, O3, R08, T086 RIC 539b (IVi, Septimius Severus) 18) B5, O3, R09, T004 RIC 544 (IVi, Septimius Severus) 19) B5, O3, R16, T007 RIC 546 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6576 20) B5, O3, R18, T011 RIC 637 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6577 21) B5, O3, R21, T024 RIC 548 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 27 22) B5, O3, R22, T025 RIC 549 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 35 23) B5, O3, R24, T030 RIC 551 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 47 24) B5, O3, R34, T033 RIC 554 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 57 25) B5, O3, R34, T036 RIC 552 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6583, C 55 26) B5, O3, R37, T043 RIC 556 (IVi, Septimius Severus) 27) B5, O3, R37, T044 RIC 557 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6585 28) B5, O3, R39, T060 RIC 559 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6588, C 82 29) B5, O3, R41, T060 RIC 560 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 97 30) B5, O3, R44, T062 RIC 561 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6590, C 101 31) B5, O3, R49, T016 RIC 562 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 117 32) B5, O3, R50, T049 RIC 568 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6596, C 131 33) B5, O3, R51, T017 RIC 564 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6593, C 123 34) B5, O3, R60, T042 RIC 571 (IVi, Septimius Severus) 35) B5, O3, R61, T031 36) B5, O3, R64, T077 RIC 572 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6600 37) B5, O3, R65, T076 RIC 574 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6601, C 156 38) B5, O3, R72, T080 RIC 576 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6602, C 168 39) B5, O3, R72, T081 RIC 575 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6603, C 170 40) B5, O3, R75, T046 RIC 577 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6606, C 177 41) B5, O3, R79, T097 RIC 578 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6607, C 185 42) B5, O3, R82, T100 43) B5, O3, R85, T095 RIC 580 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 198 44) B5, O3, R88, T098 RIC 581 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6610 45) B5, O3, R89, T101 RIC 582 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 223 46) B5, O3, R90, T090 RIC 584 (IVi, Septimius Severus) 47) B5, O3, R90, T101 RIC 583 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6612, C 245 48) B5, O3, R92, T104 RIC 587 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6614, C 246 49) B5, O4, R89, T101 50) B5, O5, R11, T089 RIC 615 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 9 51) B5, O5, R12, T012 RIC 608 (IVi, Septimius Severus) 52) B5, O5, R23, T039 RIC 619 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 52 53) B5, O5, R33, T037 RIC 625 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 66 54) B5, O5, R77, T096 RIC 630 (IVi, Septimius Severus) 55) B5, O5, R82, T100 RIC 536 (IVi, Septimius Severus), S 6608, C 194 56) B5, O5, R89, T101 57) B5, O7, R21, T024 RIC 373a (IVi, Caracalla), S 7100, C 32

188 58) B5, O7, R46, T066 RIC 379c (IVi, Caracalla) 59) B5, O7, R47, T051 RIC 380 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7102, C 114 60) B5, O7, R54, T020 RIC 382 (IVi, Caracalla), C 137 61) B5, O7, R72, T081 RIC 385 (IVi, Caracalla), C 165 62) B5, O7, R86, T092 RIC 389b (IVi, Caracalla), S 7107, C 205 63) B5, O7, R86, T093 RIC 388c (IVi, Caracalla), S 7106, C 212 64) B5, O7, R89, T102 RIC 391 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7109, C 226 65) B5, O7, R89, T103 RIC 390 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7108, C 230 66) B5, O7, R97, T052

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

67) B6, O1, R20, T073 RIC 396 (IVi, Caracalla) & 715 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 24

AR Quinarius

68) B5, O3, R39, T060 RIC 559 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 83

AE Sestertius

69) B2, O7, R42, T060 RIC 585 (IVi, Caracalla), C 88 70) B5, O3, R37, T043 RIC 877 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 74 71) B5, O3, R51, T017 Exe: SC RIC 859 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 124 72) B5, O7, R47, T048 Exe: SC RIC 588 (IVi, Caracalla), C 112 73) B5, O7, R75, T042 RIC 590 (IVi, Caracalla), C 178

AE As

74) B5, O3, R49, T016 RIC 879 (IVi, Septimius Severus), C 119 75) B5, O7, R39, T060 RIC 598 (IVi, Caracalla), C 86 76) B5, O7, R89, T106 Exe: SC RIC 607 (IVi, Caracalla), C 234

Julia Domna Busts

Julia Domna Types

189

Julia Domna Types (continued)

190

Caracalla

Augustus 197-217

Caracalla's real name was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. He got the nickname from his habit of wearing a cloak by the same name. Caracalla was the elder son of Septimius Severus and brother of Geta whom he positively hated. Hated so much, in fact, that he had him murdered a few years later. In the mayhem that followed, Caracalla's men went on a killing spree of anyone suspected of being a Geta sympathizer. In the massacre, it's estimated up to

20,000 people lost their lives. Caracalla would go on to rule for another five years but his bad karma caught up with him and he was assassinated in a plot perpetrated by Macrinus.

As an emperor Caracalla possessed few redeeming qualities and among the worst of them would be his ruinous drain on the treasury. Because he knew everyone hated him he sought the protection of the army. And the surest way of getting this protection was to buy it outright. He raised the pay of the solider to about four denarii per day, nearly quadrupling the salary of just a few years prior. And on top of their regular salary he heaped endless bonuses and other concessions meant to endear them. This money could only have come by the oppressive taxation of ordinary citizens as well as the seizures of property of the wealthy under trumped-up charges. This not only intensified the hatred against him but also had the effect of corrupting the military who had become accustomed to this life of luxury and throwing the economy into lasting disarray.

Busts: 1) Bare head right 2) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed right 3) Bare-headed, draped bust right 4) Laureate head left. 5) Laureate head right 6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 8) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 9) Laureate, draped bust left 10) Laureate, draped bust right 11) Radiate head right 12) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 13) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 14) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left 15) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 16) Radiate, draped bust left 17) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) ANT PIVS AVG PON TR P VI 2) ANTON P AVG PON TR P IV COS 3) ANTON P AVG PON TR P V 4) ANTON P AVG PON TR P V COS 5) ANTON P AVG PON TR P VI 6) ANTON P AVG PON TR P VI COS 7) ANTON P AVG PONT TR P VI 8) ANTON PIVS AVG PON TR P VI 9) ANTONIN PIVS AVG PONT TR P V 10) ANTONINVS AVG PON TR P V COS 11) ANTONINVS AVG PONT TR P III 12) ANTONINVS AVG PONT TR P IIII 13) ANTONINVS AVG PONT TR P V COS 14) ANTONINVS AVGVSTV 15) ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS 16) ANTONINVS PI AVG BRIT 17) ANTONINVS PI AVGV BRIT 18) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG 19) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT 20) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM 21) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG PON TR P IIII 22) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG PON TR P V 23) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG PONT TR P IIII 24) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG PONT TR P VI 25) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG PONT TR P VII 26) ANTONINVS PIVS FEL AVG 27) DIVO ANTONINO MAGNO 28) IM C M AVR ANTONINVS AVG 29) IMP C M AVR ANTON AVG P TR P 30) IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS AVG 31) IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS PONT AVG 32) IMP CAE M AVR ANT AVG 33) IMP CAE M AVR ANT AVG P TR P 34) IMP CAE M AVR ANT AVG P TR P II 35) IMP CAES M AVR ANTON AVG 36) IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS AVG 37) IMP M AVR ANTONINVS PIVS AVG PM TR P XIII

38) M AVR ANTON CAES PONTIF 39) M AVR ANTONINVS CAES 40) M AVR ANTONINVS PIVS AVG 41) M AVR ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM MAX 42) M AVR ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVG 43) M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS AVG 44) M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT 45) M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM 46) M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM MAX 47) M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVG 48) M AVRELIVS ANTON AVG

As is the case with the coins of his parents, Caracalla is also very well represented in the silver Denarius but pretty scarce in the copper denominations. These Denarii today can cost as little as $20 for a well-preserved one. Sometime after his Dad had died – and had his brother murdered – Caracalla’s economists presented him with a grim picture that must have sent shivers down his spine. Basically, his silver mines were shutting down and the inbound treasure from all corners of the empire was dwindling. At the same time his soldiers were getting ever more used to fat paychecks in turn for their loyalty. Something had to be done. The scheme he (they?) came up with was a classic inflationary swindle. They would create a new coin, the Antoninianus, worth twice as much as the Denarius but with a small catch: it was to contain only 80% of the silver of two regular Denarii. This was great business for the imperial treasury which could now turn a tidy profit if it could pay its debts in Ants but demand that taxes be paid in Denarii. Why this plan didn’t kick off a massive civil war is left to speculation. Probably because it wasn’t introduced cold turkey and on a massive scale. Indeed, his Antoniniani are quite a bit harder to find than the Denarius and it wouldn’t be until another twenty years later that the new denomination caught on and the venerable Denarius retired.

191 Reverses: 1) ADVENT AVGG 2) ADVENTVI AVG 3) ADVENTVS / AVGVSTOR 4) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 5) AEQVITAS AVGG 6) AEQVITATI PVBLICAE 7) AETERNIT IMPERI 8) ANNONA AVG 9) ARCVS AVGG 10) AVGVSTI COS 11) BONVS EVENTVS 12) CERERI FRVGIS 13) CONCORDIA 14) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM 15) CONCORDIA FELIX 16) CONCORDIA MILIT 17) CONCORDIAE AETERNAE 18) CONCORDIAE AVGG 19) CONSECRATIO 20) COS II 21) COS III 22) COS III PP 23) COS IIII PP 24) COS LVD SAECVL FEC 25) COS LVDOS SAECVL FEC 26) DESTINATO IMPERAT 27) DI PATRII 28) FELICIA / TEMPORA 29) FELICITAS 30) FELICITAS AVGG 31) FELICITAS PVBLICA 32) FELICITAS SAECVLI 33) FELICITAS TEMPOR 34) FELICITATEM PVBLICAM 35) FIDEI EXERCITVS 36) FIDES PVBLICA 37) FORT RED PM TR P XIIII COS III PP 38) FORTVNA REDVX 39) FORTVNAE FELICI 40) FVNDATOR PACIS 41) GENIO SENATVS 42) IMP ET CAESAR AVG FILI COS 43) IMPERII FELICITAS 44) INDVL FECVNDAE 45) INDVLGENTIA AVGG 46) INDVLGENTIAE AVG 47) INVICTA VIRTVS 48) IOVI CONSERVATORI 49) IVLIA AVGVSTA 50) IVSTITIA 51) IVSTITIA TR P 52) IVVENTA IMPERII 53) LAETITIA / TEMPORVM 54) LIB AVGG VI ET V 55) LIBERAL AVG VIIII 56) LIBERALITAS AVG 57) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII 58) LIBERALITAS AVG V 59) LIBERALITAS AVG VI 60) LIBERALITAS AVG VII 61) LIBERALITAS AVG VIII 62) LIBERALITAS AVGG 63) LIBERALITAS AVGG COS II 64) LIBERALITAS AVGG IIII 65) LIBERALITAS AVGG V 66) LIBERALITAS AVGG VI

67) LIBERALITAS AVGVS 68) LIBERTAS AVG 69) MARS VICTOR 70) MARS VLTOR 71) MARTI PACATORI 72) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 73) MARTI VLTORI 74) MATRI DEVM 75) MINER VICTRIX 76) MONETA AVG 77) MONETA AVGG 78) NOBILITAS 79) P MAX TR P III 80) P MAX TR P IIII COS 81) P SEPT GETA CAES PONT 82) PACATOR ORBIS 83) PACI AETERNAE 84) PART MAX PM TR P VIIII 85) PART MAX PM TR P X 86) PART MAX PON TR P V COS 87) PART MAX PONT TR P IIII 88) PART MAX PONT TR P V 89) PIETAS 90) PLAVTILLA AVGVSTA 91) PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE 92) PM TR P VIII COS II PP 93) PM TR P XIIII COS III PP 94) PM TR P XIIII COS III PP FORT RED 95) PM TR P XV COS III PP 96) PM TR P XV COS III PP IOV VIC 97) PM TR P XV COS IIII PP 98) PM TR P XVI COS IIII PP 99) PM TR P XVI IMP II 100) PM TR P XVII COS III PP 101) PM TR P XVII COS IIII PP 102) PM TR P XVII IMP III COS IIII PP 103) PM TR P XVIII COS IIII PP 104) PM TR P XVIII IMP III COS IIII PP 105) PM TR P XVIIII COS IIII PP 106) PM TR P XX COS IIII PP 107) PM TR P XX IMP III COS IIII PP 108) PONT TR P II 109) PONT TR P VI COS 110) PONTIF TR P II 111) PONTIF TR P III 112) PONTIF TR P IIII 113) PONTIF TR P VI COS 114) PONTIF TR P VII COS 115) PONTIF TR P VIII COS II 116) PONTIF TR P VIIII COS II 117) PONTIF TR P X 118) PONTIF TR P X COS II 119) PONTIF TR P XI 120) PONTIF TR P XI COS III 121) PONTIF TR P XII COS III 122) PONTIF TR P XIII COS III 123) PONTIF TR P XIIII COS III 124) PONTIFEX TR P II 125) PONTIFEX TR P III 126) PONTIFEX TR P X COS II 127) PRINC IVVENT 128) PRINC IVVENTVTIS 129) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 130) PROF AVG PONT M TR P XIX 131) PROF AVGG PONTIF TR P XI COS III 132) PROF AVGG PONTIF TR P XII

133) PROF AVGG PONTIF TR P XII COS III 134) PROF PONTIF TR P XI COS III 135) PROFECTIO AVG 136) PROPAGO IMPERI 137) PROVIDENTIA 138) PROVIDENTIAE DEORVM 139) RECTOR ORBIS 140) RECTORI ORBIS 141) RESTITVTOR VRBIS 142) ROMA AETERNA 143) ROMAE AETERNAE 144) SACRA SAECVLARIA 145) SAECVLI FELICITAS 146) SAL GEN HVM 147) SALVS ANTONINI AVG 148) SECVRIT IMPERI 149) SECVRIT ORBIS 150) SECVRITAS PERPETVA 151) SECVRITAS PVBLICA 152) SECVRITAS TEMPORVM 153) SECVRITATI BRITTANNICAE 154) SECVRITATI PERPETVAE 155) SEVERI AVG P II FIL 156) SEVERI P II AVG FIL 157) SOSPITATORI 158) SPEI PERPETVAE 159) SPES PVBLICA 160) TRAIECTVS PONTIF TR P XI COS III 161) VENERI VICTRICI 162) VENVS VICTRIX 163) VIC PART PM TR P XX COS IIII PP 164) VICT AETERN 165) VICT AETERNAE 166) VICT BRIT PM TR P XIIII COS III 167) VICT PART MAX 168) VICT PARTHICA 169) VICTORIA AVG 170) VICTORIA AVGG 171) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 172) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 173) VICTORIA BRIT 174) VICTORIA GERMANICA 175) VICTORIA PARTH MAX 176) VICTORIA PARTHICA MAXIMA 177) VICTORIAE 178) VICTORIAE / AVGG 179) VICTORIAE AVGG 180) VICTORIAE BRIT 181) VICTORIAE BRITTANICAE 182) VICTORIAE PARTHICA 183) VICTORIAE PARTHICAE 184) VIRT AVGG 185) VIRTVS AVGG 186) VIRTVS AVGG PONT TR P IIII 187) VIRTVS AVGVSTOR 188) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM 189) VOT SOL DEC PONTIF TR P XI COS III 190) VOT SVSC DEC PON TR P V COS 191) VOTA PVBLICA 192) VOTA SOLVT DEC 193) VOTA SOLVT DEC COS III 194) VOTA SVSCEPTA X 195) VOTA SVSCEPTA XX 196) No legend

Types: 1) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding wand with snake around it; globe to right. 2) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding wand with serpent wound around it; Telesphorus to left, globe to right. 3) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding wand with serpent wound around it; Telesphorus to left. 4) Annona seated left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 5) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 6) Apollo seated left, holding branch and resting arm on lyre. 7) Apollo seated right, resting arm on lyre and holding branch 8) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on column 9) Apollo standing left, holding branch and spear. 10) Bridge with two soldiers, boats passing under. 11) Caracalla and Geta seated left on platform, accompanied by Liberalitas and; citizen to lower left 12) Caracalla and Geta standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar; three soldiers holding standards and seated captive in background 13) Caracalla and Geta standing, facing, together holding Victory 14) Caracalla and Septimius Severus sacrificing over altar; Concordia behind them, musicians on either side, temple in background. 15) Caracalla and Septimius Severus seated right; attendant behind, citizen in front.

192 16) Caracalla laureate, draped bust right facing Geta bare-headed draped bust left. 17) Caracalla riding horse left over enemy 18) Caracalla riding horse left, holding spear 19) Caracalla riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear 20) Caracalla riding horse left, spearing enemy 21) Caracalla riding horse right, holding spear 22) Caracalla riding horse right, holding spear; captive to right 23) Caracalla riding horse right, holding spear; soldier to right 24) Caracalla riding horse right, holding spear; soldier to right and another to left 25) Caracalla riding horse right, holding spear; soldier to right and two to left 26) Caracalla riding horse right, spearing enemy 27) Caracalla riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop. 28) Caracalla riding quadriga right, being crowned by Victory 29) Caracalla riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop. 30) Caracalla riding rearing horse right, holding spear. 31) Caracalla seated left, accompanied by lictor to right and Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen to lower left 32) Caracalla seated left, holding scepter, facing Aequitas standing to left, holding scale and cornucopia. 33) Caracalla seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 34) Caracalla standing left on right, shaking hands with Plautilla to left 35) Caracalla standing left on right, stepping on crocodile, holding scepter, receiving grain ears from Isis to left, holding sistrum. 36) Caracalla standing left, holding branch and scepter. 37) Caracalla standing left, holding branch and scepter; trophy with shield at base to right 38) Caracalla standing left, holding branch. 39) Caracalla standing left, holding globe and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right; seated captive to left 40) Caracalla standing left, holding parazonium and spear; seated captive to left 41) Caracalla standing left, holding Victory and spear 42) Caracalla standing left, holding Victory and spear; seated captive on either side 43) Caracalla standing left, holding Victory and spear; Victory crowning him. 44) Caracalla standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear; seated captive to left 45) Caracalla standing left, holding Victory on globe with wreath and spear; seated captive to lower left. 46) Caracalla standing left, holding wand and spear; trophy to right. 47) Caracalla standing left, sacrificing over altar 48) Caracalla standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 49) Caracalla standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter; bull behind altar 50) Caracalla standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding spear; Aesculapius and child to left in temple with four columns and witness to right 51) Caracalla standing left, sacrificing over altar in front of temple of Vesta; two Vestals to left and two witnesses and child to right 52) Caracalla standing left, sacrificing over altar, facing victimarius with bull to left and musician in center background 53) Caracalla standing left, stepping on captive, holding parazonium and spear 54) Caracalla standing left, stepping on crocodile, holding scepter and receiving corn ears from Isis to left, holding sistrum 55) Caracalla standing left, touching trophy with seated captive on either side of its base. 56) Caracalla standing right on left, holding spear, being crowned by Victory, shaking hands with Geta to right, holding scepter, being browned by Hercules 57) Caracalla standing right on left, sacrificing over altar, facing Geta to right, holding scepter; musician in center background. 58) Caracalla standing right on left, sacrificing over altar, facing victimarius with bull to right; musician in center background 59) Caracalla standing right on left, shaking hands with Geta to right. 60) Caracalla standing right on left, shaking hands with Plautilla on right; Concordia between them. 61) Caracalla standing right on left, shaking hands with Plautilla to right. 62) Caracalla standing right on platform, accompanied by two lictors, facing soldiers to right 63) Caracalla standing right, holding spear; soldier holding standard to left. 64) Caracalla standing right, holding spear; two standards to left. 65) Caracalla standing, facing, holding spear and parazonium; river god to left, another two lying down to right. 66) Caracalla, Septimius Severus and Geta each riding horse left, raising hand. 67) Caracalla, Septimius Severus and Geta seated left with Liberalitas in front, soldier behind and citizen on steps to lower left. 68) Caracalla, Septimius Severus and Geta seated on platform accompanied by two lictors 69) Caracalla, Septimius Severus and Geta seated right, accompanied by lictor; citizen to lower right 70) Caracalla, Septimius Severus and Geta seated, facing, on platform 71) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch 72) Circus Maximus: bird’s eye view of galley and animals within. 73) Circus Maximus: bird’s eye view of structure within, obelisk and chariots 74) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae 75) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding two cornucopiae 76) Dea Caelestis riding lion right over flowing water, holding thunderbolt and scepter 77) Eagle standing left on altar 78) Eagle standing left on globe 79) Eagle standing left on vexillum; standard on either side 80) Elephant advancing left 81) Elephant advancing right 82) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and baby. 83) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 84) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter 85) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus. 86) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 87) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand; another standard to right. 88) Fides standing left, standard on either side. 89) Fides standing, facing, holding grain ears and fruit basket 90) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket 91) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair 92) Fortuna standing left, leaning on column, holding cornucopia. 93) Fortuna standing left, leaning on column, holding cornucopia; wheel to left 94) Fortuna standing left, holding cornucopia and rudder. 95) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 96) Four Seasons frolicking. 97) Galley sailing left 98) Galley sailing left; animals below and four quadrigae above 99) Galley sailing right 100) Genius standing left, holding branch 101) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears. 102) Geta bare headed draped and cuirassed bust right 103) Hercules seated at table with companions and servants 104) Hercules standing left, holding branch and club with lion skin

193 105) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter. 106) Indulgentia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter. 107) Italia seated left on globe, holding cornucopia and scepter. 108) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter 109) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left 110) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left. 111) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter 112) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter 113) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left 114) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left and two standards to right 115) Justitia seated left, holding globe. 116) Justitia seated left, holding patera and scepter. 117) Liber standing right on left, holding cup over panther and thrysus, facing four leopards to right 118) Liber standing right on left, holding cup over panther and thrysus, facing Hercules to right; holding club and lion skin 119) Liber standing right on left, holding cup over panther and thrysus, facing Hercules to right, holding club and lion skin; cippus reading COS / LVD / SAEC / FEC

in between 120) Liberalitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 121) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 122) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia; globe to left 123) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia. 124) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter. 125) Lion advancing left, holding thunderbolt in mouth 126) Lion leaping left, holding thunderbolt in mouth 127) Luna riding chariot pulled by two bulls to left 128) Mars advancing left, holding branch and trophy. 129) Mars advancing left, holding spear and trophy. 130) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 131) Mars standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield; seated captive to left. 132) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear 133) Mars standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch and spear. 134) Mars standing right, holding spear and shield. 135) Mars standing, facing, holding branch and spear with shield. 136) Medusa’s head, on aegis. 137) Medusa’s head, winged 138) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear; shield to left and trophy to right. 139) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and spear; trophy to right 140) Minerva standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear 141) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 142) Monetae (3) standing, facing, each holding a scale; coins piled by their feet. 143) Nobilitas standing right, holding scepter and Palladium; shield to right 144) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter 145) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 146) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box. 147) Plautilla draped bust right. 148) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 149) Roma helmeted bust left. 150) Roma helmeted bust right. 151) Roma seated left, holding Palladium and spear 152) Roma seated left, holding spear and Palladium. 153) Roma seated left, holding Victory and parazonium 154) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; kneeling captive to left 155) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear 156) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear 157) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 158) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar 159) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar and holding cornucopia 160) Salus standing left, holding hand of kneeling citizen and scepter with snake coiled around it. 161) Securitas seated left, holding globe. 162) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand 163) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding palm. 164) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter. 165) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter; altar to right 166) Septimius Severus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right facing Caracalla, laureate draped and cuirassed bust left. 167) Septimius Severus radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right over Julia Domna draped bust on crescent. 168) Serapis seated left, raising hand and holding scepter 169) Serapis seated left, raising hand and holding scepter; Cerberus to left 170) Serapis standing left, holding unidentified object and scepter 171) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding scepter. 172) Sol radiate, draped bust right 173) Sol riding quadriga left, raising hand and holding whip 174) Sol standing, facing, holding globe and spear. 175) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe 176) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding whip 177) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 178) Temple with (2) columns, Jupiter standing within, holding thunderbolt and scepter 179) Temple with (4) columns, Jupiter standing within, holding thunderbolt and scepter 180) Temple with (6) columns; Roma within in center and outer statues 181) Triumphal arch 182) Trophy; seated captive on either side. 183) Venus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield 184) Venus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield; captive on either side. 185) Vexillae (2), standard on each side. 186) Vexillum, standard on each side. 187) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, placing shield on palm with seated captive on each side. 188) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield 189) Victory advancing left, holding trophy; seated captive to left 190) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 191) Victory advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy. 192) Victory advancing right, holding trophy with both hands.

194 193) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 194) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy. 195) Victory riding biga right. 196) Victory seated left, holding shield and palm. 197) Victory seated right, holding shield placed on altar 198) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VO / XX 199) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VO / XX; shield, cuirass and helmet below 200) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VO / XX; trophy to right with seated captive on either side 201) Victory seated right, holding shield; shield below 202) Victory standing left, holding trophy; kneeling captive to left. 203) Victory standing left, holding trophy; seated captive to left. 204) Victory standing left, holding trophy; supplicant kneeling to left. 205) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm 206) Victory standing right on galley prow, holding wreath and palm 207) Victory standing right on left, stepping on helmet, touching trophy to right with seated captive on either side 208) Victory standing right on left, stepping on helmet, touching trophy to right with seated captive at its base; Britannica standing to right, facing 209) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm 210) Virtus seated left, holding Victory and parazonium. 211) Virtus standing left, holding spear and shield. 212) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear. 213) Virtus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding parazonium and spear; trophy to left with seated captive by its base. 214) Virtus standing right, holding Victory and spear. 215) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium. 216) Wreath, IMP CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG PM within 217) Wreath, IMP CAES M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG within

Mints: 1) Laodicea ad Mare 2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B03, O39, R155, T157 RIC IVi 3, BMC 183, C 582 2) B05, O18, R014, T013 RIC IVi 152 3) B05, O18, R121, T128 RIC IVi 109a 4) B05, O18, R178, T195 RIC IVi 170 5) B05, O18, R180, T196 RIC IVi 174, BMC 519, C 633 6) B05, O18, R188, T066 7) B05, O18, R193, T058 RIC IVi 205, BMC 576, C 683 8) B05, O19, R054, T011 RIC IVi 215c 9) B05, O19, R093, T005 10) B05, O19, R097, T110 Exe: IOV VIC RIC IVi 200, BMC 34 11) B05, O19, R138, T148 RIC IVi 227, C 528 12) B05, O19, R154, T165 RIC IVi 229, BMC 101, C 575 13) B06, O19, R099, T029 Exe: COS IIII PP RIC IVi 210, BMC 55, C 232 14) B06, O20, R106, T173 RIC IVi 294b, BMC 195, C 391 15) B06, O20, R154, T165 RIC IVi 309a 16) B07, O20, R101, T051 17) B07, O20, R103, T054 RIC IVi 257b 18) B08, O04, R017, T167 RIC IVi 59a 19) B08, O09, R081, T102 20) B08, O12, R017, T167 RIC IVi 52, BMC 260, C 1 21) B08, O15, R081, T102 RIC IVi 38, C 1 22) B08, O15, R139, T174 RIC IVi 39b, BMC 163, C 541 23) B08, O15, R183, T189 RIC IVi 253 24) B08, O18, R053, T098 RIC IVi 133, BMC 263, C 117 25) B08, O18, R141, T151 26) B08, O18, R167, T190 RIC IVi 144a, BMC 295, C 660 27) B08, O20, R102, T169 RIC IVi 242, BMC 96, C 253 28) B08, O20, R103, T050 RIC IVi 270a, BMC 148, C 317 29) B08, O20, R105, T125 RIC IVi 283a, C 366 30) B08, O20, R105, T171 RIC IVi 280a, BMC 164, C 347 31) B08, O20, R106, T170 RIC IVi 289a, BMC 186 32) B08, O20, R138, T148 RIC IVi 309b, BMC 76, C 530 33) B08, O33, R075, T138 RIC IVi 25a 34) B08, O33, R159, T177 RIC IVi 26b, C 598 35) B08, O36, R052, T044 RIC IVi 20 36) B08, O36, R124, T044 RIC IVi 27b, BMC 152, C 405 37) B10, O18, R115, T133 RIC IVi 80b

AR Cistophoric Tetradrachm 38) B05, O36, R196, T079

AR Antoninianus 39) B12, O20, R103, T111 RIC IVi 258b 40) B12, O20, R103, T125 RIC IVi 273d, C 322 41) B12, O20, R103, T171 RIC IVi 263d 42) B12, O20, R103, T173 RIC IVi 265, S 6773, C 289 43) B15, O20, R103, T110 RIC IVi 260b, C 277a 44) B15, O20, R103, T111 RIC IVi 258a, C 279

195 45) B15, O20, R103, T126 C 402 46) B15, O20, R103, T127 RIC IVi 256b, C 294 47) B15, O20, R103, T171 RIC IVi 263e, C 295 48) B15, O20, R103, T175 RIC IVi 264c, C 287 49) B15, O20, R106, T173 RIC IVi 284a 50) B15, O20, R162, T183 RIC IVi 311d 51) B15, O20, R162, T184 RIC IVi 312a, C 612 52) B15, O20, R163, T039 RIC IVi 299d, C 654 53) B15, O20, R168, T199 RIC IVi 314b 54) B17, O20, R103, T112 RIC IVi 275b, C 338 55) B17, O20, R103, T125 RIC IVi 283b, C 368 56) B17, O20, R103, T127 RIC IVi 274d 57) B17, O20, R103, T171 RIC IVi 263c, C 295d 58) B17, O20, R103, T173 59) B17, O20, R105, T171 RIC IVi 280d, C 349 60) B17, O20, R105, T173 RIC IVi 282e, C 356 61) B17, O20, R105, T175 RIC IVi 281a, C 358

AR Denarius Reference(s) 62) B02, O38, R026, T157 RIC IVi 6, S 6672, C 53 63) B02, O38, R089, T146 RIC IVi 12, C 180 64) B02, O38, R129, T046 RIC IVi 13b, C 505 65) B02, O38, R150, T140 RIC IVi 330, C 566 66) B02, O38, R158, T177 RIC IVi 16, S 6681, C 597 67) B02, O39, R150, T140 RIC IVi 2, C 562 68) B02, O39, R155, T157 RIC IVi 4, S 6679, C 587 69) B02, O39, R158, T177 RIC IVi 5d, C 594 70) B03, O38, R034, T084 RIC IVi 7, S 6673, C 74 71) B03, O38, R043, T082 RIC IVi 9, C 95 72) B03, O38, R073, T130 RIC IVi 11, C 154 73) B05, O18, R028, T096 RIC IVi 153 74) B05, O18, R047, T020 RIC IVi 155, C 108 75) B05, O18, R053, T098 RIC IVi 157 76) B05, O18, R059, T121 RIC IVi 158, S 6815, C 128 77) B05, O18, R068, T124 RIC IVi 161, S 6817, C 143 78) B05, O18, R082, T172 RIC IVi 163d, C 171 79) B05, O18, R100, T158 80) B05, O18, R115, T132 81) B05, O18, R116, T021 RIC IVi 84, C 427 82) B05, O18, R116, T132 RIC IVi 83a, C 424 83) B05, O18, R117, T097 Exe: COS II RIC IVi 98 84) B05, O18, R118, T021 RIC IVi 97, C 436 85) B05, O18, R118, T065 RIC IVi 96, S 6865, C 441 86) B05, O18, R118, T130 RIC IVi 88, C 431 87) B05, O18, R118, T165 RIC IVi 92, S 6863, C 434 88) B05, O18, R118, T190 RIC IVi 94 89) B05, O18, R118, T215 RIC IVi 95, S 6864, C 440 90) B05, O18, R119, T027 Exe: COS III RIC IVi 104, C 451 91) B05, O18, R120, T021 RIC IVi 107, C 511 92) B05, O18, R120, T022 Exe: PROF RIC IVi 108, C 510 93) B05, O18, R120, T023 Exe: PROF RIC IVi 107 anecdotal, C 512 94) B05, O18, R120, T070 RIC IVi 106, C 456 95) B05, O18, R120, T134 RIC IVi 100, S 6867 96) B05, O18, R120, T190 RIC IVi 101 97) B05, O18, R121, T075 RIC IVi 111, S 6868, C 465 98) B05, O18, R121, T215 RIC IVi 112, S 6869, C 464 99) B05, O18, R122, T075 RIC IVi 116a, C 484 100) B05, O18, R122, T215 RIC IVi 117a, C 477 101) B05, O18, R141, T156 RIC IVi 166, S 6882, C 422 102) B05, O18, R157, T178 Exe: IOVI RIC IVi 156, C 108 103) B05, O18, R187, T153 RIC IVi 176, C 672 104) B05, O18, R192, T058 RIC IVi 205, C 684 105) B05, O18, R193, T049 RIC IVi 204, S 6906, C 682 106) B05, O18, R194, T047 RIC IVi 150, S 6909 107) B05, O18, R195, T057 RIC IVi 181, C 693 108) B05, O18, R196, T029 Exe: COS III RIC IVi 87, C 38 109) B05, O19, R004, T019 RIC IVi 212 110) B05, O19, R029, T084 111) B05, O19, R035, T087 RIC IVi 213, S 6800, C 76 112) B05, O19, R037, T093 RIC IVi 189, C 84 113) B05, O19, R044, T106 RIC IVi 214, C 104 114) B05, O19, R059, T121 RIC IVi 216 115) B05, O19, R061, T121 RIC IVi 219, C 134 116) B05, O19, R071, T135 RIC IVi 222, S 6818, C 149 117) B05, O19, R072, T129 RIC IVi 223, S 6819, C 150 118) B05, O19, R076, T141 RIC IVi 224, C 165 119) B05, O19, R093, T206 RIC IVi 185, C 188 120) B05, O19, R093, T206 RIC IVi 190, S 6823, C 188 121) B05, O19, R095, T004 RIC IVi 195, S 6825 122) B05, O19, R095, T104 RIC IVi 192, C 196 123) B05, O19, R095, T159 RIC IVi 196, S 6826, C 206 124) B05, O19, R095, T171 RIC IVi 194, C 195 125) B05, O19, R098, T104 RIC IVi 206a, S 6828, C 220 126) B05, O19, R098, T124 RIC IVi 209a, S 6830, C 224 127) B05, O19, R098, T171 RIC IVi 208a, S 6829, C 211 128) B05, O19, R100, T081 RIC IVi 211a, C 230 129) B05, O19, R122, T020 RIC IVi 118b

196 130) B05, O19, R122, T075 RIC IVi 116b, C 483 131) B05, O19, R122, T215 RIC IVi 117b 132) B05, O19, R123, T074 RIC IVi 183, C 192 133) B05, O19, R123, T144 RIC IVi 184, C 190 134) B05, O19, R123, T215 RIC IVi 191, C 494 135) B05, O19, R135, T064 RIC IVi 225, S 6876, C 509 136) B05, O19, R138, T148 RIC IVi 227d, C 529 137) B05, O19, R180, T190 RIC IVi 231, C 632 138) B05, O19, R180, T192 RIC IVi 231a, C 629 139) B05, O20, R046, T105 RIC IVi 300, S 6808, C 103 140) B05, O20, R055, T121 RIC IVi 302, C 139 141) B05, O20, R072, T129 RIC IVi 307, C 152 142) B05, O20, R098, T104 RIC IVi 206c, C 222 143) B05, O20, R098, T171 RIC IVi 208c, C 213 144) B05, O20, R101, T006 RIC IVi 238a, C 242 145) B05, O20, R101, T007 146) B05, O20, R101, T036 RIC IVi 246, C 247 147) B05, O20, R101, T081 RIC IVi 250a 148) B05, O20, R101, T104 RIC IVi 239, C 244 149) B05, O20, R101, T113 RIC IVi 240, S 6832, C 239 150) B05, O20, R101, T171 RIC IVi 244, C 241 151) B05, O20, R103, T001 RIC IVi 251, S 6834, C 302 152) B05, O20, R103, T002 RIC IVi 253, C 307 153) B05, O20, R103, T008 RIC IVi 254, S 6835, C 282 154) B05, O20, R103, T039 RIC IVi 299e, C 655 155) B05, O20, R103, T086 RIC IVi 266, S 6840, C 315 156) B05, O20, R103, T111 RIC IVi 258c, S 6836 157) B05, O20, R103, T125 RIC IVi 273e 158) B05, O20, R103, T145 RIC IVi 255, S 6841, C 284 159) B05, O20, R103, T156 C 246 160) B05, O20, R103, T169 161) B05, O20, R103, T171 RIC IVi 263 162) B05, O20, R103, T175 RIC IVi 264a, S 6839 163) B05, O20, R105, T110 RIC IVi 277c, C 343 164) B05, O20, R105, T111 RIC IVi 275a, C 337 165) B05, O20, R105, T112 RIC IVi 276, C 340 166) B05, O20, R105, T125 RIC IVi 283c, C 367 167) B05, O20, R105, T126 168) B05, O20, R105, T127 RIC IVi 274a 169) B05, O20, R105, T171 RIC IVi 280c, C 348 170) B05, O20, R105, T173 RIC IVi 282f 171) B05, O20, R105, T175 RIC IVi 281b, C 359 172) B05, O20, R106, T108 RIC IVi 287a 173) B05, O20, R106, T112 RIC IVi 285a 174) B05, O20, R106, T127 RIC IVi 284d 175) B05, O20, R106, T170 RIC IVi 289c, C 382 176) B05, O20, R106, T173 RIC IVi 294c, C 391a 177) B05, O20, R106, T176 RIC IVi 293d, S 6848 178) B05, O20, R106, T200 RIC IVi 297e 179) B05, O20, R162, T183 RIC IVi 311b, S 6890, C 606 180) B05, O20, R162, T184 RIC IVi 312d, C 613 181) B05, O26, R072, T129 RIC IVi 235, S 6815 182) B05, O26, R076, T141 RIC IVi 236, C 166 183) B05, O26, R098, T104 RIC IVi 206b, C 221 184) B06, O15, R156, T044 185) B07, O15, R149, T162 186) B08, O15, R007, T166 RIC IVi 32b 187) B08, O15, R011, T101 RIC IVi 33, C 19 188) B08, O15, R030, T083 RIC IVi 35 189) B08, O15, R087, T182 RIC IVi 346, C 177a 190) B08, O15, R111, T174 RIC IVi 30a, S 6857, C 413 191) B08, O15, R112, T174 RIC IVi 55a 192) B08, O15, R139, T174 RIC IVi 39a, C 542 193) B08, O15, R146, T160 RIC IVi 42c, S 6883, C 558a 194) B08, O15, R149, T162 RIC 351b 195) B08, O15, R149, T162 RIC IVi 43d, C 572 196) B08, O15, R156, T044 RIC IVi 45d, C 590 197) B08, O15, R164, T188 RIC IVi 47a 198) B08, O15, R184, T212 RIC IVi 354, S 6902, C 664 199) B08, O18, R087, T182 200) B08, O18, R185, T212 RIC IVi 149b, S 6903, C 667 201) B08, O31, R151, T161 RIC IVi 332, C 568 202) B08, O33, R036, T089 RIC IVi 24a, C 82 203) B08, O33, R036, T090 RIC IVi 334, C 82 204) B08, O33, R075, T138 RIC IVi 336b, C 159 205) B08, O33, R075, T139 RIC IVi 25d, C 159 206) B08, O33, R077, T141 RIC IVi 337b, C 168 207) B08, O33, R159, T177 RIC IVi 26a, C 599 208) B08, O34, R159, T177 RIC IVi 28, C 600a 209) B08, O35, R124, T044 RIC IVi 27a 210) B08, O35, R149, T165 RIC IVi 22a 211) B10, O15, R030, T083 212) B10, O18, R001, T097 RIC IVi 120, C 3 213) B10, O18, R003, T097 RIC IVi 121 214) B10, O18, R015, T034 RIC IVi 124a, S 6794 215) B10, O18, R017, T167 RIC IVi 125a, C 5a 216) B10, O18, R025, T118 RIC IVi 74a 217) B10, O18, R030, T083 RIC IVi 127, S 6799 218) B10, O18, R045, T076 RIC IVi 130a, S 6806, C 97

197 219) B10, O18, R057, T121 RIC IVi 135, C 122 220) B10, O18, R062, T121 RIC IVi 134a, C 121 221) B10, O18, R065, T121 RIC IVi 136b, C 124 222) B10, O18, R087, T182 RIC IVi 54b, S 6853, C 175 223) B10, O18, R088, T182 RIC IVi 63, C 178 224) B10, O18, R109, T155 RIC IVi 69, S 6856, C 499 225) B10, O18, R115, T132 RIC IVi 81, S 6859, C 421 226) B10, O18, R115, T133 RIC IVi 80, S 6858, C 420 227) B10, O18, R115, T158 RIC IVi 82, S 6860, C 422 228) B10, O18, R139, T174 RIC IVi 141 229) B10, O18, R167, T190 RIC IVi 144b, C 658 230) B10, O18, R175, T190 RIC IVi 145, S 6898, C 661 231) B10, O18, R179, T188 232) B10, O18, R185, T212 RIC IVi 149a, C 667 233) B10, O18, R190, T047 RIC IVi 68, S 6908 234) B10, O33, R159, T177 RIC IVi 338b, C 599 235) B10, O34, R030, T083 RIC IVi 339, S 6798, C 62

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s) 236) B01, O27, R019, T078 RIC 717 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 32

AR Quinarius 237) B05, O18, R078, T143 RIC IVi 162, C 169 238) B05, O19, R022, T190 RIC IVi 202b, C 42 239) B08, O20, R023, T190 RIC IVi 317a, C 45a

AE Sestertius 240) B05, O43, R122, T128 RIC IVi 450b, C 474 241) B05, O43, R181, T208 Exe: SC RIC IVi 464, C 639 242) B05, O44, R018, T056 Exe: SC RIC IVi 508c, C 29 243) B05, O44, R138, T148 RIC IVi 511a, C 532 244) B05, O44, R154, T165 Exe: SC RIC IVi 512d, C 577 245) B06, O42, R102, T062 Exe: SC 246) B06, O44, R138, T148 247) B06, O44, R154, T165 Exe: SC RIC IVi 512a 248) B08, O39, R158, T177 RIC IVi 401, C 595 249) B08, O42, R102, T062 Exe: SC RIC IVi 525c 250) B08, O44, R098, T124 RIC IVi 498a, C 229 251) B08, O44, R098, T131 RIC IVi 496b 252) B08, O44, R099, T073 Exe: COS IIII PP / SC RIC IVi 500a, C 236 253) B08, O45, R104, T035 Exe: SC RIC IVi 544, C 334 254) B08, O45, R154, T165 Exe: SC RIC IVi 573a, C 580

AE Dupondius 255) B11, O18, R181, T209 RIC IVi 467, C 637

AE As 256) B03, O39, R155, T157 Exe: SC RIC IVi 404, C 586 257) B05, O18, R122, T213 Exe: SC RIC IVi 458, C 479 258) B05, O18, R122, T213 Exe: SC RIC IVi 458b 259) B05, O19, R181, T209 260) B05, O20, R102, T204 RIC IVi 534, C 268 261) B05, O20, R103, T002 RIC IVi 554a, C 309 262) B08, O20, R103, T002 263) B08, O20, R103, T002 RIC IVi 554b 264) B08, O25, R025, T118 Exe: SC RIC IVi 421

198

Caracalla Busts

Caracalla Types

199

Caracalla Types (continued)

200

Caracalla Types (continued)

201

Caracalla Types (continued)

202

Plautilla

? – d.211

Plautilla was the wife of Caracalla. This unhappy union came about by insistence of Septimius Severus, Caracalla's father, who wanted to show his appreciation and support for Plautianus, his Praetorian Prefect. Caracalla apparently hated her for her imperious and snobby ways and warned her that the only reason she

was with him in the first place was in deference to his father's wishes.

Alarmed at what Caracalla might do to her, Plautianus then set up a hasty plot to kill his friend Severus but the plot was revealed and he was executed. Shortly after Severus's death Caracalla made good on his threats and exiled her to an island. This not being good enough he had her executed sometime after.

Bust:

1) Draped bust right

Obverses:

1) PLAVTILLA AVG 2) PLAVTILLA AVGVSTA 3) PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVGG 2) CONCORDIA FELIX 3) CONCORDIAE 4) CONCORDIAE AETERNAE 5) DIANA LVCIFERA 6) HILARITAS 7) PIETAS AVGG 8) PROPAGO IMPERI 9) VENVS FELIX 10) VENVS VICTRIX

Types:

1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia 2) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae 3) Concordia standing left, holding patera and scepter. 4) Diana standing left, holding torch with both hands. 5) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia. 6) Pietas standing, facing, holding scepter and child. 7) Plautilla standing right on left, shaking hands with Caracalla to right 8) Venus standing left, holding apple and pulling dress from shoulder. 9) Venus standing left, leaning on shield, holding apple and cradling palm; cupid to lower left.

Mints:

1) Laodicea ad Mare 2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R05, T4 RIC 366 (IVi, Caracalla) 2) B1, O2, R07, T6 RIC 367 (IVi, Caracalla), C 15

AR Denarius

3) B1, O2, R01, T3 RIC 363 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7065, C 1 4) B1, O2, R02, T7 RIC 365 (IVi, Caracalla), C 12 5) B1, O2, R05, T4 RIC 366 (IVi, Caracalla), C 13 6) B1, O2, R06, T5 RIC 371 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7071, C 14 7) B1, O2, R07, T6 RIC 367 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7072, C 16 8) B1, O2, R10, T9 RIC 369 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7074 9) B1, O3, R01, T3 RIC 359 (IVi, Caracalla), S 7065 10) B1, O3, R03, T2 RIC 370 (IVi, Caracalla), C 7 11) B1, O3, R03, T2 RIC 360 (Ivi, Caracalla), C 7 12) B1, O3, R04, T7 RIC 361 (Ivi, Caracalla), S 7069, C 10 13) B1, O3, R08, T7 RIC 362 (Ivi, Caracalla), S 7073, C 21

As with other coins of this period, while the Denarius is now seriously debased (of roughly 50% finenesss) and the Sestertius is suffering from an unhealthy weight loss, at least the artistry of the portraiture continues to be of high grade. Many of coins of Plautilla remain in top notch grades and while nowhere as common as those of her husband Caracalla they are still available at a moment’s notice from any coin dealer and often on Ebay. The average Denarius will sell for somewhere between $50 and $100. Even a truly wonderful piece should not cost much above $200. Any other denomination is likely to be prohibitive in cost if in decent shape.

203 AR Quinarius Reference(s)

14) B1, O2, R09, T8 RIC 368 (Ivi, Caracalla), C 23

AE As

15) B1, O3, R01, T2 RIC 580 (Ivi, Caracalla), C 5 16) B1, O3, R07, T6 RIC 581 (IVi, Caracalla), C 19

Plautilla Bust

Plautilla Types

204

Geta

Augustus 198-212

Geta was Caracalla's brother and son of Septimius Severus. He served as Caesar from 198 until his father's death in 211 at which point he became Augustus, sharing the top slot with Caracalla. Caracalla, in turn, wanted none of this and prepared to rid himself of his unwelcome sidekick. Tricking Geta into a feigned peace summit to be convened on the neutral grounds of their mother's residence, Geta was instead ambushed by a detachment of

Caracalla's troops and cold-heartedly slain as he desperately sought refuge in his mother's arms.

Bust s: 1) Bare head right 2) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust left 3) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Bare-headed, draped bust left 5) Bare-headed, draped bust right 6) Laureate head right 7) Radiate head right

Obverses: 1) GETA CAES PONT COS 2) GETA CAES PONTIF 3) GETA CAES PONTIF COS 4) GETA CAES PONTIFEX 5) IMP CAE L SEPT GETA AVG COS II 6) IMP CAES P SEPT GETA PIVS AVG 7) L SEPT GETA CAES PONT 8) L SEPTIMIVS GETA CAES 9) P SEPT GETA CAES PONT 10) P SEPT GETA CAES PONT COS 11) P SEPT GETA PIVS AVG BRIT 12) P SEPTIMIVS GETA CAES 13) P SEPTIMIVS GETA CAESAR 14) P SEPTIMIVS GETA PIVS AVG BRIT

Reverses: 1) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 2) AEQVITATI PVBLICAE 3) AETERNIT IMPERII 4) BONVS EVENTVS 5) CASTOR 6) CONCORDIA 7) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM 8) CONCORDIA MILIT 9) CONCORDIAE AETERNAE 10) CONCORDIAE AVGG 11) COS 12) DI PATRII 13) FELICIA TEMPORA 14) FELICITAS AVGG 15) FELICITAS PVBLICA 16) FELICITAS SAECVLI 17) FELICITAS TEMPOR 18) FID EXERC TR P III COS II 19) FORT RED TR P III 20) FORT RED TR P III COS II PP 21) IMP ET CAESAR AVG FILI COS 22) IOVI SOSPITATORI 23) IVLIA AVGVSTA 24) IVLIA PIA FELIX AVG 25) LAETITIA PVBL 26) LAETITIA TEMPORVM 27) LIB AVGG V ET VI 28) LIBERALITAS AVG V

29) LIBERALITAS AVG VI 30) LIBERALITAS AVGG IIII 31) LIBERALITAS AVGG VI ET V 32) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTORVM 33) MARTI VICTORI 34) MINER VICTRIX 35) MINERV SANCT 36) MINERVA 37) MINERVA PACIFERA 38) MINERVAE VICTRICI 39) NOBILITAS 40) PACATOR ORBIS 41) PIETAS 42) PIETAS AVG 43) PIETAS PVBLICA 44) PM TR P II COS II PP 45) PONTIF COS 46) PONTIF COS II 47) PONTIF TR P COS II 48) PONTIF TR P II COS II 49) PONTIF TR P III COS II 50) PONTIF TR P III COS II PP 51) PONTIF TR P III PP 52) PONTIFEX 53) PONTIFEX COS II 54) PRINC IVVENT 55) PRINC IVVENT COS 56) PRINC IVVENTVT

57) PRINC IVVENTVTIS 58) PRINCIPI IVVENT COS 59) PROVID DEORVM 60) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 61) RESTITVTOR VRBIS 62) RESTITVTORI VRBIS 63) ROMAE AETERNAE 64) SAECVLARIA SACRA 65) SECVRIT IMPERII 66) SEVER INVICTI AVG P II FIL 67) SEVERI P II AVG FIL 68) SPEI PERPETVAE 69) SPES PVBLICA 70) TR P III COS II PP 71) TR P IIII COS II FORT RED 72) TR P IIII COS II PP 73) VICT AETERN 74) VICT BRIT TR P III COS II 75) VICT BRIT TR P IIII COS II 76) VICTORIAE AVGG 77) VICTORIAE AVGVSTORVM 78) VICTORIAE BRIT 79) VICTORIAE BRITTANICAE 80) VIRTVS AVGVSTOR 81) VOTA PVBLICA 82) VOTA SVSCEPTA X 83) No legend

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet 2) Caracalla radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand 3) Castor standing left, holding horse by rein and spear. 4) Concordia standing left, holding standard and scepter; two standards to left and three to right. 5) Diana standing left, holding torch and globe 6) Elephant advancing right. 7) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 8) Felicitas standing left, holding cornucopia and caduceus 9) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand; another standard to right.

A bit scarcer than either Caracalla’s or Septimius Severus’s coins, Geta’s own coins are still widely available in all grades from the $5 “junk” Denarii to the multi-thousand dollar Aureus and everything in between. As should be no surprise by now, the Denarius is by far the most well-represented denomination for this boy emperor. For some years now the bronzes have been getting much scarcer. By the early 200’s a Sestertius is a rare coin although they will continue to be struck, along with the Dupondius and the As, for at least another half century. Likewise, any of these bronzes will be rare for Geta, especially in a high grade. Geta begins his appearance on coins as a young child and over the years matures into a young adult. By the time of his murder he is already shown as a young, bearded man.

205 10) Fides standing left, holding standard; another standard to right. 11) Fortuna lying right on wheel, holding cornucopia. 12) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia 13) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair. 14) Four Seasons frolicking 15) Galley sailing left; circus animals below, two quadrigae above. 16) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears. 17) Geta and Caracalla seated left on platform with Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen to lower left. 18) Geta and Caracalla seated, facing each other; Septimius Severus standing in between them, facing forward. 19) Geta and Caracalla seated, facing each other; Septimius Severus seated between them, facing forward. 20) Geta and Caracalla standing left, each raising hand and holding a spear; three soldiers in background and seated captive to lower left. 21) Geta and Caracalla standing, facing each other, each holding a spear, shaking hands; Liber, holding thrysus, crowning emperor on left and Hercules, holding

club, crowning emperor on right 22) Geta and Caracalla standing, facing each other, holding together globe; Victory between them over trophy with seated captive at its base. 23) Geta and Caracalla standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar; musician between them in background. 24) Geta and Caracalla standing, facing each other, shaking hands over altar; Victory between them, crowning each. 25) Geta and Caracalla standing, facing each other, shaking hands. 26) Geta riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter. 27) Geta riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear; soldier leading in front, holding standard. 28) Geta riding horse left, spearing enemy. 29) Geta riding quadriga left, holding scepter with eagle atop 30) Geta riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop. 31) Geta riding quadriga right, raising hand 32) Geta standing left on right, holding cornucopia, shaking hands with Felicitas to left, holding caduceus. 33) Geta standing left, holding branch and spear. 34) Geta standing left, holding branch and spear; trophy to right with shield at base. 35) Geta standing left, holding globe and scepter. 36) Geta standing left, holding scepter and spear; trophy to right. 37) Geta standing left, sacrificing over altar. 38) Geta standing left, sacrificing over altar; bull by altar. 39) Geta, Caracalla and Septimius Severus, each riding a horse right 40) Janus standing left, holding spear and thunderbolt. 41) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder on globe. 42) Liber standing right by leopard, holding cup and thrysus, facing Hercules to right, holding club and lion skin. 43) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 44) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia; globe to lower left. 45) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 46) Mars standing left, crowning trophy and holding spear with shield. 47) Minerva advancing right, holding branch and spear with shield. 48) Minerva helmeted head right 49) Minerva seated left, feeding snake on tree and holding spear. 50) Minerva seated left, feeding snake on tree and holding spear; owl on shield to right. 51) Minerva standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 52) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia. 53) Nobilitas standing right, holding scepter and Palladium 54) Pietas seated left, holding scepter and cornucopia; two children under chair. 55) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box. 56) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar 57) Pietas standing right, holding scepter and pulling veil; two children to right. 58) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 59) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 60) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 61) Securitas seated left, holding globe. 62) Securitas seated left, resting head on hand and holding scepter; altar to left. 63) Septimius Severus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, facing Caracalla laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left. 64) Sol radiate, draped bust right 65) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 66) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 67) Temple with (2) columns; Aesculapius standing with, holding scepter with snake coiled around and snake on either side. 68) Temple with (2) columns; Jupiter standing within, holding scepter. 69) Temple with (6) columns; Roma seated within. 70) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield on palm tree with seated captives at its base. 71) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield 72) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 73) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 74) Victory riding biga right, holding whip 75) Victory seated right, holding shield. 76) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 77) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, touching trophy; Britannia standing to right, facing, with captive by feet. 78) Virtus seated left, holding Victory and parazonium. 79) Virtus standing left, stepping on captive, holding parazonium and spear. 80) Wreath, TEM / POR FELI / CITAS within.

Mints: 1) Laodicea ad Mare 2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B3, O01, R81, T37 RIC IVi 38a, BMC 441 2) B3, O09, R15, T07 RIC IVi 9b, C 37 3) B3, O12, R54, T39 Exe: COS RIC IVi 37a, C 161 4) B5, O08, R67, T60 RIC IVi 3 5) B5, O09, R66, T02 RIC IVi 21, BMC 244

206 AR Denarius Reference(s) 6) B1, O12, R46, T16 RIC IVi 59b 7) B3, O08, R17, T32 8) B3, O08, R68, T66 RIC IVi 96, C 192 9) B3, O09, R41, T55 RIC IVi 99, S 7185, C 97 10) B3, O09, R54, T33 RIC IVi 15b, C 159 11) B3, O09, R65, T61 RIC IVi 20b, C 183a 12) B3, O09, R73, T71 RIC IVi 101, C 206 13) B3, O12, R35, T51 14) B3, O12, R46, T35 RIC IVi 61b, C 117 15) B3, O12, R54, T39 C 162a 16) B5, O01, R14, T07 RIC IVi 29, C 35 17) B5, O01, R36, T51 RIC IVi 30, C 78 18) B5, O01, R81, T37 RIC IVi 38b, S 7207 19) B5, O02, R36, T51 RIC IVi 25, C 79 20) B5, O07, R83, T80 21) B5, O08, R17, T07 RIC IVi 2, S 7174, C 44 22) B5, O08, R67, T60 RIC IVi 3, C 188 23) B5, O08, R69, T66 RIC IVi 4, S 7203, C 193 24) B5, O09, R03, T63 RIC IVi 5, C 1a 25) B5, O09, R05, T03 RIC IVi 6, C 12 26) B5, O09, R14, T07 RIC IVi 8, C 36 27) B5, O09, R15, T07 RIC IVi 9a, S 7173 28) B5, O09, R32, T43 RIC IVi 11, S 7178 29) B5, O09, R39, T53 RIC IVi 13a, S 7184 30) B5, O09, R54, T33 RIC IVi 15a, C 159 31) B5, O09, R57, T34 RIC IVi 18, S 7196 32) B5, O09, R65, T61 RIC IVi 20a, S 7200, C 183 33) B5, O09, R69, T66 RIC IVi 21a, C 195 34) B5, O09, R73, T71 RIC IVi 23, S 7205 35) B5, O09, R83, T80 36) B5, O12, R11, T29 Exe: COS RIC IVi 28, C 28 37) B5, O12, R29, T43 RIC IVi 44, C 69 38) B5, O12, R33, T45 RIC IVi 103, C 76 39) B5, O12, R35, T51 RIC IVi 45, S 7181, C 83 40) B5, O12, R36, T51 RIC IVi 46, C 77 41) B5, O12, R37, T47 Exe: COS RIC IVi 31, C 81 42) B5, O12, R45, T51 RIC IVi 34b, S 7186 43) B5, O12, R46, T16 RIC IVi 59a, S 7187, C 114 44) B5, O12, R46, T35 RIC IVi 61a, S 7188, C 117 45) B5, O12, R46, T37 RIC IVi 62b, C 119 46) B5, O12, R52, T30 RIC IVi 66, C 103b 47) B5, O12, R54, T39 RIC IVi 37b, C 162a 48) B5, O12, R59, T58 RIC IVi 51, S 7197 49) B5, O12, R61, T59 RIC IVi 52, C 172 50) B5, O12, R67, T60 51) B5, O12, R81, T37 RIC IVi 57, C 227 52) B6, O06, R47, T16 RIC IVi 67, C 129 53) B6, O06, R48, T08 RIC IVi 69a, C 137 54) B6, O06, R48, T16 RIC IVi 70b, C 140 55) B6, O11, R01, T26 RIC IVi 84 56) B6, O11, R19, T11 C 62a 57) B6, O11, R20, T11 RIC IVi 77, C 62 58) B6, O11, R20, T12 RIC IVi 76d, C 59 59) B6, O11, R28, T43 RIC IVi 88 60) B6, O11, R28, T44 RIC IVi 89, C 68 61) B6, O11, R48, T08 RIC IVi 69b, C 137 62) B6, O11, R49, T08 RIC IVi 78a, S 7520 63) B6, O11, R70, T05 RIC IVi 81, C 200 64) B6, O11, R70, T08 RIC IVi 80, S 7523, C 198 65) B6, O11, R70, T40 RIC IVi 79, C 197 66) B6, O11, R78, T73 RIC IVi 91, C 220 67) B6, O11, R78, T76 RIC IVi 92, C 219

AR Quinarius 68) B1, O12, R39, T53 RIC IVi 49, C 93c

AE Sestertius 69) B6, O06, R48, T20 Exe: SC RIC IVi 157b, C 146 70) B6, O06, R48, T23 Exe: SC RIC IVi 156, C 145 71) B6, O14, R10, T21 Exe: SC RIC IVi 184, C 25 72) B6, O14, R20, T13 Exe: SC RIC IVi 168, C 52 73) B6, O14, R31, T17 Exe: SC RIC IVi 185, C 71 74) B6, O14, R74, T75 Exe: SC RIC IVi 172b, C 210

AE Dupondius 75) B7, O14, R47, T57 RIC IVi 174a, C 153

207 AE As Reference(s) 76) B6, O06, R47, T46 Exe: SC RIC IVi 152 77) B6, O06, R48, T57 RIC IVi 163, C 133 78) B6, O14, R20, T13 Exe: SC RIC IVi 176, C 60

Geta Busts

Geta Types

208

Macrinus

Augustus 217-218

Geta Busts (continued)

Macrinus was well respected in the military circles and he eventually gained the position of Praetorian Prefect under Caracalla, which was the highest military position short of Imperator (otherwise equivalent to Emperor). In the spring of 217 it is believed that Caracalla consulted a soothsayer who told him the next emperor would be Macrinus. As soon as Macrinus heard of this, he understood that Caracalla would kill him at the first chance

he got just to remove any validity to the prophecy. Gaining the support of his closest guardsmen, a plot to assassinate Caracalla was put together as a preemptive strike and the assassination was carried out successfully. He was then hailed as Augustus by the army and soon after by the Senate.

But Macrinus would prove a weak leader. He had no choice but to introduce lower pay scales for the army and settled for a demeaning peace against the Parthians. This one-two punch engendered a great deal of dissatisfaction at home and abroad and gave birth to a rebellion headed by the teenager Elagalabus. Macrinus moved to quell the revolt but was defeated and forced to flee. Unluckily for him, he was found, captured and executed.

209 Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, draped bust right 4) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 6) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C M OPEL SEV MACRINVS AVG 2) IMP CA ES M OPEL SEV MACRINVS AVG 3) M OPEL SEV MACRINVS AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) ANNONA AVG 3) COS II 4) FELICITAS TEMPORVM 5) FIDES MIL PM TR P 6) FIDES MILITVM 7) FIDES PVBLICA 8) IOVI CONSERVATORI 9) LIBERALITAS AVG 10) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI 11) PM TR P II COS PP 12) PONT MAX TR P COS PP 13) PONTIF MAX TR P COS PP 14) PONTIF MAX TR P II 15) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS II 16) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS II PP 17) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS PP 18) PONTIF MAX TR P PP 19) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 20) RESTITVTOR VRBIS 21) SALVS PVBL PM TR P 22) SALVS PVBLICA 23) SECVRITAS TEMPORVM 24) VICT PART PM TR P II COS II PP 25) VICTORIA AVG 26) VICTORIA PARTHICA 27) VOTA PVBL PM TR P

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Annona seated left, holding grain ears and cornucopia 3) Annona seated left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia 4) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia 5) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 6) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter 7) Fides standing, facing, holding two standards in each hand 8) Fides standing, facing,stepping on helmet, holding standard in each hand 9) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 10) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Macrinus to left 11) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 12) Macrinus and Diadumenian seated left on platform, Liberalitas to left, soldier behind and citizen below 13) Macrinus riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter with eagle atop, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm 14) Macrinus seated left, holding globe and scepter 15) Macrinus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 16) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia 17) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter 18) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand; altar to left 19) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter 20) Victory advancing left holding a wreath in each hand; shield on column on either side 21) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 22) Victory seated right, holding shield 23) Victory standing, holding wreath and palm

Mint: 1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R04, T05 RIC IVii 57, BMC 61 2) B2, O1, R11, T04 RIC IVii 25, C 46 3) B2, O1, R13, T09 RIC IVii 16, BMC 30

Despite being a “short-termer” as far as imperial tenures go, Macrinus had enough coins minted in his name that today finding one is a rather easy affair. Call it a benefit of the troubled times. As it takes a massive amount of money to wage war, in his case a civil war no less, there’s a correspondingly higher incidence of them having survived the melting pot. So as with the rest of the emperors around this time period, the Denarius is still king despite the recent introduction of the Antoninianus which would eventually replace it as the principal form of Roman money. Macrinus’ Denarii can today be found for $75-$150 a piece on Ebay or about double that at a coin shop. He also made the Antoninianus too which is far scarcer but not appreciably more expensive. Other denominations, particularly the bronzes, are sometimes offered for sale but with the exception of the very worn or coins with other problems they tend to be pricey items usually sold via established auction houses.

210

AR Antoninianus Reference(s) 4) B4, O1, R04, T06 RIC IVii 63, C 20a 5) B4, O1, R06, T07 RIC IVii 69 6) B4, O1, R08, T10 RIC IVii 77e, C 38 7) B4, O1, R22, T17 RIC IVii 88 8) B4, O1, R23, T18 RIC IVii 95, S 7325 9) B5, O1, R08, T10

AR Denarius 10) B1, O1, R02, T03 RIC IVii 55b, C 8 11) B1, O1, R04, T05 RIC IVii 59, S 7332 12) B1, O1, R06, T07 RIC IVii 68, S 7334 13) B1, O1, R08, T09 RIC IVii 72, C 33 14) B1, O1, R08, T09 RIC IVii 73c, S 7338 15) B1, O1, R08, T10 RIC IVii 76c, S 7337, C 37 16) B1, O1, R13, T05 RIC IVii 32 17) B1, O1, R13, T08 RIC IVii 22, S 7345 18) B1, O1, R13, T09 RIC IVii 15, S 7342 19) B1, O1, R13, T17 RIC IVii 23, S 7343 20) B1, O1, R13, T19 RIC IVii 24, S 7347, C 61 21) B1, O1, R16, T19 RIC IVii 46, C 98 22) B1, O1, R18, T05 RIC IVii 4, C 79 23) B1, O1, R18, T09 RIC IVii 2, C 70 24) B1, O1, R22, T17 RIC IVii 84, C 114 25) B1, O1, R23, T18 RIC IVii 94b, C 128 26) B1, O1, R23, T19 RIC IVii 91 27) B1, O1, R24, T21 RIC IVii 49, C 137 28) B1, O1, R27, T06 RIC IVii 6b, C 147 29) B1, O1, R27, T10 RIC IVii 5b, C 142a 30) B2, O1, R19, T16 RIC IVii 80a, C 108 31) B3, O1, R01, T01 RIC IVii 53, S 7329, C 2 32) B3, O1, R06, T08 RIC IVii 67c, C 23 33) B3, O1, R11, T04 RIC IVii 26, S 7340 34) B3, O1, R11, T04 RIC IVii 39, C 102 35) B3, O1, R11, T14 RIC IVii 27, S 7341, C 51

AE Sestertius 36) B1, O2, R18, T05 RIC IVii 121 37) B1, O2, R22, T17 Exe: SC RIC IVii 198, C 117 38) B1, O2, R23, T19 RIC IVii 21, C 123 39) B2, O2, R02, T03 Exe: SC RIC IVii 169 40) B2, O2, R13, T03 RIC IVii 137, C 58 41) B2, O2, R13, T09 RIC IVii 136 42) B2, O2, R18, T09 RIC IVii 119, C 72

AE As 43) B1, O2, R14, T13 Exe: COS II PP RIC IVii 162, C 107 44) B1, O2, R16, T05 RIC IVii 156, C 94 45) B1, O2, R16, T09 RIC IVii 154, C 90

Macrinus Busts

211

Diadumenian

Augustus 218

Macrinus Types

Macrinus named his son Diadumenian co-Augustus within a year after his own accession but both perished at the hands of their soldiers soon afterwards. Diadumenian however outlived his father for some time by escaping under disguise and managed to get on a ship bound for Rome but was apprehended at a midway port and then executed.

Busts: 1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Bare headed, draped bust right 3) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Radiate, draped head right

Obverses: 1) IMP C M OPEL ANT DIADVMENIAN AVG 2) M OPEL ANT DIADVMENIAN CAES 3) M OPEL ANTONINVS DIADVMENIANVS CAES 4) M OPEL DIADVMENIANVS CAES

Reverses: 1) FIDES MILITVM 2) PRINC IVVENTVTIS 3) SPES 4) SPES PVBLICA 5) FELICITAS TEMPORVM

Types: 1) Diadumenian standing left, holding standard and scepter; two standards to right. 2) Diadumenian standing left, holding wand and scepter; two standards to right. 3) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand; another standard on either side. 4) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt.

A couple hundred dollars is all you need to get your hands on this rare emperor. Well, a coin featuring him as Caesar anyway since those of him as emperor are impossibly rare. But the Denarius is easy enough to locate though by no means should it be considered a common type occurrence. And don’t expect an object of great beauty for that price. Well-preserved silver of his can go for two or three times that much. An even cheaper alternative are the provincial bronzes minted in Greek-speaking regions of Asia. These are particularly abundant and affordable though their study is a field beyond the scope of this book.

212 Mint: 1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O2, R4, T4 RIC 115 (IVii, Macrinus), S 7445, C 22 2) B2, O2, R2, T1 BMC 83a, C 2

AR Antoninianus 3) B3, O2, R2, T2 RIC 106 (IVii, Macrinus)

AR Denarius 4) B1, O2, R2, T1 RIC 102b (IVii, Macrinus) 5) B1, O2, R2, T2 RIC 108 (IVii, Macrinus), C 14a 6) B1, O2, R4, T4 RIC 117 (IVii, Macrinus) 7) B2, O2, R2, T1 RIC 104 (IVii, Macrinus) 8) B2, O2, R2, T2 RIC 107 (IVii, Macrinus), C 12 9) B2, O2, R4, T4 RIC 116 (IVii, Macrinus)

AE Sestertius 10) B1, O3, R2, T1 Exe: SC RIC 211 (IVii, Macrinus), C 7

AE As 11) B1, O3, R2, T1 RIC 212 (IVii, Macrinus)

Diadumenian Busts

Diadumenian Types

213

Elagabalus

Augustus 218-222

This teenager's big break came directly as a result of the revolt his grandmother, Julia Maesa, instigated against Macrinus. Claiming that Elagabalus was the son of Caracalla, (Julia Maesa was Julia Domna's sister, Caracalla's mother) the army was induced to revolt against Macrinus and restore the supposed dynasty. Macrinus was ill-prepared for the sudden revolt and still in the early stages of recovering from the heavy hand of Caracalla's rule. Finding only

lukewarm support from within his own legions, Macrinus was defeated by the upstart in battle. Elagabalus and his puppeteers were able to restore peace at a local level and make their way to Rome to legitimize their claim. On arrival Elagalabus quickly became hated by imposing his Syrian religion as the official state religion and forcing all the members of the Senate to follow its rituals. Add to this the scandal of his open homosexuality and marrying, divorcing and then remarrying a Vestal Virgin which was a taboo of the highest order. He gained so many enemies, in fact, that none other than Julia Maesa herself arranged to have him murdered.

Busts: 1) Laureate head left 2) Laureate head right 3) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate, draped bust left 6) Laureate, draped bust right 7) Laureate, horned, draped and cuirassed bust right 8) Laureate, horned, draped bust right 9) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 10) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) ANTONINVS FEL PIVS AVG 2) ANTONINVS P FEL AVG 3) ANTONINVS PIVS AVG 4) ANTONINVS PIVS FEL AVG 5) ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVG 6) IMP ANTONINVS AVG 7) IMP ANTONINVS PIVS AVG 8) IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS PF AVG 9) IMP CAES ANTONINVS AVG 10) IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS AVG 11) IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS PF AVG 12) IMP CAES M AVR ANTONINVS PIVS AVG 13) IMP CAES M AVR SE ANTONINVS AVG 14) IMP M AVR ANTONIN PIVS AVG

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ADVENTVS AVG 3) ADVENTVS AVG TR P III 4) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 5) AEQVITAS AVGVST 6) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 7) AETERNITAS AVG 8) ANNIA FAVSTINA AVGVSTA 9) ANNONA AVGVSTI 10) BONVS EVENTVS 11) CONCORDIA 12) CONS II PP 13) CONSERVATOR AVG 14) CONSERVATOR AVGVSTI 15) CONSVL II 16) CONSVL II PP 17) COS III PP 18) DIVI ANTONININI PII FIL 19) FECVNDITAS 20) FELICITAS AVG 21) FELICITAS 22) FIDES EXERCITVS 23) FIDES MILITVM 24) FIDES PVBLICA 25) FORTVNA AVG 26) FORTVNA REDVX 27) FORTVNAE AVG 28) FORTVNAE REDVCI 29) HILARITAS AVG 30) INVICTVS SACERDOS AVG

31) IOVI CONSERVATORI 32) IOVI VICTORI 33) IVL AQVIL SEV AVG 34) IVLIA MAESA AVG 35) LAETITIA PVBL 36) LIB AVG II COS II PP 37) LIBERALITAS AVG 38) LIBERALITAS AVG II 39) LIBERALITAS AVG III 40) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII 41) LIBERALITAS AVGVST III 42) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI II 43) LIBERTAS AVG 44) LIBERTAS AVGVSTI 45) MARS VICTOR 46) NOBILITAS 47) PAX AVGVSTI 48) PIETAS AVG 49) PM TR P COS II PP 50) PM TR P COS PP 51) PM TR P II COS II PP 52) PM TR P III COS III PP 53) PM TR P IIII COS III 54) PM TR P IIII COS III PP 55) PM TR P V COS IIII PP 56) PONT MAX TR P II COS II 57) PONTIF MAX TR P 58) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS II 59) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS II PP 60) PONTIF MAX TR P III COS III PP

61) PROVID DEORVM 62) RECTOR ORBIS 63) SACER DEO SOLI ELAGABAL 64) SACERD DEI SOLIS ELAGAB 65) SALVS ANTONINI AVG 66) SALVS AVGVSTI 67) SANCT DEO SOLI 68) SECVRITAS PERPETVA 69) SECVRITAS SAECVLI 70) SOLI PROPVGNATOR 71) SPEI PERPETVAE 72) SPES BONA 73) SVMMVS SACERDOS AVG 74) TEMPORVM FEL 75) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 76) TR P II PP COS II 77) TR POT II COS II PP 78) TRIB P COS II PP 79) TRIB P II COS II PP 80) VENVS CAELESTIS 81) VENVS GENETRIX 82) VICTOR ANTONINI AVG 83) VICTOR ANTONINVS AVG 84) VICTORIA ANTONINI AVG 85) VICTORIA AVG 86) VIRTVS AVGVSTOR 87) VOTA PVBLICA 88) No legend

Elagabalus is one of the most prolific issuers of coins in the third century. While there are few bronzes his Denarii are so common that they can often be bought for just a few dollars each. The Antoninianus introduced by Caracalla is continued by although it is still nowhere near as popular as the Denarius itself. His most sought after coins are the ones depicting the object of his obsession, the conical stone of the Sun god Elagabalus, from which the emperor gets his nickname. This stone, widely thought to be a meteorite, would be dragged around the streets of Rome in religious processions that were quite foreign to the average Roman citizen but whose worship was much more mainstream back in Elagabalus’s native Syria.

214 Types: 1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and rudder on globe 4) Elagabalus advancing right, holding spear; one soldier to right, holding standard and another to left, also holding a standard 5) Elagabalus riding horse left, holding spear 6) Elagabalus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter. 7) Elagabalus riding horse right, raising hand. 8) Elagabalus riding quadriga left, being crowned by Victory 9) Elagabalus riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter 10) Elagabalus riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop 11) Elagabalus seated left, holding globe and scepter 12) Elagabalus seated left, holding scepter, Liberalitas standing to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia, citizen on steps to lower left 13) Elagabalus standing left, holding globe and spear. 14) Elagabalus standing left, holding patera and club 15) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 16) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia, staff on either side (one with wreath atop, the other with pileus) 17) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia, staff to right 18) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia, two staffs to right (one with wreath atop, the other with pileus) 19) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding palm 20) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding palm; bull lying by altar 21) Elagabalus standing left, sacrificing over altar; horn to left 22) Elagabalus standing right, sacrificing over altar and holding palm 23) Elephant standing right, star above. 24) Fecunditas seated left, holding branch and scepter; child to either side. 25) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 26) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and caduceus 27) Fides seated left, holding eagle and standard; standard to left 28) Fides standing left, holding vexillum and trophy 29) Fides standing right, holding grain ears and fruit basket. 30) Fides standing, facing, two standards on either side, holding one of them in each hand. 31) Fortuna seated left, holding patera and cornucopia; wheel under chair 32) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia; wheel under chair 33) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 34) Galley sailing right 35) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears. 36) Hilaritas standing left, holding patera and palm, child on either side. 37) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to lower left 38) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left, two standards to right. 39) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left, standard to right. 40) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder on globe. 41) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 42) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and resting arm on cornucopia on vase 43) Libertas seated left, holding pileus and scepter 44) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia 45) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter 46) Mars advancing left, holding branch and trophy. 47) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 48) Monetae (3) holding scale and cornucopiae, coins by feet. 49) Nobilitas standing, holding spear and Victory 50) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 51) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 52) Providentia standing left with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding wand over globe and cornucopia 53) Providentia standing left, globe to lower left 54) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 55) Quadriga riding left, carrying stone of Elagabalus with eagle atop; star above 56) Quadriga riding right, carrying stone of Elagabalus with eagle atop; four parasols behind. 57) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter; shield below 58) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder 59) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder on globe. 60) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake 61) Securitas seated right, resting head on hand and holding scepter. 62) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 63) Sol advancing right, holding thunderbolt and raising hand. 64) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 65) Sol standing, facing, holding whip 66) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 67) Standards (2), vexillum on either side. 68) Standards (3), center standard with eagle atop 69) Standards (3), center standard with eagle atop; shields on ground. 70) Stone of Elagabalus with eagle and stars. 71) Venus seated left, holding apple and scepter 72) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 73) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 74) Victory advancing right, holding wreath. 75) Victory standing left, holding opened wreath 76) Victory standing left, holding opened wreath; shield on either side by feet

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Roma

215 AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B03, O07, R13, T55 RIC IVii 61, BMC 198, C 16 2) B03, O08, R67, T56 Exe: ELAGABAL 3) B04, O07, R52, T09 * above RIC IVii 35, BMC 183, C 171 4) B04, O08, R67, T56 Exe: ELAGABAL RIC IVii 143, BMC 273, C 265 5) B04, O10, R22, T27 RIC IVii 69, BMC 10, C 34 6) B04, O10, R59, T57 RIC IVii 26, BMC 90 7) B04, O10, R82, T73 RIC IVii 154, BMC 39, C 288

AR Antoninianus 8) B09, O06, R31, T38 RIC IVii 90f, C 66 9) B09, O06, R35, T40 RIC IVii 94f 10) B09, O06, R51, T32 RIC IVii 18f, C 149 11) B09, O06, R51, T52 RIC IVii 22f, C 146 12) B09, O06, R61, T52 RIC IVii 129f, C 112 13) B09, O06, R75, T25 RIC IVii 149f, C 280 14) B09, O09, R45, T47 RIC IVii 120f, C 111 15) B09, O09, R50, T57 RIC IVii 2f 16) B09, O09, R65, T60 RIC IVii 137f, C 260 17) B09, O09, R82, T73 RIC IVii 152f, C 294 18) B09, O10, R22, T27 RIC IVii 67f, S 7847, C 31 19) B09, O10, R45. T47 RIC IVii 122f, S 7491, C 112 20) B09, O10, R50, T57 RIC IVii 1f, C 126 21) B09, O10, R51, T57 RIC IVii 12f, C 139 22) B09, O10, R65, T60 RIC IVii 138f, C 254 23) B09, O10, R82, T73 RIC IVii 155f, C 291 24) B10, O09, R65, T60 RIC IVii 137e, C 260

AR Denarius 25) B02, O04, R29, T36 RIC IVii 190a, C 55 26) B02, O07, R53, T54 * in left field RIC IVii 42, S 7534, C 189 27) B04, O02, R58, T46 28) B04, O04, R12, T57 RIC IVii 165 29) B04, O04, R15, T02 RIC IVii 166d, C 21 30) B04, O04, R67, T56 Exe: ELAGABAL RIC IVii 195d, C 268 31) B04, O04, R74, T26 Rev. legend as TEMPORVM . FEL .. RIC IVii 201d, C 279 32) B04, O04, R74, T26 Rev. legend as TEMPORVM FEL .. RIC IVii 201d, C 279 33) B04, O04, R85, T72 34) B04, O04, R87, T19 RIC IVii 202d, C 306 35) B04, O05, R11, T67 Exe: MILIT RIC IVii 187d, C 15 36) B04, O05, R21, T34 Exe: TEMP RIC IVii 188d, S 7510, C 27 37) B04, O06, R10, T35 RIC IVii 186d 38) B04, O06, R16, T02 RIC IVii 168d, C 23 39) B04, O06, R67, T56 RIC IVii 144 40) B04, O06, R71, T66 RIC IVii 199d, S 7547, C 273 41) B04, O06, R81, T71 42) B04, O06, R85, T72 RIC IVii 162, S 7555, C 304 43) B04, O06, R87, T19 RIC IVii 203d 44) B04, O07, R01, T01 * in left field RIC IVii 56d, S 7501, C 1 45) B04, O07, R53, T76 * in right field RIC IVii 45d, C 195 46) B04, O07, R55, T19 * in left field RIC IVii 52d, S 7538, C 213 47) B06, O04, R29, T36 RIC IVii 190b, S 7517 48) B06, O06, R09, T03 RIC IVii 59b, C 13 49) B06, O06, R23, T28 RIC IVii 73b, S 7512, C 38 50) B06, O06, R31, T39 RIC IVii 91b 51) B06, O06, R35, T40 RIC IVii 95b, S 7520 52) B06, O06, R38, T42 RIC IVii 102b, C 79 53) B06, O06, R44, T43 RIC IVii 115b, S 7525 54) B06, O06, R61, T52 RIC IVii 128, C 242 55) B06, O06, R66, T59 RIC IVii 141, S 7544, C 264 56) B06, O06, R75, T25 RIC IVii 150b, S 7551, C 282 57) B06, O07, R13, T62 * in left field RIC IVii 63b, C 19 58) B06, O07, R23, T69 RIC IVii 78b, S 7514, C 44 59) B06, O07, R27, T33 RIC IVii 82b, C 48 60) B06, O07, R28, T33 RIC IVii 83b, S 7516 61) B06, O07, R38, T41 RIC IVii 100 62) B06, O07, R39, T41 * in left field RIC IVii 103, S 7522, C 86 63) B06, O07, R40, T41 * in left field RIC IVii 104, C 88 64) B06, O07, R43, T45 RIC IVii 107b, S 7523, C 92 65) B06, O07, R47, T50 RIC IVii 125, S 7527 66) B06, O07, R51, T32 RIC IVii 19b, S 7529 67) B06, O07, R51, T50 RIC IVii 21b, C 143 68) B06, O07, R51, T52 RIC IVii 23b, C 144 69) B06, O07, R51, T57 RIC IVii 16b, C 142 70) B06, O07, R51, T64 RIC IVii 17b, C 134 71) B06, O07, R52, T37 RIC IVii 27b, S 7532 72) B06, O07, R52, T62 * in left field RIC IVii 28b, C 153 73) B06, O07, R53, T62 * in left field RIC IVii 40b, C 184 74) B06, O07, R64, T22 RIC IVii 131, S 7542 75) B06, O07, R69, T61 RIC IVii 145, S 7546 76) B06, O07, R85, T75 * in right field RIC IVii 161b, S 7554, C 300

216 77) B06, O09, R22, T27 RIC IVii 68b, C 30 78) B06, O09, R45, T47 RIC IVii 121b, C 109 79) B06, O09, R65, T60 RIC IVii 139, C 261 80) B06, O09, R82, T73 RIC IVii 153b, C 293 81) B06, O10, R22, T27 RIC IVii 71b, S 7511, C 32 82) B06, O10, R45, T47 RIC IVii 123b, S 7526 83) B06, O10, R50, T57 RIC IVii 3b, S 7528, C 127 84) B06, O10, R51, T57 RIC IVii 13b, C 136 85) B06, O10, R57, T57 RIC IVii 8b 86) B06, O10, R65, T60 RIC IVii 140, S 7543, C 256 87) B06, O10, R82, T73 RIC IVii 156b, C 289a 88) B07, O07, R30, T20 * in left field RIC IVii 88, S 7518, C 62 89) B07, O07, R53, T19 * in left field RIC IVii 46d, S 7536, C 196 90) B07, O07, R73, T19 RIC IVii 146b, S 7549, C 276

AE Sestertius Reference(s) 91) B02, O12, R44, T45 RIC IVii 358, C 103 92) B04, O12, R22, T27 Exe: SC RIC IVii 345, C 35 93) B04, O12, R51, T12 Exe: LIBERAL AVG / SC RIC IVii 290, C 76 94) B04, O12, R84, T73 RIC IVii 377 95) B06, O12, R52, T09 Exe: SC RIC IVii 311, C 176

AE Dupondius 96) B09, O03, R86, T57 Exe: SC Curtis Clay collection 97) B09, O12, R84, T73 RIC IVii 301, C 159

AE As 98) B04, O12, R47, T50 99) B04, O12, R52, T11 Exe: SC RIC IVii 306, C 169

Elagabalus Busts

Elagabalus Types

217

Elagabalus Types (continued)

218

Julia Maesa

? - d.223

Grandmother of Elagabalus and Severus Alexander.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust left 2) Diademed, draped bust right 3) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent 4) Draped bust right 5) Veiled bust right

Obverses:

1) DIVA MAESA AVG 2) DIVA MAESA AVGVSTA 3) IVLIA MAESA AVG 4) IVLIA MAESA AVGVSTA

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 2) CONSECRATIO 3) FECVNDITAS 4) FECVNDITAS AVG 5) FECVNDITAS AVGVSTAE 6) FELICITAS PVBLICA 7) FORTVNAE REDVCI 8) IVNO 9) IVNO CONSERVATRIX 10) IVNO REG 11) IVNO REGI 12) IVNO REGINA 13) LAETITIA PVBL 14) PAX ETERNA 15) PIETAS AVG 16) PVDICITIA 17) SAECVLI FELICITAS 18) TEMPORVM FEL 19) VENVS VICTRIX 20) VESTA 21) VIRTVS AVG

Types:

1) Fecunditas seated left, holding flower and scepter; child on either side. 2) Fecunditas standing left, holding cornucopia; child on either side. 3) Fecunditas standing left, raising hand over child and holding cornucopia. 4) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 5) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus 6) Funeral pyre 7) Julia Maesa, holding scepter, riding eagle right, upwards. 8) Julia Maesa, holding scepter, riding peacock right, upwards. 9) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 10) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left. 11) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder on globe. 12) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet. 13) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 14) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box. 15) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar. 16) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter 17) Pudicitia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter 18) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield.

Mint:

1) Antioch 2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B4, O3, R08, T10, M1 RIC 255 (IVii, Elagabalus)

This domineering lady made sure that her puppet grandson would feature her prominently among the currency of the day. It is easy and cheap to locate a coin of hers even if one those of Elagabalus himself are much more common. This is now the age of silver. Bronze has become too expensive for its own good. The silver coins being made at the mint are in actuality by now less than 50% pure. This means it only takes about a gram and a half of silver to make a typical Denarius. Compared to the ten grams it takes to make an As or upwards of 20 to make a Sestertius it makes little economical sense to make much effort in producing those lesser valued coins. So it’s rather rare to see those old-fashioned bronzes by the third century and in the case with Julia Maesa they will be much, much rarer than her Denarii. These can be found for around $50 or less for the average to above-average quality coin. More expensive will be the still-exotic and recently introduced Antoninianus which looks to all the world like a slightly heftier Denarius but with the empress’s bust resting on a crescent. This convention serves as an easy visual distinction between the two denominations. At the same time it symbolizes her association with the Moon in contrast to the emperor whose radiate crown symbolizes the Sun.

219 AR Antoninianus Reference(s)

2) B3, O3, R15, T14 RIC 264 (IVii, Elagabalus)

AR Denarius

3) B4, O3, R04, T03 RIC 249 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 8 4) B4, O3, R04, T01 5) B4, O3, R08, T09 RIC 254 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7750 6) B2, O3, R08, T10 RIC 256 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 21 7) B2, O3, R10, T10 8) B4, O3, R13, T11 RIC 261 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 26 9) B4, O3, R15, T14 RIC 263 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 29 10) B4, O3, R15, T15 RIC 266 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7755, C 34a 11) B4, O3, R16, T16 RIC 268 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7756, C 36 12) B4, O3, R17, T05 * in right field RIC 271 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7757, C 45 13) B4, O3, R17, T05 * in left field RIC 272 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7757, C 45 14) A coin exists with corrupted obverse legend “IVLIA MAMIAS AVG” as No. 5 above; the engraver mistakenly using part of Soaemias’s name.

AR Denarius (Posthumous)

15) B4, O1, R02, T08 RIC 378 (IVii, Severus Alexander), C 3

AE Sestertius

16) B2, O4, R15, T14 RIC 414 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 31

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

17) B5, O2, R02, T06 Exe: SC RIC 712 (IVii, Severus Alexander)

AE As

18) B2, O4, R15, T14 RIC 416 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 32 19) Same error as noted in No. 14 above but with diademed, draped bust right

Julia Maesa Busts

Julia Maesa Types

220

Julia Soaemias

? - 222

Mother of Elagabalus.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust left 2) Diademed, draped bust right 3) Draped bust right 4) Draped bust right on crescent

Obverses:

1) IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVG 2) IVLIA SOAEMIAS AVGVSTA

Reverses:

1) ANNONA AVG 2) IVNO REGINA 3) MATER DEVM 4) PVDICITIA 5) SAECVLI FELICITAS 6) VENVS CAELESTIS 7) VESTA

Types:

1) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 2) Cybele seated left, holding branch and resting arm on drum; lion on either side. 3) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus. 4) Juno standing right, holding scepter and Palladium. 5) Pudicitia seated left, touching head and holding scepter. 6) Venus seated left, holding apple and scepter; child to left. 7) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter. 8) Vesta seated left, holding simpulum and scepter.

9) Vesta standing left, holding Palladium and spear.

Mint:

1) Roma

AR Denarius Reference(s)

1) B3, O1, R6, T6 RIC 243 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7720, C 14 2) B3, O1, R6, T7 * in left field RIC 241 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7719, C 8 3) B3, O1, R6, T7 * in right field RIC 241 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7719, C 8 4) B3, O2, R2, T4 RIC 237 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7718, C 3

AR Quinarius

5) B3, O1, R6, T7 * in right field RIC 242 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 10

AE Sestertius

6) B2, O1, R6, T6 Exe: SC RIC 406 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 18

Julia Soaemias Busts Julia Soaemias Types

Elagabalus sets a record for most women relatives honored on Roman coins with no less than five empresses, four of them Julias. Among these, Julia Soaemias comes in second after Julia Maesa among the most commonly found of these ladies. However, to say “common” is relative though. Less than 1/10

th of 1 percent of Roman coins

bear her name and portrait but that’s not enough to make her coins particularly difficult to find nor expensive. A decent Denarius should cost around $75 or less on Ebay and a little more from a “brick and mortar” dealer.

221

Julia Paula

? - ?

First wife of Elagabalus.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Draped bust left (braided hair) 3) Draped bust right (braided hair) 4) Draped bust right (combed hair)

Obverses:

1) IVLIA PAVLA AVG 2) IVLIA PAVLA AVGVSTA

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 2) CONCORDIA 3) CONCORDIA AETERNA 4) CONCORDIA AVGG 5) FELICIT TEMPOR 6) FORTVN FELIC 7) FORTVNA FELIC 8) IVNO CONSERVATRIX 9) IVSTITIA 10) PIETAS 11) PIETAS AVG 12) PVDICITIA 13) PVDICITIA AVG 14) VENVS GENETRIX 15) VENVS VICTRIX 16) VESTA

Types:

1) Concordia seated left, holding patera 2) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia 3) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae 4) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 5) Fortuna seated left, holding globe and cornucopia 6) Julia Paula standing left on right, shaking hands with Elagabalus to left. 7) Julia Paula standing left on right, shaking hands with Elagabalus to left; Concordia standing in between. 8) Juno standing left, holding patera over peacock and scepter. 9) Justitia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter. 10) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by their feet. 11) Pietas standing left, raising hand and holding incense box. 12) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar. 13) Venus seated left, holding globe and scepter

Mints:

1) Antioch 2) Roma

AR Denarius Reference(s)

1) B3, O1, R02, T01 * in left field RIC 211 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7655, C 6 2) B3, O1, R02, T06 RIC 214 (IVii, Elagabalus) 3) B3, O1, R04, T03 RIC 216 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 16a 4) B3, O1, R14, T13 RIC 222 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7658, C 21 5) B4, O1, R02, T01 * in left field RIC 211 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7655, C 6 6) B4, O1, R14, T13 RIC 222 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7658, C 21

AR Quinarius

7) B1, O1, R02, T01 RIC 213 (IVii, Elagabalus)

AE Sestertius

8) B4, O1, R02, T03 Exe: SC * in left field RIC 381 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 8

Her coins are not especially hard to find but they don’t appear everywhere either (as is the case with her husband). A low grade Denarius can often be found for as little as $20 or $30 but are more typically priced in the $100-$250 region. Still, of Elagabalus’s three wives, Julia Paula’s coins are the most common and are available in all grades. This makes it easier for many collectors to use lesser coins as “stepping stones” to higher grade coins by way of trading up. Bronze and gold coins are practically unknown in the marketplace.

222 AE As Reference(s)

9) B3, O1, R03, T07 Exe: SC RIC 387 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 15

Julia Paula Busts

Julia Paula Types

223

Aquilia Severa

?

Aquilia was Elagabalus's second wife, having married her in the summer of 220. He divorced her shortly afterwards and immediately married Annia Faustina only to divorce her, too, just a few weeks later. He finally remarried Aquilia and stayed married to her until he was murdered a couple of years later but she never bore him children.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Draped bust right

Obverse:

1) IVLIA AQVILIA SEVERA AVG

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 2) CONCORDIA 3) LAETITIA 4) VENVS CAELESTIS 5) VENVS FELIX 6) VESTA

Types:

1) Aquilia Severa standing right on left, shaking hands with Elagabalus to right 2) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding two cornucopiae 3) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder on globe. 4) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia. 5) Venus seated left, holding apple and scepter 6) Vesta standing left, holding branch and scepter.

Mint:

1) Roma

AR Denarius Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R2, T1 * in center field RIC 228 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 6 2) B2, O1, R2, T1 * in left field RIC 228 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 6 3) B2, O1, R2, T2 * in left field RIC 225 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 2 4) B2, O1, R2, T2 * in right field RIC 226 (IVii, Elagabalus), S 7679, C 2

AE Sestertius

5) B1, O1, R2, T1 RIC 390 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 4

AE As

6) B1, O1, R2, T1 * in left field RIC 394 (IVii, Elagabalus), C 7

Aquilia Severa Busts Aquilia Severa Types

Aquilia’s coins are quite a bit less common than Julia Paula’s; perhaps only half or a third as many are to be found. It is therefore rare to see one on sale for less than $100 even in marginal condition. Typically, a Denarius will cost around $200-$400.

224

Annia Faustina

? - ?

Third wife of Elagabalus and great-granddaughter of Marcus Aurelius. Her brief marriage to Elagabalus accounts for the extreme rarity of coin bearing her name. It is unclear when she died and under what circumstances as the divorce, although no fault of her

own, sent her into obscurity, if not a worse fate.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right

Obverse:

1) ANNIA FAVSTINA AVGVSTA

Reverse:

1) CONCORDIA

Type:

1) Annia Faustina standing right on left, shaking hands with Elagabalus to right

Mint:

1) Roma

AE Sestertius Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1 Exe: SC RIC 399 (IVii, Elagabalus)

If Julia Paulas and Aquilia Severas are hard to find then you might as well give up all hope on an Annia Faustina. This is one of those truly impossible empresses to acquire… at least insofar as getting a Rome-made coin of hers. Things improve a bit if you’re willing to “settle” for a provincial with her name in Greek. These are still difficult to locate and the few that are out there nearly always in very poor shape but at least it provides a reasonable shot at getting one of her coins. The Sestertius pictured below, the only coin of hers to have sold at auction within recent memory, realized just shy of $10,000 in an auction held by the German auction house Numismatik Lanz in 2000.

225

Severus Alexander

Augustus 222-235

Severus Alexander was a beloved cousin of Elagabalus and who was named Caesar while Elagabalus was still emperor. As his popularity grew, Elagabalus recognized in him the growing menace of a future rival and sought to oust him. But this only served to infuriate the army which by now had taken the young Caesar under its wings. Rather than let Elagabalus depose Alexander by civil or

violent means they instead mutinied and murdered the emperor clearing the way for Alexander's accession. Alexander went on to rule for thirteen years of relative peace. Not since the time of Marcus Aurelius did Romans enjoy a monarch whose ambitions were for their welfare and the pursuit of the arts. His one singular weakness, which eventually proved to be fatal, was his absolute reverence for his untactful mother. Like no other woman until then, Julia Mamaea styled herself an empress in every sense of the word and the unapologetic exercise of her rule and the incessant meddling in the affairs of state was a constant embarrassment and irritation to the prevailing sensibilities of the army, the Senate and the rest of the Roman citizenry. Hushed whispers grew over time to outspoken protestations to, eventually, open mutiny. The mild-mannered Alexander was either unable or unwilling to rectify the situation by removing his mother from the political limelight and, thus, both were corralled in a mutiny and massacred.

Busts: 1) Bare headed, draped bust right 2) Laureate head/bust right 3) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate, draped bust right 6) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right of Severus Alexander facing

Julia Mamaea, diademed draped bust left 7) Laureate, draped bust left 8) Radiate head right 9) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) DIVO ALEXANDRO 2) IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG 3) IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG IVLIA MAMAEA AVG 4) IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAN AVG 5) IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG 6) IMP C M SEV ALEXAND AVG 7) IMP CAE MAR AV SEV ALX 8) IMP CAES M AVR SEV ALEXANDER AVG 9) IMP MAR COS AVR SEV AL AV 10) IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG 11) IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG IVLIA MAMAEA AVG 12) IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG IVLIA MAMAEA AVG MAT AVG 13) IMP SEV ALEXANDER AVG 14) IMP SEV ALEXANDER AVG IVLIA MAMAEA AVG 15) M AVR ALEXANDER CAES

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTI 3) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTI COS III PP 4) AEQVITAS AVG 5) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI 6) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 7) AETERNITATIBVS 8) ANNONA AVG 9) ANNONA AVGVSTI 10) CONCORD AVGVSTORVM 11) CONCORDIA 12) CONSECRATIO 13) DIANA LVCIFERA 14) FECVND AVGVSTAE 15) FELICITAS AVG 16) FELICITAS PERPETVA AVG 17) FELICITAS TEMPORVM 18) FIDES EXERCIT 19) FIDES EXERCITVS 20) FIDES MILITVM 21) FORTVNAE FELICI 22) FORTVNAE REDVCI 23) INDVLGENTIA AVG 24) IOVI CONSERVATORI

25) IOVI PROPVGNATORI 26) IOVI STATORI 27) IOVI VLTORI 28) IOVI VLTORI PM TR P III COS PP 29) IVCVNDITATI AVG 30) IVLIA MAMAEA AVG 31) IVSTITIA AVGVSTI 32) LIBERALITAS AVG 33) LIBERALITAS AVG II 34) LIBERALITAS AVG III 35) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII 36) LIBERALITAS AVG V 37) LIBERALITAS AVGG 38) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI 39) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI II 40) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI III 41) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI IIII 42) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI V 43) LIBERITAS AVG 44) LIBERTAS AVG 45) MAISI AVG 46) MARS PROPVG 47) MARS VICTOR 48) MARS VLTOR

49) MARTI PACIFERO 50) MARTI VICTORI 51) MON RESTITVTA 52) MONETA AVG 53) MONETA AVGVSTI 54) NOBILITAS 55) PAX AETERNA AVG 56) PAX AETERNAE AVG 57) PAX AVG 58) PAX AVGVSTI 59) PERPETVITATI AVG 60) PIETAS AVG 61) PIETAS MILITVM 62) PM TR P COS 63) PM TR P COS II PP 64) PM TR P COS PP 65) PM TR P II COS PP 66) PM TR P II COS II PP 67) PM TR P II COS PP 68) PM TR P III COS PP 69) PM TR P IIII COS PP 70) PM TR P V COS II PP 71) PM TR P V COS PP II 72) PM TR P VI COS II PP

Severus Alexander is another prominent emperor of the third century and his coins are downright plentiful. As in Denarii… other denominations exist but are far less common. Production of the Antoninianus is mysteriously suspended during his entire reign and will not be re-introduced until the reign of Gordian III who, in turn, will see to it intentionally or otherwise that the Denarius is phased out for good. The bronzes continue their slide into obscurity but may still be found on occasion. The average Denarius will cost around $30. Common but high-grade specimens will rarely cost over $100.

226 73) PM TR P VII COS II PP 74) PM TR P VII COS III PP 75) PM TR P VIII COS III PP 76) PM TR P VIIII 77) PM TR P VIIII COS III PP 78) PM TR P VIIII OS II PP 79) PM TR P X COS III PP 80) PM TR P XI COS III PP 81) PM TR P XII COS III PP 82) PM TR P XIII COS III PP 83) PM TR P XIIII COS III PP 84) PONT M II COS PP 85) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS II PP 86) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS III PP 87) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS PP 88) PONTIF MAX TR P III COS PP 89) PONTIF MAX TR P IIII COS PP

90) PONTIF MAX TR P VII COS II PP 91) PONTIF MAX TR P X COS III 92) PONTIFEX COS 93) POTESTAS PERPETV 94) PRINC IVVENTVTIS 95) PROFECTIO AVG 96) PROFECTIO AVGVSTI 97) PROVAD DEORVM 98) PROVID DEORVM 99) PROVIDENTIA AVG 100) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 101) PVDICITIA 102) RESTITVT MON 103) RESTITVTOR MON 104) ROMAE AETERNAE 105) SACERDOS VRBIS 106) SALVS AVGVSTI

107) SALVS PSVLAS 108) SALVS PVBLICA 109) SECVLI FELICITAS 110) SECVRITAS PERPETVA 111) SPES PVBLICA 112) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 113) VENVS CAELISTIS 114) VENVS VICTRIX 115) VICTORIA AVG 116) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 117) VIRTVS AVG 118) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 119) No legend

Types: 1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia 2) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia 3) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 4) Altar 5) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and anchor 6) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia 7) Annona standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding grain ears and cornucopia. 8) Annona standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding rudder on globe and modius. 9) Baths and ancillary buildings 10) Colisseum; bird’s eye view with arena visible (two gladiators within), three citizens to side and partial view of another building. 11) Diana advancing left, holding torch. 12) Diana standing left, holding torch. 13) Eagle standing left 14) Felicitas seated left, holding Palladium and scepter 15) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 16) Felicitas standing left, holding patera over modius with grain ears and caduceus. 17) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus. 18) Fides seated left, holding standard and cornucopia. 19) Fides seated left, holding standard in each hand. 20) Fides seated left, holding standard; another standard to right 21) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 22) Fides standing left, holding vexillum and standard. 23) Fides standing right, holding standard and vexillum. 24) Fides standing right, holding standard in each hand 25) Fortuna seated left, holding cornucopia 26) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia 27) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 28) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia 29) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and scepter 30) Jucunditas seated right, holding globe and scepter. 31) Julia Mamaea diademed, draped bust right 32) Julia Mamaea draped bust right 33) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and eagle 34) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt. 35) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 36) Jupiter standing left, holding branch and spear 37) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 38) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Severus Alexander to lower left. 39) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt 40) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt and holding eagle 41) Jupiter standing, facing, holding scepter and thunderbolt 42) Justitia seated left, holding patera and scepter. 43) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 44) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia 45) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter 46) Mars advancing left, holding branch and resting hand on shield 47) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 48) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 49) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 50) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear 51) Mars standing left, holding standard with shield and spear. 52) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 53) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield 54) Mars standing right, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 55) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by their feet. 56) Nymphaeum fountain façade 57) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter 58) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter. 59) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 60) Perpetuitas standing left, leaning on column, holding globe and scepter. 61) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box 62) Pietas standing, facing, holding standard; another standard behind. 63) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 64) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 65) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, holding globe and scepter 66) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; shield to side. 67) Sacrificial implements: lituus, simpulum, cruet, etc. (variously arranged)

227 68) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar 69) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 70) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand; altar to left 71) Severus Alexander advancing right, holding spear and club 72) Severus Alexander advancing right, holding spear and club; shield by feet. 73) Severus Alexander advancing right, holding spear and globe. 74) Severus Alexander advancing right, holding spear and trophy 75) Severus Alexander riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 76) Severus Alexander riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear; Victory to left, holding wreath and palm, two soldiers to right. 77) Severus Alexander riding horse right, following Victory, holding wreath and palm. 78) Severus Alexander riding horse right, holding spear 79) Severus Alexander riding horse right, holding spear; Victory to right, holding wreath and palm 80) Severus Alexander riding horse right, holding spear; Victory to right, holding wreath and palm and soldier to left, holding spear 81) Severus Alexander riding horse right, spearing seated captive; Victory to right, soldier to left. 82) Severus Alexander riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter 83) Severus Alexander riding quadriga right, holding branch and scepter with eagle atop 84) Severus Alexander standing left, raising hand and holding scepter 85) Severus Alexander standing left, sacrificing over altar and surrounded by witnesses; temple in background. 86) Severus Alexander sacrificing right over altar, being crowned by Mars, facing Fides, with two standards behind him. 87) Severus Alexander sacrificing right over altar, being crowned by Virtus, facing Jupiter, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 88) Severus Alexander seated left on platform; Liberalitas standing to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia and citizen to lower left 89) Severus Alexander seated left on platform; lictor behind him, Liberalitas standing to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia and citizen to lower left 90) Severus Alexander seated left on platform; two lictors to right and Liberalitas standing to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia and citizen to lower left 91) Severus Alexander seated left, holding globe and scroll, being crowned by Victory, facing Felicitas and attendant. 92) Severus Alexander seated left, holding Victory and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right and facing Virtus to left, holding shield reading VOT / XC and

parazonium 93) Severus Alexander standing left, sacrificing over altar 94) Severus Alexander standing left, holding branch and scepter; altar to left. 95) Severus Alexander standing left, holding globe and spear 96) Severus Alexander standing left, holding wand and scepter; two standards to right. 97) Severus Alexander standing left, stepping on helmet, holding globe and spear 98) Severus Alexander standing right, holding spear and globe 99) Severus Alexander standing right, holding wand and scepter; two standards to right. 100) Severus Alexander standing right, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter, being crowned by Mars to left and facing Jupiter to right, holding thunderbolt and

scepter; two standards to right in background 101) Severus Alexander standing, facing, holding branch and scepter 102) Severus Alexander to left, facing Jupiter, reaching for him and holding thunderbolt and scepter. 103) Severus Alexander to right, holding spear and receiving Victory from Spes; two soldiers behind. 104) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 105) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 106) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 107) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe. 108) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 109) Temple with (6) columns, Jupiter seated within 110) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 111) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 112) Victory standing left, holding shield and palm; seated captive by feet. 113) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 114) Victory standing left, touching trophy and holding palm; seated captive by trophy. 115) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield reading VOT / X 116) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield reading VOT / X on palm 117) Virtus seated left, holding branch and scepter 118) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield 119) Virtus standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding spear and parazonium 120) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 121) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding scepter and parazonium. 122) Wreath, SPQR ANN N F F OPTIMO PRINCIPI PIO within 123) Wreath, VOTIS / VICEN / NALI / BVS within 124) Wreath, VOTIS VICENNALIBVS COS III PP within

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B02, O10, R024, T038 RIC IVii 199b, BMC 688 2) B02, O10, R064, T049 RIC IVii 103, BMC 620 3) B04, O02, R036, T043 RIC IVii 242, C 141 4) B04, O05, R038, T043 RIC IVii 149, BMC 1, C 1 5) B04, O05, R049, T050 RIC IVii 159, C 62 6) B04, O05, R064, T037 RIC IVii 4, BMC 12, C 203 7) B04, O05, R070, T056 RIC IVii 58, C 298 8) B04, O05, R070, T088 Exe: LIB AVG III 9) B05, O05, R069, T003 RIC IVii 63, BMC 393, C 311 10) B05, O05, R069, T095 RIC IVii 43, BMC 177, C 268

AU Quinarius 11) B02, O02, R099, T006

228 AR Medallion Reference(s) 12) B06, O03, R006, T055 Twelve Denarii weight

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous) 13) B08, O01, R012, T004 RIC 98 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 598 14) B08, O01, R012, T013 RIC 97 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 599

AR Denarius 15) B01, O15, R023, T108 RIC IVii 2 16) B01, O15, R060, T067 RIC IVii 3, C 198 17) B02, O02, R079, T052 RIC IVii 108, C 409 18) B02, O02, R099, T005 RIC IVii 250a, C 501 19) B02, O02, R099, T005 RIC IVii 252a, C 508 20) B02, O02, R099, T006 RIC IVii 250b, S 7922, C 501b 21) B02, O05, R027, T035 RIC IVii 74, C 336 22) B02, O05, R073, T053 RIC IVii 83a, C 337 23) B02, O10, R001, T002 RIC IVii 124, S 7855, C 452 24) B02, O10, R008, T005 RIC IVii 188, C 29 25) B02, O10, R008, T008 RIC IVii 190a, C 32 26) B02, O10, R020, T019 RIC IVii 193, S 7863 27) B02, O10, R022, T028 RIC IVii 196, C 63 28) B02, O10, R024, T038 RIC IVii 198, C 71 29) B02, O10, R026, T041 RIC IVii 202, C 92 30) B02, O10, R035, T043 RIC IVii 205, S 7878, C 133 31) B02, O10, R059, T065 RIC IVii 208, S 7888 32) B02, O10, R073, T049 RIC IVii 85, S 7906, C 351 33) B02, O10, R075, T045 RIC IVii 95, C 371 34) B02, O10, R075, T047 RIC IVii 92, C 365 35) B02, O10, R075, T053 RIC IVii 91, C 364 36) B02, O10, R077, T098 RIC IVii 105, S 7911, C 401 37) B02, O10, R077, T106 RIC IVii 101b, S 7910, C 388a 38) B02, O10, R077, T107 RIC IVii 101a, C 388 39) B02, O10, R079, T052 RIC IVii 107, C 410 40) B02, O10, R115, T113 RIC IVii 212a, S 7928, C 556 41) B02, O10, R116, T115 RIC IVii 218a 42) B02, O10, R117, T049 RIC IVii 224, S 7933, C 584 43) B02, O10, R117, T097 RIC IVii 226, C 586 44) B02, O10, R117, T117 RIC IVii 221, C 580 45) B02, O10, R117, T118 RIC IVii 220, C 579 46) B04, O02, R025, T039 RIC IVii 235, S 7870, C 76 47) B04, O02, R025, T040 RIC IVii 238, S 7871, C 83 48) B04, O02, R048, T048 RIC IVii 246d, C 161a 49) B04, O02, R079, T105 RIC IVii 109, C 411 50) B04, O02, R080, T104 RIC IVii 112c 51) B04, O02, R080, T105 RIC IVii 112d, S 7914 52) B04, O02, R111, T108 RIC IVii 254d, C 546 53) B04, O02, R119, T123 RIC IVii 261 54) B04, O02, R182, T104 RIC IVii 123, C 448 55) B04, O05, R032, T047 RIC IVii 281, S 7875 56) B04, O05, R033, T043 RIC IVii 148, C 108a 57) B04, O05, R049, T050 RIC IVii 160, X 173a 58) B04, O05, R055, T059 RIC IVii 165, S 7886, C 183 59) B04, O05, R085, T066 RIC IVii 271, C 470 60) B04, O05, R098, T063 RIC IVii 294, C 495 61) B04, O05, R108, T068 RIC IVii 178, C 532 62) B04, O10, R115, T111 RIC IVii 301, S 7929, C 561 63) B05, O02, R048, T048 RIC IVii 239, S 7871, C 84 64) B05, O02, R080, T104 RIC IVii 114c, C 434 65) B05, O02, R081, T104 RIC IVii 120, C 440 66) B05, O05, R004, T003 * in left field RIC IVii 274, S 7856, C 11 67) B05, O05, R004, T003 RIC IVii 127, C 91 68) B05, O05, R008, T006 RIC IVii 133, S 7857, C 23 69) B05, O05, R020, T021 RIC IVii 139c, S 7864, C 52 70) B05, O05, R024, T037 RIC IVii 141, C 70 71) B05, O05, R035, T043 RIC IVii 154c, S 7877 72) B05, O05, R044, T044 RIC IVii 156, S 7881 73) B05, O05, R057, T057 RIC IVii 168, S 7887 74) B05, O05, R059, T065 RIC IVii 169, C 192 75) B05, O05, R060, T061 RIC IVii 170, S 7889, C 196 76) B05, O05, R064, T037 RIC IVii 5, S 7891, C 204 77) B05, O05, R064, T050 RIC IVii 7, C 207 78) B05, O05, R064, T068 RIC IVii 14c, C 218 79) B05, O05, R065, T028 * in left field RIC IVii 268 80) B05, O05, R067, T037 RIC IVii 19, C 229 81) B05, O05, R067, T050 RIC IVii 23, S 7895, C 231 82) B05, O05, R067, T059 RIC IVii 27, S 7896, C 236 83) B05, O05, R067, T068 RIC IVii 32, C 239 84) B05, O05, R068, T037 RIC IVii 35, C 249 85) B05, O05, R068, T050 RIC IVii 37, C 251 86) B05, O05, R068, T049 RIC IVii 45, S 7898 87) B05, O05, R068, T059 RIC IVii 40, C 254 88) B05, O05, R068, T068 RIC IVii 42, C 255 89) B05, O05, R068, T095 RIC IVii 44c, C 256

229 90) B05, O05, R069, T093 RIC IVii 50, C 276 91) B05, O05, R070, T049 RIC IVii 53, C 281 92) B05, O05, R070, T082 RIC IVii 56a, C 294 93) B05, O05, R070, T093 RIC IVii 55, S 7899, C 289 94) B05, O05, R072, T003 RIC IVii 64, S 7902, C 312 95) B05, O05, R072, T006 RIC IVii 65, C 318 96) B05, O05, R072, T049 RIC IVii 61, C 305 97) B05, O05, R072, T057 RIC IVii 67, C 319 98) B05, O05, R072, T093 RIC IVii 70, C 325 99) B05, O05, R073, T093 RIC IVii 81, C 357 100) B05, O05, R099, T063 RIC IVii 174, C 512 101) B05, O05, R106, T069 RIC IVii 176, S 7924, C 528 102) B05, O05, R115, T110 RIC IVii 180a, S 7931, C 564 103) B05, O05, R115, T111 * in right field RIC IVii 300, C 559 104) B05, O05, R117, T120 RIC IVii 182c, S 7934, C 576 105) B05, O10, R062, T050 * in left field RIC IVii 262, C 201 106) B05, O10, R062, T050 RIC IVii 262, C 201 107) B05, O10, R108, T068 RIC IVii 298, C 535

AE Medallion Reference(s) 108) B02, O13, R070, T092 Exe: COS III P 109) B06, O14, R020, T100 BMC 734

AE Sestertius 110) B02, O02, R081, T104 RIC IVii 537, C 443 111) B02, O02, R099, T006 RIC IVii 642, C 503 112) B02, O02, R118, T116 RIC IVii 616, C 567 113) B02, O10, R075, T083 RIC IVii 498 114) B02, O13, R009, T005 RIC IVii 549, C 36 115) B02, O13, R077, T106 RIC IVii 500, C 390 116) B02, O13, R077, T107 RIC IVii 503, C 393 117) B02, O13, R079, T106 RIC IVii 511 118) B02, O13, R096, T079 RIC IVii 596, C 492 119) B04, O02, R081, T104 RIC IVii 535, C 441 120) B04, O02, R111, T108 RIC IVii 648, C 549 121) B04, O08, R087, T070 Exe: SC RIC IVii 407, C 463 122) B05, O02, R080, T104 RIC IVii 525 123) B05, O02, R082, T104 RIC IVii 538, C 449 124) B05, O08, R005, T003 RIC IVii 547, C 20 125) B05, O08, R058, T057 RIC IVii 592, S 7984, C 189 126) B05, O08, R072, T057 RIC IVii 465, C 320 127) B05, O08, R072, T093 RIC IVii 468, C 326

AE Dupondius 128) B08, O13, R075, T083 Exe: SC RIC IVii 497 129) B08, O13, R103, T084 RIC IVii 601, C 517 130) B09, O13, R038, T043 RIC IVii 565, C 112

AE As 131) B02, O13, R077, T097 RIC IVii 509 132) B05, O13, R088, T063 RIC IVii 416, C 472

Severus Alexander Busts

230

Severus Alexander Types

231

Severus Alexander Types (continued)

232

Julia Mamaea

c.190 - 235

Mother of Severus Alexander. Mamaea was made Augusta by Severus shortly after his accession and she shared his fatal fate on the night of the coup started by Maximinus. In fact, it was her constant meddling in the political affairs of the day and her intractable influence over Alexander that was one of the primary reasons the soldiers revolted against them both.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust left 2) Diademed, draped bust right 3) Diademed, draped bust right, holding cornucopia

and torch; peacock wings to left 4) Draped bust right

Obverses:

1) IVLIA MAMAEA AVG 2) IVLIA MAMAEA AVGVSTA 3) IVLIA MAMIAS AVG 4) IVLIA MAMMAEA AVG

Reverses:

1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) AEQVITAS AVG 3) ANNONA AVG 4) CONCOBDIA 5) CONCORDIA 6) CONCORDIA AVGG 7) FECVND AVGVSTAE 8) FECVNDITAS AVGVSTAE 9) FELICITAS AVG 10) FELICITAS EXERCI 11) FELICITAS PERPETVA 12) FELICITAS PVBLICA 13) FELICITAS TEM 14) FELICITAS TEMP 15) FIDES MILITVM 16) FORTVNA REDVX 17) IVNO 18) IVNO AVGVSTAE 19) IVNO CONSERVATRIX 20) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII 21) LIBERTAS AVG 22) LIBERTAS AVGVSTI 23) MATER AVG ET CASTRORVM 24) PAX AETERNA AVG 25) PIETAS AVGVSTAE 26) PM TR P VI COS II PP 27) PONTIF TR P III 28) PVDICITIA 29) SAECVLI FELICITAS 30) SALVS AVGVST 31) VENERI FELICI 32) VENVS FELIX 33) VENVS GENETRIX 34) VENVS VICTRIX 35) VESTA 36) VICTOR AVG 37) VICTORIA AVG

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Annona standing left, holding cornucopia and grain ears. 3) Annona standing, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia 4) Concordia seated left, holding two cornucopiae 5) Concordia standing left, holding two cornucopiae 6) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding two cornucopiae 7) Fecunditas seated left, raising hand; child to left 8) Fecunditas standing left, raising hand and holding cornucopia; child to left 9) Felicitas seated left; two attendants standing to left and one standing to right, holding caduceus 10) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 11) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia; eagle to left and standard to right. 12) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 13) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and caduceus; altar to left 14) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and scepter; woman standing to left, holding scepter and another standing to right, holding cornucopia 15) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus. 16) Fortuna standing left, holding scale and cornucopia

Being a mama’s boy much the same way his cousin Elagabalus was a grandma’s boy means Ms. Mamaea will be prominently featured in the money minted during his reign. And sure enough, her coins today are hardly any scarcer than those of Severus Alexander. Even big copper, by now a seriously outmoded form of coin, has a brief resurgence and a Sestertius, Dupondius or As of hers may be available from time to time. As discussed under the section for Severus Alexander the Antoninianus has been temporarily shelved and this goes for her as well. The coppers, regardless of their resurgence, are still only bit players in the economy as are the way-rare gold issues. So this is all to say that better than 9 out of 10 coins of Mamaea to be found will be the venerable Denarius. And one can find a good Denarius of hers for $50 or less, even a gem of a coin can be had for not much more than a hundred dollars.

233 17) Julia Mamaea seated left, holding cornucopia; Pietas standing to left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box and two standards to right 18) Julia Mamaea seated left, holding patera and scepter; woman standing to left, holding scepter and Felicitas standing to right, holding caduceus. 19) Julia Mamaea seated left, holding scepter; two women standing to left, one holding globe and Felicitas standing to right, holding caduceus. 20) Julia Mamaea seated left, two standards to left and attendant to right 21) Juno seated left, holding flower and torch 22) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter 23) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left 24) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 25) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter 26) Monetae (3) standing, holding scale and cornucopia 27) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 28) Pietas standing left by lit altar, raising hand and holding incense box. 29) Pudicitia seated left, holding hand to lips with right hand and scepter with left 30) Venus seated left, holding Cupid and scepter 31) Venus standing left, holding helmet and scepter; Cupid to left 32) Venus standing left, holding helmet and scepter; shield to left 33) Venus standing left, holding scepter and Cupid 34) Venus standing right, holding scepter and Cupid 35) Venus standing, facing, holding scepter and Cupid 36) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter 37) Vesta standing left, holding Palladium and scepter 38) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter 39) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 40) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm

Mints:

1) Antioch 2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B4, O1, R19, T23 RIC IVii 342, C 36

AR Denarius

2) B2, O1, R07, T07 RIC 332 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8208, C 6 3) B2, O1, R07, T08 RIC 331 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8207, C 5 4) B2, O1, R12, T10 RIC 338 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8210, C 24 5) B2, O1, R12, T15 RIC 335 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8209, C 17 6) B2, O1, R18, T21 RIC 341 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8211, C 32 7) B2, O1, R31, T35 RIC 351 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 60 8) B2, O1, R33, T31 RIC 355 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8215, C 72 9) B2, O1, R34, T32 RIC 358 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8216, C 76 10) B2, O1, R35, T30 RIC 364 (IVii, S. Alexander) 11) B2, O1, R35, T37 RIC 360 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8217, C 81 12) B2, O1, R35, T38 RIC 362 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8218, C 85 13) B4, O1, R19, T23 RIC 343 (IVii, S. Alexander), S 8212, C 35

AE Medallion

14) B3, O2, R11, T09

AE Sestertius

15) B2, O2, R08, T08 RIC 668 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 8 16) B2, O2, R09, T12 RIC 670 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 10 17) B2, O2, R12, T10 Exe: SC RIC 679 (IVii, S. Alexander) 18) B2, O2, R12, T15 RIC 676 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 21 19) B2, O2, R31, T34 RIC 694 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 62 20) B2, O2, R32, T30 Exe: SC RIC 701 (IVii, S. Alexander) 21) B2, O2, R34, T32 RIC 705 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 78 22) B2, O2, R35, T37 RIC 708 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 83

AE Dupondius

23) B2, O2, R14, T12 RIC 682 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 29 24) B2, O2, R35, T37 RIC 709 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 84

AE As

25) B2, O2, R08, T08 RIC 669 (IVii, S. Alexander), C 9

234

Orbiana

?

Julia Mamaea Busts

Julia Mamaea Types

Wife of Severus Alexander. Orbiana was exiled to Africa not long after having wed Alexander because of the jealousy of his mother, Julia Mamaea. The emperor did not dare to object to his mother's orders and this unhappy event was forever remembered by the Romans who hated her as well as his own cowardice in not confronting her.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Draped bust right

Obverse:

1) SALL BARBIA ORBIANA AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVGG 2) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM 3) CONCORDIA AVGVSTIRVM 4) MINERVA VICTRIX 5) PROPAGA IMPERI 6) PVDICITIA 7) SAECVLI FELICITAS 8) VENVS GENETRIX

While not terribly difficult to find, coins of Orbiana are never cheap. Expect to pay at least a hundred dollars and up for a mediocre sample. A high grade Denarius will inevitably cost several hundred as will good bronzes.

While there are relatively many types noted for this ephemeral empress, only those of a seated Concordia are common. All others are very rare.

235

Types:

1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 2) Concordia standing left, holding two cornucopiae. 3) Fecunditas seated left, holding hand of child to left. 4) Fecunditas standing left, raising hand and holding cornucopia; child to left. 5) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 6) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed. 7) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus 8) Juno seated left, holding flower and torch. 9) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 10) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left. 11) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet. 12) Orbiana standing left on right, facing Severus Alexander, shaking hands. 13) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 14) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 15) Pudicitia seated left, touching head and holding scepter. 16) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter; Cupid to left. 17) Vesta seated left, holding Palladium and scepter 18) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1 O1 R1 T01 RIC 321 (IVii, Severus Alexander)

AR Denarius 2) B1 O1 R1 T01 RIC 319 (IVii, Severus Alexander)

AR Quinarius 3) B1 O1 R1 T01 RIC 320 (IVii, Severus Alexander)

AE Sestertius 4) B1 O1 R2 T01 RIC 655 (IVii, Severus Alexander) 5) B1 O1 R2 T12 RIC 657 (IVii, Severus Alexander)

Orbiana Bust Orbiana Types

236

Maximinus I

Augustus 235-238

Maximinus rose to power via the army where he served as legion commander during a turbulent period of battles against the Germanic tribes. The soldiers under his command, displeased with the wishy-washy way of their current emperor (Severus Alexander), voted with their swords and proclaimed Maximinus emperor. Although he scored a number of successes against the barbarians his dealings in civilian

matters were another story entirely. He terrorized the Senate and raised taxes drastically. His tyranical ways, which included a seething contempt for aristocracy, the arts and religion, soon became known throughout the empire. In desperation, the Senate brought the Balbinus-Pupienus duo to a joint emperorship while Maximinus was still approaching Rome. Pupienus's army was smaller than Maximinus's but they followed a scorched-earth policy in calculated retreats and guerilla strikes. This so wore down Maximinus's soldiers that they got fed up and killed him just three years into his reign.

The reign of Maximinus also signals the first time during the imperial period that a man of barbarian birth assumed the throne (Caracalla's edict of extending Roman citizenship to the provincials made him, technically, a Roman). Of him it was said that he was taller than eight feet and could eat thirty to fourt pounds of meat and eight gallons of wine daily. Notwithstanding this likely exaggeration it still should give one pause as to his physical attributions.

Busts: 1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Laureate, draped bust right 3) Radiate, draped bust right 4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG 2) MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI 3) FELICITAS PVBLICA 4) FIDES MILITVM 5) INDVLGENTIA AVG 6) LIBERALITAS AVG 7) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI 8) MARTI PACIFERO 9) PAX AVGG 10) PAX AVGVSTI 11) PM TR P COS PP 12) PM TR P II COS PP 13) PM TR P III COS PP 14) PM TR P IIII COS PP 15) PM TR P PP 16) PM TR P VI COS II PP 17) PM TR P VIII COS III PP 18) PROVIDENTIA AVG 19) SALVS AVGVSTI 20) SPES PVBLICA 21) VICT AETERN 22) VICTORIA AVG 23) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 24) VICTORIA GERM 25) VICTORIA GERMANICA 26) No legend

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand. 3) Indulgentia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter. 4) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 5) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter 6) Mars standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch and scepter. 7) Maximinus and Maximus standing, facing each other, together holding Victory; soldier standing on either of their sides and two seated captives in center. 8) Maximinus riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter, being crowned by Victory. 9) Maximinus seated left on platform accompanied by Liberalitas, holding scale and cornucopia. 10) Maximinus seated left on platform accompanied by Liberalitas, holding scale and cornucopia; citizen on steps to lower left. 11) Maximinus standing left, raising hand and holding spear; standard on either side 12) Maximinus standing left, raising hand and holding spear; two standards on either side Exe: SC. 13) Maximinus standing left, raising hand and holding spear; two standards to left and one to right.

For the period, the coins of Maximinus are somewhat scarcer than those of his immediate predecessor (Severus Alexander) and those of his successor (Gordian III). But this was at a time when the mints were very active so his coins are nonetheless readily available. As with Severus Alexander, the Antoninianus continues to be suspended from production while the Denarius now looks very much like it; that is, struck on rather thin but broad flans with shallower relief. These Denarii will typically cost around $50 and up depending on concition and, to a lesser extent, the rarity of the reverse type. Actually, the greater part of the Denarii in circulation among dealers and collectors today is of relatively high grade with many of them being fully “mint state”.

237 14) Maximinus standing left, raising hand, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm 15) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet. 16) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 17) Providentia standing left, holing wand over globe and cornucopia. 18) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 19) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip 20) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 21) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 22) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 23) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 24) Wreath, VOTIS / DECENNA / LIBVS within.

Mint: 1) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B2, O1, R19, T18 RIC IVii 14, BMC 20, C 83

AR Denarius 2) B1, O1, R04, T02 RIC IVii 7a, C 7 3) B1, O1, R10, T16 RIC IVii 12, C 31 4) B1, O1, R12, T11 RIC IVii 3, C 55 5) B1, O1, R12, T11 RIC IVii 4, C 56 6) B1, O1, R15, T11 RIC IVii 1, C 46 7) B1, O1, R17, T05 RIC IVii 100 8) B1, O1, R18, T17 RIC IVii 13, C 77 9) B1, O1, R19, T18 RIC IVii 14, C 85 10) B1, O1, R22, T22 RIC IVii 16, C 99 11) B1, O2, R04, T02 RIC IVii 18a, C 9 12) B1, O2, R10, T16 RIC IVii 19, C 37 13) B1, O2, R13, T11 RIC IVii 5, C 65 14) B1, O2, R18, T17 RIC IVii 20, C 75 15) B1, O2, R24, T23 RIC IVii 23, C 105

AE Sestertius 16) B1, O1, R04, T02 RIC IVii 43, C 10 17) B1, O1, R10, T16 RIC IVii 58, C 34 18) B1, O1, R12, T13 RIC IVii 33, C 58 19) B1, O1, R18, T17 RIC IVii 61, C 80 20) B1, O1, R19, T18 Exe: SC RIC IVii 64, C 88 21) B1, O1, R22, T22 RIC IVii 67, C 100 22) B1, O2, R04, T02 RIC IVii 78, C 13 23) B1, O2, R10, T16 RIC IVii 81, C 38 24) B1, O2, R14, T13 RIC IVii 40, C 71 25) B1, O2, R19, T18 RIC IVii 85, C 92 26) B1, O2, R25, T14 Exe: SC RIC IVii 93 27) B1, O2, R25, T23 Exe: SC RIC IVii 90, C 109

AE Dupondius 28) B4, O1, R10, T16 RIC IVii 59, C 36 29) B4, O1, R13, T13 RIC IVii 38, C 69

Maximinus I Busts

238

Paulina

? – d.235

Maximinus I Types

Wife of Maximinus and likely mother of Maximus. She died shortly after Maximinus became emperor.

Bust:

1) Veiled, draped bust right

Obverse:

1) DIVA PAVLINA

Reverse:

1) CONSECRATIO

Types:

1) Diana riding biga right, holding torch 2) Paulina riding peacock right, towards heaven 3) Peacock standing, facing, tail spread.

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Aureus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC IVii 2

The coins of Paulina, all posthumous issues, are pretty rare and not always available from even well-stocked coin dealers. When they come to market they’re aggressively sought after and this, naturally, drives up the price. An Antoninianus, the typical offering, will normally cost upwards of $500. However, the good news is that the better portion of these Antoniniani survive in very nice condition; some are even honest-to-goodness mint state though it hardly needs to be mentioned that those will fetch top dollar. From time to time a few As-sized bronze coins may be found as well.

239

Maximus

Caesar 235-238

AR Denarius (Posthumous) Reference(s)

2) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC IVii 2, C 1 3) B1, O1, R1, T3 RIC IVii 1, C 1

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

4) B1, O1, R1, T2 RIC IVii 3, C 3

Paulina Bust Paulina Types

Young son of Maximinus who was proclaimed Caesar at the same time his father was hailed as Augustus immediately after the murders of Severus Alexander and his mother. Both were killed in a mutiny prior to a battle with the forces of Pupienus.

Bust: 1) Bare headed, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) C IVL VERVS MAXIMVS CAES 2) IVL VERVS MAXIMVS CAES 3) MAXIMVS CAES GERM 4) MAXIMVS CAESAR GERM

Reverses: 1) PIETAS AVG 2) PM TR P III COS PP 3) PRINC IVVENTVTIS 4) PRINCIPI IVVENT 5) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 6) SALVS AVGVSTI

Types: 1) Maximus standing left, holding globe and spear. 2) Maximus standing left, holding wand and spear; two standards to right. 3) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 4) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar.

Mint: 1) Roma

AR Denarius Reference(s) 1) B1, O2, R1, T3 RIC IVii 1, C 1 2) B1, O3, R3, T2 RIC IVii 3, C 10

AE Sestertius 3) B1, O1, R1, T3 Exe: SC RIC IVii 6, C 5 4) B1, O3, R1, T3 Exe: SC RIC IVii 11, C 7 5) B1, O3, R5, T2 RIC IVii 13, C 14 6) B1, O3, R5, T3 RIC IVii 9, C 14

To find any Roman personage of the third century whose coins are more readily available in bronze denominations rather than silver is a bit anachronistic for the period. Yet that is what we have here with this little-known Caesar. These bronzes come in two predominant sizes but weights vary and there are no radiate portraits so we’ll assume the Dupondius was not part of the lineup. Either one should cost in the low hundreds for a relatively collectible specimen. The Denarius is much rarer than a three-year reign during this period might suggest. They go for $500-$1,000 a piece.

240

Gordian I

Augustus 238

AE As Reference(s) 7) B1, O3, R1, T3 Exe: SC RIC IVii 7, C 8 8) B1, O3, R5, T2 RIC IVii 14, C 15

Maximus Bust Maximus Types

Gordian came from an influential Roman family and had served in several high-ranking posts. He was appointed Governor of Carthage and some years into his duties a serious tax revolt erupted because of the drastic taxing Maximinus was imposing to fund his war machine. The elderly Gordian saw that the revolt would culminate in his own death unless he took action. In a life-saving marketing move he came across as the friend of the people

and equally disgusted with the situation and was named emperor. The Roman Senate went along with this since they much preferred him to Maximinus.

Although he made preparations to go to Rome, Gordian and his son (who he made co-Augustus) were unable to overcome the obstacle that was the neighboring Governor of Numidia, Capellianus, a long-time rival of Gordian. Because Capellianus was in command of the only legion in Africa he remained loyal to Maximinus if only to spite his nemesis. He sent the legion against the Gordians whose army consisted of nothing but undisciplined militia men and, as expected, were crushed almost immediately. With all hope lost he hung himself at the age of 87.

Bust: 1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) IMP M ANT GORDIANVS AFR AVG

Reverses: 1) PM TR P COS PP 2) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 3) ROMAE AETERNAE 4) SECVRITAS AVGG 5) VIRTVS AVGG 6) VIRT EXERCIT

Types: 1) Gordian I standing left, holding branch and scepter. 2) Gordian I standing left, sacrificing over altar. 3) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 4) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 5) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 6) Securitas seated left, holding scepter. 7) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 8) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear 9) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear.

Mint: 1) Roma

For having been in power for less than two months it is to be expected that coins of Gordian senior and junior would be very hard to come by. And certainly, they are much more difficult to locate than the fairly rare duo of emperors that was to follow them, Pupienus and Balbinus, who ruled for not much more than that. The good news is that for the most part the coins that have come to market in recent years tend to be higher grade material. The bad news is the price, which can invariably be expected to reach at least a thousand dollars per piece and often quite a bit more than that.

241 AR Denarius Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC IVii 1 2) B1, O1, R3, T5 RIC IVii 4, C 8 3) B1, O1, R4, T6 RIC IVii 5

AR Sestertius 4) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC IVii 7, C 3 5) B1, O1, R2, T4 RIC IVii 9, C 6 6) B1, O1, R4, T6 RIC IVii 11, C 11 7) B1, O1, R7, T7 RIC IVii 12, C 14

Gordian I Bust

Gordian I Types

242

Gordian II

Augustus 238

Gordian was the son of the father of the same name. He led a hopelessly outclassed militia army against a Roman legion headed by Capellianus and died in battle.

Bust: 1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AFR AVG 2) IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AFR AVG

Reverses: 1) PM TR P COS PP 2) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 3) ROMAE AETERNAE 4) SECVRITAS AVGG 5) VICTORIA AVGG 6) VIRTVS AVGG

Types: 1) Gordian I standing left, holding branch and scepter 2) Providentia standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 3) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear 4) Securitas seated left, holding scepter 5) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 6) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.

Mint: 1) Roma

AR Denarius Reference(s) 1) B1, O2, R1, T1 RIC IVii 1 2) B1, O2, R3, T3 RIC IVii 4, C 8 3) B1, O2, R4, T4 RIC IVii 5

AE Sestertius 4) B1, O2, R1, T1 RIC IVii 7, C 3 5) B1, O2, R2, T2 RIC IVii 9, C 6 6) B1, O2, R4, T4 Exe: SC RIC IVii 11, C 11 7) B1, O2, R5, T5 RIC IVii 12, C 14

Gordian II Bust

Gordian II Types

There isn’t really much to say regarding Gordian II that hasn’t already been said for Gordian I. Both had exactly the same amount of minting time – which was about three months – and number of coins struck in their name. Because both father and son used the same legends they can only be differentiated by the style of the portrait. The easiest way to tell who is who is by observing the hairline features. Gordian I is shown bald forward of the top of his laurel wreath while the younger Gordian retains a full head of hair.

243

Balbinus

Augustus 238

Balbinus was one of the two nominees to the transfer of power following the disappointing crushing of the revolt led by Gordian I and II. As they were both chosen by the Senate to protect their own interests, both the Praetorian Guard as well as the public in general found the decision intolerable. Instead, they had wanted for a successor of pedigree. Understanding that gaining the support of the civilians and army was essential, they then found

the teenager grandson of Gordian I and named him Caesar. Balbinus for his part had a deep mistrust for Pupienus (who felt likewise about Balbinus) and the two never got along despite public appearances to the contrary. The Praetorian Guard got whipped up into an unrelated frenzy but vented on the hapless two because they were such easy targets. Both were thus killed on the same day after a reign of only about three months.

Busts: 1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C D CAEL BALBINVS AVG 2) IMP CAES D CAEL BALBINVS AVG

Reverses: 1) CONCORDIA AVGG 2) FELICITAS AVGVSTORVM 3) FELICITAS TEMPORV AVGG 4) FIDES MVTVA AVGG 5) IOVI CONSERVATORI 6) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTORVM 7) PAX PVBLICA 8) PIETAS MVTVA AVGG 9) PM TR P COS II PP 10) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 11) VICTORIA AVGG

Types: 1) Balbinus, Pupienus and Gordian III seated left on platform, accompanied by soldier and Liberalitas, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen to lower

right. 2) Balbinus standing left, holding branch and parazonium. 3) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 4) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter. 5) Hands, in handshake. 6) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 7) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 8) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter. 9) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 10) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and palm. 11) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within.

Mint: 1) Roma

AR Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B2, O2, R01, T05 RIC IVii 10, C 3 2) B2, O2, R04, T05 RIC IVii 11 3) B2, O2, R07, T08 4) B2, O2, R08, T05 RIC IVii 12, C 17

AR Denarius 5) B1, O1, R01, T03 RIC IVii 1 6) B1, O1, R05, T06 RIC IVii 2, C 8 7) B1, O1, R09, T02 RIC IVii 5, C 20 8) B1, O1, R10, T09 RIC IVii 7, C 23 9) B1, O1, R11, T10 RIC IVii 8, C 27

Despite being fairly scarce, most of the silver coins of this emperor appear on the market very well preserved. Bronzes are available too but are in the usual states of preservation for these types of coins. The Denarii and Antoniniani are available with roughly equal frequency and the denomination itself is not usually a factor in the price. The going rate for one of these being in the mid-hundreds a piece.

244 AE Sestertius Reference(s) 10) B1, O2, R06, T07 RIC IVii 15, C 11 11) B1, O2, R09, T02 RIC IVii 16, C 21 12) B1, O2, R10, T09 RIC IVii 19, C 24 13) B1, O2, R11, T10 RIC IVii 25, C 29

AE Dupondius 14) B2, O2, R05, T06 RIC IVii 13, C 9

AE As 15) B1, O2, R01, T03 Exe: SC RIC IVii 23, C 5

Balbinus Busts

Balbinus Types

245

Pupienus

Augustus 238

One of the joint emperors along with Balbinus, Pupienus's short career as emperor began when the rebellion of the Gordiani in Northern Africa failed. The Senate fearful of the oncoming army of Maximinus hastily hailed both as the new Augusti. While Balbinus was left in charge of consolidating power in Rome, Pupienus led an army to meet Maximinus. Following good advice from his generals, Maximinus fell into a

trap and his angry soldiers murdered him and pledged allegiance to the army of Pupienus. On his return, however, Pupienus was not received as a hero but rather as a puppet of the Senate. Add to this a deep mistrust of and by Balbinus that was evident to the Praetorian Guard and the whole issue was put to rest when the latter massacred both of them on the same day.

Busts: 1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C M CLOD PVPIENVS AVG 2) IMP CAES M CLOD PVPIENVS AVG 3) IMP CAES PVPIEN MAXIMVS AVG

Reverses: 1) AMOR MVTVVS AVGG 2) CARITAS MVTVA AVGG 3) CONCORDIA AVGG 4) IOVI CONSERVATORI 5) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTORVM 6) PATRES SENATVS 7) PAX PVBLICA 8) PM TR P COS II PP 9) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 10) VICTORIA AVGG 11) No legend

Types: 1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 2) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter 3) Hands, in handshake 4) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 5) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 6) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter. 7) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia 8) Pupienus standing left, holding branch and parazonium 9) Pupienus, Balbinus and Gordian III seated left on platform, accompanied by Liberalitas, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen on steps to lower left 10) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 11) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and palm. 12) Wreath, VOTIS / DECENNA / LIBVS within.

Mint: 1) Roma

AR Denarius Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R03, T01 RIC IVii 1, C 6 2) B1, O1, R07, T06 RIC IVii 4, C 22 3) B1, O1, R08, T08 RIC IVii 5, C 29 4) B1, O2, R05, T05 RIC IVii 3 5) B1, O2, R08, T02 RIC IVii 6, C 26

AR Antoninianus 6) B2, O2, R01, T03 RIC IVii 9a, C 1 7) B2, O2, R06, T03 RIC IVii 11a, C 19 8) B2, O3, R02, T03 RIC IVii 10b, C 3 9) B2, O3, R03, T03 C 5 10) B2, O3, R06, T03 RIC IVii 11b, C 21

When it comes to coins, Pupienus is often mentioned in the same breath as Balbinus. That’s because the two shared the limelight for an equally short period of time. Still for as short as those days were they sure kept the mint in Rome working hard. Hundreds, or perhaps thousands, of coins of the two survive to this day and many of those are fully mint state or nearly so. But don’t let that fool you. Although not especially hard to find, a coin of either of these two will still cost hundreds of dollars each.

246 AE Sestertius Reference(s) 11) B1, O2, R05, T05 RIC IVii 14, C 15 12) B1, O2, R07, T07 Exe: SC RIC IVii 22a, C 23 13) B1, O2, R09, T07 RIC IVii 17, C 34 14) B1, O2, R10, T11 RIC IVii 23a, C 38

AE Dupondius 15) B2, O2, R11, T11 RIC IVii 24, C 39 16) B2, O2, R12, T12 RIC IVii 19

Pupienus Busts

Pupienus Types

247

Gordian III

Augustus 238-244

When the revolt of Gordian I & II in Northern Africa failed the Senate appointed Pupienus and Balbinus as joint emperors. However, this choice proved to be so unpopular that the Senate sought and found the grandson of Gordian I and named him Caesar so as to give an air of a dynastic lineage. Balbinus and Pupienus were murdered soon after leaving the teenage Gordian I as sole emperor. Gordian III then spent the next several years in

relative obscurity participating in various wars. He was killed by agents of his Praetorian Prefect, Philip, who had ambitions to become emperor himself.

Busts: 1) Bare-headed, draped bust right 2) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 3) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over left shoulder 4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding Victory and scepter. 5) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left. 6) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 7) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 8) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C M ANT GORDIANVS AVG 2) IMP CAES GORDIANVS PIVS AVG 3) IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AVG 4) IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS PIVS AVG 5) IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG 6) IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FELIX AVG 7) M ANT GORDIANVS CAES

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTI 3) ADVENTVS AVG 4) AEQVITAS AVG 5) AEQVITAS AVGG 6) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI 7) AETERNITAS AVGVSTI 8) AETERNITATI AVG 9) ANNONA AVGG 10) APOL CONSERVAT 11) CONCORDIA AVG 12) CONCORDIA AVGG 13) CONCORDIA MILIT 14) DIANA LVCIFERA 15) FELICIT TEMP 16) FELICIT TEMPOR 17) FELICITAS PVBLICA 18) FELICITAS TEMPORVM 19) FIDES EXERCITVS 20) FIDES MILIT AG 21) FIDES MILITVM 22) FORT REDVX 23) FORTVNA AVG 24) FORTVNA REDVX 25) IOVI CONSERVATORI 26) IOVI STATORI 27) IOVIS STATOR 28) LAETIT FVNDAT 29) LAETITIA AVG N 30) LIBERALITAS AVG 31) LIBERALITAS AVG II 32) LIBERALITAS AVG III 33) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII 34) LIBERALITAS AVGG III 35) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI II 36) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI III 37) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTORVM 38) LIBERTAS AVGG 39) MARS PROPVG 40) MARS PROPVGNAT 41) MARTEM POPVGNATOREM 42) MARTI PACIFERO 43) MVNIFICENTIA GORDIANI AVG 44) ORIENS AVG 45) PAX AETERNA 46) PAX AVGSTI

47) PAX AVGVS 48) PAX AVGVSTI 49) PIETAS AVGG 50) PIETAS AVGVSTI 51) PM TR I P CON PP 52) PM TR P II COS 53) PM TR P II COS PP 54) PM TR P III COS II PP 55) PM TR P III COS PP 56) PM TR P III COS PP 57) PM TR P IIII COS II PP 58) PM TR P IIII COS PP 59) PM TR P V COS II PP 60) PM TR P V N COS III PP 61) PM TR P VI COS II PP 62) PM TR P VII COS II PP 63) POMAE AETERNAE 64) PONTIFEX MAX TR P III 65) PONTIFEX MAX TR P IIII 66) PRINCIPI IVVENT 67) PROVID AVG

Of all the ancient Roman coins, the silver Antoniniani of Gordian III are the cheapest and easiest to find. In fact, they are so cheap that even the collector on a limited budget need not settle for lower grade specimens. Several different types may be found in a condition similar to what they looked like shortly after being minted nearly 1,800 years ago for $20 or $30 and often less than that on the Internet. Gordian III was also the last emperor who struck the Denarius which had been until then one of the longest lived fixtures in the then-known world economies. The cheaper to make but twice as nominally valuable Antoninianus spelled doom for the venerable Denarius. It also started the quick downfall of the economy of the Roman empire. Within another 20 years silver practically vanished from circulation to be replaced with intrinsically worthless money. Happily, the last of the Denarii (a handful were made by later emperors on special occasions) are also inexpensive even in pristine condition. Ironically, the large bronze coins of the previous century become increasingly scarce and would be largely elminated within the next decade or so.

248 68) PROVIDENT AVG 69) PROVIDENTI AVG 70) PROVIDENTIA AVG 71) PVDICITIA AVG 72) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 73) ROMAE AETERNAE 74) SAECVLARES AVGG 75) SAECVLI FELICITAS 76) SALVS AVG 77) SALVS AVGVSTI 78) SECVRIT PERP 79) SECVRIT PERPET 80) SECVRIT PERPETVA 81) SECVRITAS AVG

82) SECVRITAS PERPETVA 83) SECVRITAS PVBLICA 84) SPES PVPLICA 85) TRAIECTVS AVG 86) VENVS VICTRIX 87) VICTOR AETER 88) VICTORIA AETER 89) VICTORIA AETERNA 90) VICTORIA AVG 91) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 92) VICTORIA GORDIANI AVG 93) VIRTVS AVG 94) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 95) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI

Types: 1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 4) Apollo seated left, holding branch and resting hand on lyre. 5) Colosseum with bull and elephant wrestling inside; Colossus of Nero and Meta Sudans on either side. 6) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 7) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 8) Concordia standing left, holding globe and scepter. 9) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 10) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 11) Diana standing right, holding torch with both hands. 12) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 13) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus. 14) Fides seated left, holding standard and cornucopia. 15) Fides standing left, holding standard and cornucopia. 16) Fides standing left, holding standard. 17) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter. 18) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand. 19) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 20) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair. 21) Galley sailing right. 22) Gordian III and Tranquillina seated left, raising hands. 23) Gordian III riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; Victory to left, holding wreath and palm. 24) Gordian III riding horse left, raising hand 25) Gordian III riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 26) Gordian III riding horse right, raising hand 27) Gordian III riding horse right, raising hand and holding scepter 28) Gordian III riding horse right, spearing enemy. 29) Gordian III riding horse right. 30) Gordian III riding oncoming quadriga; two soldiers in front, on left and right, leading the horses by bridle. 31) Gordian III riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter, being crowned by Victory; two soldiers leading the horses. 32) Gordian III riding quadriga left, holding patera. 33) Gordian III riding quadriga right, holding scepter with eagle atop. 34) Gordian III seated left on platform, accompanied by two lictors; citizen on steps to lower left. 35) Gordian III seated left, being crowned by Victory to right, facing Pax standing to left, holding branch; two standards in background. 36) Gordian III seated left, being crowned by Victory to right, facing Virtus to left, holding shield and branch with two standards in background. 37) Gordian III seated left, being crowned by Victory to right, facing Pax standing to left, holding branch 38) Gordian III standing left on right, receiving globe from Sol to left and being crowned by Virtus to right; two standards in center background, two captives

seated below and soldier on left, holding spear and vexillum. 39) Gordian III standing left on right, sacrificing over altar, Nike standing behind crowning him; Sol riding oncoming quadriga in center with Tigris and Euphrates

laying to center left. 40) Gordian III standing left, holding globe and scepter. 41) Gordian III standing left, holding hand of kneeling woman. 42) Gordian III standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 43) Gordian III standing right on platform, facing three soldiers; horse and standards in background. 44) Gordian III standing right, holding spear and globe. 45) Hercules standing right, holding club and bow. 46) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin. 47) Jupiter seated left, holding globe; eagle to left. 48) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 49) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left. 50) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Gordian III to lower left. 51) Jupiter standing, facing, holding scepter and thunderbolt. 52) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor 53) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 54) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and two cornucopiae. 55) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter. 56) Lion advancing right 57) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 58) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 59) Mars standing, facing, holding spear and shield 60) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coin piles by feet. 61) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 62) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. 63) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 64) Pietas standing, facing, raising hands. 65) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 66) Providentia standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 67) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 68) Providentia standing left, raising hand over globe and holding scepter

249 69) Providentia standing, facing, holding globe and scepter. 70) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter 71) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 72) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged 73) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 74) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand. 75) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand; altar to left. 76) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter. 77) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding scepter 78) Sol standing, facing, holding globe and whip. 79) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe. 80) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 81) Venus standing left, holding helmet and cradling scepter; shield to right. 82) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 83) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 84) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm; seated captive to lower left. 85) Virtus standing, facing, holding branch and spear; shield to left. 86) Virtus standing, facing, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 87) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B6 O3 R03 T27 Curtis Clay collection 2) B6 O3 R30 T53 RIC IViii 42, C 129 3) B6 O5 R08 T79 RIC IViii 97, C 37 4) B6 O5 R14 T11 RIC IViii 121, C 39 5) B6 O5 R95 T46 RIC IViii 108, C 401

AR Antoninianus 6) B7 O5 R21 T18 RIC IViii 209, C 92 7) B7 O5 R24 T19 RIC IViii 210, C 98 8) B7 O5 R42 T57 RIC IViii 212, C 162 9) B7 O5 R44 T79 RIC IViii 213, C 167 10) B7 O5 R48 T61 RIC IViii 214e, C 179 11) B7 O5 R59 T45 RIC IViii 206e, C 264 12) B7 O5 R75 T44 RIC IViii 216, C 319 13) B8 O2 R04 T02 RIC IViii 51, C 22 14) B8 O2 R11 T07 RIC IViii 52, C 53 15) B8 O2 R31 T54 RIC IViii 53, C 133 16) B8 O2 R53 T42 RIC IViii 54, C 212 17) B8 O2 R73 T71 RIC IViii 55, C 313 18) B8 O2 R93 T86 RIC IViii 56, C 386 19) B8 O3 R04 T02 RIC IViii 34, C 17 20) B8 O3 R11 T06 RIC IViii 180, C 52 21) B8 O3 R11 T07 RIC IViii 35, C 50 22) B8 O3 R11 T10 RIC IViii 178a, C 58 23) B8 O3 R20 T17 24) B8 O3 R21 T15 RIC IViii 183a, C 90 25) B8 O3 R21 T17 RIC IViii 1, C 86 26) B8 O3 R25 T50 RIC IViii 2, C 105 27) B8 O3 R31 T54 RIC IViii 36, C 130 28) B8 O3 R31 T55 RIC IViii 187a, C 126 29) B8 O3 R48 T63 RIC IViii 3, C 173 30) B8 O3 R51 T42 RIC IViii 169, C 187 31) B8 O3 R51 T77 Curtis Clay collection 32) B8 O3 R52 T33 Curtis Clay Collection 33) B8 O3 R53 T17 RIC IViii 15, C 205 34) B8 O3 R53 T32 35) B8 O3 R53 T42 RIC IViii 37, C 210 36) B8 O3 R53 T47 RIC IViii 27, C 190 37) B8 O3 R53 T50 RIC IViii 16, C 189 38) B8 O3 R53 T63 RIC IViii 17, C 203 39) B8 O3 R53 T69 RIC IViii 18, C 196 40) B8 O3 R53 T70 RIC IViii 172, C 196 41) B8 O3 R53 T82 RIC IViii 19, C 199 42) B8 O3 R53 T86 RIC IViii 20, C 194 43) B8 O3 R62 T58 RIC IViii 167a, C 280 44) B8 O3 R70 T69 RIC IViii 4, C 302 45) B8 O3 R73 T71 RIC IViii 38, C 312 46) B8 O3 R90 T83 RIC IViii 5, C 357 47) B8 O3 R93 T86 RIC IViii 6, C 381 48) B8 O5 R04 T02 RIC IViii 63, C 25 49) B8 O5 R08 T79 RIC IViii 83, C 41 50) B8 O5 R11 T07 RIC IViii 64, C 52 51) B8 O5 R13 T07 RIC IViii 65, C 62 52) B8 O5 R15 T12 RIC IViii 140, C 71 53) B8 O5 R16 T12 RIC IViii 141, C 72 54) B8 O5 R18 T12 RIC IViii 142, C 81 55) B8 O5 R21 T19 RIC IViii 143, C 97 56) B8 O5 R23 T21 RIC IViii 144, C 98 57) B8 O5 R25 T52 RIC IViii 84, C 109

250 58) B8 O5 R26 T52 RIC IViii 85, C 115 59) B8 O5 R28 T53 RIC IViii 86, C 121 60) B8 O5 R31 T54 RIC IViii 67, C 142 61) B8 O5 R38 T59 RIC IViii 145, C 155 62) B8 O5 R39 T59 RIC IViii 146, C 156 63) B8 O5 R40 T59 RIC IViii 147, C 160 64) B8 O5 R47 T62 RIC IViii 214b, C 179 65) B8 O5 R51 T43 RIC IViii 68, C 216 66) B8 O5 R53 T45 RIC IViii 91, C 242 67) B8 O5 R54 T04 RIC IViii 87, C 237 68) B8 O5 R56 T04 RIC IViii 88, C 250 69) B8 O5 R58 T04 RIC IViii 89, C 262 70) B8 O5 R58 T45 RIC IViii 93, C 266 71) B8 O5 R60 T04 RIC IViii 90, C 272 72) B8 O5 R60 T45 RIC IViii 94, C 276 73) B8 O5 R66 T68 RIC IViii 148, C 296 74) B8 O5 R67 T68 RIC IViii 149, C 298 75) B8 O5 R69 T68 RIC IViii 150, C 299 76) B8 O5 R72 T72 RIC IViii 70, C 314 77) B8 O5 R77 T77 RIC IViii 151, C 327 78) B8 O5 R78 T77 RIC IViii 152, C 328 79) B8 O5 R81 T77 RIC IViii 153, C 336 80) B8 O5 R86 T85 RIC IViii 154, C 348 81) B8 O5 R87 T85 RIC IViii 155, C 349 82) B8 O5 R88 T85 RIC IViii 156, C 353 83) B8 O5 R92 T86 RIC IViii 71, C 388 84) B8 O5 R94 T47 RIC IViii 95, C 404

AR Denarius Reference(s) 85) B1 O7 R48 T73 RIC IVii 1, C 182 86) B6 O5 R08 T80 RIC IViii 111, C 39 87) B6 O5 R14 T11 RIC IViii 127, C 69 88) B6 O5 R26 T52 RIC IViii 112, C 113 89) B6 O5 R28 T53 RIC IViii 113, C 120 90) B6 O5 R49 T65 RIC IViii 129, C 186 91) B6 O5 R53 T04 RIC IViii 114, C 238 92) B6 O5 R53 T45 RIC IViii 115, C 243 93) B6 O5 R54 T25 RIC IViii 81, C 234 94) B6 O5 R76 T74 RIC IViii 129a, C 325 95) B6 O5 R82 T75 RIC IViii 130, C 340 96) B6 O5 R85 T82 RIC IViii 131, C 347 97) B6 O5 R94 T47 RIC IViii 116, C 403

AR Quinarius 98) B6 O5 R13 T07 RIC IViii 75, C 63

AE Medallion 99) B2 O6 R44 T40 100) B2 O6 R93 T31 101) B3 O6 R64 T31 102) B4 O6 R42 T05

AE Sestertius 103) B6 O3 R20 T17 RIC IViii 254, C 89 104) B6 O3 R30 T55 RIC IViii 269a, C 136 105) B6 O3 R89 T83 RIC IViii 258a, C 538 106) B6 O5 R04 T02 RIC IViii 286a, C 26 107) B6 O5 R08 T81 RIC IViii 297a, C 43 108) B6 O5 R23 T21 RIC IViii 331a, C 99 109) B6 O5 R26 T51 RIC IViii 298a, C 111 110) B6 O5 R28 T53 RIC IViii 300a, C 122 111) B6 O5 R41 T58 RIC IViii 333, C 161 112) B6 O5 R51 T43 RIC IViii 291, C 217 113) B6 O5 R58 T45 RIC IViii 307a, C 267 114) B6 O5 R59 T04 RIC IViii 303a, C 262 115) B6 O5 R78 T76 RIC IViii 335a, C 329 116) B6 O5 R81 T74 RIC IViii 311a, C 333 117) B6 O5 R87 T85 RIC IViii 337a, C 351 118) B6 O5 R88 T85 RIC IViii 338a, C 354 119) B6 O5 R91 T23 Exe: SC RIC IVii 325, C 377 120) B6 O6 R08 T80 RIC IViii 297 anecdotal 121) B6 O7 R49 T72 Exe: SC RIC IVii 3, C 183

AE As 122) B6 O3 R04 T02 RIC IViii 267b, C 89 123) B6 O3 R53 T71 Exe: SC RIC IViii 264b, C 208 124) B6 O5 R64 T32 RIC IViii 321a, C 289 125) B6 O5 R93 T36 RIC IViii 326 126) B6 O6 R78 T77 RIC IViii 335c

251

Gordian III Busts

Gordian III Types

252 Gordian III Types (continued)

253

Tranquillina

? - ?

Wife of Gordian III.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust left 2) Diademed, draped bust right 3) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverse:

1) SABINIA TRANQVILLINA AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVGG 2) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM 3) FELICITAS TEMPORVM

Types:

1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopiae 2) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 3) Tranquillina standing right on left, shaking hands with Gordian III to right

Mint:

1) Roma

AR Antoninianus Reference(s)

1) B3 O1 R1 T3 RIC 250 (IViii, Gordian III)

AR Denarius

2) B2 O1 R1 T1 RIC 252 (IViii, Gordian III)

Tranquillina Busts

Tranquillina Types

While Greek bronzes honoring Gordian’s wife abound, Rome is much less effusive in recognizing the empress. Those coins that have come to light and offered for sale are outrageously expensive. In the lot listings of recent numismatic auction catalogs only two have sold; a Denarius for $5,000 and an Antoninianus for $10,000.

254

Philip I

Augustus 244-249

Gordian III was a fairly popular ruler when Philip, a Romanized Arabian, was selected as Praetorian Prefect. This was a highly influential post and one of Philip's duties under Gordian was the control of military supply logistics. Because he was ambitious and longed to be emperor himself he manipulated and purposefully mismanaged the soldiers' food supply in hopes of pinning the blame on the emperor. This worked quite

well and the hungry soldiers mutinied and killed Gordian. Before the treasonous conspiracy could be investigated, Philip finished the game plan by proclaiming himself emperor and the Senate went along.

Philip turned out to be a successful leader on the battlefield. He negotiated a peace treaty with the Persians and headed back to Rome. When new revolts sprouted along the Danube, he sent off Trajan Decius to take care of them. This was poor judgment on his part because Decius would wind up doing such a good job that his soldiers arbitrarily promoted him to Augustus. Philip mustered an army to take on Decius but was beaten and killed in the battle.

Busts: 1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 3) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left 4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM 2) IMP C M IVL PHILIPPVS PF AVG PM 3) IMP CAES M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG 4) IMP IVL PHILIPPVS PIVS FEL AVG PM 5) IMP IVL PHILIPPVS PIVS FELIX AVG PM 6) IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG 7) IMP PHILIPPVS AVG 8) M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG M IVL PHILIPPVS N C

Reverses: 1) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTORVM 2) ADVENTVS AVGG 3) AEQVITAS AVG 4) AEQVITAS AVGG 5) AEQVITAS AVGVSTI 6) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 7) AETERNIT IMPERI 8) AETERNITAS AVGG 9) AETERNITATI AVGG 10) ANNONA AVGG 11) CONCORDIA AVGG 12) COS II PP 13) DE PIA MATRE PIVS FILIVS 14) FELICIT TEMPOR 15) FELICITAS TEMP 16) FID EXERCIT 17) FIDES EXERCITVS 18) FIDES MILIT 19) FIDES MILITVM 20) FORTVNA REDVX 21) IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG 22) IMP PHILIPPVS AVG 23) IOVI STATORI 24) LAET FVNDATA 25) LAETIT FVNDAT 26) LAETITIA AVG N 27) LIBERALITAS AVG 28) LIBERALITAS AVG II 29) LIBERALITAS AVG III 30) LIBERALITAS AVGG II 31) MARCIA OTACIL SEVERA AVG 32) MILIARIVM SAECVLVM 33) NOBILITAS AVGG 34) PACE FVNDATA 35) PAX AETERN 36) PAX AETERNA 37) PAX AVG 38) PAX AVGVSTI 39) PAX FVNDATA 40) PIETAS AVGG

41) PM TR P COS PP 42) PM TR P II COS PP 43) PM TR P III COS II PP 44) PM TR P III COS PP 45) PM TR P IIII COS II PP 46) PM TR P IIII COS PP 47) PM TR P V COS II PP 48) PM TR P V COS III PP 49) PM TR P VI COS PP 50) PONTIFEX MAX TR P V COS III PP 51) PROVIDENT AVG 52) PROVIDENTIA AVG 53) ROMAE AETERNAE 54) SACVLVM NOVVM 55) SAECVLARES AVGG 56) SALVS AVG 57) SALVS AVGG 58) SECVRIT ORBIS 59) SECVRITAS ORBIS 60) SPES FELICTATIS ORBIS 61) SPES PVBLICA 62) TRANQVILLITAS AVGG 63) VICTORIA AVG 64) VICTORIA AVGG 65) VICTORIA CARPICA 66) VIRTVS AVG 67) VIRTVS AVGG 68) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 69) No legend

Philip I is another very common emperor. The bulk of his coins are represented in the Antoniniani of which there are many reverse types. Larger bronzes are also relatively common but choice specimens are very rare. Philip is also the last emperor to mint the legendary Denarius. The denomination had been run out of the economy slowly over the past couple of decades and essentially stopped under Gordian III. For old times’ sakes Philip made a few more which today are extreme rarities, probably even rarer than his Aurei but no less expensive. But for “the people’s coins” you will find that a well preserved Antoninianus can usually be found for less than fifty dollars. For what it’s worth, a look on Ebay on any given day is bound to show over 100 coins of Philip I on auction.

255 Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over galley prow and cornucopia. 3) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 4) Antelope advancing left. 5) Antelope advancing right 6) Apollo seated left, holding branch and resting arm on lyre. 7) Cippus reading COS / III 8) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 9) Concordia seated left, holding scale and cornucopia. 10) Concordia seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 11) Concordia standing left, holding patera and scepter. 12) Deer advancing left. 13) Deer advancing right. 14) Elephant (with rider) advancing left 15) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 16) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand. 17) Fides standing left, holding scepter and standard. 18) Fides standing left, holding vexillum and standard. 19) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair. 20) Goat advancing left. 21) Hippopotamus standing right 22) Jupiter standing, facing, holding scepter and thunderbolt 23) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 24) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder 25) Laetitia standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding patera and rudder 26) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 27) Lion advancing left 28) Lion advancing right 29) Mars standing left, holding branch and resting hand on shield. 30) Minerva standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch 31) Nobilitas standing left, holding scepter and globe. 32) Nobilitas standing right, holding scepter and globe 33) Otacilia Severa diademed, draped bust right on crescent. 34) Otacilia Severa diademed, draped bust right. 35) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 36) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 37) Philip I advancing left, among three soldiers; two standards in background. 38) Philip I and Philip II each riding a horse right, raising hand and one holding a spear. 39) Philip I and Philip II riding oncoming quadriga; one holding branch and being crowned by Victory and the other raising hand; soldier on each side. 40) Philip I and Philip II seated left on platform accompanied by Liberalitas, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen on steps to lower left. 41) Philip I riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 42) Philip I seated left, holding globe and scepter. 43) Philip I standing left, sacrificing over altar. 44) Philip I standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; three soldiers standing by and two standards in background. 45) Philip II laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, facing Otacilia Severa diademed, draped bust left. 46) Philip II laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right. 47) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 48) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter; altar to left. 49) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder. 50) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 51) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand. 52) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 53) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe. 54) Spes advancing left, holding spear and raising skirt. 55) Standards (4) 56) Temple with (6) columns; Roma standing within. 57) Temple with (8) columns, Roma standing within. 58) Tranquillitas standing left, holding Capricornus and scepter. 59) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 60) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 61) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 62) Virtus seated left, holding branch and spear. 63) Virtus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch and spear. 64) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 65) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus 66) Wolf standing right, right, suckling Romulus and Remus 67) Wreath, FELI / CITAS / IMPP within. 68) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within.

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Asia, locality uncertain

3) Roma 4) Viminacium

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O6, R10, T03 RIC IViii 28a, C 23 2) B1, O6, R18, T17 RIC IViii 32a, C 56 3) B1, O6, R54, T46 RIC IViii 44a, C 168 4) B1, O7, R34, T01 5) B1, O7, R56, T07 RIC IViii 24a, C 191

256 AU Quinarius Reference(s) 6) B1, O6, R18, T17 RIC IViii 32a, C 56

AR Antoninianus 7) B2, O6, R02, T41 RIC IViii 81, C 4 8) B2, O6, R11, T08 RIC IViii 83 9) B2, O6, R46, T15 RIC IViii 76, C 135 10) B3, O6, R53, T47 RIC IViii 85, C 167 11) B4, O2, R39, T36 RIC IViii 69, C 113 12) B4, O2, R60, T54 RIC IViii 70, C 221 13) B4, O2, R68, T64 RIC IViii 71, C 243 14) B4, O6, R02, T41 RIC IViii 26b, C 3 15) B4, O6, R03, T01 16) B4, O6, R04, T01 RIC IViii 27b, C 9 17) B4, O6, R10, T02 RIC IViii 29, C 32 18) B4, O6, R10, T03 RIC IViii 28c, C 25 19) B4, O6, R15, T15 RIC IViii 31, C 43 20) B4, O6, R18, T16 RIC IViii 32b, C 55 21) B4, O6, R18, T17 RIC IViii 33b, C 54 22) B4, O6, R19, T16 RIC IViii 34b, C 58 23) B4, O6, R24, T24 RIC IViii 35b, C 72 24) B4, O6, R28, T26 RIC IViii 38b, C 87 25) B4, O6, R28, T26 RIC IViii 38b, C 87 26) B4, O6, R35, T35 RIC IViii 41, C 102 27) B4, O6, R35, T36 RIC IViii 40b, C 103 28) B4, O6, R42, T42 RIC IViii 2b 29) B4, O6, R44, T15 RIC IViii 3, C 124 30) B4, O6, R45, T15 RIC IViii 4, C 136 31) B4, O6, R46, T15 RIC IViii 75a, C 130 32) B4, O6, R49, T15 RIC IViii 78, C 155 33) B4, O6, R49, T27 34) B4, O6, R53, T47 RIC IViii 44b, C 169 35) B4, O6, R53, T48 RIC IViii 45, C 170 36) B4, O6, R56, T49 RIC IViii 47b, C 205 37) B4, O6, R58, T51 RIC IViii 48b, C 215 38) B4, O6, R60, T54 RIC IViii 73, C 220 39) B4, O6, R62, T59 RIC IViii 50, C 231 40) B4, O6, R62, T60 RIC IViii 49b, C 227 41) B4, O6, R62, T61 RIC IViii 51, C 235 42) B4, O6, R66, T62 RIC IViii 53, C 240 43) B4, O6, R66, T63 RIC IViii 52, C 239 44) B4, O6, R68, T64 RIC IViii 74, C 245 45) B4, O7, R04, T01 RIC IViii 57, C 12 46) B4, O7, R08, T14 RIC IViii 58, C 17 47) B4, O7, R10, T03 RIC IViii 59, C 33 48) B4, O7, R17, T18 RIC IViii 61, C 49 49) B4, O7, R17, T54 RIC IViii 62, C 50 50) B4, O7, R17, T54 RIC IViii 84a 51) B4, O7, R20, T18 RIC IViii 63b, C 65 52) B4, O7, R33, T32 RIC IViii 8, C 98 53) B4, O7, R32, T32 ¿ in left field RIC IViii 8, C 98 54) B4, O7, R45, T15 RIC IViii 5, C 137 55) B4, O7, R47, T29 A in left field RIC IViii 7, C 145 56) B4, O7, R53, T48 RIC IViii 65, C 171 57) B4, O7, R54, T56 RIC IViii 25b, C 198 58) B4, O7, R54, T56 RIC IViii 86b 59) B4, O7, R55, T04 Exe: UI RIC IViii 21, C 189 60) B4, O7, R55, T07 RIC IViii 24c, C 193 61) B4, O7, R55, T12 Exe: III RIC IViii 17, C 186 62) B4, O7, R55, T13 Exe: U RIC IViii 19, C 182 63) B4, O7, R55, T28 Exe: I RIC IViii 12 64) B4, O7, R55, T65 Exe: II RIC IViii 15, C 178 65) B4, O7, R62, T58 B in left field RIC IViii 9, C 223 66) B4, O7, R67, T38 RIC IViii 10, C 241 67) B4, O7, R69, T67 RIC IViii 60, C 39

AR Denarius 68) B1, O6, R28, T26 69) B1, O6, R40, T45 C 5

AE Medallion 70) B1, O3, R41, T44 Gnecchi 4, C 115

AE Sestertius 71) B1, O6, R04, T01 RIC IViii 166a, C 10 72) B1, O6, R08, T14 Exe: SC RIC IViii 167a, C 18 73) B1, O6, R10, T03 RIC IViii 168a, C 26 74) B1, O6, R15, T15 RIC IViii 169a, C 44 75) B1, O6, R17, T55 Exe: SC RIC IViii 171a, C 51

257 76) B1, O6, R19, T16 RIC IViii 172a, C 59 77) B1, O6, R20, T19 Exe: SC RIC IViii 174a, C 67 78) B1, O6, R24, T25 RIC IViii 176a, C 76 79) B1, O6, R28, T26 RIC IViii 180a, C 88 80) B1, O6, R39, T36 RIC IViii 184a, C 105 81) B1, O6, R42, T42 Exe: SC RIC IViii 148a, C 121 82) B1, O6, R44, T15 RIC IViii 149a, C 123 83) B1, O6, R54, T57 Exe: SC RIC IViii 164, C 201 84) B1, O6, R55, T04 Exe: SC RIC IViii 161, C 190 85) B1, O6, R55, T05 Exe: SC RIC IViii 160a, C 183 86) B1, O6, R55, T28 Exe: SC RIC IViii 158, C 176 87) B1, O6, R55, T65 Exe: SC RIC IViii 159, C 248 88) B1, O6, R58, T51 Exe: SC RIC IViii 190, C 216 89) B1, O7, R45, T15 RIC IViii 150c, C 140 90) B1, O7, R48, T42 Exe: SC RIC IViii 154a, C 151

AE Dupondius Reference(s) 91) B4, O6, R19, T16 RIC IViii 172c, C 61 92) B4, O6, R33, T32 RIC IViii 155, C 99

AE As 93) B1, O6, R19, T16 RIC IViii 172b, C 60 94) B1, O6, R28, T26 RIC IViii 180b, C 89 95) B1, O6, R55, T05 Exe: SC RIC IViii 160b,C 184 96) B1, O6, R55, T07 RIC IViii 162b, C 196

Philip I Busts

Philip I Types

258 Philip I Types (continued)

259

Otacilia Severa

? - ?

Wife of Philip I.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust left 2) Diademed, draped bust right 3) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverses:

1) M OTACIL SEVERA AVG 2) MARC OTACIL SEVERA AVG 3) MARCIA OTACIL SEVERA AVG 4) OTACIL SEVERA AVG

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) AETERNITATI AVG 3) ANNONA AVG 4) CONCORDIA AVGG 5) CONCORDIA AVGVSTI 6) FECVNDITAS TEMPORVM 7) IVNO CONSERVAT 8) IVNO CONSERVATRIX 9) IVNO LVCINA 10) MILIARVM SAECVLVM 11) PAX AVGG 12) PIETAS AVG 13) PIETAS AVG N 14) PIETAS AVGG 15) PIETAS AVGVSTAE 16) PM TR P IIII COS II PP 17) PVDICITIA AVG 18) ROMAE AETERNAE 19) SAECVLARES AVGG 20) SAECVLVM NOVVM 21) SALVS AVG 22) SECVRIT ORBIS

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 3) Antelope advancing left. 4) Cippus 5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 6) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 7) Concordia seated left, sacrificing over altar and holding two cornucopiae. 8) Fecunditas seated left, holding globe and scepter; child to left, another in background 9) Fecunditas seated left, holding grain ears and cornucopia; child to left, another in background. 10) Hippopotamus standing right 11) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 12) Otacilia Severa standing right on left, shaking hands with Philip I to right, holding scepter 13) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 14) Philip I laureate bust right facing Philip II bare head left 15) Philip I standing left, sacrificing over altar. 16) Pietas standing left, raising hand and holding incense box. 17) Pietas standing left, raising hand and holding incense box; child to left. 18) Pietas standing left, raising hand over altar and holding incense box. 19) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 20) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter. 21) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter; child to left. 22) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter; two children to left and Felicitas to right, holding caduceus and cornucopia 23) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter; altar to left. 24) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter. 25) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand. 26) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe. 27) Temple with (6) columns, Roma within.

Mints:

1) Antioch 2) Roma

While not much can be said about Otacilia the person, her coins sure are plentiful enough. This being the age of the cheap silver coins you can find her Antoniniani in any ancient coin dealer’s inventory or in online auctions. These typically go from $20-$50 for problem-free coins of little or no wear. Bronzes turn up regularly with the Sestertius probably being the most commonly available denomination. Asides from weighing considerably less than the Sestertii of a century before, they are still substantial coins.

260 AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R04, T06 RIC 125a (IViii, Philip 1), C 2 2) B2, O3, R12, T17 RIC 122a (IViii, Philip I), C 36 3) B2, O3, R17, T20 RIC 123a (IViii, Philip I), C 51

AR Antoninianus

4) B3, O1, R04, T06 RIC 125c (IViii, Philip I), C 4 5) B3, O1, R04, T07 RIC 126 (IViii, Philip I), C 17 6) B3, O1, R07, T11 RIC 127 (IViii, Philip I), C 20 7) B3, O1, R08, T11 RIC 128 (IViii, Philip I), C 21 8) B3, O1, R16, T15 9) B3, O3, R05, T12 10) B3, O3, R12, T17 RIC 122b (IViii, Philip I), C 37 11) B3, O3, R14, T19 RIC 121 (IViii, Philip I), C 34 12) B3, O3, R17, T20 RIC 123c (IViii, Philip I), C 53 13) B3, O4, R14, T19 RIC 115 (IViii, Philip I), C 39 14) B3, O4, R15, T16 RIC 130 (IViii, Philip I), C 43 15) B3, O4, R19, T10 Exe: IIII RIC 116b (IViii, Philip I), C 64

AR Denarius

16) B2, O3, R17, T20 RIC 123b (IViii, Philip I), C 52

AE Medallion

17) B1, O3, R17, T22

AE Sestertius

18) B2, O3, R04, T05 Exe: SC RIC 204 (IViii, Philip I), C 15 19) B2, O3, R04, T06 Exe: SC RIC 203a (IViii, Philip I), C 10 20) B2, O3, R14, T19 RIC 208a (IViii, Philip I), C 46 21) B2, O3, R17, T20 Exe: SC RIC 209a (IViii, Philip I), C 55 22) B2, O3, R19, T10 Exe: SC RIC 200a (IViii, Philip I), C 65 23) B2, O4, R04. T06 Exe: SC RIC 203e (IViii, Philip I), C 10

AE Dupondius

24) B2, O3, R04, T06 Exe: SC 25) B2, O3, R17, T21 Exe: SC 26) B2, O3, R19, T04 27) B2, O4, R19, T04 28) B3, O4, R19, T04

AE As

29) B2, O3, R04, T06 Exe: SC RIC 203a (IViii, Philip I), C 10 30) B2, O3, R15, T16 RIC 208b (IViii, Philip I), C 47

261

Philip II

Augustus 247-249

Otacilia Severa Busts

Otacilia Severa Types

Philip II was the son of Philip who named him co-Augustus just before he set out to fight the army of Trajan Decius. Philip was only about 10 years old and when news reached Rome of Decius's victory the boy could do little to stem the growing momentum against his father's killer. Briefly, he remained sole emperor but the troops in Rome were no match for the approaching army of Decius, especially considering that

Philip's own captured troops were now fighting alongside him. As expected, rather than fight a losing battle, the Praetorian Guard just murdered the boy and avoided the confrontation.

Busts: 1) Bare-headed, draped bust right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left 5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) M IVL PHILIPPVS CAES 2) M IVL PHILIPPVS NOBIL CAES 3) IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG 4) IMP PHILIPPVS AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) AEQVITAS AVGG 3) AETERNIT IMPERI 4) AETERNITAS AVGG 5) ANNONA AVGG 6) AVG PATRI AVG MATRI 7) CONCORDIA AVGG 8) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM 9) FELICIT IMPP 10) FIDES EXERCITVS

11) IOVI CONSERVAT 12) IOVI CONSERVATORI 13) LIBERALITAS AVG IIII 14) LIBERALITAS AVGG II 15) LIBERALITAS AVGG III 16) MILIARIVM SAECVLVM 17) PAX AETERNA 18) PIETAS AVGVSTOR 19) PIETAS AVGVSTORVM 20) PM TR P IIII COS II PP

21) PM TR P IIII COS PP 22) PM TR P VI COS PP 23) PRINCIPI IVVENT 24) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 25) ROMAE AETERNAE 26) SAECVLARES AVGG 27) SAECVLVM NOVVM 28) SPES PVBLICA 29) VIRTVS AVGG 30) No legend

The coinage series for Philip junior closely mimics that of senior in quantity and substance so that the two are equally abundant despite his father’s two-year-plus headstart.

262 Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia 3) Cippus, COS / II within 4) Cippus, COS / III within 5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 6) Elephant with rider advancing left 7) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 8) Goat advancing left 9) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 10) Lion (radiate) advancing left 11) Lion (radiate) advancing left with thunderbolt in jaws. 12) Lion (radiate) advancing right 13) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 14) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopiae 15) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 16) Philip I and Philip II seated left; emperor on left raising hand and the one on right holding scepter 17) Philip I and Philip II seated left, facing citizen 18) Philip I laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right facing Otacilia Severa diademed, draped bust left. 19) Philip II standing left, holding globe and spear. 20) Philip II standing left, holding globe and spear; seated captive to left. 21) Philip II standing left, holding globe and standard. 22) Philip II standing left, holding globe and standard; seated captive to left. 23) Philip II standing left, holding standard and spear. 24) Philip II standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 25) Philip II standing right, holding spear and globe. 26) Philip II standing right, holding spear and globe; Philip I standing to left. 27) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 28) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear 29) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 30) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 31) Standards (4) 32) Temple with (6) columns, Roma within 33) Wreath, FELICITAS IMPP within 34) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within.

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R23, T19 RIC 218a (IViii, Philip I), C 46 2) B1, O1, R23, T25 RIC 216a (IViii, Philip I), C 52 3) B2, O4, R26, T03 RIC 225 (IViii, Philip I), C 77

AR Antoninianus 4) B3, O3, R25, T28 RIC 243 (IViii, Philip I) 5) B4, O3, R20, T07 6) B5, O1, R11, T09 RIC 213 (IViii, Philip I), C 13 7) B5, O1, R23, T19 RIC 218d (IViii, Philip I), C 48 8) B5, O1, R23, T20 RIC 219 (IViii, Philip I), C 57 9) B5, O1, R23, T25 RIC 216c (IViii, Philip I), C 54 10) B5, O1, R26, T08 RIC 224 (IViii, Philip I), C 72 11) B5, O3, R01, T01 12) B5, O3, R02, T01 RIC 240a (IViii, Philip I) 13) B5, O3, R03, T29 RIC 226 (IViii, Philip I), C 6 14) B5, O3, R04, T06 RIC 246a (IViii, Philip I), C 5 15) B5, O3, R07, T05 RIC 241 (IViii, Philip I) 16) B5, O3, R17, T15 RIC 227 (IViii, Philip I) 17) B5, O3, R20, T07 RIC 233 (IViii, Philip I), C 34 18) B5, O3, R21, T07 RIC 232 (IViii, Philip I) 19) B5, O3, R22, T07 RIC 235 (IViii, Philip I) 20) B5, O3, R22, T11 21) B5, O3, R22, T24 RIC 236 (IViii, Philip I) 22) B5, O3, R26, T04 23) B5, O3, R27, T32 RIC 244 (IViii, Philip I), C 8 24) B5, O4, R15, T16 RIC 230 (IViii, Philip I), C 17 25) B5, O4, R17, T15 RIC 231c (IViii, Philip I), C 23

AR Denarius 26) B1, O1, R23, T25 RIC 216b (IViii, Philip I), C 53

AE Sestertius 27) B1, O1, R23, T19 RIC 256a (IViii, Philip I), C 49 28) B1, O1, R23, T25 RIC 255a (IViii, Philip I), C 55 29) B2, O3, R17, T15 RIC 268c (IViii, Philip I), C 25

263 30) B2, O3, R26, T08 RIC 264a (IViii, Philip I), C 73

AE As Reference(s) 31) B1, O1, R24, T23 RIC 258a (IViii, Philip I), C 62

Philip II Busts

Philip II Types

264

Pacatian

Augustus c.248-249

A very obscure emperor, Pacatian was raised by his troops as emperor in Moesia (modern-day Bulgaria) then killed by them soon after. Due to his obscurity, the coins of Pacatian command hefty auction prices.

Busts: 1) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP TI CL MAR PACATIANVS AVG 2) IMP TI CL MAR PACATIANVS FP A 3) IMP TI CL MAR PACATIANVS PF AV 4) IMP TI CL MAR PACATIANVS PF AVG 5) IMP TI CL MAR PACATIANVS PF IN 6) IMP TI CL MAR PACATIANVS PT AVG

Reverses: 1) CONCORDIA MILITVM 2) FELICITAS PVBL 3) FIDES MILITVM 4) FORTVNA REDVX 5) PAX AETERNA 6) ROMAE AETER AN MILL ET PRIMO 7) VICTORIA AVGG

Types: 1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 2) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 3) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand. 4) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair. 5) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 6) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear 7) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mint: 1) Viminacium

AR Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R4, T4 RIC IViii 4 2) B1, O2, R5, T5 3) B1, O4, R1, T1 RIC IViii 1b, C 1 4) B1, O4, R5, T5 RIC IViii 5, C 6 5) B1, O5, R6, T6 RIC IViii 6 6) B1, O6, R4, T4

Pacatian Bust Pacatian Types

Coins of Pacatian are so rare that there is little point in attempting to set market values for them. It basically comes down to bidding wars among a few wealthy collectors when one comes up for sale. All of the coins are comprised of silver Antoniniani of erratic quality both in terms of original design and execution as well as preservation. The better coins have gone for between $5,000-$10,000 but, again, the “going rate” is more often than not set by the whim of the buyers and sellers without much regard to past sales. In an interesting side note, we can date the coins of this usurper to the year 249 thanks to a reverse he used celebrating the 1,000

th year of Rome’s

founding placing his brief rule during that of Trajan Decius.

265

Jotapian

Augustus c.248

This ruler was one of the usurpers who gave Philip ulcers. Raised by his soldiers as emperor, he had under his control the entire region of Syria and made his capital Antioch. For unknown reasons, however, those same soldiers killed him some time afterward before Rome could settle the issue militarily.

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 2) Radiate, cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IM C M F R IOTAPIANVS AV 2) IMP C M F R V IOTAPIANVS 3) IMP M F R IOTAPIANVS 4) IMP M F R IOTAPIANVS A 5) IMP M F R V IOTAPIANVS 6) IMP M F R V IOTAPIANVS AV

Reverse: 1) VICTORIA AVG

Types: 1) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 2) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm

Mint: 1) Emesa?

AR Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B2, O1, R1, T1 2) B2, O2, R1, T1 RIC IViii 2c, C 2

AR Denarius 3) B1, O5, R1, T1

Jotapian Busts

Jotapian Type

The handful of coins left today of this fleeting emperor survive in ineffably horrid condition. And we can only blame the ravages of time so much. They were probably little better the day they were made in some military workshop; cobbled together with whatever scrap silver was handy by soldiers consigned to new, artistic duties previously unfamiliar to them. Ah, but for the handful that are left there sure are a lot of hands that wish to get one of these pieces. Unless you can swing, say, $10,000 on a coin you’re not even in the running for one of these “beauties”.

266

Trajan Decius

Augustus 249-251

Decius was a leading commander in the employ of the emperor Philip I. When several revolts broke out in different quarters of the empire Decius was selected to push back the Goths. Dutifully, he went on his way and did so effective a job of handling the invaders that the soldiers hailed him as their emperor on the spot. Philip was none too amused at this and gathered his army to meet the new usurper. A major battle was fought at their meeting point in

Verona ending with Philip's defeat.

On arrival to Rome he was well received by the people and the Senate. However, he hardly earned any brownie points when he became a rather energetic persecutor of Christians. Before long he was engaged in another bout of incursions from the Goths. This time luck was not on his side and a tactical error on his part led to the early death of his son and co-Augustus Herennius Etruscus. Trying to marshall the spirits of his men he is recorded as brushing off the loss with "The death of one soldier but hardly bothers me". Despite this bit of battlefield hubris his own death was to come moments later. Speculation of contemporary biographers look suspiciously on Trebonianus Gallus, who became emperor immediately afterwards.

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, draped bust right 4) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 6) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C DECIVS AVG 2) IMP C M Q TRAIANVS DEVIS AVG 3) IMP CAE TRA DEC AVG 4) IMP CAE TRA DECIVS AVG 5) IMP CAES C MESS Q DECIO TRAI AVG 6) IMP CAES C MESS TRAI Q DECIO AVG 7) IMP TRAIANVS DECIVS AVG

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ADVENTVS AVG 3) AEQVITAS AVG 4) AEQVITAS AVGG 5) CONCORDIA AVGG 6) DACIA 7) DACIA FELIX 8) EXERCITVS INLVRICVS 9) FECVNDITAS AVG 10) FELICITAS SAECVLI 11) GEN ILLVRICI 12) GENIVS EXERC ILLVRICIANI 13) GENIVS EXERCITVS ILLVRICIANI 14) HERENNIA ETRVSCILLA AVG 15) LIBERALITAS AVG

16) LIBERTAS AVG 17) PANNONIAE 18) PAX AETERN 19) PAX AETERNA 20) PAX AVGVSTI 21) PIETAS AVGG 22) PRINCIPI IVVENT 23) ROMAE AETERNAE 24) SAECVLARES AVGG 25) SECVRITAS AVG 26) VBERITAS AVG 27) VICTORIA AVG 28) VICTORIA GERMANICA 29) VIRTVS AVG 30) No legend

Types: 1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia. 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Dacia standing left, holding staff with ass’s head atop. 4) Dacia standing left, holding standard. 5) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 6) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand. 7) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 8) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; standard to right. 9) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 10) Goat standing left. 11) Herennia Etruscilla diademed, draped bust right on crescent facing Herennius Etruscus over Hostilian radiate draped busts left. 12) Herennia Etruscilla diademed, draped bust right on crescent. 13) Herennius Etruscus bare headed, draped bust right facing Hostilian bare headed, draped bust left. 14) Herennius Etruscus radiate, draped bust right facing Hostilian radiate, draped bust left. 15) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 16) Pannonia standing, facing, raising hand and holding standard 17) Pannoniae (2) standing either side of a standard. 18) Pannoniae (2) standing facing, each raising a hand; Pannonia on left has standard behind her, one on right is holding a standard.

Despite a relatively short two year reign, Trajan Decius is not a hard emperor to find on coins. His Antoniniani are plentiful and rarely go for more than $40 or so for a nicely preserved sample. Perhaps the most interesting event of numismatic interest during his rule is the striking of a special series commemorating eleven of the most important and fondly remembered emperors up to that point. These emperors, all solemnly deified, span the range from Augustus through Severus Alexander and include, curiously, the hated tyrant Commodus. Regardless, the series is historically important not only because we get to see who contemporary Romans considered as their own best leaders but also because they were issued in celebration of the 1,000

th year of Rome’s founding in 249.

267 19) Pannoniae (2) standing, facing, each holding a standard. 20) Pannoniae (2) standing, shaking hands; standard behind them. 21) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 22) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 23) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter. 24) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 25) Securitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 26) Trajan Decius riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter. 27) Trajan Decius seated left on platform accompanied by lictor and Liberalitas, facing citizen on steps to lower left. 28) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia 29) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 30) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 31) Virtus seated left on cuirass, holding branch and spear. 32) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 33) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Mediolanum 3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O2, R01, T01 RIC IViii 10a, C 1 2) B1, O2, R12, T08 RIC IViii 16a, C 48 3) B1, O2, R17, T18 RIC IViii 21, C 85 4) B1, O2, R26, T28 RIC IViii 28, C 104 5) B2, O2, R02, T26 RIC IViii 11, C 3 6) B2, O2, R06, T03

AR Antoninianus 7) B5, O2, R01, T01 RIC IViii 10b, C 2 8) B5, O2, R02, T26 RIC IViii 11b, C 4 9) B5, O2, R04, T02 RIC IViii 45c, C 9b 10) B5, O2, R06, T03 RIC IViii 12b, C 16 11) B5, O2, R06, T04 RIC IViii 13, C 27 12) B5, O2, R12, T08 RIC IViii 16c, C 49 13) B5, O2, R13, T08 RIC IViii 18, C 64 14) B5, O2, R17, T18 RIC IViii 21b, C 86 15) B5, O2, R17, T19 16) B5, O2, R17, T20 RIC IViii 26, C 81 17) B5, O2, R26, T28 RIC IViii 28b, C 105 18) B5, O2, R27, T29 RIC IViii 29c 19) B5, O3, R11, T07 RIC IViii 38a corrected, C 43 20) B5, O3, R17, T20 RIC IViii 41a, C 82 21) B5, O7, R02, T26 RIC IViii 1, C 6 22) B5, O7, R11, T07 RIC IViii 9, C 45 23) B5, O7, R13, T08 RIC IViii 4, C 63 24) B5, O7, R27, T29 RIC IViii 7c, C 111

AR Antoninianus Commemorative Series (listed separately under featured emperor)

AE Double Sestertius 25) B4, O2, R10, T05 RIC IViii 115a, C 39 26) B5, O2, R10, T05 RIC IViii 115c, C 40 27) B5, O2, R27, T29

AE Sestertius 28) B1, O2, R06, T03 RIC IViii 112a, C 18 29) B1, O2, R07, T04 RIC IViii 114b, C 35 30) B1, O2, R11, T07 RIC IViii 116a, C 47 31) B1, O2, R11, T08 RIC IViii 119a, C 66 32) B1, O2, R15, T27 RIC IViii 121 33) B1, O2, R17, T18 RIC IViii 124a, C 87 34) B1, O2, R27, T29 RIC IViii 126d, C 117

AE Dupondius 35) B4, O2, R12, T08 RIC IViii 117d, C 55 36) B4, O2, R15, T15 RIC IViii 120c, C 72

AE As 37) B1, O2, R15, T15 RIC IViii 120a, C 71

268

Trajan Decius Busts

Trajan Decius Types

269

Herennia Etruscilla

? - ?

Wife of Trajan Decius.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverses:

1) HER ETRVSC AVG 2) HER ETRVSCILLA AVG 3) HER ETVSCILLA AVG 4) HERENNIA ETRVSCILLA AVG

Reverses:

1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ADVENTVS AVG 3) AEQVITAS AVG 4) AEQVITAS AVGG 5) CONCORDIA AVG 6) CONCORDIA AVGG 7) FECVNDITAS AVG 8) FECVNDITAS AVGG 9) IVNO REGINA 10) PVDICITIA AVG 11) PVDICITIA AVGG 12) PVDICITIA AVGVSTA 13) ROMAE AETERNAE AVG 14) SAECVLVM NOVVM 15) VBERITAS AVG 16) VERITAS AVG 17) VICTORIA AVG 18) VICTORIA GERMANICA

Types:

1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia from each hand 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 3) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia 4) Fecunditas standing left, holding hand over child and cornucopia 5) Juno standing left, holding patera over peacock and scepter 6) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter 7) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter; Salus to left, holding and feeding snake and Felicitas to right, leaning on column, holding caduceus. 8) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil and holding scepter 9) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear 10) Temple with (6) columns, statue within 11) Trajan Decius riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter 12) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia 13) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 14) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm

Mints:

1) Antioch 2) Mediolanum 3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R10, T06 RIC 59a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 18 2) B1, O2, R10, T08 RIC 58a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 16

AR Antoninianus

3) B2, O2, R02, T11 Obv. Exe: .. RIC 62 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 2 4) B2, O2, R03, T02 Obv. Exe: .... RIC 63d (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 3 5) B2, O2, R07, T04 RIC 55b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 8 6) B2, O2, R09, T05 RIC 57 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 14 7) B2, O2, R10, T06 RIC 59b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 19 8) B2, O2, R10, T08 RIC 58b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 17

Etruscilla is one of the easier empresses to find thanks to the copius amount of coins produced during the reign of her husband. The Antoninianus is again the primary denomination but the bronzes are found with some frequency too.

Although the listings here show a rather lengthy roster of reverse types were used those featuring the goddess Pudicitia are far and away the most commonly found.

The typical Antoninianus should run about $40.

270 AE Double Sestertius

9) B2, O4, R10, T06 Exe: SC RIC 136a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 21

AE Sestertius

10) B1, O4, R10, T06 Exe: SC RIC 136b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 22

AE Dupondius

11) B2, O4, R10, T06 Exe: SC RIC 136d (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 24

AE As

12) B1, O4, R07, T04 RIC 135b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 13

Herennia Etruscilla Busts

Herennia Etruscilla Types

271

Herennius Etruscus

Augustus 251

Taking the male form of his mother's name, Etruscus was the son of Trajan Decius. Together with his father and younger brother Hostilian, the three were briefly co-emperors before he was killed in a battle with the Goths in Moesia (present Bulgaria) along with Decius himself.

Busts: 1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) HEREN ETRV MES Q V DECIVS CAESAR 2) HEREN TRV MES Q V DECIVS CAESAR 3) IMP C Q HER ETR MES DECIO AVG 4) IMP C Q HER ETR MES DECIVS AVG 5) Q HER ETR MES DECIVS AVG 6) Q HER ETR MES DECIVS NOB C 7) Q HERINNIVS ETR MES DECIVS NOB C

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) CONCORDIA AVGG 3) GENIVS EXERC ILLVRICIANI 4) MAR PROP 5) MARS PROPVG 6) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 7) PANNONIAE 8) PIETAS AVGG 9) PIETAS AVGVSTORVM 10) PRINC IVVENT 11) PRINC IVVENTVTIS 12) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 13) PVDICITIA AVG 14) SAECVLARES AVGG 15) SPES PVBLICA 16) VICTORIA AVG 17) VICTORIA GERMANICA

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Apollo seated left, holding branch. 3) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; standard to right. 4) Goat advancing left 5) Hands, in handshake 6) Herennius Etruscus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 7) Herennius Etruscus standing left, holding standard and spear 8) Herennius Etruscus standing left, holding wand and spear 9) Herennius Etruscus standing left, sacrificing over altar 10) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 11) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus 12) Pannonia standing, facing, holding helmet and standard. 13) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar. 14) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter. 15) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 16) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 17) Temple with (6) columns, statue within 18) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia 19) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 20) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 21) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within

Mints: 1) Mediolanum 2) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O6, R12, T08 RIC 147a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 25

During this period of many short-term emperors one would expect that many of them would be hopelessly rare today. All other things being equal that would be a fine assumption. But the fact is that it was a time when the mints were making coins in record numbers. On a rarity scale for these years he is somewhat scarcer than Volusian and Trebonianus Gallus but considerably less so than a Hostilian or Aemilian. The main bulk of the coins available, to no one’s surprise, will be the Antoninianus a sample of which one can buy off Ebay in relatively nice condition for between $50-$100. Among these the most common will be those with the various sacrificial devices used in the religious rituals of the day. This is the predominant type used for Princes of the third century who were being groomed for the imperial position. Coins of Herennius Etruscus as Augustus, which he appears to have been only for a few weeks, are very rare.

272 AR Antoninianus Reference(s) 2) B3, O3, R08, T11 RIC 151a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 13a 3) B3, O3, R17, T20 RIC 154 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 41 4) B3, O6, R02, T05 RIC 138 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 4 5) B3, O6, R08, T11 RIC 142b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 11 6) B3, O6, R09, T15 RIC 143 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 14 7) B3, O6, R12, T02 RIC 146 (IViii, Trajan Decius) 8) B3, O6, R12, T08 RIC 147c (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 26 9) B3, O6, R15, T16 RIC 149 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 39

AR Quinarius 10) B1, O6, R12, T08 RIC 147b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 27

AE Sestertius 11) B1, O6, R09, T15 Exe: SC RIC 168a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 15 12) B1, O6, R10, T02 13) B1, O6, R12, T08 RIC 171a (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 28

AE As 14) B1, O6, R08, T11 RIC 167b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 13

Herennius Etruscus Busts

Herennius Etruscus Types

273

Hostilian

Augustus 250-251

Hostilian was the son of Trajan Decius and brother of Herennius Etruscus. He was made Augustus along with his father and brother shortly before heading out to meet a barbarian army. Both Decius and Etruscus died in battle leaving him as sole emperor, briefly, before one of Decius's generals, Trebonianus Gallus, was also elevated to the throne by the surviving soldiers. Hostilian died soon after of the plague at a young age.

Busts: 1) Bare head right 2) Bare-headed, draped bust right 3) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Laureate, draped bust right 5) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) C OVAL OSTIL MES COVINTVS AVG 2) C OVAL OSTIL MES COVINTVS CAESAR 3) C OVAL OSTIL MES COVINVS CAESAR 4) C OVL OSTIL MES COVINTVS CAESAR 5) C VAL HOS MES QVINTVS N C 6) C VAL HOST M QVINT CAES 7) C VAL HOST MES QVINTVS CAESAR 8) C VAL HOSTIL MES QVINTVS CAESAR 9) C VALENS HOS MES QVINTVS N C 10) C VALENS HOSTIL MES QVINTVS N C 11) C VALENS HOTIL MES QVINTVS N C 12) C VALE QVT M OSTILIAN N C 13) IMP CAE C VAL HOS MES QVINTVS AVG 14) IMP CAES C VAL HOST MES Q AVG 15) IMP CAES C VAL HOSTIL MES QVINT AVG

Reverses: 1) ADVENTVS AVG 2) AEQVITAS AVG 3) CONCORDIA AVGG 4) IVNONI MARTIALI 5) MAR PROP 6) MARS PROPVG 7) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 8) PANNONIAE 9) PIETAS AVGG 10) PIETAS AVGVST 11) PIETAS AVGVSTORVM 12) PM TR P II COS V 13) PRINC IVVENT 14) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 15) PROVIDENTIA AVG 16) PVDICITIA AVG 17) QVINTO FELIX

18) ROM AETERNAE AVG 19) ROMAE AETERNAE 20) SAECVLVM NOVVM 21) SALVS AVGVS 22) SECVRITAS AVGG 23) SPES PVBLICA 24) VBERITAS AVG 25) VICTORIA AVG 26) VICTORIA GERMANICA 27) No legend

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Apollo seated left, holding branch and leaning on lyre 3) Hands, in handshake 4) Hostilian riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 5) Hostilian standing left, holding standard and spear. 6) Hostilian standing left, holding wand and spear. 7) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 8) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus 9) Pannonia standing right, holding helmet and standard 10) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 11) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 12) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 13) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter. 14) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; shield to side. 15) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter 16) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column and with legs crossed, resting head on hand. 17) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 18) Temple with (2) columns, Juno seated within 19) Temple with (6) columns, Roma standing within 20) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 21) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 22) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm

This is a tough emperor to find for your collection. He is well represented among the silver Antoniniani, the bronzes which are for the most part euphemistically called “Sestertii” but are often fairly lightweight (and often misshapen) and, yes, even the mighty gold Aureus can be found if you can withstand the sticker shock. A nice Antoninianus will cost around $150 give or take fifty dollars or so depending on who’s selling it and, of course, the condition of the coin. A premium is often added for coins bearing a legend denoting him as Augustus rather than Caesar and mint state coins will also command significantly higher prices. Also to consider are the various bronze coins struck in Greece during his reign, the so-called provincial issues. While these are not catalogued here, having Greek inscriptions and meant for trade within the Greek-speaking regions of the empire, they are abundantly available and considerably cheaper than the imperial issues.

274 23) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Mediolanum? 3) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B2, O10, R14, T05 RIC 181b (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 33 2) B2, O10, R14, T06 RIC 183b (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 37 3) B4, O12, R15, T12

AR Antoninianus 4) B5, O01, R02, T01 Obv. Exe: IIV C 3b 5) B5, O01, R20, T19 RIC 205 (IViii, Trajan Decius) 6) B5, O01, R24, T20 RIC 207 (IViii, Trajan Decius) 7) B5, O01, R25, T22 RIC 209d (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 67 8) B5, O02, R02, T01 Obv: Exe: IIV RIC 194a (IViii, Trajan Decius) 9) B5, O02, R20, T19 Obv. Exe: IIV RIC 199a (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 54 10) B5, O02, R25, T21 RIC 201 (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 65 11) B5, O05, R06, T07 RIC 176a (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 12 12) B5, O10, R07, T07 RIC 177b (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 15 13) B5, O10, R14, T05 RIC 181d (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 33 14) B5, O13, R04, T16 RIC 191a (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 59

AE Sestertius 15) B2, O10, R14, T02 Exe: SC 16) B2, O10, R14, T02 Exe: SC RIC 215 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 31 17) B2, O10, R14, T05 RIC 216a (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 33 18) B2, O10, R22, T16 RIC 225 (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 60 19) B2, O10, R27, T23 Exe: SC RIC 226 (IViii, Trajan Decius), C 71

AE As 20) B2, O10, R14, T02 Exe: SC RIC 215b (IViii, Trajan Decius),C 32

Hostilian Busts

Hostilian Types

275

Trebonianus Gallus

Augustus 251-253

Gallus rose through the ranks in the army and received a high enough stature that when Trajan Decius died in battle the army chose him to be the next emperor. His popularity with the army and public waned inexorably ever more for the rest of his reign. His first mistake, and not one which he could have easily done much about, was to settle the same war that killed Decius by buying

off the enemy. For right or wrong this was viewed as an act of cowardice bordering on treason. Then came a plague that decimated the population and even claimed Hostilian who was co-Augustus with Gallus. As both disease and the withering attacks of the barbarians eroded support for the emperor he had to face yet another blow. Aemilian rose to challenge for the purple following a series of successful battles with the barbarians that gave him and his army the confidence to attempt to overthrow the troubled ruler. Gallus went through the motions and approached to confront Aemilian in battle but his commanders had had enough and killed him along with his son Volusian just before the engagement. Busts: 1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Trebonianus Gallus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right facing Volusian laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left

Obverses: 1) GALLVS PIVS AVG 2) IMP C C VIB TREB GALLVS PF AVG 3) IMP C GALLVS AVG 4) IMP CAE C VIB TREB GALLVS AVG 5) IMP CAES C VIBIVS TREBONIANVS GALLVS AVG

Reverses: 1) ADVENTVS AVG 2) ADVENTVS AVGG 3) AEQVITAS AVGG 4) AETERNITAS AVGG 5) ANNONA AVGG 6) APOLL SALVTARI 7) APOLLO SALVTARI 8) CONCORDIA AVGG 9) FELICITAS AVG 10) FELICITAS AVGG 11) FELICITAS PVBL 12) FELICITAS PVBLICA 13) IVNO MARTIALIS 14) IVNONI MARTIALI 15) LIBERALITAS AVGG 16) LIBERALITAS AVGG III 17) LIBERTAS AVGG 18) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 19) MARTEM PROPVGNATOREM 20) MARTI PACIFERO 21) MONETA AVGG 22) PAX AETERNA 23) PAX AVGG 24) PAX AVGVS 25) PIETAS AVGG 26) PM TR P IIII COS II 27) PM TR P IIII COS II PP 28) PONTIF MAX TR P II COS II 29) PRIN IVVENT 30) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 31) PROVIDENTIA AVG 32) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 33) PVDICITIA AVG 34) ROMAE AETERNAE AVG 35) ROMAE AETERNAE G AVG

36) SAECVLLVM NOVVM 37) SAECVLVM NOVVM 38) SALVS AVGG 39) SALVS AVGVS 40) SECVRITAS AVGG 41) VBERITAS AVG 42) VICTORIA AVGG 43) VIRTVS AVGG 44) No legend

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Aeternitas standing left, holding phoenix on globe and raising skirt 3) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia 4) Annona standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding rudder and grain ears 5) Apollo seated left, holding branch 6) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock 7) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 8) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae.

Despite a rather brief two-year reign, Trebonianus Gallus has plenty of coins left over. You can find his Antoniniani easily on the Internet and often for very little money. However, by now the Ants are heavily debased and the cheap metal alloys from which they were struck fared poorly after going into circulation and fared even worse once buried. Therefore, a gem Antoninianus will cost considerably more than your average condition coin. Still, $100 would buy a very nice coin indeed. Finding them is more of the real problem. Bronzes of assorted sizes also frequent the online auctions and these, too, often range from the eyesore to the barely collectible.

276 9) Felicitas seated left, holding grain ears and scepter. 10) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 11) Felicitas standing, facing, leaning on column, holding caduceus and cornucopia 12) Felicitas standing, facing, leaning on column, holding caduceus and scepter. 13) Juno seated left, holding grain ears and globe 14) Juno seated left, holding grain ears and scepter 15) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 16) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter. 17) Libertas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding pileus and scepter 18) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear. 19) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 20) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by feet. 21) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 22) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar 23) Pietas standing, facing, raising hands 24) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 25) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter 26) Pudicitia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter 27) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 28) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar 29) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake 30) Securitas standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, resting head on hand. 31) Temple with (2) columns, Juno seated within, peacock by feet 32) Temple with (4) columns, Juno seated within, peacock by feet 33) Temple with (6) columns, Roma within 34) Trebonianus Gallus and Volusian each riding horse right, led by Victory and soldier; soldier, standards in background. 35) Trebonianus Gallus and Volusian riding oncoming quadriga, being crowned by Victory between them, one soldier to left, two more to right 36) Trebonianus Gallus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter 37) Trebonianus Gallus standing left, holding branch and scepter 38) Trebonianus Gallus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 39) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 40) Uberitas standing left, leaning on column, holding purse and scepter. 41) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 42) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 43) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 44) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm. 45) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 46) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 47) Wreath, VOTIS / DECENNA / LIBVS within

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Mediolanum 3) Roma

AU Binio Reference(s) 1) B2, O4, R08, T08 RIC Iviii 6, C 28 2) B2, O4, R38, T29 RIC Iviii 13, C 113

AU Aureus 3) B1, O4, R17, T16 RIC Iviii 9, C 62

AR Antoninianus 4) B2, O2, R01, T36 RIC IViii 79, C 1 5) B2, O2, R03, T01 RIC IViii 80, C 6 6) B2, O2, R09, T10 7) B2, O2, R11, T09 8) B2, O2, R11, T10 RIC IViii 82, C 34 9) B2, O2, R13, T14 RIC IViii 83, C 47 10) B2, O2, R18, T16 RIC IViii 70, C 68 11) B2, O2, R19, T19 RIC IViii 84, C 70 12) B2, O2, R20, T18 RIC IViii 85, C 72 13) B2, O2, R22, T21 RIC IViii 71, C 76 14) B2, O2, R24, T21 RIC IViii 86, C 80 15) B2, O2, R25, T22 RIC IViii 72, C 88 16) B2, O2, R34, T27 Exe: .... RIC IViii 89, C 107 17) B2, O2, R35, T27 Exe: VII William Roth collection 18) B2, O2, R36, T33 Exe: .. RIC IViii 91, C 111 19) B2, O2, R36, T33 RIC IViii 90, C 110 20) B2, O2, R41, T39 RIC IViii 92, C 125 21) B2, O4, R04, T02 RIC IViii 30, C 13 22) B2, O4, R05, T04 RIC IViii 31, C 17 23) B2, O4, R06, T06 RIC IViii 32, C 20 24) B2, O4, R12, T10 RIC IViii 33, C 37 25) B2, O4, R17, T15 * in right field RIC IViii 38, C 63 26) B2, O4, R17, T17 RIC IViii 39, C 67 27) B2, O4, R18, T16 RIC IViii 50, C 69 28) B2, O4, R23, T21 29) B2, O4, R25, T23 * in right field RIC IViii 42, C 84 30) B2, O4, R42, T43 RIC IViii 48a, C 128

277 AE Sestertius Reference(s) 31) B1, O5, R04, T02 RIC IViii 102 32) B1, O5, R14, T13 Exe: SC RIC IViii 109 33) B1, O5, R14, T31 RIC IViii 110a 34) B1, O5, R17, T16 RIC IViii 114a, C 64 35) B1, O5, R25, T22 RIC IViii 117 36) B1, O5, R27, T38 RIC Iviii 100 37) B1, O5, R38, T29 RIC IViii 121a 38) B1, O5, R43, T45 RIC IViii 126, C 134 39) B1, O5, R44, T47 Exe: SC RIC IViii 127, C 137

Trebonianus Gallus Busts

Trebonianus Gallus Types

278

Volusian

Augustus 253

Volusian was in his early twenties when Trebonianus Gallus, his father, became emperor. Shortly thereafter Volusian was made emperor as well. Before he could make much of a mark on history he as well as his Dad were killed by his own soldiers just prior to the battle against the forces of Aemilian.

Busts: 1) Bare-headed, draped bust right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) C VIBIO VOLVSIANO CAES 2) IM C AF GAL VEND VOLVSIANO AVG 3) IM C AF GAL VEND VOLVSINO AVG 4) IM C V AF G M VEND VOLVSIANO AVG 5) IM C V AF GAL VEND VOLVSIANO AVG 6) IMP C C VIB VOLVSIANVS AVG 7) IMP C V AF GAL VEND VOLVSIANO AVG 8) IMP C V AF GAL VEND VOLVSIANVS AVG 9) IMP C VOLVSIANO AVG 10) IMP C VOLVSIANVS AVG 11) IMP CAE C VIB VOLVSIANO AVG 12) VOLVSIANVS PIVS AVG

Reverses: 1) ADVENTVS AVG 2) AEQVITAS AVG 3) AEQVITAS AVGG 4) AEQVTAS AVG 5) AETERNITAS AVGG 6) APOLL SALVTARI 7) CONCOR MIL 8) CONCORDIA AVGG 9) FELIC PVBL 10) FELICITAS AVG 11) FELICITAS PVBL 12) FELICITAS PVBLICA 13) IOVI CONSERVAT 14) IVNO MARTIALIS 15) IVNONI MARTIALI 16) LIBERALITAS AVGG 17) LIBERTAS AVGG 18) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 19) MARTEM PROPVGNATOREM 20) MARTI PACIFERO 21) MONETA AVGG 22) PAX AETERNA 23) PAX AVG

24) PAX AVGG 25) PAX AVGVS 26) PIETAS AVGG 27) PM TR P IIII COS II 28) PM TR P IIII COS II PP 29) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 30) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 31) PVDICITIA AVG 32) PVDICITIA AVGG 33) ROMAE AETERNAE 34) ROMAE AETERNAE AVG 35) SAECVLVM NOVVM 36) SALVS AVGG 37) SALVS AVGVS 38) SECVRITAS AVG 39) SECVRITAS AVGG 40) VBERITAS AVG 41) VICTORIA AVG 42) VICTORIA AVGG 43) VIRTVS AVGG 44) No legend

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Aeternitas standing left, holding Phoenix on globe and raising skirt. 3) Apollo standing left, holding branch and resting hand on lyre 4) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 5) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 6) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 7) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus and scepter 8) Juno seated left, holding grain ears and globe. 9) Juno seated left, holding grain ears and scepter 10) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 11) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter. 12) Libertas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding pileus and scepter. 13) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear. 14) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 15) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet. 16) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 17) Pax standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding branch and scepter. 18) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar. 19) Pietas standing left, raising hands. 20) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter. 21) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter. 22) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear.

Even though Volusian was emperor for less than a year enough coins were put into circulation that today finding one of them is not very difficult. Most available pieces will be the Antonianus which has by now become the de facto unit of commerce. Old fashioned bronzes like the As and the Sestertius continue to be produced on a smaller scale and have suffered a gradual attrition but they are available these days although they are much scarcer than the Ants.

279 23) Salus standing right, feeding snake on altar. 24) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 25) Securitas standing right, leaning on column and with legs crossed, resting head on hand. 26) Temple with (2) columns; Juno seated within, peacock by feet. 27) Temple with (2) columns; Juno seated within. 28) Temple with (4) columns; Juno seated within, peacock by feet. 29) Temple with (6) columns, Roma within. 30) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 31) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 32) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 33) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm. 34) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 35) Volusian riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 36) Volusian standing left, holding branch and scepter. 37) Volusian standing left, holding scepter and spear. 38) Volusian standing left, holding standard and spear. 39) Volusian standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 40) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within.

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Mediolanum 3) Roma

AU Binio Reference(s) 1) B3, O11, R08, T05 RIC 143 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 19 2) B3, O11, R26, T18 RIC 151 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 82

AU Aureus 3) B2, O11, R05, T02 RIC 154 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 10

AR Antoninianus 4) B3, O05, R40, T30 RIC 237 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus) 5) B3, O06, R11, T06 RIC 205 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 32 6) B3, O06, R20, T13 RIC 220 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus) 7) B3, O06, R33, T22 RIC 221 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus) 8) B3, O06, R35, T29 RIC 236 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus) 9) B3, O06, R43, T34 RIC 206 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 133 10) B3, O11, R03, T01 RIC 166 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 8 11) B3, O11, R08, T04 * in right field RIC 169 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 25 12) B3, O11, R08, T04 RIC 168 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 25 13) B3, O11, R08, T05 RIC 167 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 20 14) B3, O11, R15, T08 RIC 177 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 39 15) B3, O11, R15, T26 RIC 172 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 43 16) B3, O11, R15, T28 RIC 175 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus) 17) B3, O11, R24, T16 * in right field RIC 180 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus) 18) B3, O11, R24, T16 RIC 179 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 70 19) B3, O11, R26, T18 RIC 182 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus) 20) B3, O11, R27, T39 RIC 141 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 95 21) B3, O11, R36, T24 RIC 184 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 118

AE Sestertius 22) B2, O11, R06, T03 RIC 253a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 15 23) B2, O11, R08, T04 RIC 250a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 26 24) B2, O11, R08, T05 RIC 249a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 21 25) B2, O11, R15, T08 RIC 252a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 41 26) B2, O11, R15, T27 RIC 253a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 46 27) B2, O11, R16, T10 RIC 254a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 50 28) B2, O11, R24, T16 RIC 256a (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus) 29) B2, O11, R44, T40 Exe: SC RIC 264 (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus)

AE As 30) B2, O11, R08, T04 Exe: SC RIC 250b (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 27 31) B2, O11, R12, T07 RIC 251b (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus), C 36 32) B2, O11, R15, T08 Exe: SC 33) B2, O11, R15, T27 RIC 253b (IViii, Trebonianus Gallus)

280

Volusian Busts

Volusian Types

281

Aemilian

Augustus 253

Those who live by the sword die by the sword. This old cliché could well have been phrased after the life and death of Aemilian. When Trebonianus Gallus's hold on power had weakened after a series of setbacks, the troops of Aemilian who were battling barbarians along the Danube declared him Augustus and he seized the opportunity to depose Gallus. The plan worked just as expected and Aemilian subsequently enjoyed a brief reign.

Valerian, one of the generals commissioned under Gallus, heard of the news and refused to accept the new emperor. Finding it favorable among his own troops, he was promptly declared emperor himself and headed to Rome to avenge the death of his old boss. Aemilian for his part answered the challenge and went with his army to confront Valerian. When it became evident that Valerian's forces were larger, however, his soldiers killed him rather than risk their own lives.

Busts: 1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP AEMILIANVS PF AVG 2) IMP AEMILIANVS PIVS FEL AVG 3) IMP CAES AEMILIANVS PF AVG 4) IMP M AEMIL AEMILIANVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) AETERNITAS AVGG 2) APOL CONSERVAT 3) APOLL SALVTARI 4) CONCORDIA AVG 5) CONCORDIA AVGG 6) DIANAE VICTRI 7) ERCVL VICTORI 8) IOVI CONSERVAT 9) IOVI CONSERVATORI 10) MARTI PACIF 11) MARTI PROPVGNAT 12) MARTI PROPVGT 13) PACI AVG 14) PAXS AVG 15) PM TR P I PP

16) PM TR P IIII COS II PP 17) PM TR POT 18) ROMA AETERN 19) ROMAE AETERN 20) ROMAE AETERNAE 21) SALVS AVG

22) SALVS AVGVSTI 23) SPES PVBLICA 24) VICTORIA AVG 25) VIRTVS AVG 26) No legend

Types: 1) Aemilian standing left, holding branch and scepter. 2) Aemilian standing left, holding patera and spear. 3) Aemilian standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 4) Aemilian standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter; standard to left 5) Aeternitas standing, facing, holding phoenix on globe and raising skirt. 6) Apollo standing left, holding branch and resting hand on lyre on rock 7) Diana standing left, holding arrow and bow 8) Hands, in handshake 9) Hercules standing left, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin 10) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin 11) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Aemilian to lower left. 12) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 13) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 14) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter 15) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 16) Pax standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding branch and cradling scepter. 17) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box 18) Roma standing left, holding phoenix on globe and spear; shield to side 19) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 20) Spes advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 21) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 22) Victory standing left, wheel by feet. 23) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 24) Virtus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch and spear 25) Wreath, VOTIS / DECEN / NALIBVS within

Mint:

1) Roma

With only three months on the job Aemilian is definitely one of the more obscure emperors of the period. His coins are not excruciatingly difficult to find but they don’t turn up everywhere either. And even the low grade specimens can still be expected to cost at least a hundred dollars so long as they can be positively identified. A nice Antoninianus will cost in the neighborhood of $200-$300 with truly choice specimens being so rare that there can be no dependable estimates.

282 AR Antoninianus Reference(s)

1) B2, O3, R08, T11 RIC IViii 14, C 17 2) B2, O3, R10, T12 RIC IViii 15, C 23 3) B2, O3, R15, T04 RIC IViii 16, C 33 4) B2, O3, R23, T20 RIC IViii 20, C 48 5) B2, O3, R24, T21 RIC IViii 21, C 52 6) B2, O3, R25, T24 RIC IViii 22, C 59 7) B3, O2, R02, T06 RIC IViii 1, C 2 8) B3, O2, R06, T07 RIC IViii 2b, C 10 9) B3, O2, R07, T10 RIC IViii 3b, C 13 10) B3, O2, R10, T12 RIC IViii 5b, C 22 11) B3, O2, R12, T13 RIC IViii 6, C 25 12) B3, O2, R13, T16 RIC IViii 8, C 26 13) B3, O2, R19, T18 RIC IViii 9, C 41 14) B3, O2, R23, T20 RIC IViii 10, C 47 15) B3, O2, R24, T21 RIC IViii 11, C 53 16) B3, O2, R26, T25 RIC IViii 13, C 64 17) B3, O3, R07, T10

AE Sestertius

18) B1, O2, R26, T25 Exe: SC RIC IViii 42a, C 65 19) B1, O3, R01, T05 RIC IViii 55, C 1 20) B1, O3, R02, T06 RIC IViii 43, C 3 21) B1, O3, R25, T24 RIC IViii 53, C 62 22) B1, O3, R26, T25 Exe: SC RIC IViii 54, C 67

AE As

23) B2, O1, R23, T20 RIC IViii 51b, C 50

Aemilian Busts

Aemilian Types

283

Cornelia Supera

? - ?

Based on the extant numismatic evidence, Cornelia was most likely the wife of Aemilian. However, it's impossible to tell for sure as there is no surviving historical reference about her.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverses:

1) C CORNEL SVPERA AVG 2) COR SVPERA AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVGG 2) IVNONI AVG 3) VESTA

Types:

1) Cornelia Supera and Aemilian standing, shaking hands 2) Juno seated left, holding flower and baby 3) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter

Mint:

1) Roma

AU Antoninianus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R3, T3 RIC 30 (IViii, Aemilian). C 5 2) B1, O2, R2, T2 RIC 31 (IViii, Aemilian), C 3

Cornelia Supera Bust

Cornelia Supera Types

Over the last few years a half dozen or so Ants of Cornelia have shown up on the market typically realizing about $5,000 a piece so certainly this isn’t the type of coin you just bump into all the time. Provincials are cheaper but no less rare and, being made of delicate copper-based alloys, usually in very poor states of preservation.

284

Silbannacus

Augustus 253

Legendary for the extreme rarity of his coins, Silbannacus is known to history thanks to the very fact that a coin was found with his name on it. No written record of his accession, background or fate is recorded anywhere. It is suspected he was a military leader along the Rhine who opportunistically usurped the throne with the aid of his soldiers during the reign of Philip I, a time of unprecedented civil strife in the empire.

Bust: 1) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) IMP MAR SILBANNACVS AVG

Reverse: 1) MARTI PROPVGT 2) VICTORIA AVG

Type: 1) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear 2) Mercury standing left, holding Victory and caduceus

Mint: 1) Gaul, uncertain locality

AR Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R2, T2 RIC 1

Long the Holy Grail of Roman coin collectors, Silbannacus now has two coins known to the numismatic world which puts him int the same league as Domitian II and Saturninus both of whom also have two each. The one pictured below is from a cast taken from the specimen in the British Museum in London.

285

Uranius Antoninus

Augustus c.253-254

A minor player in a tempestuous period involving a large-scale civil war, Uranius Antoninus hailed from Syria where he appropriated the throne and title of emperor. History leaves no record of rise nor fall of this usurper and all that is known for certain is that his days in power were short-lived. It is speculated that the nature of his usurpation may have had more to do with his

Persian enemy, King Shapur, than to defiance against Rome. Busts: 1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) L IVL AVR SVL ANTONINVS 2) L IVL AVR SVLP ANTONINVS 3) L IVL AVR SVLP VRA ANTONINVS

Reverses: 1) CONSERVATOR AVG 2) FECVNDITAS AVG 3) FORTVNA REDVX 4) FORTVNA PEDVX 5) MINERVA VICTRIX 6) PM TR P XVIIII COS IIII PP 7) SAECVLARES AVGG 8) SOL ELAGABALVS 9) VICTORIA AVG

Types: 1) Altar with parasols to either side; stone of Sol with eagle atop to left 2) Cippus reading COS I 3) Fecunditas standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 4) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel below 5) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 6) Lion advancing right 7) Minerva standing left, holding spear and shield 8) Quadriga riding left carrying stone of Sol, parasol on either side 9) Stone of Sol; parasol on either side 10) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm

Mint: 1) Emesa

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O2, R2, T05 RIC IViii 3a 2) B2, O2, R2, T05 RIC IViii 3, C 3 3) B2, O2, R4, T04 RIC IViii 4

AR Denarius 4) B2, O3, R2, T05

Uranius Antoninus Busts Uranius Antoninus Types

Due to the nature of his rise to power and the short amount of time he lasted on the throne it’s a foregone conclusion that the coins of this usurper would be rare. This rarity however is compounded by the fact that he issued only gold and silver coinage in the imperial style and with Latin inscriptions. The copper coinage made for general circulation were featured Greek legends and retained the “look and feel” of the provincial coinage for this region. For some reason the silver Denarii are just as rare as the Aureus. And this is to say that both are supremely rare nowadays. Still, they do turn up every couple of years or so listed in the most exclusive of numismatic auctions. In fact, all of the known Aureii have come from a single hoard of gold coins found in Syria. During the last three years two or three of these have sold for an average of $16,000 each minus the considerable auction house fees.

286

Valerian I

Augustus 253-260

Valerian was proclaimed Augustus by his own troops following the death of Trebonianus Gallus. He was another one of the emperors whose legacy was that of fighting war after war during his reign. He was the first emperor who realized that the Empire was getting just too big and unwieldy to manage and granted co-emperor status to his son Gallienus so that he could focus wholeheartedly to the business of putting out the fires. More sensationally, he stands

alone in the roster of Roman Emperors for having been kidnapped by a foreigner, in this case the Persian king Shapur. To add insult to injury, it was reported that after killing him he was stuffed and turned into a footstool!

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right of Valerian I

facing Gallienus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left

4) Laureate, draped bust right 5) Laureate, draped bust right of Valerian I facing

Gallienus laureate, draped bust left 6) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 7) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 8) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 9) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM 2) FELICIBVS AVGG 3) IMP C LIC VALERIANO AVG 4) IMP C P LIC VALERIANO AVG 5) IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS AVG 6) IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS P AVG 7) IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS PF AVG 8) IMP C VALERIANVS PF AVG 9) IMP CAES P LIC VALERIANVS AVG 10) IMP P LIC VALERIANO AVG 11) IMP VALERIANVS P AVG 12) IMP VALERIANVS PF AVG 13) IMP VALERIANVS PIVS AVG 14) IMP VALERIANVS PIVS FEL AVG 15) PIETAS AVGVSTORVM 16) VALERIANVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTORVM 2) AEQVITAS AVGG 3) AETERNIT AVGG 4) AETERNITAS AVGG 5) AETERNITATI AVGG 6) ANNONA AVGG 7) APOLINI CONSERVA 8) APOLINI CONSERVAT 9) APOLINI PROPVG 10) APOLINI PROPVGN 11) APOLL SALVTARI 12) APOLLINI CONSERVA 13) BONAE FORTVNAE 14) BONVS EVENT AVG 15) CONCOR EXERC 16) CONCOR LEGG 17) CONCOR MIL 18) CONCORDIA AVGG 19) CONCORDIA EXERCIT 20) CONCORDIA EXERCITI 21) CONCORDIAE AVGG 22) CONSACRATIO 23) CONSERVAT AVGG 24) CONSERVT AVGG 25) DEO VOLKANO 26) DIANA LVCIFERA 27) FELICIT AVGVSTORVM 28) FELICITAS AVGG 29) FELICITAS EXERCITI 30) FELICITAS SAECVLI 31) FIDES MILITVM 32) FORTVNA REDVX 33) GALLIENVS CVM EXERCSVO 34) GERMANICVS MAX TER 35) IOVI CONSERV

36) IOVI CONSERVA 37) IOVI CONSERVAT 38) IOVI CONSERVATORI 39) IOVI STATORI 40) IVNO REGINA 41) LAETITIA AVGG 42) LIBERALITAS AVG I 43) LIBERALITAS AVG III 44) LIBERALITAS AVGG 45) LIBERALITAS AVGG II 46) LIBERALITAS AVGG III 47) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTORVM 48) LIBERTAS AVGG 49) MARTI PACIF 50) MARTI PACIFERO 51) MONETA AVGG 52) ORIENS AVGG 53) PACATORI ORBIS 54) PAX AVGG 55) PAX AVGVSTI 56) PIETAS AVGG 57) PIETATI AVGG 58) PM TR P II COS II PP 59) PM TR P II COS PP 60) PM TR P III COS II PP 61) PM TR P III COS III 62) PM TR P III COS III PP 63) PM TR P IIII COS II PP 64) PM TR P V COS II PP 65) PM TR P V COS III PP 66) PM TR P V COS IIII PP 67) PROVIDENTIA AVG 68) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 69) RELIGIO AVGG 70) RESTITVT GENER HVMANI

Valerian, along with his family, are the last to make Antoniniani that can be called silver. By the mid-250’s there was so little silver in these pieces that they started falling apart soon after leaving the mint. Even those minted early in his reign were so debased that the coins were very delicate. Once they were lost in the ground they tended to lose much of the base metal making up the bulk of the coin leaving behind a spongy-looking mess. Look for these on Ebay and coin dealer’s “junk bins”. The very earliest Ants, those from 253-255, can sometimes be found in “nice metal” and tend to be prized as portrait coins in collector sets. By now true bronze coins are rare. The emperors were using that copper to make Antoniniani and, in effect, it was wasteful to make coins that were essentially just as expensive to make, if not more, but had a lower face value. Strangely, the Dupondius is the bigger casualty as it just simply vanishes. Bona fide coppers are struck with laureate portraits in roughly lighter and heavier versions which we take to mean they were nominally equivalent to the Sestertius and As, respectively. Another bizarre practice begins to emerge in that these coins along with having wildly fluctuating weights are also often found today misshapen and often of a “squarish” appearance. It’s unclear whether they were struck this way or it was just practice to chop off coin sides to make small small change.

287 71) RESTITVT ORIENTIS 72) RESTITVTI GENER HVMANI 73) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 74) RESTITVTORI ORBIS 75) ROMAE AETERNAE 76) ROMAE AETERNE 77) SAECVLI FELICITAS 78) SALVS AVG 79) SALVS AVGG 80) SALVS PVBLICA 81) SECVLI FELICITAS 82) SECVRIT PERP 83) SECVRITAS AVGG 84) SPES PVBLICA 85) VENVS VICTRIX 86) VESTA 87) VICT AVGG

88) VICT PART 89) VICT PARTICA 90) VICTOR AETER 91) VICTORIA AETER 92) VICTORIA AVG 93) VICTORIA AVGG 94) VICTORIA EXERCIT 95) VICTORIA GERM 96) VICTORIA GERMANICA 97) VICTORIA PARTHICA 98) VICTORIAE 99) VICTORIAE AVGG 100) VICTORIAE AVGG IT GERM 101) VIRTVS AVG 102) VIRTVS AVGG 103) VOTA ORBIS 104) No legend

Types: 1) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 2) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock 3) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock, next to Luna (Diana), also standing left, with bow and arrow. 4) Apollo standing right, aiming with bow and arrow. 5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 6) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 7) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 8) Concordia standing, facing, holding standard in each hand. 9) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 10) Felicitas standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia. 11) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand. 12) Fides standing, facing, holding vexillum and scepter. 13) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 14) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears. 15) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 16) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left. 17) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 18) Jupiter standing on cippus reading IOVI VICTORI, holding Victory and scepter. 19) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 20) Laetitia standing right, holding wreath and anchor. 21) Legend QVATERNIO 22) Liberalitas seated left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 23) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 24) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter 25) Luna (Diana) advancing right, holding torch. 26) Luna (Diana) standing left, pulling arrow from quiver and holding bow. 27) Luna (Diana) standing right, holding torch. 28) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 29) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear. 30) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 31) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus. 32) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by their feet. 33) Pax standing, facing, holding branch and scepter 34) Pietas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter. 35) Sacrificial implements: lituus, cruet, simpulum, etc. (variously arranged) 36) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 37) Roma helmeted bust right 38) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 39) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter 40) Saturn standing right, holding scepter. 41) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter. 42) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, resting head on hand. 43) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe 44) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 45) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 46) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 47) Temple with (4) columns, Vulcan within, holding hammer over anvil and tongs. 48) Trophy, seated captive on either side. 49) Valerian I advancing right, raising hand and holding globe. 50) Valerian I and Gallienus seated left on platform with two lictors, Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia and citizen on steps to lower left 51) Valerian I and Gallienus seated left, lictor between and behind them. 52) Valerian I and Gallienus standing right on platform, attended by lictor, addressing several soldiers. 53) Valerian I and Gallienus standing, facing each other, two shields and two spears between them. 54) Valerian I and Gallienus standing, facing each other; emperor on left holding scepter and globe and one on right holding Victory and spear. 55) Valerian I and Gallienus standing, sacrificing over altar in between. 56) Valerian I riding biga right, being crowned by Victory. 57) Valerian I riding eagle right, flying towards heaven. 58) Valerian I riding horse left, led by Victory and followed by soldier 59) Valerian I seated left, holding globe and scepter. 60) Valerian I seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left. 61) Valerian I standing left on right, holding spear, holding hand of kneeling Orbis to left 62) Valerian I standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Oriens to left, holding scepter. 63) Valerian I standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 64) Valerian I standing left, resting hand on shield. 65) Valerian I standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 66) Valerian I standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter with eagle atop.

288 67) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear 68) Venus standing left, raising hand and holding palm; shield to side. 69) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter. 70) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield reading SC on palm tree. 71) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 72) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and palm. 73) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 74) Victory riding biga right. 75) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 76) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 77) Victory standing left, holding wreath and resting hand on shield 78) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm. 79) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm; seated captive by feet. 80) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield. 81) Virtus standing left, holding Victory. 82) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 83) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Lugdunum

3) Mediolanum 4) Roma

5) Samosata 6) Viminacium

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O16, R025, T47 RIC Vi 1 2) B2, O07, R028, T09 RIC Vi 34, C 52 3) B2, O07, R052, T45 RIC Vi 46, C 133 4) B2, O07, R093, T75

AR Medallion 5) B1, O07, R051, T32

AR Antoninianus 6) B6, O05, R103, T70 RIC Vi 296, C 281 7) B8, O01, R056, T55 RIC Vi 285, C 152 8) B8, O05, R005, T40 RIC Vi 67 9) B8, O05, R009, T04 RIC Vi 74, C 25 10) B8, O05, R028, T09 RIC Vi 86, C 55 11) B8, O05, R030, T25 RIC Vi 213, C 61 12) B8, O05, R031, T11 RIC Vi 89, C 65 13) B8, O05, R041, T19 RIC Vi 41, C 100 14) B8, O05, R053, T16 RIC Vi 218, C 145 15) B8, O05, R057, T34 RIC Vi 219, C 155 16) B8, O05, R066, T53 RIC Vi 277, C 169 17) B8, O05, R070, T48 RIC Vi 220, C 179 18) B8, O05, R071, T62 RIC Vi 287, C 189 19) B8, O05, R074, T60 RIC Vi 119, C 180 20) B8, O05, R079, T39 RIC Vi 121 21) B8, O05, R092, T75 RIC Vi 125, C 230 22) B8, O05, R093, T75 RIC Vi 124 23) B8, O05, R102, T54 RIC Vi 292 24) B8, O05, R102, T65 RIC Vi 140, C 254 25) B8, O05, R102, T82 RIC Vi 133, C 263 26) B8, O05, R103, T70 RIC Vi 295, C 279 27) B8, O06, R102, T80 RIC Vi 268, C 272 28) B8, O07, R006, T01 RIC Vi 69, C 13 29) B8, O07, R023, T03 RIC Vi 85, C 50 30) B8, O07, R028, T09 RIC Vi 87, C 53 31) B8, O07, R041, T19 RIC Vi 216 32) B8, O07, R043, T23 RIC Vi 44, C 118 33) B8, O07, R069, T26 Q in right field RIC Vi 115, C 177 34) B8, O07, R071, T62 RIC Vi 286, C 188 35) B8, O07, R073, T61 RIC Vi 50 36) B8, O07, R085, T67 RIC Vi 222, C 212 37) B8, O07, R093, T75 RIC Vi 261, C 223 38) B8, O07, R093, T78 RIC Vi 128, C 224 39) B8, O07, R102, T54 RIC Vi 293, C 276 40) B8, O07, R102, T82 RIC Vi 227 41) B8, O16, R051, T43 RIC Vi 12, C 143a 42) B9, O06, R016, T05 RIC Vi 236, C 44 43) B9, O06, R031, T12 RIC Vi 241, C 71 44) B9, O06, R054, T33 RIC Vi 245, C 147 45) B9, O06, R084, T46 RIC Vi 257, C 205 46) B9, O10, R031, T12 RIC Vi 240, C 74

AE Sestertius Reference(s) 47) B1, O06, R092, T75 RIC Vi 178, C 233

289 48) B1, O07, R092, T75 RIC Vi 202, C 227 49) B2, O05, R092, T75 RIC Vi 177, C 234 50) B2, O05, R102, T82 RIC Vi 182, C 219 51) B2, O05, R104, T83 RIC Vi 184, C 283 52) B2, O07, R044, T23 RIC Vi 165, C 121

AE As 53) B2, O06, R016, T07 54) B2, O07, R007, T02 RIC Vi 190, C 23 55) B2, O07, R038, T17 RIC Vi 195

Valerian I Busts

Valerian I Types

290

Mariniana

? - ?

Valerian I Types (continued)

Wife of Valerian. All coins in her name were minted posthumously.

Busts:

1) Veiled, diademed, draped bust right on crescent 2) Veiled, draped bust right 3) Veiled, draped bust right on crescent

Obverse:

1) DIVAE MARINIANAE

Reverse:

1) CONSECRATIO

Types:

1) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 2) Mariniana flying peacock left, upwards 3) Mariniana flying peacock right, upwards 4) Peacock advancing right 5) Peacock standing, facing

Mint:

1) Roma

Mariniana falls into the category of coins where if you have the money you can always locate one or two but it may take a bit of luck and patience to find one you are pleased with.

Her Ants were minted during that difficult time when the coins had so little silver in them, less than 20%, that the coin looks “silvery” only if the right set of conditions presented itself at the time of loss. Otherwise, they can look awful with porosity being the main problem. As the bulk of the coin corroded away a spongy, silver-rich core remained.

Interestingly, there are also many bronzes which are loosely categorized under the old denominations of Sestertius, Dupondius and As depending on their weights. However, there are no hard and fast rules because there appears to have been no specific coin weight range in mind by this time in Roman history. And at this point these coins probably traded hands at the marketplace by weight so that half a pound of copper coins was needed to buy X amount of Y.

One such bronze coin if well preserved will surely cost a few hundred dollars at a minimum. The Ants, too, will cost two or three hundred dollars a piece if in good shape.

291 AR Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T4 RIC Vi 5, C 11 2) B1, O1, R1, T5 RIC Vi 3, C 2 3) B3, O1, R1, T2 RIC Vi 6, C 14 4) B3, O1, R1, T3 RIC Vi 6, C 16

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

5) B2, O1, R1, T5 RIC Vi 9, C 7

AE Dupondius (Posthumous)

6) B2, O1, R1, T5 RIC Vi 11, C 8

AE As (Posthumous)

7) B2, O1, R1, T5 Exe: ` RIC Vi 11

Mariniana Busts

Mariniana Types

292

Valerian II

Caesar c.273-274

Son of Gallienus (or possibly Valerian). This young boy was left in the care of Ingenuus, a trusted general under the employ of Gallienus. Valerian died under mysterious circumstances not too long after and Ingenuus rebelled. The easiest conclusion to make is that Ingenuus murdered him to pursue his imperatorial career. However, it is just as likely that Valerian died of natural

causes and that Ingenuus, afraid of being blamed, took the drastic step of usurping the throne as a precautionary step.

Busts:

1) Bare head right 2) Bare headed bust right 3) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Bare headed, draped bust right 5) Radiate head right 6) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses:

1) C P L VALERIANVS CAES 2) COR LIC VALERIANVS CAES 3) COR VALERIANVS CAESAR 4) DIVO CAES VALERIANO 5) DIVO CAESAR VALERIANO 6) DIVO CAESARI VALERIANO 7) DIVO VALERIANO CAES 8) LIC VALERIANVS CAES 9) P C L VALERIANVS CAES 10) P C L VALERIANVS N C 11) P C L VALERIANVS NOB C 12) P C L VALERIANVS NOB CAES 13) P LIC COR VALERIANVS CAES 14) P LIC VALERIANVS CAES 15) VALERIANVS CAES 16) VALERIANVS NOBIL CAES

Reverses:

1) CONSACRATIO 2) CONSECRATIO 3) DEO VOLKANO 4) FIDES MILITVM 5) IOVI CRESCENTI 6) LIBERALITAS AVGG 7) MONETA AVGG

8) ORIENS 9) PIETAS AGG 10) PIETAS AVGG 11) PIETAS AVGVSTORVM 12) PM TR P V COS IIII PP 13) PRINC IVVENTVTIS 14) PRINCIPI IVVENT

15) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 16) RESTITVTOR GALLIARVM 17) SPES PVBLICA 18) VICTORIA GERMAN 19) VICTORIA PART

Types:

1) Altar 2) Eagle standing left. 3) Eagle standing right 4) Eagle, standard on either side. 5) Funeral pyre 6) Gallienus seated left, holding globe and scepter 7) Jupiter riding goat left 8) Jupiter riding goat right. 9) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 10) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding scale and cornucopia 11) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged). 12) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 13) Standards (3) 14) Temple with (4) columns, Vulcan within, holding hammer and tongs with anvil to lower left. 15) Valerian II riding eagle right, upwards 16) Valerian II standing left, crowning trophy and holding spear with shield. 17) Valerian II standing left, holding globe and spear. 18) Valerian II standing left, holding hand of kneeling Gallia to left and scepter. 19) Valerian II standing left, holding standard and scepter. 20) Valerian II standing left, holding standard and spear. 21) Valerian II standing left, holding wand and scepter 22) Valerian II standing left, holding wand and spear; two standards to right. 23) Valerian II standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Victory to left, holding palm

Mints:

1) Antioch 2) Lugdunum

3) Roma

While not rare, Valerian II is an obscure Caesar whose coins for the most part survive in deplorable condition. This keeps prices down but also keeps interest down in his series as well. While the young Valerian was alive a modest run of coins was issued in his name and after dying a somewhat longer series of posthumous coins of the deified prince was put into circulation. Most of these coins, no big surprise, were of the severely debased silver Antoniniani type. Finding one that has survived in mint state condition is likely a pipe dream but reasonably appealing coins can be bought for under $100 largely thanks to slipping “under the radar” of many collectors.

293 AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B3, O12, R15, T18 RIC Vi 11

AR Antoninianus

2) B6, O12, R10, T11 RIC Vi 20, C 50 3) B6, O13, R10, T11 RIC Vi 19 4) B6, O13, R15, T21 5) B6, O13, R18, T23 RIC Vi 53 6) B6, O13, R19, T23 RIC Vi 54 7) B6, O14, R05, T08 RIC Vi 13 8) B6, O15, R05, T08 RIC Vi 3, C 26 9) B6, O15, R10, T11 RIC Vi 4, C 52 10) B6, O16, R04, T13 RIC Vi 46, C 24 11) B6, O16, R13, T16 RIC Vi 49, C 67

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)

12) B5, O04, R02, T03 Exe: S 13) B6, O04, R02, T01 RIC Vi 24a, C 13 14) B6, O07, R01, T15 RIC Vi 9

AR Quinarius

15) B3, O12, R15, T19 RIC Vi 30, C 80

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

16) B3, O04, R02, T05 Exe: SC RIC Vi 35, C 17

Valerian II Busts

Valerian II Types

294

Gallienus

Augustus 260-268

The son of Valerian, Gallienus became emperor when his father was taken prisoner by a Persian King. His greatest contribution to military history was the first commissioning of a cavalry-only unit which could be dispatched anywhere within the empire within short order. He was also successful in repelling wave after wave of barbarian invaders as well as finally defeating Postumus after a prolonged period which saw the two in battlefields three times.

Gallienus met a bloody end himself during the siege of another usurper, Aureolus, at the hands of his own soldiers.

Busts: 1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Helmeted head right 3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right 5) Helmeted, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right. 6) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 7) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle 8) Laureate bust right 9) Laureate head left 10) Laureate head right 11) Laureate torso right 12) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 13) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 14) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 15) Laureate, cuirassed torso left 16) Laureate, cuirassed torso left, holding spear and shield. 17) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 18) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 19) Laureate, draped bust right 20) Laureate, draped torso right, holding caduceus 21) Radiate bust left, holding trophy and shield 22) Radiate head left 23) Radiate head right 24) Radiate torso left, holding scepter 25) Radiate torso right 26) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 27) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear 28) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 29) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 30) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand 31) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 32) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder 33) Radiate, cuirassed torso left, holding spear and shield 34) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder 35) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 36) Radiate, draped bust left 37) Radiate, draped bust left, holding club 38) Radiate, draped bust right 39) Radiate, draped torso left 40) Reed-crowned head left

Obverses: 1) DIVO CAES GALLIENO 2) DIVO CAES Q GALLIENO 3) GALLIENAE AVGVSTAE 4) GALLIENO PF AVG 5) GALLIENVM AVG PR 6) GALLIENVM AVG SENATVS 7) GALLIENVM PR 8) GALLIENVM PRINC PR 9) GALLIENVS AVG 10) GALLIENVS AVG GERM 11) GALLIENVS AVG GERM 12) GALLIENVS AVG GERM V 13) GALLIENVS P AVG 14) GALLIENVS PF AVG 15) GALLIENVS PF AVG GERM 16) GALLIENVS PIVS F AVG 17) GALLIENVS PIVS FEL AVG GERM 18) IMP C P GALLIENVS PF AVG 19) IMP C P LIC GALLIENVS AVG 20) IMP C P LIC GALLIENVS PF AVG

21) IMP C P LICIN GALLIENVS AVG 22) IMP CAES GALLIENVS AVG 23) IMP GALLIENVS AVG 24) IMP GALLIENVS AVG COS II 25) IMP GALLIENVS AVG COS V 26) IMP GALLIENVS AVG GER 27) IMP GALLIENVS AVG GERM 28) IMP GALLIENVS F AVG 29) IMP GALLIENVS P AVG 30) IMP GALLIENVS P AVG GERM 31) IMP GALLIENVS PF AVG 32) IMP GALLIENVS PF AVG GERM 33) IMP GALLIENVS PF AVG GM 34) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS AVG 35) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS F AVG 36) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS FEL AVG 37) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS FEL AVG GERM 38) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS FELIX AVG 39) IMP LIC GALLIENVS AVG 40) IMP P LIC GALLIENVS AVG

Sometime during the reign of Gallienus, in an imperceptibly gradual process perhaps, Roman coins stopped being issued with anything resembling quality control. More regrettably, the use of currency as an art venue gave way to its most utilitarian uses. There was now less care in the execution and craftsmanship of the dies, less variety of types and a generalized who-cares-what-they-look-like attitude that was pervasive from one corner of the empire to the next. Even the mighty Aureus had to suffer the indignity of wild swings in weights. Even the up-until-then sacrosanct purity of the gold itself dipped. But while the most drastic changes appear to have happened during the tenure of Gallienus there were still, thankfully, many exceptions to the rule. The Antoninianus was still being made in reasonably good metal during his first couple of years on the throne and one may actually find one today in good shape at a not-exorbitant cost. Just be aware that for every one of those there will be a cartful of deplorable coins available which, it must be remembered, were already unrecognizable before leaving the mint.

295 Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ADLOCVTIO AVGG 3) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTI 4) ADVENTVS AVG 5) ADVENTVS AVGG 6) AEQVIT AVG 7) AEQVITAS AVG 8) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 9) AEQVTAS AVG 10) AET AVG 11) AETERNITAS AVG 12) AETERNITAS AVGG 13) AETERNITATI AVG 14) AETERNITATI AVGG 15) ALACRITATI 16) ALACRITATI AVG 17) ANNONA AVG 18) APOLINI CONS AVG 19) APOLINI CONSERVA 20) APOLINI PROPVG 21) APOLL CONSERVAT 22) APOLLI PAL 23) APOLLINI CON AVG 24) APOLLINI CONS AVG 25) APOLLINI CONSERVA 26) APOLLINI PAL 27) APOLLO CONSER 28) APOLLO CONSERV 29) APOLLO CONSERVA 30) APOLLO COS AVG 31) BON EVEN AVG 32) BON EVENT AVG 33) BONAE FORTVNAE 34) BONVS EVENTVS AVG 35) CHORS TERTIA PRAETORIA 36) CLEMENTIA TEMP 37) COH H PRAET VI P VI F 38) COH H PRAET VII P VI F 39) COH H PRAET VII P VII F 40) CONCOR AVG 41) CONCOR EQVIT 42) CONCORD PRET MILIT 43) CONCORDIA AVG 44) CONCORDIA AVGG 45) CONCORDIA EXERC 46) CONCORDIA EXERCIT 47) CONCORDIA MILIT 48) CONCORDIAE AVGG 49) CONSECRATIO 50) CONSERVAT AVG 51) CONSERVAT PIETAT 52) CONSERVATOR AVG 53) CONSERVATOR EXERC 54) COS IIII PP 55) DEO AVGVSTO 56) DEO MARTI 57) DEO VOLCANO 58) DIANA FELIX 59) DIANA LVCIFERA 60) DIANAE CONS AVG 61) DONA AVG 62) FECVNDITAS AVG 63) FELICI AET 64) FELICI AVG 65) FELICIT AVG 66) FELICIT DEORVM 67) FELICIT PVBL 68) FELICITAS AVG 69) FELICITAS SAECVLI 70) FELICITATI AVGVSTI 71) FID MILIT 72) FID MILITVM 73) FID PRAET 74) FIDEI LEG 75) FIDEI PRAET 76) FIDEI PRAET VOTA X 77) FIDES AVG 78) FIDES EXERC VIII 79) FIDES EXERCITVS 80) FIDES LEG 81) FIDES MIL 82) FIDES MILIT 83) FIDES MILITVM 84) FORT REDVX 85) FORTVNA AVG 86) FORTVNA RED

87) FORTVNA REDVX 88) FORTVNAE REDVCI 89) GALLIENVS AVG 90) GENIO AVG 91) GENIV AVG 92) GENIVS AVG 93) GENIVS EXE 94) GERMAN MAX TR P 95) GERMANCVS MAX V 96) GERMANICVS MAX TER 97) GERMANICVS MAX V 98) GERMANICVS MAXIMVS 99) HERCVLI CONS AVG 100) HERCVLO CONS AVG 101) IANO PATRI 102) INDVLG AVG 103) INDVLGENT AVG 104) INDVLGENTIA AVG 105) INVICTO AVG 106) INVICTVS 107) INVICTVS AVG 108) IO CANTAB 109) IOVI CONS AVG 110) IOVI CONSERVA 111) IOVI CONSERVAT 112) IOVI CONSERVATORI 113) IOVI CRESCENTI 114) IOVI PATRI 115) IOVI PROPVG 116) IOVI PROPVGNAT 117) IOVI PROPVGNATOR 118) IOVI STATORI 119) IOVI VICTORI 120) IOVI VLTORI 121) IOVIS STATOR 122) IOVIS STATORI 123) IVNO CONSERVAT 124) IVNO REGINA 125) IVNONI CONS AVG 126) LAETIA AVGG 127) LAETIT TEMP 128) LAETITIA AVG 129) LAETITIA AVGG 130) LEG I ADI V P V F 131) LEG I ADI VI P VI E 132) LEG I ADI VI P VI F 133) LEG I ADI VII P VII F 134) LEG I AVG VI P VI F 135) LEG I ITAL VI P VI F 136) LEG I ITAL VII P VII F 137) LEG I MIN VI P VI F 138) LEG I MIN VII P VII F 139) LEG II AD VII P VII F 140) LEG II ADI VI P VI F 141) LEG II CL ADI VI P VI F 142) LEG II ITAL VI P VI F 143) LEG II ITAL VII P VII F 144) LEG II PART V P V F 145) LEG II PART VI P VI F 146) LEG II PART VII P VII F 147) LEG III ITAL VI P VI F 148) LEG III ITAL VII P VII F 149) LEG IIII FL VI P VI F 150) LEG IIII FL VII P VII F 151) LEG IIXX VI P VI F 152) LEG IIXX VII P VII F 153) LEG V MAC VI P VI F 154) LEG V MAC VII P VIII F 155) LEG VI CL VI P VI F 156) LEG VI MAC VII P VII F 157) LEG VII CL VI P VI F 158) LEG VII CLA VI P VI F 159) LEG VII CLA VII P VII F 160) LEG VIII AVG V P V F 161) LEG VIII AVG VI P VI F 162) LEG VIII AVG VII P VII F 163) LEG VIIII AVG VI P VI F 164) LEG VIIII VI P VI F 165) LEG X GEM VI P VI F 166) LEG X GEM VII P VII F 167) LEG XI CL VI P VI F 168) LEG XIII GEM VI P VI F 169) LEG XIIII GEM VI P VI F 170) LEG XX VI P VI F 171) LEG XXI GEM VI P VI F 172) LEG XXII VI P VI F

173) LEG XXX VLP VI P VI F 174) LEG XXX VLP VII P VII F 175) LIB AVG 176) LIBERAL AVG 177) LIBERALIT AVG 178) LIBERALITAS AVG II 179) LIBERALITAS AVG III 180) LIBERALITAS AVGG 181) LIBERO P CONS AVG 182) LIBERT AVG 183) LIBERTAS AVG 184) LIBERTAS AVGG 185) LVNA LVCIF 186) LVNA LVCIFERA 187) MARS RED AVG 188) MARS VICTOR 189) MARS VLTOR 190) MARTI PACIF 191) MARTI PACIFE 192) MARTI PACIFER 193) MARTI PACIFERO 194) MARTI PROPVGN 195) MARTI PROPVGNAT 196) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 197) MARTI VICTORI AVG 198) MERCVRIO CONS AVG 199) MINERVA AVG 200) MONETA AVG 201) MONETA AVGG 202) NEPTVNO CONS AVG 203) OB CONSERVAT SALVT 204) OB CONSERVATIONEM PATRIAE 205) OB CONSERVATIONEM SALVTIS 206) OB LIBERTAT REC 207) OB LIBERTATEM RECEPTAM 208) OB REDDIT LIBERT 209) ORIENS AVG 210) ORIENS AVGG 211) PACATORI ORBIS 212) PAX AETERNA 213) PAX AETERNA AVG 214) PAX AVG 215) PAX AVGG 216) PAX AVGVSTI 217) PAX FVNDATA 218) PAX PVBLICA 219) PERPETVITATI AVG 220) PIETAS AVG 221) PIETAS AVGG 222) PIETATI AVGG 223) PM TR P COS II 224) PM TR P II COS 225) PM TR P II COS II PP 226) PM TR P II COS PP 227) PM TR P III COS 228) PM TR P III COS III PP 229) PM TR P IIII COS II 230) PM TR P IIII COS III PP 231) PM TR P IMP VI COS V PP 232) PM TR P V COS III 233) PM TR P V COS III PP 234) PM TR P V COS IIII PP 235) PM TR P VII COS 236) PM TR P VII COS III PP 237) PM TR P VII COS IIII 238) PM TR P VII COS IIII PP 239) PM TR P VII COS PP 240) PM TR P VIIII COS IIII PP 241) PM TR P X COS IIII 242) PM TR P X COS IIII PP 243) PM TR P XII 244) PM TR P XII COS V PP 245) PM TR P XIII 246) PM TR P XV COS VII 247) PM TR P XV PP 248) PM TR P XVI 249) PM TR P XVI COS VII 250) PM TR P XVII 251) PRINC IVVENT 252) PRINCIP IVVENTVT 253) PROVI AVG 254) PROVID AVG 255) PROVIDENTI AVG 256) PROVIDENTIA AVG 257) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 258) PVDICITIA

296 259) RESTIT GALLIAR 260) RESTITVT GALLIAR 261) RESTITVT GENER HVMANI 262) RESTITVT ORIENTIS 263) RESTITVTOR GALLIAR 264) RESTITVTOR GALLIARVM 265) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 266) ROMAE AETERNAE 267) S P Q R 268) SAECVLARES AVG 269) SALVS AVG 270) SALVS AVGG 271) SALVS AVGVSTI 272) SALVS ITAL 273) SALVS PVBLICA 274) SECVLI FELICITAS 275) SECVR TEMPO 276) SECVRIT AVG 277) SECVRIT ORBIS 278) SECVRIT PERP 279) SECVRIT PERPET 280) SECVRIT PVBL 281) SECVRITAS AVG 282) SECVRITAS AVGG 283) SECVRITAS ORBIS 284) SECVRITAS PVB 285) SECVRITAS PVBL 286) SECVRT AVG 287) SISCIA AVG 288) SOLI COMTI AVG 289) SOLI CONS AVG 290) SOLI INVICTO

291) SPES PVB 292) SPES PVBLICA 293) TR P XII C VI PP 294) TRIB POT COS II 295) TRIB POT COS PP 296) TRIB POT VIII COS III 297) VBERITAS AVG 298) VBERTAS AVG 299) VBIQVE PAX 300) VENERI VICTRICI 301) VENERI VICTRIX 302) VENVS AVG 303) VENVS FELIX 304) VENVS VICTRIX 305) VESTA 306) VESTA FELIX 307) VIC GAL AVG 308) VICT AET AVG 309) VICT GAL AVG 310) VICT GAL AVG III 311) VICT GALL AVG 312) VICT GALLIENI AVG 313) VICT GER II 314) VICT GERMANICA 315) VICTORIA AET 316) VICTORIA AVG 317) VICTORIA AVG II 318) VICTORIA AVG III 319) VICTORIA AVG VI 320) VICTORIA AVG VII 321) VICTORIA AVG VIII 322) VICTORIA AVG VIIII

323) VICTORIA AVG 324) VICTORIA AVGG 325) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 326) VICTORIA GERM 327) VICTORIA GERMANICA 328) VICTORIA PART 329) VICTORIAE AVG 330) VICTORIAE AVG GERMANICA 331) VICTORIAE AVGG 332) VICTORIAE AVGG IT GERM 333) VIRT GALLIENI AVG 334) VIRTVS AVG 335) VIRTVS AVGG 336) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 337) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM 338) VIRTVS FALERI 339) VIRTVS GALLIENI AVG 340) VIRTVS GALLIENI AVGVSTI 341) VIRTVTI AVG 342) VIRTVTIS AVGVSTI 343) VOTA DECENNALIA 344) VOTA ORBIS 345) VOTA VICENNALIA 346) No legend

Types: 1) Abundantia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and anchor 2) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia 3) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 4) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding staff with snake coiled around it. 5) Aeternitas standing right, holding scepter 6) Altar 7) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 8) Annona standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 9) Annona standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and grain ears over modius. 10) Antelope advancing left 11) Antelope advancing right 12) Apollo standing left, aiming with bow and arrow. 13) Apollo standing left, holding branch 14) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock. 15) Apollo standing left, holding branch and resting arm on altar 16) Apollo standing left, holding globe and scepter. 17) Apollo standing left, touching head and holding lyre. 18) Augustus laureate head right 19) Augustus laureate, cuirassed bust right 20) Boar advancing right 21) Bull standing right 22) Capricornus advancing right 23) Centaur advancing left, aiming with bow and arrow 24) Centaur advancing right, aiming with bow and arrow 25) Centaur advancing right, holding club. 26) Centaur standing left, holding globe and club 27) Centaur standing left, holding globe and trophy 28) Centaur standing left, holding globe. 29) Centaur standing right, holding club 30) Clementia standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter. 31) Concordia standing left, holding patera and (1) cornucopia 32) Concordia standing left, holding patera and (2) cornucopiae. 33) Concordia standing left, holding patera and rudder on globe. 34) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand. 35) Deer standing left 36) Deer standing right 37) Diana (Luna) standing right, holding torch with both hands. 38) Diana advancing right, holding torch. 39) Diana advancing right, pulling arrow and holding bow; dog to right 40) Diana standing left, aiming with bow and arrow 41) Diana standing right, holding spear and bow; dog to right 42) Eagle 43) Eagle perched on globe, standard on either side 44) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 45) Felicitas standing left, holding globe and caduceus. 46) Felicitas standing left, holding globe and scepter 47) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and cornucopia 48) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and scepter. 49) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter 50) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter; another standard to right 51) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand. 52) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.

297 53) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia 54) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 55) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 56) Fortuna standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia. 57) Fortuna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 58) Galley sailing left 59) Gallienus advancing left, holding standard in each hand 60) Gallienus advancing right, raising hand and holding globe 61) Gallienus advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield. 62) Gallienus and Valerian I seated left; lictor standing to right 63) Gallienus and Valerian I standing, facing each other, resting hand on shield; two spears behind each. 64) Gallienus and Valerian I standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar 65) Gallienus and Valerian I standing, facing each other; emperor on left holding a spear and globe and one on right a Victory and scepter 66) Gallienus riding horse left, holding spear. 67) Gallienus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter. 68) Gallienus riding horse left, Victory to right and soldier to left 69) Gallienus riding horse right over two enemies; soldier to left 70) Gallienus riding horse right, spearing enemy. 71) Gallienus riding horse right, spearing lion. 72) Gallienus riding quadriga left, being crowned by Victory. 73) Gallienus riding quadriga left, holding scepter. 74) Gallienus seated left on right, receiving branch from soldier to left and being crowned by Victory to right 75) Gallienus seated left, holding globe and scepter. 76) Gallienus standing left on left, holding globe and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm 77) Gallienus standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Victory to left, holding wreath and palm. 78) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter and hand of kneeling Orbis to left 79) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter and hand of kneeling Gallia to left 80) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter and hand of kneeling person to left 81) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Oriens to left 82) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Victory to left 83) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter, shaking hands with Sol to left, holding wreath 84) Gallienus standing left, holding globe and scepter. 85) Gallienus standing left, holding spear and trophy 86) Gallienus standing left, holding spear in each hand; standard to right. 87) Gallienus standing left, sacrificing over altar 88) Gallienus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 89) Gallienus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding globe and scepter. 90) Gallienus standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 91) Gallienus standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 92) Gallienus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right, holding spear with shield 93) Gallienus standing right, holding globe and scepter 94) Gallienus standing right, holding globe and spear; captive on either side. 95) Gallienus standing right, holding spear and standard. 96) Gallienus standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield. 97) Gallienus standing, facing, holding spear; two standards on either side. 98) Gallienus standing, holding parazonium and spear; river god on either side. 99) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 100) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; standard to right 101) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 102) Goat advancing left 103) Goat advancing right 104) Goat suckling baby Jupiter 105) Gryphon advancing left 106) Gryphon advancing right 107) Gryphon seated left 108) Gryphon seated right 109) Hands, in handshake. 110) Hercules standing left, holding branch and club with lion skin. 111) Hercules standing left, resting hand on club and holding apple 112) Hercules standing right, holding branch and club 113) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding apples with lion skin 114) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin. 115) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin 116) Hippocamp advancing right 117) Indulgentia seated left, holding branch and scepter. 118) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter 119) Indulgentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over wheel and cornucopia 120) Janus standing, holding patera and scepter 121) Juno standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 122) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 123) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left. 124) Jupiter (as child) riding goat left 125) Jupiter (as child) riding goat right 126) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 127) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left. 128) Jupiter standing left on cippus reading IMP C E S, holding Victory and scepter 129) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter. 130) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt 131) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 132) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left. 133) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; effigy of Gallienus to lower left. 134) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt and holding scepter 135) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 136) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 137) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter 138) Libertas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding pileus and scepter 139) Lion advancing left 140) Lion advancing left with bull’s head in mouth 141) Lion advancing right

298 142) Lion advancing right, eagle on back. 143) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield 144) Mars advancing right, holding branch and shield. 145) Mars advancing right, holding globe and spear. 146) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 147) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 148) Mars helmeted head left 149) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 150) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear. 151) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 152) Mars standing right, holding shield and spearing enemy. 153) Mars standing right, holding spear and trophy. 154) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus 155) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus; dog by feet. 156) Minerva seated left, holding Victory and spear. 157) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on shield. 158) Minerva standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield 159) Monetae (3) each holding a scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by their feet. 160) Moose advancing right 161) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow and holding trident 162) Panther advancing left 163) Panther advancing right 164) Pax advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 165) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter. 166) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 167) Pegasus rearing left 168) Pegasus rearing right 169) Pietas seated left, holding scepter; child on either side. 170) Pietas standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia; wheel by feet. 171) Pietas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over wheel. 172) Pietas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter. 173) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar. 174) Providentia standing left, holding wand and cornucopia 175) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 176) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter 177) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 178) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil and holding scepter. 179) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 180) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 181) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar 182) Salus standing left, leaning on column, pouring out patera 183) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 184) Saturn standing right, holding scepter. 185) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand. 186) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter 187) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head 188) Serapis standing left, holding scepter 189) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding spear; rabbit by feet. 190) Siscia seated left; swimming nymph below 191) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 192) Sol riding quadriga left 193) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 194) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 195) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 196) Standards (3) 197) Stork standing right 198) Temple with (4) columns; Mars standing within, holding shield and spear 199) Trophies (3) 200) Trophy; seated captive on either side 201) Uberitas standing left, holding grapes and cornucopia 202) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter 203) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield 204) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield; seated captive to left 205) Vesta seated left, holding simpulum and scepter. 206) Vesta seated left, holding wreath and scepter. 207) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum and scepter. 208) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading SC on palm 209) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding Victory on globe 210) Victories (3) standing left 211) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath; shield on either side 212) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 213) Victory advancing left, placing garland over shield on cippus 214) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and palm. 215) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and trophy. 216) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy. 217) Victory riding biga left 218) Victory riding biga right, holding whip 219) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 220) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 221) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm. 222) Victory standing on globe, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side 223) Victory standing right on shield, holding palm. 224) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm tree 225) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm tree reading III 226) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm; eagle to right. 227) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm; lion to right. 228) Victory standing, facing, holding opened wreath with both hands; shield on either side. 229) Virtus standing left, holding globe and spear. 230) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear

299 231) Virtus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch and spear. 232) Virtus standing right, holding spear and globe 233) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield 234) Virtus standing right, holding spear and shield 235) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus 236) Wreath, COHORT PRAET PRINCIPI SVO within 237) Wreath, FIDEI EQVITVM within 238) Wreath, FIDES MILITVM within 239) Wreath, SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI within 240) Wreath, VOT within 241) Wreath, VOT / X / ET / XX within 242) Wreath, VOTIS / DECENNA / LIB within 243) Wreath, VOTIS / DECENNA / LIBVS within 244) Wreath, VOTIS within 245) Wreath, VOTIS X ET XX within 246) Wreath, VOTIS X within

Mints: 1) Asia, locality uncertain 2) Balkans, locality uncertain 3) Lugdunum

4) Mediolanum 5) Roma 6) Siscia

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B03, O23, R083, T051, M5 Four Aurei weight RIC 10 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 230 2) B40, O37, R042, T109, M5 Eight Aurei weight

AU Binio 3) B40, O14, R316, T076, M5 RIC 81 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1112 4) B31, O09, R318, T213, M5 T in left field RIC 84 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1116 5) B23, O09, R346, T242, M4 RIC 96 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1353

AU Aureus 6) B40, O14, R299, T219, M5 RIC 72 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1018 7) B18, O19, R184, T137, M5 8) B14, O20, R025, T014, M5

AU Quinarius 9) B10, O09, R209, T194, M5 C 696 10) B10, O09, R297, T201, M5 RIC 120 (Vi, Sole Reign) 11) B14, O20, R334, T230, M5 C 1217

AR Medallion 12) B18, O19, R201, T119, M5

Billon Antoninianus 13) B06, O09, R147, T198, M4 RIC 339 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 492 14) B06, O09, R193, T143, M4 RIC 492 (Vi, Sole Reign) 15) B22, O09, R140, T168, M4 RIC 324 (Vi, Joint Reign) 16) B22, O09, R188, T146, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 649 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 607a 17) B22, O09, R245, T140, M2 Exe: CVI PP over ± RIC 602 (Vi, Sole Reign) 18) B23, O09, R001, T002, M5 B in left field RIC 157k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 5 19) B23, O09, R006, T003, M5 RIC 159k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 25 20) B23, O09, R011, T194, M5 G in left field RIC 160k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 38 21) B23, O09, R017, T007, M6 RIC 557k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 56 22) B23, O09, R018, T024, M5 Exe: H RIC 164k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 73 23) B23, O09, R018, T024, M5 Exe: Z RIC 163k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 72 24) B23, O09, R027, T013, M5 RIC 168k (Vi, Sole Reign) 25) B23, O09, R027, T014, M5 RIC 169k (Vi, Sole Reign) 26) B23, O09, R051, T080, M5 RIC 171A (Vi, Sole Reign), C 144 27) B23, O09, R058, T041, M4 RIC 473k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 173 28) B23, O09, R060, T010, M5 Exe: X RIC 179k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 160 29) B23, O09, R060, T010, M5 Exe: XII RIC 181k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 165 30) B23, O09, R060, T036, M5 Exe: E 31) B23, O09, R060, T160, M4 32) B23, O09, R065, T047, M5 RIC 187k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 181 33) B23, O09, R083, T049, M5 N in right field RIC 192k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 246 34) B23, O09, R087, T055, M6 ¿ in right field RIC 572k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 265 35) B23, O09, R099, T020, M5 Exe: E RIC 202k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 317 36) B23, O09, R103, T119, M5 XI in right field RIC 206k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 331 37) B23, O09, R109, T103, M5 Exe: ¿ RIC 207k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 345 38) B23, O09, R110, T131, M5 N in left field RIC 208k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 354 39) B23, O09, R111, T131, M5 N in left field RIC 210k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 361 40) B23, O09, R116, T126, M5 XI in left field RIC 214k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 382

300 41) B23, O09, R120, T134, M5 ¿ in left field RIC 221k (Vi, Sole Reign) 42) B23, O09, R125, T102, M5 Exe: J RIC 224k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 491 43) B23, O09, R128, T135, M5 RIC 226k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 426 44) B23, O09, R175, T136, M5 ¿ in left field RIC 227k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 562 45) B23, O09, R181, T162, M5 Exe: B RIC 230k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 588 46) B23, O09, R182, T137, M5 S in right field RIC 232k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 593 47) B23, O09, R183, T137, M5 XI in right field RIC 233k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 596 48) B23, O09, R193, T149, M5 H in left field RIC 236k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 617a 49) B23, O09, R202, T116, M5 Exe: N RIC 244k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 669 50) B23, O09, R209, T192, M5 Z in left field RIC 249k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 699 51) B23, O09, R214, T166, M4 RIC 499k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 739 52) B23, O09, R214, T166, M6 S in left field, I in right RIC 575k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 729 53) B23, O09, R214, T166, M6 RIC 575k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 727 54) B23, O09, R218, T166, M5 Exe: V RIC 260k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 773 55) B23, O09, R220, T173, M4 RIC 507k (Vi, Sole Reign) 56) B23, O09, R253, T175, M5 RIC 267k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 854 57) B23, O09, R253, T175, M6 II in right field RIC 580k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 872 58) B23, O09, R269, T181, M6 I in right field RIC 581k (Vi, Sole Reign) 59) B23, O09, R269, T182, M5 P in left field RIC 275k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 935 60) B23, O09, R269, T184, M5 XII in right field RIC 274Ak (Vi, Sole Reign), C 932 61) B23, O09, R275, T186, M4 Exe: MS RIC 513k (Vi, Sole Reign) 62) B23, O09, R277, T186, M5 Exe: VI RIC 278k (Vi, Sole Reign) 63) B23, O09, R279, T187, M5 H in right field RIC 280k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 961 64) B23, O09, R289, T021, M5 Exe: XI RIC 285k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 983 65) B23, O09, R289, T168, M5 RIC 283k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 979 66) B23, O09, R292, T195, M6 RIC 584k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 996 67) B23, O09, R297, T201, M6 E in right field C 1008 68) B23, O09, R304, T204, M5 RIC 289k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1024 69) B23, O09, R315, T219, M5 Z in left field RIC 297f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1072 70) B23, O09, R334, T230, M2 RIC 668k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1237 71) B23, O09, R336, T231, M5 X in left field 72) B23, O09, R336, T232, M5 X in left field RIC 330k (Vi, Sole Reign) 73) B23, O23, R018, T105, M5 Exe: J RIC 166k (Vi, Sole Reign) 74) B23, O23, R060, T036, M5 Exe: E RIC 177k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 154 75) B23, O23, R082, T049, M4 Exe: MD RIC 481 (Vi, Sole Reign) 76) B23, O23, R092, T100, M5 VI in left field RIC 198k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 300 77) B23, O23, R212, T166, M5 J in left field RIC 252k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 716 78) B23, O23, R254, T176, M4 Exe: MD RIC 509k (Vi, Sole Reign) 79) B23, O23, R269, T004, M4 Exe: P RIC 511Bk (Vi, Sole Reign) 80) B28, O09, R137, T157, M5 RIC 332 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 462 81) B29, O12, R263, T079, M3 82) B29, O14, R097, T201, M3 RIC 18 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 308 83) B31, O09, R006, T003, M6 VI in right field RIC 553f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 20 84) B31, O09, R007, T003, M2 * in left field 85) B31, O09, R017, T007, M6 I in right field RIC 557f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 55 86) B31, O09, R037, T141, M4 RIC 370f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 105 87) B31, O09, R052, T004, M2 RIC 632f (Vi, Sole Reign) 88) B31, O09, R067, T044, M5 Exe: T RIC 192f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 193 89) B31, O09, R077, T154, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 607f (Vi, Sole Reign) 90) B31, O09, R103, T118, M5 Exe: P RIC 205f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 327 91) B31, O09, R109, T102, M5 Exe: ¿ RIC 207f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 341 92) B31, O09, R111, T129, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 608f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 376 93) B31, O09, R112, T129, M5 94) B31, O09, R120, T134, M5 ¿ in left field RIC 221f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 402 95) B31, O09, R132, T022, M4 RIC 315f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 447 96) B31, O09, R135, T020, M4 RIC 320f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 455 97) B31, O09, R140, T168, M4 RIC 324f (Vi, Joint Reign) 98) B31, O09, R145, T025, M4 RIC 336f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 483 99) B31, O09, R145, T029, M4 RIC 336k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 483 100) B31, O09, R161, T021, M4 RIC 353f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 522 101) B31, O09, R185, T037, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 609f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 600 102) B31, O09, R193, T149, M4 RIC 492f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 613 103) B31, O09, R198, T116, M5 Exe: N RIC 242k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 631 104) B31, O09, R254, T175, M5 X in right field RIC 267f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 855 105) B31, O09, R268, T036, M2 Exe: ¬ C 925b 106) B31, O09, R269, T015, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 610f (Vi, Sole Reign) 107) B31, O09, R269, T181, M6 RIC 581f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 934 108) B31, O09, R269, T182, M5 Exe: PXV 109) B31, O09, R276, T188, M5 RIC 277k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 951 110) B31, O09, R279, T187, M5 H in right field RIC 280f (Vi, Sole Reign) 111) B31, O09, R287, T190, M6 RIC 582f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 976 112) B31, O09, R297, T201, M6 RIC 585f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1009 113) B31, O09, R300, T203, M2 RIC 660f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1020 114) B31, O09, R316, T211, M5 RIC 298f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1079 115) B31, O09, R318, T212, M5 T in left field RIC 305f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1119 116) B31, O09, R321, T212, M4 RIC 527f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1135 117) B31, O09, R328, T219, M5 S in left field RIC 309f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1190 118) B31, O09, R334, T113, M2 Exe: VIIC. RIC 623a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1250 119) B31, O09, R334, T150, M5 P in right field RIC 321f (Vi, Sole Reign) 120) B31, O09, R334, T234, M2 RIC 669c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1246a 121) B31, O14, R007, T003, M2 122) B31, O14, R007, T003, M2 * in left field RIC 626f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 28 123) B31, O14, R013, T193, M2 * in left field RIC 629f (Vi, Sole Reign) 124) B31, O14, R056, T199, M3 RIC 10 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 149a 125) B31, O14, R097, T201, M3 RIC 18f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 308 126) B31, O14, R118, T130, M2 RIC 644f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 396 127) B31, O14, R244, T189, M2 RIC 600 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 839 128) B31, O14, R266, T179, M2 RIC 654f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 920

301 129) B31, O14, R314, T215, M3 258-259 RIC 45 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1048 130) B31, O14, R314, T222, M3 258-259 RIC 49 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1062 131) B31, O14, R334, T230, M2 * in left field RIC 667f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1235 132) B31, O14, R335, T095, M3 RIC 58 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1309 133) B31, O14, R336, T114, M2 Exe: * RIC 672f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1321 134) B31, O19, R046, T032, M5 RIC 132f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 131a 135) B31, O20, R110, T131, M5 RIC 143f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 363 136) B31, O20, R180, T136, M5 RIC 148f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 571 137) B31, O20, R324, T175, M5 RIC 158f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 889 138) B31, O23, R058, T039, M4 RIC 380f (Vi, Joint Reign) 139) B31, O23, R269, T184, M5 RIC 274f (Vi, Sole Reign) 140) B31, O23, R323, T212, M4 RIC 405f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1148 141) B31, O23, R328, T077, M1 RIC 453 (Vi, Joint Reign) 142) B31, O29, R119, T129, M3 RIC 21f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 398 143) B31, O29, R215, T166, M4 RIC 392f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 752 144) B31, O29, R254, T174, M4 * in right field 145) B31, O29, R292, T196, M5 RIC 403 (Vi, Sole Reign) 146) B31, O32, R335, T147, M5 147) B32, O09, R132, T022, M4 RIC 315 (Vi, Joint Reign) 148) B35, O09, R001, T002, M5 D in left field 149) B35, O09, R006, T003, M5 RIC 159c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 20 150) B35, O09, R007, T003, M2 * in left field RIC 627c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 24 151) B35, O09, R013, T193, M6 * in left field RIC 555c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 51 152) B35, O09, R037, T141, M4 153) B35, O09, R087, T055, M5 ¿ in right field 154) B35, O09, R092, T101, M2 Exe: ± RIC 638c (Vi, Sole Reign) 155) B35, O09, R199, T158, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 651c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 632 156) B35, O09, R217, T200, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 652c (Vi, Sole Reign) 157) B35, O09, R220, T088, M2 Exe: VIIC RIC 618f (Vi, Sole Reign) 158) B35, O09, R266, T179, M2 Exe: * RIC 655c (Vi, Sole Reign) 159) B35, O09, R290, T193, M2 160) B35, O09, R290, T194, M2 RIC 658c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 987 161) B35, O09, R300, T203, M2 RIC 660c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1021e 162) B35, O09, R316, T212, M2 * in left field RIC 663c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1094 163) B35, O09, R334, T232, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 670c (Vi, Sole Reign) 164) B35, O09, R336, T114, M2 * in right field RIC 673c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1320 165) B35, O09, R341, T200, M2 Exe: SPQR RIC 675c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1331 166) B35, O09, R346, T243, M5 RIC 92 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1337 167) B35, O19, R044, T109, M5 RIC 131c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 125 168) B35, O19, R087, T154, M2 RIC 292c (Vi, Joint Reign) 169) B35, O19, R087, T154, M5 RIC 75 (Vi, Joint Reign) 170) B35, O19, R211, T127, M4 RIC 294c (Vi, Joint Reign) 171) B35, O19, R222, T172, M2 RIC 295c (Vi, Joint Reign) 172) B35, O19, R261, T060, M2 RIC 296c (Vi, Joint Reign) 173) B35, O19, R335, T231, M5 RIC 181c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1288 174) B35, O19, R344, T209, M1 RIC 459c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1335 175) B35, O20, R112, T091, M1 = in upper center rev. field RIC 440c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 378 176) B35, O20, R209, T083, M1 = in upper center rev. field RIC 445c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 705 177) B35, O20, R221, T064, M1 RIC 446c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 793 178) B35, O20, R323, T082, M1 > in upper center rev. field RIC 450c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1109 179) B35, O20, R335, T065, M1 RIC 456 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1310 180) B36, O09, R269, T183, M2 181) B37, O09, R186, T037, M2 RIC 646f (Vi, Sole Reign) 182) B38, O09, R007, T003, M2 * in left field RIC 627a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 25 183) B38, O09, R007, T003, M2 Exe: . 184) B38, O09, R011, T005, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 606a (Vi, Sole Reign) 185) B38, O09, R011, T235, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 628f (Vi, Sole Reign) 186) B38, O09, R013, T193, M2 * in left field RIC 630a (Vi, Sole Reign) 187) B38, O09, R118, T130, M2 * in right field RIC 645a (Vi, Sole Reign) 188) B38, O09, R118, T130, M2 Exe: * 189) B38, O09, R128, T135, M2 Exe: VIIC RIC 616a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 425 190) B38, O09, R214, T166, M6 RIC 575c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 728 191) B38, O09, R245, T140, M2 Exe: CVIPP 192) B38, O09, R247, T161, M2 Exe: VIIC. RIC 603a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 849 193) B38, O09, R256, T154, M2 C 875 194) B38, O09, R290, T193, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 611a (Vi, Sole Reign) 195) B38, O09, R334, T230, M2 * in left field RIC 668a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1237 196) B38, O09, R334, T233, M1 RIC 612a (Vi, Sole Reign) 197) B38, O19, R069, T038, M2 RIC 291a (Vi, Joint Reign) 198) B38, O20, R209, T081, M5 199) B38, O20, R221, T064, M1 RIC 446a (Vi, Joint Reign) 200) B38, O20, R262, T081, M1 Exe: .. RIC 448a (Vi, Joint Reign), C 902 201) B38, O23, R292, T195, M6 C 995

AE Sestertius Reference(s) 202) B14, O20, R046, T031, M5 RIC 209 (Vi, Joint Reign) 203) B14, O20, R068, T047, M5 RIC 211 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 203 204) B14, O20, R324, T221, M5 RIC 242 (Vi, Joint Reign) 205) B14, O23, R214, T165, M5 RIC 391 (Vi, Joint Reign) 206) B14, O31, R318, T212, M5 207) B14, O32, R040, T194, M5 RIC 273 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 712 208) B14, O32, R326, T220, M5 RIC 284 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1168 209) B18, O20, R335, T230, M5 RIC 248 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1295

302

Gallienus Busts

Gllienus Types

303

Gallienus Types (continued)

304

Gallienus Types (continued)

305

Salonina

? – d.268

Wife of Gallienus, murdered alongside her husband during the siege of Mediolanum. Salonina was said to be if not an outright Christian at least sympathetic to their fledgling sect.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverses:

1) COR SALONINA AVG 2) COR SALONINA PF AVG 3) CORN SALONINA AVG 4) CORNEL SALONINA AVG 5) CORNELIA SALONINA AVG 6) CORNELIA SALONINA AVGVSTA 7) SALONINA AVG

Reverses:

1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) AEQVITAS AVG 3) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 4) AVG IN PACE 5) AVGVSTA IN PACE 6) CERERI AVG 7) CERES SEGESTAE 8) CONCOR AVG 9) CONCORD AET 10) CONCORDIA AVG 11) CONCORDIA AVGG 12) DEAE SEGETIAE 13) DIANA LVCIFERA 14) DIANAE CONS AVG 15) FECVNDITAS AVG 16) FELICIT PVBL 17) FELICITAS AVGG 18) FELICITAS PVBLICA 19) FELICITAS SAECVLI 20) FIDES MILITVM 21) FORTVNA AVG 22) FORTVNA RED 23) FORTVNA REDVX 24) INDVLGENT AVG

25) IVNO AVG 26) IVNO CONSERVAT 27) IVNO REGINA 28) IVNO VICTRIX 29) IVNONI CONS AVG 30) IVNONI REGINAE 31) LAETITIA AVG 32) LIBERAL AVG 33) LVNA LVCIF 34) MINERVA AVG 35) MONETA AVGG 36) ORIENS AVGG 37) PAX AVG 38) PAX PVBLICA 39) PIETAS AVG 40) PIETAS AVGG 41) PIETAS AVGVST 42) PROVI AVG 43) PROVID AVG 44) PROVIDENTIA AVG 45) PVDICITA AVG 46) PVDICITIA 47) PVDICITIAE AVGVSTAE 48) RESTITVTOR ORBIS

49) ROMAE AETERNAE 50) SALVS AVG 51) SECVRIT ORBIS 52) SECVRIT PERPET 53) SECVRIT PVBL 54) VBERITAS AVG 55) VBERTAS AVG 56) VENEREM GENETRICEM 57) VENERI GENETRICI 58) VENERI GENETRIX 59) VENVS AVG 60) VENVS FELIX 61) VENVS GENETRIX 62) VENVS VICT 63) VENVS VICTRIX 64) VESTA 65) VESTA AETERNA 66) VESTA FELIX 67) VICTORIA AET 68) VINO REGINA

Types:

1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia. 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch. 4) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 6) Deer advancing left 7) Diana standing left, holding torch in both hands. 8) Fecunditas standing left, raising hand and holding baby; child to left. 9) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 10) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 11) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 12) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 13) Gallienus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right 14) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter. 15) Juno seated left, holding flower and baby 16) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 17) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock left. 18) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 19) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet. 20) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter 21) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 22) Peacock standing, facing, spread-tailed 23) Pietas seated left, holding scepter; three children to left 24) Pietas seated left, holding scepter; two children to left, one under chair 25) Pietas standing left, raising hand and holding incense box 26) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 27) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter. 28) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.

Locating a coin of Salonina is cheap and easy. In fact, of all the empresses her coins are the most plentiful. By and large the available ones fall under the category of rather poorly preserved Antoniniani but coins made with just enough silver to retain a silvery look are found with regularity. These go anywhere from a few dollars each to over $100 for a very nice sample.

306 29) Pudicitia seated left, holding scepter and pulling veil; Salus standing to left, holding and feeding snake and Felicitas to right, leaning on column and with

legs crossed 30) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter. 31) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil and holding scepter. 32) Salonina and Gallienus standing, facing each other, shaking hands. 33) Salonina draped bust right, facing Gallienus laureate, cuirassed bust left. 34) Salonina seated left, holding branch and scepter 35) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake 36) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and touching head. 37) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and wish legs crossed, holding scepter. 38) Sol standing left, holding globe 39) Temple with (4) columns, Segetia standing within, raising hands 40) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 41) Venus seated left, holding scepter. 42) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter; Cupid to left. 43) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear 44) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield 45) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear; shield to left. 46) Venus standing left, leaning on column, holding helmet and palm. 47) Venus standing left, leaning on column. 48) Vesta seated left, holding patera and scepter 49) Vesta seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 50) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter 51) Vesta standing left, holding Victory and scepter 52) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mints:

1) Lugdunum 2) Mediolanum 3) Roma 4) Asia, uncertain locality

AR Quinarius Reference(s)

1) B1, O7, R27, T16, M2 RIC 40 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 61

AE Medallion

2) B1, O5, R03, T19, M5 RIC 17 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 61

Billon Antoninianus

3) B2, O1, R29, T06 Exe: J RIC 16 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 70 4) B2, O3, R04, T34 Exe: MS RIC 57 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 18 5) B2, O3, R08, T05 RIC 71 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 24 6) B2, O3, R10, T32 7) B2, O3, R11, T32 RIC 63 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 31 8) B2, O3, R39, T25 RIC 21 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 78 9) B2, O7, R02, T02 Exe: ©/VIIC. 10) B2, O7, R06, T03 Exe: ± 11) B2, O7, R06, T03 RIC 90 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 22 12) B2, O7, R10, T04 Exe: II RIC 72 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 28 13) B2, O7, R11, T04 14) B2, O7, R12, T39 RIC 5 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)) 15) B2, O7, R15, T08 RIC 5a (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 39 16) B2, O7, R25, T15 Exe: MS RIC 62 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 55 17) B2, O7, R26, T17 N in right field RIC 11 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 56 18) B2, O7, R27, T16 RIC 13 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 60 19) B2, O7, R27, T17 * in left field RIC 12 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 67 20) B2, O7, R27, T17 RIC 92 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 67 21) B2, O7, R28, T16 RIC 31 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 68 22) B2, O7, R39, T25 D in left field, II in right RIC 78 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)) 23) B2, O7, R39, T25 Exe: P RIC 22 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)) 24) B2, O7, R39, T26 RIC 79 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)) 25) B2, O7, R40, T23 RIC 35 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 84 26) B2, O7, R46, T30 Exe: VI RIC 25 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 94 27) B2, O7, R46, T31 RIC 24 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)) 28) B2, O7, R49, T13 RIC 67 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)) 29) B2, O7, R50, T35 30) B2, O7, R50, T35 Exe: VIIC. RIC 88 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)) 31) B2, O7, R59, T44 Exe: PXV RIC 86 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 113 32) B2, O7, R61, T42 RIC 30 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)) 33) B2, O7, R63, T45 RIC 31 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 129 34) B2, O7, R64, T48 Exe: Q RIC 32 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 143 35) B2, O7, R64, T49 RIC 68 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 139 36) B2, O7, R64, T50 37) B2, O7, R68, T17 * in left field Ed Flinn collection

AE Sestertius

38) B2, O5, R27, T16 RIC 46 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 62 39) B2, O5, R40, T24 Exe: SC

307

Salonina Busts

Salonina Types

308

Saloninus

Augustus 260

Saloninus was the son of Gallienus and became Caesar upon the death of his brother Valerian II. He led his armies on a mission to quell barbarian revolts in Germany but Postumus, his leading general, revolted and had himself declared Augustus. Saloninus, still only Caesar, fled with a group of loyalist troops but were soon surrounded by Postumus. The soldiers dug into their quarters and raised Saloninus to the

rank of emperor but the siege wore them down and Postumus finally captured and executed him.

Busts: 1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Bare headed, draped bust right 3) Laureate, draped bust right 4) Radiate head right 5) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP SALON VALERIANVS AVG 2) LIC COR SAL VALERIANVS N CAES 3) P COR SAL VALERIANO CES 4) P COR SAL VALERIANVS CAES 5) SAL VALERIANVS C 6) SAL VALERIANVS CS 7) SAL VALERIANVS NOB CAES 8) SALON VALERIANVS CAES 9) SALON VALERIANVS NOB CAES

Reverses: 1) ADVENTVS AVGG 2) CONSACRATIO 3) DEO MARTI 4) DIINVTRITORES 5) FELICITAS AVGG

6) MONETA AVGG 7) ORIENS AVGG 8) PAX AVGG 9) PIETAS AVG 10) PIETAS AVGG

11) PRINC IVVENT 12) PRINCIPI IVVENT 13) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 14) RELIGIO AVGG 15) SPES PVBLICA

Types: 1) Diana standing left, holding bow 2) Eagle 3) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia 4) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 5) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 6) Saloninus riding horse right, holding spear 7) Saloninus standing left, holding globe and scepter; seated captive to left 8) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; standard to right. 9) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; trophy with shields at base to left. 10) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; trophy with shields at base to right. 11) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; trophy with two captives at base to left 12) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; two standards to right. 13) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and trophy 14) Saloninus standing left, holding standard and scepter 15) Saloninus standing left, stepping on captive, holding standard and spear. 16) Saloninus standing right on left, holding spear, receiving flower from Spes to right, raising skirt 17) Saloninus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 18) Sol standing left, holding whip. 19) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 20) Temple with (4) columns, Mars within

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Colonia Agrippinensis 3) Lugdunum 4) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B2, O8, R15, T16

AE Antoninianus 2) B5, O1, R15, T19 RIC Vi 14, C 94 3) B5, O2, R11, T05 RIC Vi 26, C 49

Due to a brief reign as Caesar, and an even briefer one as Augustus, a coin of Saloninus is rather difficult to come by. Low grade Antoniniani are pretty cheap when available but anything else is both expensive and rare. Especially rare are the few remaining coins of Saloninus as emperor.

309 4) B5, O2, R11, T07 P in right field RIC Vi 28, C 63 5) B5, O4, R04, T17 RIC Vi 35, C 21 6) B5, O6, R11, T07 RIC Vi 10, C 61 7) B5, O8, R09, T05 RIC Vi 9, C 41 8) B5, O9, R15, T16 = above RIC Vi 36, C 95 9) B5, O9, R15, T16 RIC Vi 36, C 95

AE As Reference(s) 10) B2, O4, R13, T07 RIC Vi 34, C 90

Saloninus Busts

Saloninus Types

310

Regalianus

Augustus c.260

Regalianus was a usurper under the reign of Gallienus shortly after the capture of Valerian. His soldiers revolted against the tyrannical nature of Gallienus and his oppression in the region. Regalianus lasted for a short time before he fell to either an undocumented battle with Gallienus or at the hands of his own supporters. All of his coins are exceedingly rare and often overstruck over older Denarii of previous emperors.

Bust: 1) Radiate head right

Obverses: 1) IMP C P C REGALINAVS AVG (and many other variants)

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) CONCORDIA AVGG 3) FIDES MILITVM 4) IOVI CONSERVATORI(?) 5) LIBERALITAS AVGG(?) 6) ORIENS AVG 7) ORIENS AVGG 8) PROVIDENTIA AVGG

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand. 3) Regalianus and Dryantilla standing, facing each other; altar in between 4) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 5) Liberalitas standing left, holding pileus and scepter 6) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding whip 7) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.

Mint: 1) Carnuntum

AR Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R1, T1 M&M Auction 92 Lot #233 2) B1, O1, R7, T6 RIC Vi 7, C 4 3) B1, O1, R8, T7 RIC Vi 8, C 5

Regalianus Bust Regalianus Types

Regalianus. For collectors of Roman coins the name is enough to make their mouth water. They are probably the most wretched looking things in the entire corpus of Roman imperial coinage and quite probably an embarrassment to the emperor whose access to skilled metalsmiths and celators was evidently nonexistent. But with ancient coins at least, price and desirability are inversely proportional to historical popularity and since Regalianus scores as one of the most obscure characters his few remaining coins receive top bids on the rare occasions they’re offered for sale.

311

Dryantilla

? - 261?

Wife of Regalianus. Together with the coins of her obscure husband, these are among the greatest rarities in the Roman Imperial series.

Typically these coins are so crude in manufacture that deciphering the legends involves guesswork. The catalog below shows what are believed to be the major

intended types.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverse:

1) SVLP DRYANTILLA AVG

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVGG 2) IVNO REDINE

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.

Mint:

1) Carnuntum

AE Antoninianus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R2, T2 RIC 2, C 1

Competing in the “so ugly they’re cute” coin sweepstakes, Dryantilla puts in a strong bid. History does not mention whether she herself was homely or not but her coins sure don’t make a strong case for beauty.

But this is all academic, of course, considering there are probably less than a dozen coins of her left. And most of these are in museums.

Pinning down a “market value” for such epic rarities is just a tad pointless. It really depends on how much the seller wants and how eager the buyer is. And it’s a seller’s market.

The coin below, struck over a Lucius Verus Denarius, sold at auction in 2000 for over $12,000.

312

Postumus

Augustus 260-269

Postumus remained Gallienus's nemesis for most of his reign and, with the aid of the traitor Aureolus, his eventual killer. Postumus came on the scene following a dispute with Saloninus over the distribution of captured war loot. Because Postumus was in command of the military, Saloninus had little to defend him except for his title and official recognition. Postumus had himself named emperor and captured and

executed Saloninus sealing his fate with the rest of the empire. However, the rest of the empire could do little at the moment. Gallienus was embroiled with battling several usurpers out east and could not avenge his brother's death. Neither could Rome do anything about it. And so for the time being Postumus held the western half of the empire as de facto ruler.

When Gallienus finally returned from the east he would find Postumus entrenched in Gaul and having snatched Britain and Spain away from the empire as well. Because his power had grown during Gallienus's absence, he had had time to consolidate his leadership and posed a bigger threat. However, for one reason or another, Postumus never made preparations to attack Rome or mount an offensive against Gallienus and contented himself with this secessionist state. But he knew Gallienus was mulling over his options all the meanwhile and had on his agenda the recapturing of the lost lands. Gallienus mounted several expeditions to depose Postumus but all failed. Still, Gallienus would most likely have ultimately been the ultimate victor had Postumus not gained the aid of one of Gallienus's trusted men, Aureolus, who engineered a successful conspiracy ending with the murder of Gallienus. Postumus would meet a deadly fate himself the following year following a revolt from within instigated by one of his own earlier leading generals, Laelianus, in a move very reminiscent of his own rise to power.

Busts: 1) Bare head facing 2) Bare headed cuirassed bust facing 3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left 4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right 5) Helmeted, draped bust left 6) Helmeted, draped bust right 7) Laureate bust left of Postumus over Hercules bare headed bust left 8) Laureate bust left of Postumus over Hercules laureate bust left 9) Laureate bust right of Postumus over Hercules laureate bust right 10) Laureate head left 11) Laureate head right 12) Laureate head right left of Postumus over Hercules laureate bust left 13) Laureate head right right of Postumus over Hercules laureate bust right 14) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 15) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand 16) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 17) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 18) Laureate, draped bust left, raising hand 19) Laureate, draped bust left, raising hand and holding shield 20) Laureate, draped bust right 21) Radiate bust left, holding club and lion skin 22) Radiate head right 23) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding club 24) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 25) Radiate, draped bust right 26) Radiate, helmeted bust right 27) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C LAT POSTVMVS PF AVG 2) IMP C M CAS LAT POSTVMVS AV 3) IMP C M CAS LAT POSTVMVS AVG 4) IMP C M CAS LAT POTVMVS 5) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS AV 6) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS AVG 7) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS P AVG 8) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS P I AVG 9) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS PF AVG 10) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS PIVS F AVG 11) IMP C POSTVMVS 12) IMP C POSTVMVS AVG 13) IMP C POSTVMVS P AV 14) IMP C POSTVMVS P I AVG 15) IMP C POSTVMVS PF AVG 16) IMP C POSTVMVS PF AVG COS III 17) IMP C POSTVMVS PIVS F AVG 18) IMP C POSTVMVS PIVS FEL AVG

Postumus kicks off the Gallic empire with well-made, high-grade coins and by the time of his fall both have suffered considerably in tandem with the coinage elsewhere in the Roman world. While the Aureus and its multiples will be priced into the stratosphere, the ordinary Antoninianus is easily available and affordable. Expect, however, to find these to be fairly lousy in quality overall. Although there are better grade coins, and even mint state gem ones, these are more often available only through established numismatic firms and at substantially higher cost. Early in his reign Postumus even reintroduces big copper with the double Sestertius. These coins look similar to the old fashioned Dupondius with its radiate crown but at a weight more comparable to that of the once mighty Sestertius. Coins attributed to the Mediolanum (now Milan) mint were issued by an associate usurper named Aureolus. Postumus’s portraits, as well as those of his Gallic successors, give him an appearance reminiscent of Santa Clause.

313 19) IMP POSTVMVS AVG 20) IMP POSTVMVS PF AVG 21) IMP POSTVMVS PIVS AVG 22) IMP POSTVMVS PIVS F AVG 23) M CAS LAT POSTVMVS PF AVG 24) POSTVMVS AVG 25) POSTVMVS PF AVG 26) POSTVMVS PF AVG COS 27) POSTVMVS PF AVGVSTVS T P 28) POSTVMVS PIVS AVG 29) POSTVMVS PIVS FEL AVG 30) POSTVMVS PIVS FELIX AVG 31) VIRTVS POSTVMI AVG

Reverses: 1) ADVENTVS AVG 2) AEQVITAS AVG 3) AETERNITAS AVG 4) ANNONA AVG 5) CASTOR 6) CCAA COS IIII 7) CLARITAS AVG 8) COL CL AGRIP COS IIII 9) COMITI AVG 10) CONCORD EQVIT 11) CONCORD EQVITVM 12) CONCORDIA EQVIT 13) CONSERVATORES AVG 14) CONSERVATORI AVG 15) COS III 16) COS IIII 17) COS V 18) DIANAE LVCIFERAE 19) DIANAE LVCIFERE 20) DIANAE REDVCI 21) EXERCITVS AVG 22) FELICITA 23) FELICITAS 24) FELICITAS AVG 25) FELICITAS PVBLICA 26) FELICITAS TEMP 27) FIDES AEQVIT 28) FIDES EQVIT 29) FIDES EQVITVM 30) FIDES EXERC 31) FIDES EXERCITAS 32) FIDES EXERCITI 33) FIDES EXERCITVS 34) FIDES MILITVM 35) FORTVNA AVG 36) FORTVNA RAEDVX 37) FORTVNA REDVX 38) GERMANICVS MAX V 39) HER DEVS ONIENS 40) HERC DEVS ONIENSI 41) HERC PACIFER 42) HERC PACIFERO 43) HERCVLI ARCADIO 44) HERCVLI ARGIVO 45) HERCVLI AVG 46) HERCVLI CRETENCI 47) HERCVLI CRETENSI 48) HERCVLI DEVS ONIENSI 49) HERCVLI ERVMANTINO 50) HERCVLI GADITANO 51) HERCVLI IMMORTALI 52) HERCVLI INVICTO 53) HERCVLI LIBVCO 54) HERCVLI MAGVSANO 55) HERCVLI NEMAEO

56) HERCVLI PISAEO 57) HERCVLI ROM 58) HERCVLI ROMA 59) HERCVLI ROMANO 60) HERCVLI ROMANO AVG 61) HERCVLI THRACIO 62) HILARITAS AVG 63) I O M SPONSORI SAECVLI 64) IM C POSTVMVS PF AVG 65) IMP X COS V 66) INDVLG PIA POSTVMI AVG 67) INVICTO AVG 68) IOVI CONSERVAT 69) IOVI CONSERVATORI 70) IOVI PROPVGNAT 71) IOVI PROPVGNATORI 72) IOVI STATORI 73) IOVI VICTORI 74) LAETI 75) LAETITIA 76) LAETITIA AVG 77) LIBERALITAS 78) LIBERALITAS AVG 79) LIBERTAS AVG 80) MARS VICTOR 81) MERCVRIO FELICI 82) MERCVRIO PACIFERO 83) MINER FAVTR 84) MINERVA AVG 85) MONET AVG 86) MONETA AVG 87) MONITA AVG 88) NEPT COMITI 89) NEPTVNO REDVCI 90) ORIENS 91) ORIENS AVG 92) PACATOR ORBIS 93) PAX AVG 94) PAX AVGVSTI 95) PAX EQVITVM 96) PIETAS AVG 97) PM G M T P COS III PP 98) PM T P COS 99) PM T P COS IIII PP 100) PM TR P COS I PP 101) PM TR P COS II PP 102) PM TR P COS III PP 103) PM TR P COS IIII PP 104) PM TR P COS PP 105) PM TR P COS V 106) PM TR P III COS III PP 107) PM TR P IIII COS III PP 108) PM TR P IMP V COS III PP 109) PM TR P VI COS III PP 110) PM TR P VII COS III PP

111) PM TR P VIIII COS IIII PP 112) PM TR P X COS V PP 113) POSTVMVS AVG 114) POSTVMVS AVGVSTVS 115) POSTVMVS PF AVG 116) PROFECTIO AVGVSTI 117) PROVID DEOR COS III 118) PROVIDENTIA AVG 119) PROVIDENTIA DEOR 120) QVINQVENNALES AVG 121) QVINQVENNALES POSTVMI AVG 122) REST GALLIARVM 123) REST ORBIS 124) RESTIT GALLIAR 125) RESTIT GALLIARVM 126) RESTIT ORBIS 127) RESTITOR GALLIAE 128) RESTITOR GALLIAR 129) RESTITVTOR GALLIAR 130) RESTITVTOR GALLIARVM 131) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 132) ROMAE AETERNAE 133) SAECVLI FELICITAS 134) SAECVLI FRVGIFERO 135) SAECVLO FRVGIFERO 136) SAECVLVM AVGG 137) SALVS AVG 138) SALVS EXERCITI 139) SALVS POSTVMI AVG 140) SALVS PROVINCIARVM 141) SARAPIDI COMITI AVG 142) SERAPI COMITI AVG 143) SERAPI COMITI AVG 144) SPEI PERPETVAE 145) TR P X COS V PP 146) TRIB POT X COS V 147) VBERITAS AVG 148) VBERTAS AVG 149) VICT COMES AVG 150) VICT GERM PM TR P V COS III PP 151) VICT GERM TR P V COS III PP 152) VICT GERMANICA 153) VICTORI AVG 154) VICTORIA 155) VICTORIA AVG 156) VICTORIA GERMANICA 157) VICTORIAE AVG 158) VIRTVS AEQVIT 159) VIRTVS AVG 160) VIRTVS EQVIT 161) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 162) VIRTVS POSTVMI AVG 163) VIRTVTI AVG 164) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI 165) VOT PVBL

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding staff with snake coiled around it 3) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding staff with snake coiled around it; globe to lower right. 4) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 5) Busts (3), radiate; center one facing, other two facing towards center. 6) Caduceus, winged. 7) Castor riding horse right. 8) Castor standing left, holding spear; horse to side. 9) Club; bow to left and quiver to right 10) Diana advancing right, holding bow; deer to right. 11) Diana advancing right, holding torch with both hands.

314 12) Diana advancing right, holding torch with both hands; dog to right. 13) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 14) Fides seated left, holding patera and standard. 15) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand. 16) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 17) Fortuna standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding patera and rudder on globe. 18) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 19) Galley sailing left 20) Galley sailing right 21) Hercules advancing left, holding pickax; jug by feet. 22) Hercules advancing right, dragging Cerberus and holding club. 23) Hercules advancing right, holding the boar of Erymanthos; jar by feet. 24) Hercules laureate bust left. 25) Hercules laureate head right 26) Hercules standing in garden of Hesperides: apple tree and three nymphs. 27) Hercules standing left, clubbing hydra of Lerna. 28) Hercules standing left, holding branch and club with lion skin. 29) Hercules standing left, wrestling lion of Nemea. 30) Hercules standing left, wrestling Queen Hippolyte. 31) Hercules standing right, fighting the three-bodied Geryon. 32) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding apples. 33) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin. 34) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding wand. 35) Hercules standing right, wrestling bull of Crete. 36) Hercules standing right, wrestling deer of Ceryneia. 37) Hercules standing right, wrestling the horses of Diomedes. 38) Hercules standing, facing, holding bow and lion skin, driving the birds of Stymphalos. 39) Hercules torso left, holding club. 40) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia; child on either side. 41) Jupiter advancing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt 42) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and eagle. 43) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and raising hand. 44) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and raising hand; seven stars in field, eagle between feet. 45) Jupiter advancing right, holding thunderbolt and eagle. 46) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 47) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 48) Jupiter standing, facing, aiming thunderbolt and holding shield. 49) Jupiter standing, facing, holding scepter and thunderbolt 50) Laureate head right of Victorinus over Hercules laureate bust right. 51) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 52) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia 53) Lion advancing right. 54) Lion, radiate, advancing left, thunderbolt in mouth 55) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 56) Mars standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 57) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 58) Mercury standing, facing, holding purse and caduceus. 59) Minerva advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 60) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear. 61) Minerva standing left, raising hand and holding shield. 62) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 63) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident; galley prow to left. 64) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding dolphin and trident 65) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 66) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 67) Pietas standing, facing, holding baby in either arm; child to either side. 68) Pietas standing, facing, raising hands. 69) Postumus advancing left, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield. 70) Postumus advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield. 71) Postumus bare head right. 72) Postumus bare headed, cuirassed bust facing. 73) Postumus cuirassed torso left, holding spear over shoulder. 74) Postumus helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield. 75) Postumus helmeted, cuirassed bust right over Victory, holding wreath and palm. 76) Postumus helmeted, cuirassed bust right. 77) Postumus laureate bust right facing Hercules bust left. 78) Postumus laureate bust right over Jupiter, holding thunderbolt. 79) Postumus laureate bust right over Virtus helmeted bust right 80) Postumus radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder. 81) Postumus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 82) Postumus riding horse left, soldiers (3) to left 83) Postumus riding horse left, soldiers (4) to left 84) Postumus riding horse right, holding spear, following Victory, holding wreath and trophy. 85) Postumus riding oncoming quadriga, holding branch, accompanied by Victory, holding palm; soldier on either side of horses. 86) Postumus riding quadriga left, holding branch. 87) Postumus seated left on platform, attended by lictor and Liberalitas, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen on steps to lower left. 88) Postumus seated left, holding globe and scepter. 89) Postumus seated left, raising hand; kneeling citizen to left 90) Postumus standing left on right, holding spear and holding hand of kneeling Gallia to left, holding branch. 91) Postumus standing left on right, holding spear and holding hand of kneeling Gallia to left, holding cornucopia. 92) Postumus standing left on right, sacrificing over altar and holding spear, facing Jupiter standing to left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 93) Postumus standing left on right, stepping on captive, holding spear and holding hands of kneeling Gallia to left, holding cornucopia. 94) Postumus standing left, holding globe and spear, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 95) Postumus standing left, holding globe and spear. 96) Postumus standing left, holding spear and crowning trophy; captive seated either side of trophy. 97) Postumus standing left, holding spear and wreath, being crowned by Hercules, holding club with lion skin. 98) Postumus standing left, sacrificing over altar among witnesses. 99) Postumus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 100) Postumus standing left, sacrificing over altar; Mercury to left, holding purse and caduceus.

315 101) Postumus standing right on left, holding scepter and holding hand of kneeling Orbis to left, holding cornucopia. 102) Postumus standing right on left, holding scepter, shaking hands with Roma seated to right; shield to side. 103) Postumus standing right, holding spear and crowning trophy; captive seated either side of trophy. 104) Postumus standing right, holding spear and globe. 105) Postumus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 106) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter. 107) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 108) Providentia standing left, raising hand towards flaming globe. 109) Rhine lying left, resting hand on boat prow and cradling anchor. 110) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 111) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder. 112) Salus standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding and feeding snake. 113) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 114) Salus standing to left, holding and feeding snake, facing Aesculapius to right, holding staff with snake coiled around it. 115) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding scepter. 116) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; galley prow to left. 117) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 118) Sol radiate, draped bust right. 119) Sol, radiate bust right over Luna with crescent behind neck. 120) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 121) Standards (4) 122) Temple with (4) columns, Hercules standing within, resting hand on club and holding lion skin. 123) Triumphal arch, trophy with captive on either side above. 124) Trophy; seated captive on either side. 125) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 126) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield on palm; seated captive on either side. 127) Victory advancing left, holding branch and spear. 128) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 129) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 130) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and spear. 131) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and palm. 132) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 133) Victory bust right, holding wreath and palm over Felicitas, holding branch. 134) Victory draped torso right, holding wreath and palm over Felicitas bust right, holding branch. 135) Victory draped torso right, writing VOT / XX on shield. 136) Victory riding biga left, holding whip. 137) Victory riding biga right, holding whip. 138) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and trophy, captive on either side. 139) Victory standing right on shield, holding wreath and palm; captive on either side. 140) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm. 141) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading X 142) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VOT X 143) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VO / XX 144) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading V X 145) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading Q 146) Virtus advancing right, holding spear and shield. 147) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 148) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 149) Weapons in a pile. Mints: 1) Colonia Agrippinensis 2) Lugdunum 3) Mediolanum

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B03, O24, R151, T090 RIC Vii 15 2) B09, O30, R146, T086 3) B11, O15, R154, T137 Exe: AVG RIC Vii 42 4) B11, O28, R019, T012 5) B11, O28, R066, T089 RIC Vii 276, C 145 6) B11, O28, R165, T085

AR Antoninianus 7) B21, O24, R072, T049 RIC Vii 310, C 160 8) B21, O24, R111, T009 RIC Vii 292, C 282 9) B24, O15, R016, T140 RIC Vii 287c, C 31 10) B24, O15, R017, T140 RIC Vii 288c, C 32a 11) B24, O15, R018, T011 RIC Vii 299c, C 33 12) B24, O15, R024, T013 RIC Vii 58c 13) B24, O15, R033, T121 14) B24, O15, R040, T121 RIC Vii 66c 15) B24, O15, R042, T028 RIC Vii 67c 16) B24, O15, R049, T033 RIC Vii 64c, C 91a 17) B24, O15, R072, T049 RIC Vii 278c, C 158 18) B24, O15, R072, T049 RIC Vii 309c, C 159a 19) B24, O15, R073, T048 RIC Vii 311c, C 161a 20) B24, O15, R075, T020 Exe: AVG RIC Vii 73c, C 167 21) B24, O15, R081, T058 RIC Vii 313c, C 192 22) B24, O15, R086, T062 RIC Vii 315c, C 199a 23) B24, O15, R086, T062 RIC Vii 75c, C 199

316 24) B24, O15, R089, T063 RIC Vii 76c, C 205 25) B24, O15, R091, T117 RIC Vii 316c, C 213c 26) B24, O15, R092, T118 RIC Vii 317c, C 214 27) B24, O15, R093, T065 RIC Vii 219c, C 226 28) B24, O15, R093, T066 RIC Vii 219c, C 225 29) B24, O15, R093, T066 RIC Vii 318c, C 215 30) B24, O15, R095, T066 Exe: T RIC Vii 381, C 228a 31) B24, O15, R096, T067 RIC Vii 320, C 230a 32) B24, O15, R102, T091 RIC Vii 54c, C 243 33) B24, O15, R108, T055 RIC Vii 57c, C 73a 34) B24, O15, R111, T009 RIC Vii 291c, C 281 35) B24, O15, R112, T143 RIC Vii 295c, C 285 36) B24, O15, R118, T106 RIC Vii 221c, C 295a 37) B24, O15, R118, T106 RIC Vii 323c, C 295a 38) B24, O15, R133, T098 RIC Vii 83c, C 331 39) B24, O15, R135, T006 40) B24, O15, R137, T003 RIC Vii 326c, C 336 41) B24, O15, R138, T003 RIC Vii 327c, C 348 42) B24, O15, R139, T113 RIC Vii 328c, C 350 43) B24, O15, R140, T109 RIC Vii 87c 44) B24, O15, R142, T115 RIC Vii 329c, C 360a 45) B24, O15, R148, T125 RIC Vii 330c, C 365 46) B24, O15, R153, T128 RIC Vii 234c, C 386 47) B24, O15, R159, T148 RIC Vii 93c, C 419a 48) B24, O15, R163, T034 RIC Vii 333, C 19b 49) B24, O19, R010, T017 Exe: S RIC Vii 373c, C 19a 50) B24, O19, R028, T014

AR Denarius Reference(s) 51) B30, O12, R005, T007

AE Double Sestertius 52) B24, O09, R034, T015 RIC Vii 123c 53) B24, O09, R040, T122 RIC Vii 134, C 99 54) B24, O09, R042, T028 RIC Vii 135, C 106 55) B24, O09, R075, T020 Exe: AVG RIC Vii 143c, C 179 56) B24, O09, R101, T091 RIC Vii 106c 57) B24, O09, R102, T095 S G across fields 58) B24, O09, R155, T131 RIC Vii 169c, C 379 59) B24, O09, R159, T148 S in right field RIC Vii 179c, C 422

AE Sestertius 60) B17, O17, R076, T020 Exe: SC 61) B17, O17, R155, T128 RIC Vii 172, C 387

AE Dupondius 62) B24, O09, R038, T124 RIC Vii 198, C 86 63) B24, O15, R101, T095 RIC Vii 188, C 252

AE As 64) B17, O15, R155, T126 RIC Vii 167

317

Postumus Busts

Postumus Types

318

Postumus Types (Continued)

319

Laelianus

Augustus 269

Laelianus was a usurper against Postumus, himself another usurper, who was unable to rout the incumbent when their forces met in battle. Laelianus thus had a tenure lasting from near the beginning of the year 269 through no later than that summer. Because of this short time there was little time for him to make much of a mark on history. His coins, however, are much sought after for their rarity.

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 2) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 3) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C LAELIANVS PF AVG 2) IMP C VLP COR LAELIANVS 3) IMP C VLP CORN LAELIANVS 4) IMP LAELIANVS PF AVG 5) LAELIANVS AV

Reverses: 1) PAX AVG 2) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 3) VICTORIA AVG 4) VIRTVS AVG 5) VIRTVS MILITVM Types: 1) Hispania lying left, holding branch and resting arm on rabbit 2) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 3) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm branch 4) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm branch 5) Virtus holding standard and spear

Mint: 1) Colonia Agrippinensis

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R2, T1 RIC Vii 1, C 2

AE Antoninianus 2) B2, O1, R3, T4 RIC Vii 9, C 4

Laelianus Busts Laelianus Types

Take any ten or twenty thousand Roman coins at random and it wouldn’t be surprising if not a single one of them would be a Laelianus. He is even rare within the subset of Roman coins that includes only the rebel emperors based in Gaul. Hoards that contain thousands of coins from this period and region may list only a handful of Laeliani. With only the scantiest availability and many collectors interested in these emperors it’s a foregone conclusion that when they do become available for sale they are anything but cheap. Antoniniani have been spotted in the $1,000-$2,000 range but availability is severely limited.

320

Marius

Augustus 269

There's next to nothing to be said for Marius because his reign was so short. The historian Eutropius writing about a hundred years after his death records his reign as lasting all of three days. Aurelius Victor, another historian contemporary to Eutropius, has him murdered the following day. This is of course hyperbole as evidenced in the fact that relatively many coins of him survive. The man was a blacksmith and how he

made the jump from that lowly career to becoming an emperor, however short his tenure, should be worth its own "Movie of the Week" award. He succeeded Laelianus, another short-lived emperor, when the undisciplined troops under his command were told to hold their positions following an initially successful attack on barbarian-controlled Mainz. The soldiers wanted to recover war loot and wouldn't be held back by Laelianus so they murdered him and named the head rabble-rouser, Marius, as their next emperor.

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C M AVR MARIVS AVG 2) IMP C M AVR MARIVS PF AVG 3) IMP C MARIVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) CONCORD MILIT 3) CONCORDIA MILIT 4) CONCORDIA MILITVM 5) CONCORDIAE MILITVM 6) FELICITAS AVG 7) FIDES MILITVM 8) SAEC FELICITAS 9) SAECVLI FELICITAS 10) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 11) VICTORIA AVG 12) VIRTVS AVG

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 3) Fides standing left, holding two standards 4) Hands, in handshake 5) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 6) Victory standing left, holding palm and resting hand on shield. 7) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.

Mint: 1) Colonia Agrippinensis

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O2, R04, T4 RIC Vii 1, C 3

AE Antoninianus 1) B3, O1, R11, T6 RIC Vii 17, C 19 2) B4, O1, R11, T5 RIC Vii 18 3) B4, O1, R11, T6 RIC Vii 17, C 19 4) B4, O1, R12, T7 RIC Vii 19, C 22 5) B4, O3, R04, T4 RIC Vii 7, C 4 6) B4, O3, R08, T2 RIC Vii 10, C 13

Difficult to find, expensive to purchase and usually unappealing to behold, the coins of Marius are eagerly sought after the world over. Being issued under what probably were emergency conditions it’s understandable that quality control during their striking was not the highest of priorities. Those Antoniniani that are left in the marketplace usually cost around $200 and up for a lousy wreck. A well-preserved coin can easily cost three times that much. More importantly, the problem transcends one of mere affordability. Locating a Marius is a hit-and-miss kind of thing with the various dealers in ancient coins. It might well be that if you’re after one your best bet is to have a dealer seek one on your behalf and then get back to you when it becomes available. Even glitzy auction catalogues list them on rather rare occasions.

321

Victorinus

Augustus 269-271

Marius Busts

Marius Types

Victorinus was a high-ranking commander during the secessionist regime of Postumus. After the brief accessions of Laelianus and Marius he himself was elevated as Augustus by the troops. While Victorinus was initially successful in bringing order after the chaotically implosive reigns of his two predecessors, the separate empire's days were quickly waning. Spain withdrew its recognition of Victorinus and transferred its loyalty back to the forces of

Claudius II and Rome. Then Victorinus himself died at the hands of one among his military staff, a certain Attianus, reputedly because he had seduced his wife. The fledgling empire would linger on for three more years under Tetricus and his son before being reabsorbed back into the greater empire.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left 2) Laureate bust left of Victorinus over indeterminate bust left, draped 3) Laureate bust left of Victorinus over Sol, radiate 4) Laureate bust right 5) Laureate bust right of Victorinus over Mars, laureate 6) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle 7) Laureate head right 8) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 9) Laureate, cuirassed torso right, holding spear and shield 10) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 11) Laureate, draped bust left 12) Laureate, draped bust right of Victorinus over Laureate, draped bust of Mars 13) Radiate bust right 14) Radiate head right 15) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 16) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 17) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 18) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 19) Radiate, draped bust left 20) Radiate, draped bust left, holding spear and shield 21) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) DIVO VICTORINO PIO 2) IMP C M PIAVVONIVS VICTORINVS PF AVG 3) IMP C PI VICTORINVS AVG 4) IMP C PI VICTORINVS PF AVG 5) IMP C PIA VICTORINVS PF AVG 6) IMP C PIAV VICTORINVS PF AVG 7) IMP C PIAVVONI VICTORINVS PF AVG 8) IMP C VICTORINVS AVG 9) IMP C VICTORINVS P AVG 10) IMP C VICTORINVS PF AVG 11) IMP CAES VICTORINVS PF AVG

Overall the coins of the Gallic emperors share several loose traits. First of all there is the style that is at once distinctive from the rest of the Roman empire but very similar from ruler to ruler. Then there is the fact that the mints were decentralized and apparently largely unregulated so that the quality of craftsmanship both on the dies used as well as the flans on which they were struck vary from the supremely artistic to the unskilled. In fact, it isn’t often easy to distinguish between official issues and the so-called barbarous imitative coins made by and for Romanized Celts. For Victorinus proper we may say that his coins are slightly scarcer than those of Tetricus who succeeds him and quite a bit less than those of Postumus, the last stable emperor. However, the collector in search of his coins will find that this relative scarcity is not enough to generally make a difference in price. A bigger test of patience will be locating coins that are well enough preserved to be collectable in the first place. For a filler-grade coin one need only look to the dregs available on Ebay with his name on it. Some of these coins go unsold at opening bids of $1.

322 12) IMP PI VICTORINVS AVG 13) IMP PIAV VICTORINVS AVG 14) IMP PIAVVONIVS VICTORINVS PF AVG 15) IMP VICTORINVS AVG

16) IMP VICTORINVS PF AVG 17) IMP VICTORINVS PIVS AVG 18) VICTORINVS AVG 19) VICTORINVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) ADIVTRIX AVG 2) ADVENTVS AVG 3) AEQVITAS AVG 4) COMES AVG 5) CONCORD EQVIT 6) CONSACRATIO 7) CONSECRATIO 8) COS II 9) DEFENSOR ORBIS 10) FELICITAS AVG 11) FIDES MILITVM 12) FORT REDVX 13) FORTVNA AVG 14) INDVLGENTIA AVG 15) INVICTVS 16) INVICTVS AVG 17) IOVI CONSERVATORI 18) IOVI STATORI 19) LAETITIA AVG 20) LEG II AVGVSTA P F 21) LEG II TRAIANA P F 22) LEG III GALLICA 23) LEG IIII FLAVIA P F 24) LEG PRIMA MINERVINA P F 25) LEG V MACIDONICA P F 26) LEG X FRETENSIS P F 27) LEG X GEMINA P F 28) LEG XIII GEMINA 29) LEG XIII GEMINA P F

30) LEG XX VAL VICTRIX P F 31) LEG XXII P F 32) LEG XXII PRIMIGENIE 33) LEG XXX VLP VICT P F 34) LEG XXX VLPIA PIA F 35) MARS VICTOR 36) MONIT AVG 37) ORIENS AVG 38) PAX AVG 39) PIETAS AVG 40) PM TR P II COS II PP 41) PM TR P III COS II PP 42) PM TR P III COS III PP 43) PROVID AVG 44) PROVIDENTIA AVG 45) ROMAE AETERNAE 46) SAECVLI FELICITAC 47) SAECVLI FELICITAS 48) SALVS AVG 49) SECVRITAS AVGG 50) SPES PVBLICA 51) TEMPOR FELICIT 52) VBERTAS AVG 53) VICTORIA AVG 54) VICTORIA V C S AVG 55) VIRTVS AVG 56) VOTA AVGVSTI

Types: 1) Abundantia standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding baby on lap; rudder to left. 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Boar standing left 4) Bull advancing right. 5) Concordia standing left, holding patera and rudder. 6) Eagle perched on column with wreath in beak. 7) Eagle perched on globe, with wreath in beak; capricornus to left. 8) Eagle perched on globe, with wreath in beak; standard to either side. 9) Eagle perched on globe. 10) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and scepter. 11) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 12) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 13) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopiae. 14) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae. 15) Hercules advancing left, holding club. 16) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin 17) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin; capricornus to left. 18) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt; capricornus to left. 19) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt; captive by feet. 20) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 21) Lion advancing left 22) Lions (2) facing each other, Minerva helmeted bust right above and in between. 23) Luna bust right, holding bow and pulling arrow from quiver 24) Luna standing left, resting hand on deer and holding scepter. 25) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 26) Mars helmeted bust right 27) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 28) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 29) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 30) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 31) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar. 32) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 33) Roma helmeted, draped bust right over Luna, holding bow 34) Roma helmeted, draped bust right. 35) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar. 36) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 37) Securitas seated left, holding scepter. 38) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 39) Sol diademed, bust right facing Luna diademed bust left, holding bow. 40) Sol radiate bust right 41) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 42) Ubertas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 43) Victorinus riding horse left over enemy. 44) Victorinus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 45) Victorinus standing left, holding globe and spear. 46) Victorinus standing left, sacrificing over altar. 47) Victorinus to left, holding hand of kneeling Indulgentia to right, holding cornucopia.

323 48) Victorinus to left, receiving globe from Roma seated to left; soldier in background. 49) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 50) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 51) Victory sacrificing over altar and holding trophy. 52) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 53) Victory standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia. 54) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 55) Victory standing left, holding wreath; ram to right. 56) Victory torso right, holding wreath and palm. 57) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 58) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Mints: 1) Colonia Agrippinensis 2) Gaul, uncertain localities 3) Treveri

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B04, O11, R04, T54 RIC Vii 94, C 16

AE Antoninianus 2) B16, O10, R39, T29 3) B17, O10, R39, T29 RIC Vii 57, C 90 4) B17, O10, R44, T32 RIC Vii 61 5) B17, O10, R48, T36 RIC Vii 122, C 112 6) B17, O10, R48, T36 RIC Vii 67 7) B18, O06, R04, T50 RIC Vii 107 8) B18, O06, R11, T12 RIC Vii 109, C 36 9) B18, O06, R38, T28 RIC Vii 117, C 83 10) B18, O10, R15, T38 * in left field RIC Vii 114, C 49 11) B18, O10, R38, T28 V in left field, * in right field RIC Vii 118, C 79 12) B18, O10, R48, T35 RIC Vii 71 13) B18, O10, R50, T41 RIC Vii 73, C 120 14) B18, O10, R55, T58 RIC Vii 78, C 131

Victorinus Busts

Victorinus Types

324

Domitian II

Augustus 271

Only very recently has the identity of this extremely obscure emperor been confirmed. In the year 1900 a coin bearing the legend IMP C DOMITIANVS PF AVG was discovered in a rural area of France and given the unusual nature of the find quickly written off as a forgery. In February of 2004 the British Museum announced that their own team had restored a coin among 5,000 others that had solidified together and been found recently as a

single lump by a metal detectorist. The coin again bore the same legend and this time there was no denying that the emperor did in fact exist and that the earlier coin was genuine. Straddling the short reign of Victorinus and that of Tetricus it now appears that in the wake of Victorinus's murder a power struggle emerged and Domitian, a general, was hailed emperor by his subordinates. Politically, however, Victoria (the mother of Victorinus) had much more influence and somehow managed to suppress Domitian's bid and place her son on the throne instead. In all, Domitian probably enjoyed his precious Augustus title for only a few days. Bust: 1) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) IMP C DOMITIANVS PF AVG

Reverse: 1) CONCORDIA MILITVM

Type: 1) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.

Mint: 1) Gaul (Colonia Agrippinensis?)

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R1, T1

With there being all of two coins known for this emperor, both of them in museums, the acquisition of one of these for a collector is about as hopeless a pursuit as pining away for an undiscovered Van Gogh. Given that only one coin out of that mass of 5,000 was of this Domitian odds are that in the year 271 these coins were instant rarities. Therefored only other as-yet undiscovered large hoards provide any realistic hope of future discoveries.

325

Tetricus I

Augustus 271-274

Tetricus was governor of Acquitaine in Gaul when Victorinus, the emperor of this secessionist region, was murdered. Victorinus' mother, who evidently had a certain degree of influence in the army, then appointed the Governor to emperor. The reign of Tetricus was potmarked by a string of battles against loyalist Romans, other secessionist states, would-be crown usurpers and barbarians. It all finally ended when Tetricus arranged for

surrender to the forces of Aurelian in exchange for his life. The plot was carried off and Aurelian subsequently pardoned him as well as appointed him to office either as governor of Lucania or as corrector of Italy. Contemporary historians relate how the two former adversaries retained a strong friendship.

Busts: 1) Laureate bust right of Tetricus I, bareheaded bust left of Tetricus II 2) Laureate head left 3) Laureate head right 4) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 5) Laureate, cuirassed bust left holding scepter over shoulder and shield 6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 7) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 8) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C C P ESV TETRICVS AVG 2) IMP C C P ESVVIVS TETRICVS AVG 3) IMP C P ESV TETRICVS AVG 4) IMP C P ESVVIVS TETRICVS AVG 5) IMP C TETRICVS 6) IMP C TETRICVS AVG 7) IMP C TETRICVS P AVG 8) IMP C TETRICVS PF AV 9) IMP C TETRICVS PF AVG 10) IMP C TETRICVS PIVS AVG 11) IMP TETRICI AVGG 12) IMP TETRICVS 13) IMP TETRICVS AVG 14) IMP TETRICVS P AVG 15) IMP TETRICVS PF AVG 16) IMP TETRICVS PIVS AVG 17) IMPP TETRICI AVGG 18) No Legend

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA 2) ABVNDANTIA AVG 3) ADVENTVS AVG 4) AEQVITAS AVG 5) AEQVITAS AVGG V 6) AETERNIT AVG 7) AETERNITAS AVGG 8) CARITAS AVGG 9) COMES AVG 10) COMIT AVG 11) CONCORD 12) CONCORDIA AVG 13) CONCORDIA AVGG 14) CONSACRATIO 15) CONSECR 16) CONSECRA 17) CONSECRATIO 18) CONSERVAT AVG 19) COS III 20) FECVNDITAS 21) FELICIT AVG 22) FELICITAS AVG 23) FELICITAS PVBLICA 24) FIDES MILITVM 25) FORTVNA AVG 26) FORTVNA REDVX 27) HILARITAS 28) HILARITAS AVG 29) HILARITAS AVGG 30) IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG 31) IMP C POSTVMVS PF AVG 32) IMP C VICTORINVS PF AVG 33) INVICTVS

34) IOVI CONSERVATORI 35) IOVI STATORI 36) IOVI VICTORI 37) LAETITIA AVG 38) LAETITIA AVG N 39) LAETITIA AVGG 40) LIBERALITAS AVG 41) LIBERALITAS AVGG 42) MARS VICTOR 43) MONETA AVG 44) NEPTVNO CONS AVG 45) NOBILITAS AVGG 46) ORIENS AVG 47) ORIENS AVGG 48) P I TETRICVS C 49) PA PVBLIC 50) PAX AETERNA 51) PAX AVG 52) PAX AVGG 53) PIETAS AVG 54) PIETAS AVGG 55) PIETAS AVGVSTO 56) PM TR P COS III PP 57) PM TR P COS PP 58) PM TR P I COS PP 59) PM TR P II COS PP

As a whole, the coins of Tetricus I (and his son too) are easily available and cheap. The problem is that finding coins of either of these guys in desirable condition can be a challenge. By the closing years of the Gallic empire the coins were produced with wild carelessness and of very low grade metal. The dies, particularly obverse dies, were typically used until they were worn smooth or broke apart under ceaseless hammering. This left mint state coins nearly unrecognizable even back then. Add in over a dozen centuries of weathering and it’s understandable that nice coins are hard to come by. To complicate matters, many of the coins for this reign were minted in territories nominally under Tetricus’s control but more or less autonomous. The people who lived in these areas struck their own coins imitating the “official” Tetricus issues as best they could. These barbarous coins, as they’re now termed, range in style and workmanship from the good to the abominable and, unfortunately, often blend elements of the official coinage so close that telling the two apart is an academic exercise of little consequence.

326 60) PM TR P III COS II PP 61) PM TR P III COS PP 62) PRINC IVVENT 63) PRO AVG 64) PROVID AVG 65) PROVIDENTIA AVG 66) ROMAE AETERNAE 67) SAEC FELICITAS 68) SAECVLI FELICITAS 69) SALVS AVG 70) SALVS AVGG 71) SPES AVG 72) SPES AVGG 73) SPES PVBLICA

74) TVTELA 75) VBERITAS AVGG 76) VBERTAS AVG 77) VICTORIA 78) VICTORIA AVG 79) VICTORIA AVG I 80) VICTORIA AVG IIII 81) VICTORIA AVGG 82) VICTORIA GERM 83) VIRTVS AVG 84) VIRTVS AVGG 85) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI 86) VOTA PVBLICA

Types: 1) Abundantia standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia 2) Abundantia standing left, pouring cornucopia 3) Abundantia standing right, pouring cornucopia 4) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopiae 5) Aeternitas standing left, holding phoenix on globe and holding robe 6) Altar 7) Altar, Concordia standing by holding patera and cornucopia 8) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 9) Eagle 10) Felicitas sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus 11) Felicitas standing left with crossed legs, leaning on column and holding caduceus 12) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 13) Felicitas standing, facing, holding caduceus and cornucopia 14) Feunditas standing left, holding two babies and two babies by feet 15) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter 16) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 17) Fortuna seated left on wheel, holding rudder and cornucopia 18) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 19) Hercules standing right, leaning on club; lion skin lying on rock. 20) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia 21) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia, child on either side. 22) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia, two children on either side. 23) Hilaritas standing left, holding wreath and leaning on scepter. 24) Hippocamp advancing right. 25) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and spear 26) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter, Tetricus to lower left. 27) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter 28) Laetitia standing left, holding patera and rudder, child on right. 29) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor 30) Laetitia standing left, pouring cornucopia into vase 31) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 32) Liberalitas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia 33) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 34) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear 35) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopiae 36) Nobilitas standing right, hold spear and globe. Galley prow by feet. 37) Pax standing left, holding anchor and feeding serpent on altar 38) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 39) Pax standing left, holding broken bow and cornucopiae 40) Pax standing left, holding palm and cornucopiae 41) Pax standing left, holding patera and scepter, facing snake. 42) Pax standing left, holding scale and two cornucopiae 43) Pax standing left, holding wreath and rudder 44) Pietas standing left, holding branch and cornucopiae 45) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding box 46) Providentia standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae 47) Providentia standing left, holding wand and cornucopiae, globe by feet. 48) Providentia standing left, holding wand and cornucopiae. 49) Roma seated left by shield, holding Victory and spear. 50) Sacrificial implements: aspergillum, simpulum, cruet, lituus (variously arranged) 51) Sacrificial implements: cruet 52) Sacrificial implements: cruet with a lituus on either side 53) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder. 54) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter. 55) Salus standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 56) Salus standing left, holding wreath and anchor; altar by feet. 57) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe. 58) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 59) Sol standing right 60) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 61) Spes standing left, holding flower and palm 62) Spes standing left, holding patera and scepter 63) Tetricus I and Tetricus II, facing each other, jointly holding Victory on globe 64) Tetricus I handing over globe to Tetricus II, both holding scepter, altar in between. 65) Tetricus I riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter 66) Tetricus I sacrificing over altar, standing next to Tetricus II, holding globe and being crowned by Victory. 67) Tetricus I seated left, holding branch and scepter 68) Tetricus I seated left, holding globe and scepter 69) Tetricus I standing left, holding globe and parazonium; seated captive to left. 70) Tetricus I standing left, holding globe and scepter

327 71) Tetricus I standing left, holding wand and scepter 72) Tetricus I standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 73) Tetricus I standing right, holding spear and globe 74) Tetricus I standing right, stepping on globe, holding spear and parazonium. 75) Tutela standing left, holding patera and spear 76) Uberitas standing left, holding grapes and cornucopiae 77) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 78) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy 79) Victory advancing right, trampling enemy, holding wreath and trophy 80) Victory crowning globe held by Tetricus, captive by feet 81) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm 82) Victory standing left, in front of altar, holding wreath and palm 83) Victory standing right, holding trophy 84) Virtus seated left, holding branch and spear. 85) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 86) Virtus standing right, holding spear and leaning on shield.

Mints: 1) Colonia Agrippinensis 2) Gaul 3) Treveri

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B4, O16, R83, T69 RIC Vii 41, C 205 2) B5, O13, R83, T69 3) B6, O09, R60, T74 RIC Vii 7, C 130 4) B6, O09, R83, T84 RIC Vii 21, C 202

AE Antoninianus 5) B7, O09, R29, T20 RIC Vii 79 6) B7, O09, R78, T77 RIC Vii 141 7) B7, O13, R24, T16 RIC Vii 71, C 43 8) B7, O15, R29, T20 RIC Vii 80 9) B7, O15, R39, T29 RIC Vii 88 10) B7, O15, R49, T38 11) B7, O15, R70, T53 RIC Vii 127f, C 152 12) B8, O06, R22, T12 13) B8, O06, R24, T16 RIC Vii 69 14) B8, O09, R09, T81 RIC Vii 56, C 17 15) B8, O09, R51, T36 RIC Vii 100, C 95 16) B8, O09, R70, T53 RIC Vii 126c, C 154 17) B8, O09, R70, T53 RIC Vii 128 18) B8, O09, R73, T60 RIC Vii 136 19) B8, O09, R84, T85 RIC Vii 148 20) B8, O15, R09, T77 RIC Vii 57

Tetricus I Busts

328

Tetricus II

Caesar c.273-274

Tetricus I Types

Son of Tetricus I. He shared in the pardon of his father and is said to have later been given the position of Senator in which he served with distinction. He may also have been promoted to the rank of co-augustus shortly before the two capitulated to Aurelian. The evidence rests on a coin or two featuring his portrait (distinguished by the lack of beard as opposed to his father’s portrait)

bearing a legend ending in AVG.

Busts:

1) Bareheaded, draped bust right 2) Bare-headed, draped bust right, wearing

imperial mantle 3) Radiate head right 4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Radiate, draped bust left 6) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses:

1) C P E TETRICVS CAES 2) C P E TETRICVS CES 3) C P ES TETRICVS CAES 4) C P ESV TETRICVS CAES 5) C P ESV TETRICVS CAES 6) C P TETRICVS CAE 7) C P TETRICVS CAE CES 8) C P TETRICVS CAES CES 9) C PI ES TETRICVS CAE 10) C PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES 11) C PIV TETRICVS A 12) C PIV TETRICVS P AVG 13) C PV TETRICVS CAES 14) C PV ESV TETRICVS CAES 15) PIV ESV TETRICVS AVGG 16) PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES

What goes for Tetricus I goes for II as well. The interesting point to ponder is whether he made it to emperor or stayed Caesar until his father’s abdication. One could make an argument that the title was conferred shortly before based on the few coins of his with AVGs in their legends. Or perhaps this was all due to the general apathy towards the dies in their preparation. Either way, historians of the day say nothing of the subject and consider it enough to state that they both surrendered to Aurelian. Just about the only coins for Tetricus (either Tetricus) will be the Antoninianus. Initially, under Caracalla and until around the early 250’s, these coins were silver coins about twice the size of the old Denarius. But by the time the Tetricus pair are making them they have shrunk to the size of a Denarius, often smaller and thinner, and made of a metal that quickly turned black or dark brown. For this reason it will be nearly impossible to find a Tetricus that still looks white and “new”. Even more challenging will be to find one whose both sides retain sharp details. Typically, the reverse die was used til worn nearly flat. So forgetting about those nonexistent gem coins one is left more often than not with a thin, black, ratty coin with a worn reverse. Price for these, thankfully, should be only a few dollars.

329 Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) COM IMP AVG 3) COMES AVG 4) COMES AVGG 5) COMOLVTETIO 6) CONSECRATIO 7) FELICITAS AVG 8) FIDES MILITVM 9) HERC COMITI 10) HILARI AVGG 11) HILARITAS AVGG 12) HILARITAS AVGG 13) INVICTVS 14) IOVI STATORI 15) LAETITIA AVG 16) LAETITIA AVG N

17) LAETITIA AVGG 18) LAETITIA AVGVSTI 19) LATITIA AVG 20) MARS VICTOR 21) MONETA 22) NOBILITAS AVGG 23) ORIENS AVG 24) PAX AVG 25) PAX AVGG 26) PIETAS AVGG 27) PIETAS AVGVS PIETAS AVGVSTO 28) PIETAS AVGVSTOR 29) PIETAS AVSTO 30) PRINC IVVENT 31) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 32) PROVID AVG

33) PROVIDENTIA AVG 34) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 35) SALVS AVG 36) SALVS AVGG 37) SOLI CONSER 38) SPEI PERPETVAE 39) SPES AVGG 40) SPES PVBLICA 41) VBERITAS AVG 42) VBERTAS AVG 43) VICTORIA AVG 44) VIRTVS AVG

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Altar 3) Centaur holding bow 4) Eagle 5) Felicitas standing left, child on either side. 6) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 7) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia 8) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia; child to either side of her. 9) Hilaritas standing left, holding wreath and anchor 10) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 11) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 12) Minerva sacrificing over altar and holding spear 13) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 14) Nobilitas standing, holding scepter and globe 15) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 16) Pax standing left, holding palm and cornucopia 17) Pax standing left, holding scepter 18) Pax standing, holding two standards 19) Sacrificial implements: lituus, cruet, simpulum, etc. (variously arranged) 20) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 21) Providentia standing left, holding wand and cornucopia 22) Salus standing left, feeding snake in altar and holding rudder. 23) Salus standing left, holding and feeding snake 24) Salus standing left, holding branch and anchor 25) Salus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding anchor 26) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 27) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 28) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 29) Temple, Hercules within 30) Tetricus II standing left, holding branch and scepter 31) Tetricus II standing left, holding patera and scepter 32) Tetricus II standing left, holding standard in each hand 33) Tetricus II standing left, holding wand and standard 34) Tetricus II standing right, holding spear and globe 35) Uberitas holding grapes and cornucopia 36) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 37) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm 38) Virtus standing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Mints:

1) Gaul, various localities 2) Treveri

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B5, O10, R40, T28 2) B6, O01, R26, T19 RIC Vii 255, C 48 3) B6, O01, R28, T19 RIC Vii 259, C 60 4) B6, O10, R24, T20 5) B6, O10, R30, T30 RIC Vii 260, C 62 6) B6, O10, R40, T28 RIC Vii 270, C 88 7) B6, O10, R41, T28 RIC Vii 272, C 97 8) B6, O14, R40, T28

330

Quietus

Augustus 261

Tetricus II Busts

Tetricus II Types

Quietus ascended the throne at the same time as his brother Macrianus following the capture of Valerian, the former emperor. However, after Macrianus and his army were unable to defeat the forces of Gallienus he saw his support base dissipate and he fled his post. The troops of Gallienus were able to track him down and execute him soon after thus ending his brief reign. Quietus survived him scarcely any more time

before he, too, was located and executed.

Busts: 1) Laureate bust right 2) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverse: 1) IMP C FVL QVIETVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVGG 2) AEQVTAS AVG 3) AEQVTAS AVGG 4) APOLINI CONSERVA 5) APOLLINI CONSERVA 6) FORT REDVX 7) INDVLGENTIAE AVG 8) INDVLGNTIAE AVG 9) IOVI CONSERVATORI 10) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 11) PIETAS AVG 12) ROMAE AETERNAE 13) SOL INVICTO 14) SPES PVBLICA 15) VICTORIA AVGG

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre 3) Fortuna seated left on wheel, holding rudder and cornucopia 4) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter 5) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left by feet. 6) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 7) Pietas standing left, holding purse and caduceus 8) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; eagle to left

Quietus appears with modest frequency among the offerings of ancient coin dealers. With the exception of some extreme rarities the coins will all be relatively poor condition Antoniniani. Because they were minted exclusively in the Middle East these coins often sport attractive “sandy patinas” that enhance the contrast of the details. Condition being the key in determining value, one of these Ants will go anywhere from about $100 to over $300.

331 9) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 10) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 11) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 12) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm

Mint: 1) Antioch

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R15, T11 RIC Vii 1

AE Antoninianus 2) B3, O1, R03, T01 * in left field RIC Vii 2, C 1 3) B3, O1, R04, T02 * in left field RIC Vii 3 4) B3, O1, R07, T04 * in left field RIC Vii 5 5) B3, O1, R09, T05 RIC Vii 6, C 8 6) B3, O1, R12, T08 Exe: •• and * in left field RIC Vii 9, C 11b 7) B3, O1, R13, T09 * in left field RIC Vii 10, C 12a 8) B3, O1, R14, T10 * in left field RIC Vii 11, C 14a

AE As 9) B1, O1, R03, T01 * in left field RIC Vii 13, C 2

Quietus Busts

Quietus Types

332

Macrianus

Augustus 261

The story of Macrianus is intimately connected with that of his brother Quietus. The two were sons of Macrianus Sr. who was one of Valerian's highest-ranked generals. After Valerian was kidnapped by a Persian king whom he was seeing on business of discussing war settlements the elder Macrianus chased the Persians away and the soldiers offered him the post of Augustus. He, in turn, declined and bestowed the titles jointly upon Macrianus

Jr. and Quietus. It was decided that Macrianus would now lead an expedition to depose Gallienus back in Rome while Quietus would stay in the east to secure the region against any Persian reprisals. Macrianus's army suffered a defeat and the troops loyal to Gallienus gave chase to a fleeing Quietus who was eventually captured and executed. All coins from eastern mints, imperial issues only from Antioch.

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, draped bust right 4) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 6) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverse: 1) IMP C FVL MACRIANVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVGG 2) AEQVTAS AVGG 3) APOLINI CONSERVA 4) CONSERVATRICI AVG 5) FORT REDVX 6) INDVLGENTIAE AVG 7) IOVI CONSERVATORI 8) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 9) ROMAE AETERNAE 10) SOL INVICTO 11) SPES PVBLICA 12) VICTORIA AVGG

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Apollo standing left, holding branch and resting hand on lyre. 3) Diana standing right, holding bow; deer to side. 4) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia 5) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair. 6) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter. 7) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left. 8) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 9) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter 10) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 11) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 12) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.

Mint: 1) Antioch

AE Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R09, T09 RIC Vii 2, C10

AE Antoninianus 2) B4, O1, R02, T01 * in left field RIC Vii 5, C1 3) B4, O1, R02, T01 RIC Vii 5, C1 4) B4, O1, R03, T02 RIC Vii 6, C 2 5) B4, O1, R06, T06 * in left field RIC Vii 8, C 6 6) B4, O1, R07, T07 * in left field RIC Vii 9, C 8 7) B4, O1, R08, T08 RIC Vii 10, C 9 8) B4, O1, R09, T09 * in left field RIC Vii 11, C 11

For being an usurper and having a coin-striking season lasting perhaps less than a full year, the coins of Macrianus are relatively easy to find. That is, so long as your expectation stretches no farther than a so-so condition Antoninianus of very low grade silver. With that one caveat, you may expect to pay about $100 for the average coin with premium coins doubling or tripling that amount.

333 9) B4, O1, R09, T09 RIC Vii 11, C 11 10) B4, O1, R10, T10 RIC Vii 12, C 12 11) B4, O1, R10, T10 * in left field RIC Vii 12, C 12 12) B4, O1, R11, T11 RIC Vii 13, C 13

Macrianus Busts

Macrianus Types

334

Claudius II

Augustus 268-270

Claudius was apparently one of the principal conspirators who instigated a lethal mutiny against Gallienus during his siege against the usurper Aureolus. His claim that Gallienus designated him his heir in his deathbed and absent any credible witnesses led many to doubt the story. Regardless, Claudius rose to power and quelled any discontent over Gallienus's fate by giving each soldier the princely sum of 20 Aurei and locating Aureolus who was

promptly executed.

The controversial accession besides, Claudius proved a remarkably able battlefield commander and he earned the nickname Gothicus following the devastating blow he dealt to the Goths; accounts of which had the battle ending with some 50,000 barbarians of this tribe being killed. Before he had much time to secure more honorary titles for himself, however, he contracted plague and died in Sirmium two years later. The Senate dutifully praised and deified him afterwards as one of the greatest emperors ever. Contemporary historians linked his family to that of Constantine and evidently his memory was still popular enough half a century later that Constantine would be able to exploit the public relations value of this link through a series of coins minted honoring his alleged dead ancestor.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left 2) Laureate head left 3) Laureate head right 4) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate, draped bust right 6) Radiate bust left 7) Radiate bust left, holding globe and scepter 8) Radiate bust left, holding scepter 9) Radiate head left 10) Radiate head right 11) Radiate torso left, holding globe and scepter 12) Radiate torso left, holding spear and shield 13) Radiate torso right, holding spear 14) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 15) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 16) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe 17) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 18) Radiate, draped bust left 19) Radiate, draped bust left, holding shield 20) Radiate, draped bust left, holding spear 21) Radiate, draped bust right 22) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 23) Veiled, laureate head right

Obverses: 1) CLAVDIVS AVG 2) CLAVDIVS PF AVG 3) CLAVDIVS PIVS AVG INV 4) DIVO CLAVDIO 5) DIVO CLAVDIO GOTHICO 6) DIVO CLAVDIO OPT IMP 7) DIVO CLAVDIO OPTIMO 8) DIVO CLAVDIO OPTIMO IMP 9) DIVVS CLAVDIVS OPT IMP 10) IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG 11) IMP C CLAVDIVS PF AVG 12) IMP C M AVR CLAVDIVS AVG 13) IMP C M AVR CLAVDIVS PF AVG 14) IMP C M AVREL CLAVDIVS PF AVG 15) IMP C V CLAVDIVS AVG 16) IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 17) IMP CLAVDIVS CAES AVG 18) IMP CLAVDIVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ADVENTVS AVG 3) AEQVITAS AVG 4) AETER AVG 5) AETERNIT AVG 6) AETERNITAS AVG 7) ANNONA AVG 8) APOLLI CONS 9) APOLLINI CONS 10) APOLLINI P CONS

Claudius takes over during turbulent years. Coins are being made by the millions but quality control has sunk to its lowest level yet ensuring that these coins deteriorated soon after entering circulation. And what does this leave for those that have had to endure another 1,600 years? While the gold coinage escapes the poor quality control issues there are so few of them that the point is moot for the vast majority of collectors. This leaves only the sorry Antoninianus as representative of this emperor. The Ants had been suffering a steady decline in their fineness ever since their inception under Caracalla a half century before. By the 250’s there was so little silver in them that they no longer looked “silvery” or did so only briefly before corrosion and wear revealed them for being the essentially copper coins that they really were. Under the reign of Gallienus, or perhaps that of Claudius II, a new process of silver washing was developed to at least keep the appearance that these were silver coins still worth, in theory, two Denarii. This coating measured a meager few thousandths of an inch and wore or flaked off quickly on the high points of the coin. Only a brand new coin buried in a protective container could survive to this day with this silvering intact. And while they’re available today they are rare and expensive. The process of silvering the Ants lasted until Diocletian’s reform a few years later. During this period, and certainly including Claudius, Ants will be readily available with partial silvering but unless a substantial amount survives they carry no premium over an otherwise patinated coin. Low grade coins may be found among “uncleaned” coins or dealer’s “junk bins” for a few dollars each. Nicer specimens quickly escalate in price.

335 11) CERES AVG 12) CONCO EXERC 13) CONCOR AVG 14) CONCOR EXER 15) CONCOR EXERC 16) CONCOR EXERCI 17) CONCORD EXER 18) CONCORD LEGI 19) CONCORDIA AVG 20) CONCORDIA EXERCITVS 21) CONSACRATIO 22) CONSAECRATIO 23) CONSECR AVG 24) CONSECRATIO 25) CONSER AVG 26) CONSERVAT AVG 27) CONSERVAT PIETAT 28) CONSERVATORES AVG 29) COS III 30) DACIA FELIX 31) DEO CABIRO 32) DIANA LVCIF 33) DIANAE CONS AVG 34) DIANAE VICTR 35) FECVND AVG 36) FECVNDITAS AVG 37) FELIC AVG 38) FELIC TEMPO 39) FELICITAS AVG 40) FELICITAS SAECVL 41) FID MILITVM 42) FIDES AVG 43) FIDES EXERCI 44) FIDES MILIT 45) FIDES MILITVM 46) FORTVNA RED 47) FORTVNA REDVX 48) FORTVNAE RED 49) FORTVNAE REDVCI 50) GENIVS AVG 51) GENIVS EXERCI 52) GENIVS POPVLI

53) HILARITAS AVGG 54) INVICTVS AVG 55) IOVI CONSERV AVG 56) IOVI CONSERVATORI 57) IOVI FVLGERAT 58) IOVI STATORI 59) IOVI VICTORI 60) IVNO REGINA 61) IVVENTAS AVG 62) IVVENTVS AVG 63) LAETITIA AVG 64) LAETITIA AVG N 65) LIBERAL AVG 66) LIBERALITAS AVG 67) LIBERITAS AVG 68) LIBERO CONS AVG 69) LIBERT AVG 70) LIBERTAS AVG 71) MARS VICTOR 72) MARS VLTOR 73) MARTI PACIF 74) MARTI PACIFERO 75) MARTI VICTORI 76) MEMORIAE AETERNAE 77) MINERVA AVG 78) MONETA AVG 79) NEPTVN AVG 80) NEPTVS AVG 81) ORIENS AVG 82) PAX AET 83) PAX AETERNA 84) PAX AVG 85) PAX AVGVSTI 86) PAX EXERC 87) PIETAS 88) PIETAS AVG 89) PM TR P II COS PP 90) PM TR P O PP 91) PROVENTI AVG 92) PROVI AVG 93) PROVID AVG 94) PROVIDEN AVG

95) PROVIDENT AVG 96) PROVIDENTIA AVG 97) REGI ARTIS 98) REQVIES OPT MER 99) REQVIES OPTIMOR MERIT 100) REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITORVM 101) ROMAE AETERNAE 102) SALVS AVG 103) SALVS AVGG 104) SECVRIT AVG 105) SECVRITAS PERPETVA 106) SOL AVG 107) SOLI CONS AVG 108) SPES AVG 109) SPES PVBLIC 110) SPES PVBLICA 111) TEMPORVM FELI 112) TEMPORVM FELIC 113) VBERITAS AVG 114) VBERTAS AVG 115) VENVS AVG 116) VICTOR GERMAN 117) VICTORIA AVG 118) VICTORIA GERMAN 119) VICTORIA GERMANIC 120) VICTORIA GM 121) VICTORIAE GOTHIC 122) VIRT AVG 123) VIRTVS AVG 124) VIRTVSS AVG 125) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 126) VIRTVS CLAVDI AVG 127) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI 128) VOTA ORBIS 129) No legend

Types: 1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Aesculapius standing left, holding scepter with snake coiled around it. 4) Altar 5) Altar, lit. 6) Annona standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding grain ears and cornucopia. 7) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock. 8) Cabirus standing right, holding hammer and nails 9) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 10) Claudius II advancing left, holding scepter and globe. 11) Claudius II advancing right, holding scepter and globe. 12) Claudius II riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter. 13) Claudius II riding horse right, spearing barbarians 14) Claudius II seated left, holding scepter 15) Claudius II standing left, holding branch and scepter. 16) Claudius II standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 17) Claudius II standing to left, holding scepter, facing Fortuna to right, holding rudder and cornucopia. 18) Claudius II standing to right, holding scepter and hand of kneeling Pietas. 19) Concordia standing left, holding standard and cornucopia. 20) Concordia standing, facing, holding standard in each hand. 21) Concordiae (2) facing each other, each holding a torch and grain ears. 22) Dacia standing left, holding staff with donkey head atop 23) Deer advancing right. 24) Diana standing right, holding torch 25) Diana standing right, pulling arrow from quiver and holding bow; deer to right. 26) Diana standing right on left, pulling arrow from quiver and holding bow, facing Apollo to right, holding branch and resting hand on lyre. 27) Eagle standing left 28) Fecunditas standing left, touching child on head and holding cornucopia. 29) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 30) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter 31) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter 32) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 33) Fides standing left, holding vexillum and scepter 34) Fides standing right, holding standard in each hand. 35) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 36) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia 37) Fortuna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 38) Funeral pyre 39) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 40) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 41) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apple. 42) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin.

336 43) Hilaritas standing, holding palm and cornucopia; another cornucopia to right 44) Isis standing left, holding sistrum and basket. 45) Isis standing right on left, holding sistrum and basket, facing Serapis to right, holding scepter. 46) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter 47) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to lower left. 48) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 49) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt 50) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 51) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 52) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Claudius II to lower right, holding scepter. 53) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 54) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia. 55) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 56) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia. 57) Lion advancing right 58) Mars advancing right, holding branch and spear 59) Mars advancing right, holding branch and spear with shield. 60) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 61) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 62) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear. 63) Mars standing left, holding branch. 64) Mars standing left, holding parazonium and spear. 65) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus. 66) Monetae (3) standing, facing, each holding a scale and cornucopia. 67) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident. 68) Panther advancing left 69) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 70) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter 71) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. 72) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 73) Pax standing right, holding branch and scepter. 74) Pegasus advancing right 75) Pietas standing left, holding patera and spear. 76) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter. 77) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 78) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 79) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter; shield to side. 80) Roma seated left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 81) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter. 82) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake 83) Salus standing to left, holding and feeding snake, facing Aesculapius to right, holding staff with snake coiled around it. 84) Saturn standing left, holding scepter and scythe. 85) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter. 86) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus. 87) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding scepter 88) Serapis standing right on left, holding scepter, facing Isis to right, holding sistrum and basket 89) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 90) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe. 91) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip 92) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe 93) Sol standing right on left, raising hand and holding whip, facing Luna (Diana) to right, holding torch 94) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 95) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 96) Table with vase atop 97) Temple; Roma within, holding Victory and spear. 98) Trophy; seated captive on either side. 99) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 100) Venus standing left, holding helmet and cradling spear; shield to right 101) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield on palm reading SC. 102) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 103) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 104) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm 105) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm; two captives to left. 106) Virtus advancing right, holding spear and trophy 107) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear; shield to left 108) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 109) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield 110) Vulcan standing right on left, holding hammer and nails, facing Minerva to right, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 111) Vulcan standing right, holding hammer and tongs 112) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Cyzicus 3) Mediolanum

4) Roma 5) Siscia 6) Thessalonica

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B13, O04, R020, T020 8 Aurei weight

AU Aureus 2) B16, O02, R123, T106

337

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 3) B09, O10, R003, T002 RIC Vi 197l, C 8 4) B09, O10, R025, T088 5) B09, O10, R102, T007 6) B09, O10, R102, T026 RIC Vi 219l, C 260 7) B09, O10, R102, T044 RIC Vi 217l 8) B09, O10, R106, T089 RIC Vi 221l 9) B10, O16, R039, T029 RIC Vi 33 10) B10, O16, R043, T032 11) B10, O16, R045, T033 ` in right field 12) B10, O16, R047, T036 - in right field RIC Vi 41k 13) B10, O16, R050, T040 ` in right field RIC Vi 46k, C 109 14) B10, O16, R089, T011 D in right field RIC Vi 12k, C 216 15) B10, O16, R113, T099 ` in right field RIC Vi 193k, C 286 16) B10, O17, R003, T002 17) B10, O17, R040, T029 RIC Vi 179k 18) B10, O17, R117, T102 19) B10, O18, R093, T077 Exe: ` RIC Vi 163k 20) B10, O18, R110, T095 Exe: ` RIC Vi 168k, C 227 21) B15, O10, R002, T012 RIC Vi 13f, C 4 22) B15, O10, R003, T002 RIC Vi 14f, C 7 23) B15, O10, R007, T006 RIC Vi 18f, C 21 24) B15, O10, R039, T029 25) B15, O10, R043, T032 RIC Vi 34f, C 84 26) B15, O10, R059, T050 RIC Vi 54f, C 129 27) B15, O10, R066, T055 RIC Vi 57f, C 144 28) B15, O10, R095, T078 RIC Vi 91f, C 230 29) B15, O10, R102, T081 RIC Vi 98f 30) B15, O10, R110, T094 RIC Vi 102f 31) B15, O10, R117, T104 RIC Vi 104f, C 293 32) B15, O12, R115, T100 Exe: SPQR 33) B15, O12, R121, T098 Exe: SPQR Obv Exe: •• 34) B15, O16, R005, T090 RIC Vi 16f, C 16 35) B15, O16, R007, T006 RIC Vi 19f, C 22 36) B15, O16, R063, T054 ` in right field RIC Vi 181f, C 139 37) B15, O16, R069, T056 X in right field RIC Vi 63f, C 152 38) B15, O16, R108, T095 ` in left field RIC Vi 191f 39) B15, O16, R113, T099 RIC Vi 193f 40) B15, O16, R114, T099 RIC Vi 103f 41) B15, O16, R117, T104 42) B15, O18, R048, T035 Exe: ` RIC Vi 151f 43) B16, O12, R127, T042 44) B17, O10, R003, T002 Exe: • 45) B17, O10, R084, T072 C 198 46) B17, O10, R095, T078 RIC Vi 91c 47) B17, O10, R097, T111 RIC Vi 215a, C 239 48) B17, O10, R102, T081 49) B17, O13, R102, T044 Zachary Beasley collection 50) B17, O16, R003, T002 RIC Vi 15c, C 10 51) B17, O18, R045, T031 C 93 52) B17, O18, R047, T035 C 204 53) B17, O18, R081, T091 54) B17, O18, R121, T098 Obv Exe: •• 55) B17, O18, R121, T098 Exe: SPQR Obv Exe: •• 56) B17, O18, R123, T108 57) B21, O10, R003, T002 Exe: H RIC Vi 197a, C 6 58) B21, O10, R025, T087 Exe: ` RIC Vi 201a, C 58 59) B21, O10, R034, T025 RIC Vi 205a, C 67 60) B21, O10, R039, T029 RIC Vi 32a 61) B21, O10, R042, T065 RIC Vi 207a 62) B21, O10, R051, T039 RIC Vi 48a, C 114 63) B21, O10, R058, T049 RIC Vi 52a 64) B21, O10, R059, T050 RIC Vi 53a 65) B21, O10, R060, T047 Exe: • 66) B21, O10, R060, T047 Exe: ` RIC Vi 212, C 235 67) B21, O10, R062, T041 Exe: ` RIC Vi 213a, C 137 68) B21, O10, R072, T060 RIC Vi 66a 69) B21, O10, R079, T067 Exe: ` RIC Vi 214a, C 183 70) B21, O10, R102, T007 Exe: • RIC Vi 216a 71) B21, O10, R110, T095 RIC Vi 102a, C 281 72) B21, O10, R123, T107 RIC Vi 109a 73) B21, O10, R123, T109 Exe: ` RIC Vi 225a, C 317 74) B21, O12, R064, T053 M C across fields RIC Vi 235a, C 142 75) B21, O12, R083, T072 Exe: SPQR Obv Exe: ••• RIC Vi 237a, C 195 76) B21, O12, R129, T112 Exe: SPQR 77) B21, O13, R123, T107 78) B21, O16, R046, T035 RIC Vi 40a 79) B21, O16, R094, T077 ` in right field 80) B21, O17, R046, T035 ` in right field 81) B21, O18, R038, T030 Exe: ` RIC Vi 145a, C 74 82) B21, O18, R044, T032 Exe: ` RIC Vi 149, C 88 83) B21, O18, R081, T092 Exe: ` RIC Vi 153a, C 185 84) B21, O18, R084, T069 Exe: ` RIC Vi 157a, C 202 85) B21, O18, R117, T103 Exe: ` RIC Vi 171a, C 302 86) B21, O18, R123, T106 Exe: ` RIC Vi 172a, C 315

338

AE Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s) 87) B10, O04, R021, T005 88) B10, O04, R024, T005 RIC Vi 261k 89) B10, O04, R024, T027 RIC Vi 266k 90) B21, O04, R024, T005 Obv Exe: • RIC Vi 261a

AE Medallion 91) B05, O11, R078, T066 C 181

AE3 (Posthumous) 92) B23, O08, R100, T014 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 26 (VII, Thessalonica) 93) B23, O08, R100, T014 Exe: SIS RIC 43 (VII, Siscia)

Claudius II Busts

Claudius II Types

339

Claudius II Types (continued)

340

Quintillus

Augustus 270

Quintillus came to power after the death of his brother Claudius II. Although loved by the Senate, Quintillus had no strong ties with the army and when Aurelian claimed that Claudius had meant for him to be the next successor what little loyalty Quintillus had evaporated. With Aurelian's forces coming nearer, Quintillus had no muscle to contest the usurper and committed suicide before testing Aurelian's mercy. He had

been emperor for only a few weeks.

Busts: 1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Radiate head right 3) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses:

1) IMP AVR CL QVINTILLVS AVG 2) IMP C L QVINTILLVS AVG 3) IMP C M AVR CL QVINTILLVS AVG 4) IMP C M AVR CL QVINTILLVS PF AVG 5) IMP C M AVR QVINTILLVS AVG 6) IMP C M AVREL QVINTILLVS AVG 7) IMP C M CL QVINTILLVS AVG 8) IMP CAES M AVR CL QVINTILLVS AVG 9) IMP QVINTILLVS 10) IMP QVINTILLVS AVG 11) IMP QVINTILLVS PF AVG 12) QVINTILLVS AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) AETERNIT AVG 3) APOLLINI AVG 4) APOLLINI CONS 5) APOLLINI CONSERVATORI 6) CONC EXERC 7) CONCO EXER 8) CONCO EXERC 9) CONCOR EXER 10) CONCORD EXER 11) CONCORD EXERC 12) CONCORDIA AVG 13) CONSECRATIO 14) DIANA LVCIF 15) FELICITAS AVG 16) FIDES EXER 17) FIDES EXERCIT 18) FIDES MILIT

19) FIDES MILITVM 20) FORTVNA REDVX 21) FORTVNAE RED 22) GENIVS AVG 23) INVICTVS 24) IOVI CONSERVATORI 25) IOVI VICTORI 26) LAETITIA AVG 27) LIBERALITAS AVG 28) LIBERITAS AVG 29) LIBERTAS AVG 30) MARS VLTOR 31) MARTI PAC 32) MARTI PACAT 33) MARTI PACI 34) MARTI PACIF 35) MARTI PACIL 36) PANNONIA

37) PAX AVGVSTI 38) PIETAS AVG 39) PM TR P COS PP 40) PROVI AVG 41) PROVID AVG 42) PROVIDENT AVG 43) SAECVLI FELICITAS 44) SECVRIT AVG 45) TEMPOR FELI 46) TEMPORVM FEL 47) TEMPORVM FELI 48) VBERITAS AVG 49) VICTORIA AVG 50) VICTORIAE GOTHIC 51) VIRTVS AVG

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Altar 3) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock. 4) Concordia standing left, holding standard and cornucopia. 5) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand. 6) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding two cornucopiae. 7) Diana advancing right, holding torch with both hands. 8) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 9) Fides standing left, holding standard and cornucopia 10) Fides standing left, holding vexillum and spear. 11) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand. 12) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 13) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and wreath. 14) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 15) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 16) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle by feet 17) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Quintillus to lower left. 18) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor on globe. 19) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia. 20) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 21) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia. 22) Mars advancing left, holding branch and shield. 23) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.

Well, he might have been emperor for only a few weeks but the mints sure were busy spitting out coins for him the whole while. And while they may not be very common nowadays, they’re not very expensive either. That probably has something to do with the fact that very few survive in top condition. Most will be Antoniniani that have seen better days… most, actually, have seen much better days. And these low grade Ants can be picked up on the internet for a few dollars each. Nicer ones tend to go for around fifty dollars and rarely go for above $100. But that, again, is because the grades are usually so disappointing. A mint state coin, if there is such a thing, would easily be worth several hundred dollars.

341 24) Mars advancing right, holding branch and spear. 25) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 26) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear. 27) Pannonia standing left, holding branch and standard. 28) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 29) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 30) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears and scepter. 31) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 32) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 33) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and scepter. 34) Quintillus standing, facing, holding spear and globe 35) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter. 36) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 37) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 38) Trophy, seated captive on either side. 39) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia 40) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 41) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 42) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear. 43) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.

Mints: 1) Cyzicus 2) Mediolanum 3) Roma 4) Siscia

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O05, R10, T04 Exe: T 2) B1, O03, R31, T26 Exe: P 3) B1, O05, R17, T11

AE Antoninianus 4) B3, O03, R47, T08 C 68 5) B3, O05, R48, T39 ` in right field RIC Vi 78f 6) B4, O11, R20, T08 RIC Vi 83c 7) B4, O11, R20, T08 RIC Vi 83c 8) B4, O11, R24, T15 RIC Vi 84c, C 36 9) B4, O11, R24, T15 RIC Vi 84c, C 36 10) B5, O03, R02, T37 RIC Vi 7, C 2 11) B5, O03, R04, T03 H in right field RIC Vi 9 12) B5, O03, R12, T06 Exe: Δ RIC Vi 13a 13) B5, O03, R19, T10 E in right field RIC Vi 18, C 28 14) B5, O03, R26, T18 Exe: XII RIC Vi 22a 15) B5, O03, R34, T23 X in left field RIC Vi 24a, C 49 16) B5, O03, R37, T28 RIC Vi 26 17) B5, O03, R41, T31 Exe: T 18) B5, O03, R42, T31 RIC Vi 29, C 61 19) B5, O03, R44, T35 XI in right field RIC Vi 31, C 63 20) B5, O03, R49, T41 Γ in right field RIC Vi 33, C 70 21) B5, O03, R51, T43 B in right field RIC Vi 35, C 73 22) B5, O10, R14, T07 Exe: ` 23) B5, O10, R18, T11 Exe: S RIC Vi 52a, C 25 24) B5, O10, R21, T12 RIC Vi 54, C 33 25) B5, O10, R31, T26 RIC Vi 58a, C 47 26) B5, O11, R19, T10 RIC Vi 82, C 27

342

Quintillus Busts

Quintillus Types

343

Aurelian

Augustus 270 -275

Aurelian was an upwardly-mobile soldier who was eventually appointed commander of the cavalry by Claudius II. With the aid of a sympathetic army he revolted against the accession of Quintillus and a civil war was avoided when the latter committed suicide following the growing popularity of his rival. Aurelian was then hailed as emperor by the Senate and the rest of the legions alike. His first mission was to strengthen the army by the introduction of

the strictest reforms and discipline as well as quelling the various uprisings that had broken out over the last two decades. He thus spent the next five years until cut down by his own Praetorian Guard at the height of his glory. It seems Aurelian's personal secretary, after being reprimanded by the emperor for attempted extortion, felt an execution would follow. To guard against this possibility, he concocted a story about Aurelian intending to execute his personal guard and then rushed to share with them this manufactured evidence. Naturally, afraid for their lives, they entered the emperor's quarters and effected a preemptive strike. Somehow or other it was soon afterward found out that the formerly beloved emperor had no such motives and his secretary himself was swiftly executed for treason. When news reached Rome of what had happened Aurelian's wife seems to have actually been left nominally in power while a new emperor was selected, a period that may have lasted several months. Although history is a little hazy in this matter, it would mark the first and only time a Roman empress explicitly ruled the empire.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 2) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 3) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder. 4) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 6) Laureate, draped bust right 7) Radiate bust facing away, looking left, holding spear and shield 8) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding spear and shield 9) Radiate head right 10) Radiate, bust right, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter 11) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 12) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding shield. 13) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 14) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder 15) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left 16) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 17) Radiate, draped and cuirassed torso left, holding Victory on globe. 18) Radiate, draped bust left. 19) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) AVRELIANVS AVG 2) AVRELIANVS AVG CONS 3) AVRELIANVS P AVG 4) IMP AVRELIANVS AVG 5) IMP AVRELIANVS INVICT AVG 6) IMP AVRELIANVS INVICTVS AVG 7) IMP AVRELIANVS P AVG 8) IMP AVRELIANVS PF AVG 9) IMP AVRELIANVS PIVS AVG 10) IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG 11) IMP C AVRELIANVS INVICTVS AVG 12) IMP C AVRELIANVS INVICTVS P AVG 13) IMP C AVRELIANVS P AVG 14) IMP C AVRELIANVS PF AVG 15) IMP C AVRELIANVS PIVS FEL AVG 16) IMP C D AVRELIANVS AVG 17) IMP C DOM AVRELIANVS AVG 18) IMP C L D AVRELIANVS AVG 19) IMP C L D AVRELIANVS PF AVG 20) IMP C L DOM AVRELIANVS AVG 21) IMP C L DOM AVRELIANVS P AVG 22) IMP C L DOM AVRELIANVS PF AVG 23) IMP CAES L DOM AVRELIANVS AVG 24) IMP DEO ET DOMINO NATO AVRELIANO AVG 25) SOL DOM IMP ROM 26) SOL DOM IMP ROMANI 27) SOL DOMINVS IMPERI ROMAN

Aurelian leaves a very strong numismatic legacy for his five years as emperor of the Romans. His coins, 99% or more of which are Antoniniani, are ubiquitous in the inventory of any dealer who carries ancient Roman coins. Oodles, yes oodles, of these Ants are available on Ebay and other internet outlets. They turn up regularly even on the dirt-on late Roman bronze coins the sort that are sold in bulk at a dollar or two each. Aurelian is also the first emperor to really use the cuirassed bust as a predominant type on his coins. On some of the coins the cuirass shares almost as much real estate as his head and, on rare instances, featuring elaborate designs within the cuirass itself. In his portraits, his head often looks shrunken on top of an impossibly elongated neck. The effect makes for curious collectibles. And speaking of collectibles, fully silvered “gem” Ants can be found for less than $100 with some difficulty but more typically for a little more than that.

344 Reverses: 1) ADVENTVS AVG 2) AEQVITAS AVG 3) AETERNIT AVG 4) AETERNITAS AVG 5) ANNONA AVG 6) APOL CONS AVG 7) APOLLINI CONS 8) AVRELIANVS AVG CONS 9) CONC EXER 10) CONCO EXER 11) CONCOR AVG 12) CONCORD LEGI 13) CONCORD MILIT 14) CONCORDI LEGI 15) CONCORDIA AVG 16) CONCORDIA AVGVSTOR 17) CONCORDIA LEGI 18) CONCORDIA MILI 19) CONCORDIA MILIT 20) CONCORDIA MILITVM 21) CONS PRINC AVG 22) CONSECRATIO 23) CONSERVAT AVG 24) CONSERVATOR AVG 25) DACIA FELIX 26) FELIC SAECV 27) FELIC SAECVLI 28) FELICIT TEMP 29) FELICITAS SAECVLI 30) FIDES EXERCITI 31) FIDES MILI 32) FIDES MILIT 33) FIDES MILITVM 34) FIDIS MILITVM 35) FORTVNA REDVX 36) GENIVS EXERCI 37) GENIVS EXERCITI 38) GENIVS ILLV 39) GENIVS ILLVR 40) IOVI CONSER

41) IOVI CONSERV 42) IOVI CONSERVATORI 43) IOVI STATORI 44) IOVI VICTORI 45) IVCTORIA AVG 46) LAETITIA AVG 47) LIBERALIT AVG 48) LIBERITAS AVG 49) LIBERT AVG 50) LIBERTAS AVG 51) MARS INVICTVS 52) MART PACI 53) MARTI INVICTO 54) MARTI PACIF 55) MARTI PACIFERO 56) MINERVA AVG 57) ORIEN AVG 58) ORIENS AVG 59) PACATOR ORBIS 60) PACATOR ORIENTIS 61) PANNONIAE 62) PAX AETERNA 63) PAX AVGVSTI 64) PIETAS AVG 65) PM TB P V II COS II PP 66) PM TR P COS 67) PM TR P COS PP 68) PM TR P I PP 69) PM TR P PP COS 70) PM TR P VI COS II PP 71) PM TR P VII COS II PP 72) PM TR PP 73) PROVIDEN AVG 74) PROVIDEN DEOR 75) PROVIDENT AVG 76) RESTIT SAECVLI 77) RESTITV ORIENT 78) RESTITVT ORBIS 79) RESTITVT ORIENT 80) RESTITVT ORIENTIS

81) RESTITVT SAECVLI 82) RESTITVTOR EXERCITI 83) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 84) RESTITVTOR ORIENT 85) RESTITVTOR ORIENTIS 86) RESTITVTORI GENTIS 87) RESTITVTORI ORIENTIS 88) ROMA AET 89) ROMA AETER 90) ROMAE AETER 91) ROMAE AETERNAE 92) ROMAE AETERNE 93) SAECVLI FELICITAS 94) SECVRIT AVG 95) SEVERINA AVG 96) SOLI CONSERVATORI 97) SOLI INVICTO 98) VBERITAS AVG 99) VENVS FELIX 100) VICTOR LEG 101) VICTORIA AET 102) VICTORIA AVG 103) VICTORIA GERM 104) VICTORIA GOTHIC 105) VICTORIA PARTICA 106) VICTORIAE GOTHIC 107) VIRT MILITVM 108) VIRTVS AEQVIT 109) VIRTVS AVG 110) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 111) VIRTVS EQVIT 112) VIRTVS ILLVRICI 113) VIRTVS MILITVM

Types: 1) Aequitas standing right, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding staff with snake coiled around it. 3) Annona standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia. 4) Apollo seated left, holding branch and resting arm on lyre placed on rock. 5) Apollo standing left, holding branch and resting arm on lyre placed on rock. 6) Apollo standing left, leaning on column, touching head and holding branch. 7) Apollo standing left, leaning on altar, touching head and holding branch 8) Aurelian advancing left, raising hand and holding scepter. 9) Aurelian riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear 10) Aurelian riding horse left; seated captive to left. 11) Aurelian riding horse right over two barbarians. 12) Aurelian standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing soldier to left, holding Victory and spear. 13) Aurelian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Asia 14) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter and holding hand of kneeling Oriens to left. 15) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, being crowned by Orbis to left. 16) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, being crowned by Orbis to left; citizen kneeling in between. 17) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, being crowned by Oriens to left. 18) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, being crowned by Victory to left. 19) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving globe from soldier to left, holding spear. 20) Aurelian standing left on right, holding Victory and spear, facing soldier to left, holding spear and globe. 21) Aurelian standing left on right, shaking hands with Severina to left; Sol’s radiate bust above and between them. 22) Aurelian standing left, holding globe and scepter; Victory to right, crowning him. 23) Aurelian standing left, holding globe and spear. 24) Aurelian standing left, holding globe and spear; standard on either side. 25) Aurelian standing left, holding scepter and crowning trophy; seated captive on either side of trophy. 26) Aurelian standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 27) Aurelian standing right on left, holding globe, facing Sol to right, stepping on captive, holding whip. 28) Aurelian standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 29) Aurelian standing right on left, holding scepter, sacrificing over altar, facing Pietas to right, also sacrificing over altar 30) Aurelian standing right on left, holding scepter, shaking hands with Concordia to right. 31) Aurelian standing right on left, receiving globe from Concordia to right. 32) Aurelian standing right on left, receiving globe from Sol to right, holding whip. 33) Aurelian standing right on left, receiving globe from Sol to right, holding whip; captive on either side of Sol. 34) Aurelian standing right on left, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right, holding spear. 35) Aurelian standing right, holding spear and parazonium. 36) Aurelian standing right, holding spear and globe. 37) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 38) Concordia seated left, holding standard in each hand. 39) Concordia seated left, patera and two cornucopiae. 40) Concordia standing left, holding standard and cornucopia 41) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand.

345 42) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 43) Concordia standing left, two standards on either side 44) Concordiae (2) each holding a standard and together holding a third standard in between. 45) Dacia standing left, holding staff with donkey head atop 46) Eagle 47) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus. 48) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 49) Fides standing left, holding spear and standard. 50) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter. 51) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 52) Fides standing to left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe. 53) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 54) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair. 55) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 56) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 57) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; standard to right. 58) Hercules advancing left, holding bow and club. 59) Hercules standing right, with hand on hip and holding club with lion skin. 60) Hercules standing, facing, holding bow and club. 61) Hercules to right, stepping on captive, hand on club and receiving globe from Sol to right, holding whip. 62) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter, eagle to left. 63) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter 64) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 65) Laetitia standing right, holding patera and cornucopia. 66) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 67) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia. 68) Lion advancing left with thunderbolt in mouth 69) Lion advancing right 70) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 71) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 72) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive to right. 73) Mars standing left, holding branch and scepter. 74) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 75) Mars standing right on left, holding spear, receiving globe from Sol to right, holding whip. 76) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus. 77) Minerva advancing left, holding branch and shield. 78) Minerva standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 79) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident. 80) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 81) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 82) Providentia standing left, holding purse and cornucopia; globe by feet. 83) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 84) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 85) Providentia to left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, holding globe. 86) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 87) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, raising hand and holding scepter. 88) Severina draped bust right 89) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 90) Sol advancing left, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding globe. 91) Sol advancing left, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to right. 92) Sol advancing left, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding whip; seated captive to right. 93) Sol advancing right, holding trophy and globe 94) Sol advancing right, stepping on captive, holding branch and bow. 95) Sol riding quadriga left, holding globe 96) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 97) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to left. 98) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe; captive by feet. 99) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe 100) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive on either side. 101) Trophy; seated captive on either side. 102) Uberitas standing left, holding grapes and cornucopia 103) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield. 104) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 105) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 106) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 107) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 108) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 109) Virtus advancing left, holding spear and shield; captive by feet. 110) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear with shield 111) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 112) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus

Mints: 1) Cyzicus 2) Lugdunum 3) Mediolanum 4) Roma 5) Serdica 6) Siscia 7) Tripolis

346 AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B02, O10, R045, T106 2) B04, O10, R085, T099 RIC Vi 374 3) B04, O22, R106, T072 RIC Vi 182 4) B05, O10, R018, T038 RIC Vi 166, C 41 5) B05, O15, R055, T073 6) B05, O22, R109, T072 RIC Vi 15, C 269

AE Antoninianus 7) B03, O04, R042, T028 Exe: *` 8) B07, O04, R020, T030 Exe: `* 9) B09, O04, R037, T057 RIC Vi 345k 10) B09, O04, R040, T028 Exe: S 11) B09, O04, R042, T028 Exe: SERD C 113 12) B09, O04, R043, T063 Exe: `/SERD 13) B11, O10, R097, T097 * in left field RIC Vi 390, C 233 14) B11, O10, R097, T097 Exe: KA RIC Vi 390, C 233 15) B11, O22, R035, T054 Exe: ` 16) B13, O01, R040, T028 Exe: P RIC Vi 261f 17) B13, O01, R058, T097 Exe: P RIC Vi 248f, C 142 18) B13, O01, R058, T097 Exe: VI RIC Vi 248f, C 142 19) B13, O01, R058, T100 Exe: S RIC Vi 135f, C 132 20) B13, O01, R078, T015 Exe: */KAB RIC Vi 290f 21) B13, O04, R015, T039 RIC Vi 213f, C 32 22) B13, O04, R019, T028 Exe: *C* RIC Vi 342f, C 23 23) B13, O04, R019, T030 Exe: Γ RIC Vi 343f, C 26 24) B13, O04, R020, T030 Exe: S RIC Vi 120f, C 61 25) B13, O04, R020, T030 Exe: *T RIC Vi 216f, C 61 26) B13, O04, R033, T028 Exe: C* RIC Vi 344f, C 92 27) B13, O04, R035, T054 Exe: T RIC Vi 128f, C 95 28) B13, O04, R035, T054 Exe: *P RIC Vi 171f, C 94 29) B13, O04, R039, T057 Exe: */Q RIC Vi 223f, C 103 30) B13, O04, R039, T057 31) B13, O04, R040, T028 Exe: B RIC Vi 48f, C 105 32) B13, O04, R040, T028 Exe: P RIC Vi 48f, C 105 33) B13, O04, R040, T028 Exe: *Q RIC Vi 225f, C 108 34) B13, O04, R040, T028 Exe: *S RIC Vi 225f, C 108 35) B13, O04, R051, T075 RIC Vi 357f, C 123 36) B13, O04, R058, T090 Exe: VI RIC Vi 247f, C 140 37) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: */ PXXI RIC Vi 62f, C 154 38) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: ?XX•I RIC Vi 62f, C 154 39) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: `/XXI* RIC Vi 62f, C 154 40) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: P RIC Vi 251f, C 146 41) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: XXIP RIC Vi 279f, C 145 42) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: ΔXXI RIC Vi 62f, C 154 43) B13, O04, R058, T091 RIC Vi 364f, C 154 44) B13, O04, R058, T092 Exe: B/XXIR RIC Vi 64f, C 159 45) B13, O04, R058, T092 Exe: S RIC Vi 137f, C 154 46) B13, O04, R058, T092 Exe: Γ/XXIR RIC Vi 64f, C 159 47) B13, O04, R058, T096 RIC Vi 136f 48) B13, O04, R058, T097 Exe: P RIC Vi 134f, C 140 49) B13, O04, R058, T100 Exe: S RIC Vi 249f, C 144 50) B13, O04, R058, T100 Exe: XXI¿ RIC Vi 63f, C 154 51) B13, O04, R058, T100 Exe: ΔXXIR RIC Vi 63f, C 154 52) B13, O04, R063, T080 * in left field and officina in right field RIC Vi 232f, C 169 53) B13, O04, R064, T029 Exe: T RIC V 138f, C 170 54) B13, O04, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•Γ• RIC Vi 289f, C 193 55) B13, O04, R078, T015 Exe: ? RIC Vi 53f, C 192 56) B13, O04, R082, T020 Exe: B/XXI RIC Vi 366f 57) B13, O04, R083, T015 Exe: A/XXI RIC Vi 369f, C 209 58) B13, O04, R090, T034 Exe: Q RIC Vi 142f, C 220 59) B13, O04, R093, T036 RIC Vi 352f, C 223 60) B13, O04, R097, T091 Exe: XXI•T• RIC Vi 308f, C 236 61) B13, O04, R101, T107 62) B13, O04, R102, T104 * in left field andS in right field RIC Vi 237f, C 248 63) B13, O04, R103, T104 RIC Vi 355f, C 259 64) B13, O04, R107, T020 Exe: T RIC Vi 56f, C 261 65) B16, O04, R113, T020 Exe: T C 286 66) B13, O04, R113, T020 Exe: Γ RIC Vi 408f, C 285 67) B13, O07, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•B• RIC Vi 298f, C 197 68) B13, O08, R040, T028 Exe: ` 69) B13, O10, R018, T044 Exe: `

70) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: *` RIC Vi 244f, C 60 71) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: Q* RIC Vi 215f, C 60 72) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: S/XXI` RIC Vi 244f, C 60 73) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: VII RIC Vi 59f, C 60 74) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: XXIQ RIC Vi 244f, C 60 75) B13, O10, R023, T090 Exe: E RIC Vi 384f, C 68 76) B13, O10, R040, T028 Exe: P RIC Vi 259 77) B13, O10, R058, T091 Exe: QM RIC Vi 150f, C 153 78) B13, O10, R058, T091 Exe: T RIC Vi 61f, C 153 79) B13, O10, R058, T091 Exe: TXXT RIC Vi 151f, C 153 80) B13, O10, R058, T092 Exe: XXIT RIC Vi 255f, C 158 81) B13, O10, R058, T097 Exe: XXI

347 82) B13, O10, R058, T097 RIC Vi 360f, C 151 83) B13, O10, R074, T052 Exe: KAΔ RIC Vi 284f, C 183 84) B13, O10, R074, T052 Exe: SXXT RIC Vi 152f, C 183 85) B13, O10, R078, T015 Exe: B RIC Vi 347f, C 210 86) B13, O10, R078, T015 Exe: */KA RIC Vi 389f 87) B13, O10, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•B• C 194 88) B13, O10, R078, T015 Exe: Z/XXI RIC Vi 386f 89) B13, O10, R083, T015 Exe: *B RIC Vi 349f 90) B13, O10, R083, T015 Exe: `C RIC Vi 368f, C 210 91) B13, O10, R083, T020 Exe: `C RIC Vi 367f, C 207 92) B13, O10, R097, T091 Exe: `XXT RIC Vi 154f, C 234 93) B13, O10, R097, T097 Exe: */KA RIC Vi 390f, C 232 94) B13, O11, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•`• RIC Vi 301f 95) B13, O14, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•`• RIC Vi 295f, C 196 96) B13, O21, R078, T015 Exe: */KA` RIC Vi 292f 97) B13, O22, R097, T092 Exe: XXI•`• RIC Vi 311f 98) B13, O24, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•`• 99) B14, O04, R078, T015 Exe: ` 100) B15, O16, R033, T050 RIC Vi 328c, C 88 101) B16, O04, R019, T030 Exe: ` RIC Vi 343c, C 26 102) B16, O04, R040, T028 Exe: ` RIC Vi 129c, C 105 103) B16, O04, R042, T028 Exe: *` RIC Vi 227c, C 113 104) B16, O04, R086, T017 Exe: ` 105) B16, O04, R113, T012 Exe: *` RIC Vi 242c, C 286 106) B16, O10, R018, T041 ` in right field RIC Vi 192c 107) B16, O10, R102, T108 Exe: SERD 108) B16, O16, R043, T063 109) B16, O17, R028, T048 RIC Vi 327c, C 77 110) B16, O20, R035, T055 RIC Vi 29c, C 97 111) B17, O04, R020, T030 Exe: *` RIC Vi 218 112) B19, O04, R056, T077 RIC Vi 334a 113) B19, O04, R068, T069 Exe: COS 114) B19, O04, R084, T017 Exe: *` RIC Vi 234a, C 201 115) B19, O04, R109, T020 Exe: ` RIC Vi 149a, C 276 116) B19, O04, R109, T111 RIC Vi 341a 117) B19, O10, R058, T097 Exe: XXI RIC Vi 360a, C 151 118) B19, O17, R035, T055 RIC Vi 331a, C 98

AE Denarius Reference(s) 119) B04, O04, R102, T107 Exe: ` RIC Vi 73, C 275 120) B04, O10, R085, T099

AE Sestertius 121) B04, O04, R102, T105 Exe: ` RIC Vi 1, C 1

AE As 122) B04, O04, R015, T021 Exe: ` RIC Vi 80 123) B05, O04, R015, T021

348

Aurelian Busts

Aurelian Types

349 Aurelian Types (continued)

350

Severina

? - ?

Severina was the wife of Aurelian and made Augusta in or around the year 274. When her husband was killed in battle it's believed that she ruled, if only nominally, during the interregnal period before Tacitus was nominated the next emperor.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverses:

1) SEVERINA AVG 2) SEVERINA AVGVSTA 3) SEVERINA PF AVG 4) SEVERINAE AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORD MILIT 2) CONCORDIA AVG 3) CONCORDIA AVGG 4) CONCORDIAE MILITVM 5) IVNO REGINA 6) LAETITIA AVG 7) PROVIDEN DEOR 8) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 9) VENVS FELIX

Types:

1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia 2) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand 3) Fides standing to left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe 4) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 5) Juno standing left, holding patera over peacock and scepter. 6) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor 7) Severina standing right on left, shaking hands with Aurelian standing to right 8) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter

Mints:

1) Antioch 2) Cyzicus 3) Lugdunum

4) Roma 5) Serdica 6) Siscia

7) Ticinum

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B2, O1, R3, T7, M4 Exe: `XXIR RIC Vi 3, C 2 2) B2, O1, R3, T7, M5 Exe: */KA•` RIC Vi 16, C 2 3) B2, O1, R3, T7, M5 Exe: */KA•`• RIC Vi 16, C 2 4) B2, O1, R4, T2, M2 Exe: XXI RIC Vi 18, C 7 5) B2, O1, R4, T2, M4 Exe: `/XXIR RIC Vi 4, C 4 6) B2, O1, R4, T2, M4 Exe: R/`/XXI RIC Vi 4, C 4 7) B2, O1, R4, T2, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vi 8, C 7 8) B2, O1, R7, T3, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vi 9, C 12 9) B2, O1, R7, T3, M7 Exe: YXXT RIC Vi 9, C 12 10) B2, O1, R7, T3, M7 Exe: ©XXT RIC Vi 9, C 12 11) B2, O3, R2, T7, M1 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vi 19, C 1

12) B2, O4, R4, T2, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vi 13, C 8 13) B2, O4, R4, T2, M6 Exe: `XXI RIC Vi 13, C 8

AE Denarius 14) B1, O1, R9, T8, M4 Officina in right field RIC Vi 6, C 14 15) B1, O1, R9, T8, M4 Exe: ` RIC Vi 6, C 14

AE As 16) B1, O1, R5, T5, M4 Exe: ` RIC Vi 7, C 9

Perhaps less than 5% of the coins made during Aurelian’s reign were earmarked to bear her name and portrait. Still, because of the sheer numbers struck that still leaves lots of her coins available today. Not surprising by now, the coinage is almost entirely made up of the silvered Antoninianus with very few Aurei or proper AE denominations. There is, curiously, a “Denarius” which is so identified based on the lack of the crescent on the Ant and the slightly smaller coin size. While not very rare they are considerably less frequently available and are worth a premium. Why Aurelian made some of these “symbolic” Denarii is unclear since it must have been clearly known at the time there was next to no difference in terms of intrinsic value between the two denominations. The typically preserved Severina will cost around $20 with well-silvered specimens costing up to ten times that much.

351

Zenobia

? - ?

Severina Busts

Severina Types

The story of Zenobia is a fascinating account of rebellion. Her husband, an Egyptian general named Odenathus, distinguished himself by recruiting an army, without consent nor funds from Rome. He then set out to meet the plundering army of Shapur, the King of Persia who had just defeated the army of Valerian and taken him hostage. With an intense hatred towards Shapur his

small army attacked as best it could the victorious and far larger army of the Persian king. He managed to recover part of the looted treasures of various sacked cities as well as captives and, apparently, cut short their rampage. For his valor the Senate and people of Rome pressed Gallienus to recognize his patriotism. The emperor granted him no less than with the position of Augustus of the East. Together with Zenobia the two turned out to rule wisely and were beloved in the various eastern provinces.

But one of the sons of Odenathus held imperial ambitions and managed to kill his father as well as a half-brother while the two were being entertained at a banquet. Zenobia, rather than simply mourn her husband's death, immediately sent for the errant son's arrest and had him executed. She thus continued to rule with the assumed title of Augusta, a title, of course, not granted her by Gallienus nor the Senate. As soon as Aurelian, who was by now emperor, heard of this usurpation he set out with a large army to depose her. Personally leading her own army the two of them met in battle and, despite her initial courage, was eventually defeated by the superior skills of Aurelian. She was forced to flee back to her palace in Palmyra.

Aurelian then gave chase and besieged the city and again she fled but this time was apprehended and brought alive to Aurelian. The emperor spared her life but saw fit to raze Palmyra to the ground because its inhabitants refused to recognize him. Several months later Aurelian paraded her through the streets of Rome bound in golden chains (along with Tetricus) and was subsequently pardoned and given an estate outside of Rome. She, and her son Vabalathus, went on to live in peace and become part of the Roman nobility.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverse:

1) S ZENOBIA AVG

Reverse:

1) IVNO REGINA

Given that this was an age when millions of Antoniniani were being made every year a collector might be forgiven for expecting a coin of hers to be easily available.

They’re not.

In fact, they’re nearly impossible to find. A handful have gone to private auction and reached several thousand dollars each.

352

Vabalathus

Augustus 271-272

Types:

1) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left 2) Pietas seated left, holding hand of child and scepter.

Mint:

1) Palmyra

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R1, T1 * in left field RIC Vii 2

As the power of the kingdom of Palmyra rose, the ruins of which are in what is now Syria, Vabalathus appropriated for himself the title of Augustus. Behind him his mother Zenobia was the mastermind of a series of battles won against various Roman detachments sent to depose this usurper. Aurelian finally took command of the situation and feigned a truce while launching a concerted attack against Egypt which was under Palmyra's control.

When Egypt fell Palmyra lost its valuable trade routes and it was then a simple matter to regain control of the Syrian province. Both Vabalathus and Zenobia were captured and taken back to Rome but it's not recorded whether they were executed.

Bust:

1) Radiate, draped bust right

a) Aurelian radiate, cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IM C VHABALATHVS AVG 2) IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) AETERNITAS AVG 3) IOVI STATORI 4) IVENVS AVG 5) IVVENTVS AVG 6) VABALATHVS VCR IM D R 7) VENVS AVG 8) VICTORIA AVG 9) VIRTVS AVG

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apples. 3) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe. 4) Vabalathus laureate bust right 5) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield.

Technically speaking, the one readily available coin of Vabalathus is properly attributed to Aurelian. It features Vabalathus on one side and Aurelian on the other. The problem is that in this case if we go by the legends Aurelian is shown as Augustus while Vabalathus is a mere associate ruler. Furthermore, the coin’s denomination, an Antoninianus, is represented by the ruler wearing a radiate crown symbolically equating him with the sun god Sol. Vabalathus gets lesser billing with a laurel wreath. Still, it is featured here rather than on the chapter on Aurelian because the few other coins available of Vabalathus, those with his own radiate portrait and legend ending in “AVG” made during his brief rebel rule, are so rare that their acquisition would be out of the reach of most collectors. This being said, the Ants featuring both emperors are somewhat common and may be found on the internet for around $100 and often less if poorly preserved.

353 6) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 7) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 8) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Mint: 1) Antioch

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R4, T2 * in left field RIC Vii 4, C 3 2) B1, O1, R9, T8 * in right field 3) Ba, O2, R6, T4 Exe: ` RIC Vii (Aurelian) 381, C 1

Vabalathus Busts

Vabalathus Types

354

Tacitus

Augustus 275-276

After the assassination of Aurelian who had left no heir, the Praetorian Guard took the unusual step of asking the Senate to nominate their next leader. Several months passed without an Augustus and then they chose fellow Senator Tacitus who was advanced in age. He died soon after before making many headlines for himself. However, in his brief tenure he set in motion important events that were to follow for the next couple of years.

First, he named his half-brother Florian Praetorian Prefect and next-in-line to Tacitus. He was then sent off to fight barbarian invaders. Secondly, he appointed another relative, Maximinus, to the post of Governor in Syria. Maximinus proved to be wildly unpopular and was murdered. There are two theories on as to what happened next. The first holds that those who murdered Maximinus arranged for Tacitus's own murder for fear of retaliation and the second, more plausible, that he simply died of old age. Busts:

1) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 2) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, cuirassed torso left, holding spear and shield 4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate, draped bust right 6) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter with eagle on top 7) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter with eagle on top and mappa 8) Radiate head right 9) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 10) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 11) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left 12) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 13) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear over left shoulder 14) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C CL TACITVS AVG 2) IMP C M CL TACITVS AVG 3) IMP C M CL TACITVS INVICT AVG 4) IMP C M CL TACITVS P AVG 5) IMP C M CL TACITVS PF AVG 6) IMP C M CL TACITVS PF AVG VIRTVS 7) IMP C M CLA TACITVS AVG 8) IMP C M CLA TACITVS P AVG 9) IMP C M TACITVS INVICTVS PF AVG 10) IMP C TACITVS INVICTVS AVG 11) IMP C TACITVS PF INVICTVS AVG 12) IMP C TACTIVS AVG 13) IMP CL TACITVS AVG 14) IMP CL TACITVS PF AVG 15) IMP TACITVS INVICTVS AVG 16) M CL TACITVS P AVG 17) M CL TACITVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) AETERNITAS AVG 3) ANNONA AVG 4) ANNONA AVGVSTI 5) CLEMENTIA TEMP 6) CONCORD MILIT 7) CONCORDIA MILITVM 8) CONSERVAT MILIT 9) CONSERVATOR AVG 10) CONSERVATOR MILITVM 11) FELIC TEM 12) FELIC TEMP 13) FELICIT TEM 14) FELICIT TEMP 15) FELICITAS AVG 16) FELICITAS PVBLICA 17) FELICITAS SAECVLI 18) FELICITAS TEMP 19) FIDES MILIT 20) FIDES MILITVM 21) IOVI STATORI 22) LAETITIA AVG 23) LAETITIA FVND 24) LAETITIAE FVND 25) LETITIA TEMP 26) LIBERTAS AVG 27) MARS PACIF

28) MARS VICTOR 29) MARS VLTOR 30) MARTI PACIF 31) PAX AETERNA 32) PAX AVG 33) PAX AVGVSTI 34) PAX PERPETVA 35) PAX PVBLICA 36) PM T B P VI COS II PP 37) PM TR P CONSVL 38) PM TR POT COS DES II 39) PROVID AVG 40) PROVID DEOR 41) PROVIDD AVG 42) PROVIDE AVG 43) PROVIDEN AVG 44) PROVIDEN DEOR 45) PROVIDENT AVG 46) PROVIDENT DEOR 47) PROVIDENTIA AVG 48) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 49) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 50) ROMAE AETER 51) ROMAE AETERNAE 52) SALS PVBLI 53) SALVS AVG 54) SALVS PVBLI

Despite the brief rule, Tacitus’ coins are readily available in all grades. That is, so long as you don’t expect anything more than Antoniniani. Coinage in other metals and denominations are considerably more difficult to find.

But the Ants are common enough and even turn up in bulk lots of “uncleaned” lots with some regularity. A cheap coin of this emperor, with at least readable legend, may cost less than $10 and while fully silvered gems are not exactly a dime a dozen a choice example may run $100-$200.

The generally easy availability of coins of this emperor are due solely to the hyperactive mints during his reign which placed millions of Antoniniani in circulation during the mid to late 200’s. Tacitus’ coins are straddled by the even more prolific coins of Aurelian preceding him and Probus succeeding.

355 55) SALVS PVBLICA 56) SECVRIT PVBLICA 57) SECVRIT PERP 58) SECVRITAS PR 59) SPES AVG 60) SPES PVBLICA 61) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 62) TRANQVILLITAS AVG 63) VBERITAS AVG

64) VBERTAS AVG 65) VICTORIA AVG 66) VICTORIA GOTHICA COS II 67) VICTORIA GOTTHI 68) VICTORIA PERPETVA AVG 69) VICTORIA PONTICA AVG 70) VIRTVS AVG 71) VIRTVS MILITVM 72) VOTIS X ET X

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia 3) Clementia standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding scepter. 4) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 5) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter 6) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus 7) Felicitas standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding caduceus. 8) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand 9) Fides standing left, holding scepter and standard 10) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 11) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 12) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor on globe. 13) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia 14) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 15) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear. 16) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 17) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 18) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive to right. 19) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 20) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 21) Pax standing left, leaning on column, holding branch and scepter. 22) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia 23) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 24) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 25) Providentia standing right on left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe. 26) Providentia standing right on left, holding standard, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe. 27) Roma seated left, holding globe and scepter. 28) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 29) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 30) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 31) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar 32) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 33) Securitas standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding scepter 34) Securitas standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, touching head. 35) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 36) Tacitus riding horse right, holding spear. 37) Tacitus seated left on globe being crowned by Victory, holding shield. 38) Tacitus seated left, holding globe and spear. 39) Tacitus standing left on right, being crowned by Mars, facing Victory to left, seated right, holding shield reading VOTIS XX 40) Tacitus standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving globe from Clementia to left, holding scepter. 41) Tacitus standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Victory to left, holding palm. 42) Tacitus standing right on left, holding spear and receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 43) Tacitus standing right on left, holding standard and receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 44) Tacitus standing right on left, shaking hands with Concordia to right. 45) Tranquilitas standing left, holding dolphin and scepter. 46) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia 47) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath; shield on either side. 48) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to right. 49) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 50) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 51) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Gaul 3) Roma 4) Serdica 5) Siscia 6) Ticinum

AU Binio Reference(s) 1) B10 O02 R51 T28 2) B10 O02 R71 T34 3) B11 O02 R51 T27

AU Aureus 4) B4 O02 R36 T16

356 5) B4 O02 R51 T27 RIC 75 6) B4 O02 R51 T28 7) B4 O04 R51 T27 C 112 8) B5 O02 R32 T19

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 9) B08 O02 R05 T03 Exe: `/XXI 10) B08 O02 R23 T11 Exe: XXI` RIC 89k 11) B09 O05 R70 T49 RIC 67, C 171 12) B10 O02 R01 T01 Exe: `/XXI RIC 180f 13) B10 O02 R06 T44 Exe: ` RIC 130f, C 24 14) B10 O02 R22 T12 Exe: ` 15) B10 O02 R30 T14 Exe: ` RIC 145f, C 60 16) B10 O02 R33 T20 Exe: P RIC 150f 17) B10 O02 R42 T23 Exe: ` RIC 152f, C 90 18) B10 O02 R54 T32 Exe: ` RIC 160f, C 126 19) B10 O04 R48 T24 Exe: ` RIC 153f, C 105 20) B10 O07 R01 T01 Exe: ` 21) B12 O01 R70 T49 22) B12 O02 R01 T01 Exe: `/XXI RIC 82c, C 8 23) B12 O02 R01 T01 Exe: XXI/` RIC 82c, C 8 24) B12 O02 R04 T02 Exe: ` RIC 124c, C 13 25) B12 O02 R05 T03 Exe: XXI RIC 84c, C 16 26) B12 O02 R05 T03 Exe: XXI` RIC 84c, C 16 27) B12 O02 R05 T14 Exe: /KA RIC 214c, C 20 28) B12 O02 R05 T14 Exe: ` RIC 206c, C15 29) B12 O02 R05 T40 Exe: ` RIC 126c, C 19 30) B12 O02 R05 T40 Exe: `/XXI 31) B12 O02 R08 T42 Exe: `/KA RIC 193c, C 25 32) B12 O02 R10 T41 Exe: ` RIC 134c 33) B12 O02 R14 T05 Exe: ` RIC 140c 34) B12 O02 R15 T04 Exe: ` RIC 136c 35) B12 O02 R23 T11 Exe: XXI` RIC 89c, C 52 36) B12 O02 R33 T20 Exe: P RIC 150c, C 72 37) B12 O02 R44 T25 Exe: /KA` RIC 195c 38) B12 O02 R44 T25 Exe: KA` RIC 195c 39) B12 O02 R47 T24 Exe: XXI` RIC 92c, C 100 40) B12 O02 R48 T24 Exe: ` RIC 155c 41) B12 O02 R53 T29 Exe: ` 42) B12 O02 R53 T31 Exe: XXI` RIC 93c, C 123 43) B12 O02 R57 T34 Exe: ` RIC 163c, C 121 44) B12 O02 R60 T41 Exe: `/KA RIC 207c, C 140 45) B12 O02 R67 T49 Exe: ` RIC 172c, C 157 46) B12 O04 R44 T25 Exe: KA` 47) B12 O05 R06 T44 Exe: XXI` C 21 48) B12 O05 R17 T05 Exe: C in left field, in right RIC 21 49) B12 O05 R33 T19 Exe: /III RIC 43c, C 77 50) B12 O05 R61 T04 Exe: /I RIC 63 51) B12 O07 R04 T02 Exe: ` RIC 125c, C 14

52) B12 O05 R61 T04 Exe: Δ in left field, in right RIC 63 53) B12 O14 R31 T19 Exe: B in right field, in right RIC 34 54) B12 O05 R44 T25 Exe: /KA` 55) B12 O07 R17 T06 Exe: ` RIC 138c 56) B12 O07 R22 T12 Exe: ` 57) B12 O07 R33 T20 Exe: ` RIC 151c, C 75 58) B12 O13 R28 T18 B in right field, in right RIC 30c 59) B12 O13 R35 T21 RIC 44c 60) B12 O13 R55 T31 C in left field, in right RIC 58c 61) B12 O13 R61 T04 A in right field

62) B12 O13 R61 T04 Δ in left field, A in right RIC 65c 63) B14 O02 R20 T08 Exe: BA RIC 25a, C 46 64) B14 O02 R20 T08 Exe: XXI` RIC 87a, C 45 65) B14 O02 R60 T41 Exe: ` RIC 167a 66) B14 O13 R20 T07 Exe: BA RIC 27a

Tacitus Busts

357 Tacitus Types

358

Florian

Augustus 276

Florian was the half-brother of Tacitus who became ever-so-briefly the sole Senate-ratified emperor. While Tacitus was still alive, he sent Florian with a large army off to confront Probus, self-proclaimed emperor. Probus outsmarted Florian on the battlefield and emerged triumphant. Together with Florian's former army, Probus then resumed his march towards Rome.

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, draped bust right 4) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 6) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 7) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVG 2) IMP C AN FLORIANVS AVG 3) IMP C FLORIANVS AVG 4) IMP C FLORIANVS PIVS FELIX AVG 5) IMP C M AN FLORIANVS AVG 6) IMP C M AN FLORIANVS P AVG 7) IMP C M AN FLORIANVS PF AVG 8) IMP C M AN FLORIANVS PIVS F AVG 9) IMP C M ANN FLORIANVS AVG 10) IMP C M ANN FLORIANVS P AVG 11) IMP C M ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVG 12) IMP CM AN FLORIANVS P AVG 13) IMP FLORIANVS AVG 14) IMP M AN FLORIANVS AVG 15) IMP M ANN FLORIANVS P AVG 16) IMP M ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVG 17) VIRTVS FLORIANI AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) AETERNITAS AVG 3) CLEMENTIA TEMP 4) CLEMENTIA TEMPORVM 5) CONCORD MILIT 6) CONCORDIA EXERCI 7) CONCORDIA MILITVM 8) CONSERVATOR AVG 9) FELICIT TEMP 10) FELICITAS AVG 11) FELICITAS SEACVLI 12) FIDES MILIT 13) FIDES MILITVM 14) FORTVNA REDVC 15) FORTVNA REDVX 16) INDVLGENTIA AVG 17) IOVI CONSERVAT 18) IOVI STATORI 19) IOVI VICTORI 20) LAETITIA FVND 21) MARTI PACIF 22) MARTI PACIFERO 23) MARTI VICTORI 24) MONETA AVG 25) PACATOR ORBIS 26) PAX AETERNA

27) PAX AVGVSTI 28) PERPETVIT AVG 29) PERPETVITA AVG 30) PERPETVITATE AVG 31) PRINCIPI IVVENT 32) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 33) PROVIDE AVG 34) PROVIDEN AVG 35) PROVIDEN DEOR 36) PROVIDENTIA AVG 37) REDITVS AVG 38) ROMAE AETERNAE 39) SALVS AVG 40) SALVS PVBLI 41) SECVRITAS AVG 42) SECVRITAS SAECVLI 43) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 44) VBERTAS AVG 45) VICTORIA AVG 46) VICTORIA PERPET 47) VICTORIA PERPETVA 48) VICTORIAE AVGVSTI 49) VIRTVS AVG 50) VIRTVS AVGG 51) VIRTVS AVGVSTI

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and rudder. 3) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and scepter. 4) Clementia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter. 5) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand. 6) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus. 7) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and cornucopia 8) Fides standing left, holding scepter and standard 9) Fides standing, facing, holding a standard in each hand. 10) Florian advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield. 11) Florian riding horse right, spearing enemy. 12) Florian standing left, holding globe and scepter. 13) Florian standing right, holding spear and globe.

Sandwiched between the coin-filled reigns of Aurelian and Probus are the short reigns of Tacitus and Florian. Although Florian was emperor only briefly, a couple of months maybe, that was still enough time to get the various mints to pump out literally millions of coins to pay the loyalist armies. And it’s a numbers game, of course. The more that were made back then the more that can be expected to have survived to this day. And collectors will be pleased to find that Florian Antoniniani are routinely available for only a few dollars. Condition of these coins is usually somewhere between deplorable to good enough. However, fully-silvered Ants do exist and are not outrageously expensive (when available). Expect these to cost anywhere from $100-$300.

359 14) Florian standing to left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Roma seated to right, holding cornucopia. 15) Florian standing to left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Roma seated to right, holding spear; shield to side. 16) Florian standing to left, shaking hands with Concordia to right. 17) Florian standing to right, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Victory to left, holding palm. 18) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 19) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 20) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left. 21) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 22) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 23) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 24) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 25) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 26) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive to right. 27) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by their feet. 28) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 29) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 30) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 31) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 32) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, holding wand over globe and scepter. 33) Providentia standing to left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe. 34) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter; shield to side. 35) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter 36) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 37) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand. 38) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter 39) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding globe and scepter. 40) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 41) Sol riding quadriga left, raising hand and holding whip. 42) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 43) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 44) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 45) Victories (2) standing, holding together shield reading VOT / X 46) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 47) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm reading XXX

Mints: 1) Cyzicus 2) Lugdunum 3) Roma 4) Serdica 5) Siscia 6) Ticinum

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O17, R51, T26 RIC Vi 24, C 106

AE Medallion 1) B2, O09, R24, T27 Gnecchi 2

AE Antoninianus 1) B4, O04, R35, T33 Exe: */` RIC Vi 112f, C 72 2) B4, O05, R06, T05 Exe: VITI C 13 3) B4, O05, R35, T32 */` 4) B4, O06, R11, T06 Exe: ` RIC Vi 62f, C 22 5) B4, O06, R33, T30 Exe: III RIC Vi 82f, C 64 6) B5, O11, R35, T33 Exe: */KA•`• 7) B6, O02, R17, T19 Exe: TTI RIC Vi 71c, C 32 8) B6, O03, R01, T01 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 25c, C 1 9) B6, O03, R12, T09 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 30c, C 25 10) B6, O03, R20, T23 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 33c, C 39 11) B6, O03, R36, T31 Exe: XXI` RIC 37c 12) B6, O03, R49, T13 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 47c, C 97 13) B6, O04, R35, T33 Exe: */` 14) B6, O04, R35, T33 Exe: */KAB RIC Vi 112c, C 72 15) B6, O05, R31, T12 Exe: `TI C 61 16) B6, O05, R36, T31 Exe: III RIC Vi 10c 17) B6, O05, R36, T31 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 37c 18) B6, O05, R51, T10 Exe: IIII RIC Vi 16c 19) B6, O06, R10, T06 RIC Vi 61c 20) B6, O07, R25, T40 Exe: III RIC Vi 7c, C 47 21) B6, O09, R51, T25 22) B6, O06, R42, T37 Exe: XXI` Tom Mullally collection 23) B6, O11, R13, T09 Exe: */KA` 24) B6, O13, R07, T17 Exe: ` RIC Vi 116c, C 1552 25) B6, O16, R30, T39 RIC Vi 77c 26) B7, O03, R39, T35 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 40a, C 83

360 AE As Reference(s) 27) B2, O09, R41, T37 RIC Vi 53, C 85

Florian Busts

Florian Types

361

Probus

Augustus 276-282

Coming from a military background under Valerian, Probus ascended the throne as usurper against Florian, under pretext that he appropriated the imperial title without the Senate's consent. Florian advanced against Probus and on first appearance it looked like his own army would be no match against Florian's so he gambled that by artificially prolonging a direct confrontation between the two he could frustrate the

enemy. The tactic paid off and within days Florian was killed by his own troops and the two armies joined as one to march into Rome.

Probus then spent the next two years quelling numerous border wars and domestic rebellions. He was highly successful in these regards and, having few wars left to fight retired to Rome. His glory days came to an end partly due to his own military successes. Without battles to fight, the army felt increasingly alienated by Probus who was now spearheading several civic projects meant to strengthen the empire. Malcontents in the army noted cynically that they were soldiers, not peasants. His life thus came to a violent end during a minor moment of strife initiated by some soldiers who had been ordered to clear a swamp. These drew their swords and gave fatal chase to the emperor. Carus, the Praetorian Prefect, may or may not have incited the mutiny but either way Probus's assassins named him emperor only to hear their death sentence as their reward.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left of Probus, holding spear and shield, over radiate

bust of Sol 2) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right 4) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left holding Victory and shield; spear over

right shoulder 5) Helmeted, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 6) Helmeted, radiate bust facing away, head looking left, holding spear and shield 7) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 8) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 9) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust right, raising hand and holding Victory on globe 10) Helmeted, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield 11) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 12) Laureate, bust left 13) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 14) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 15) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 16) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 17) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right of Probus, holding spear and shield,

over Sol radiate bust right. 18) Laureate, draped bust right 19) Radiate bust left, holding spear and shield 20) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 21) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with Victory atop 22) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding Victory on globe 23) Radiate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 24) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 25) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear 26) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 27) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield reading

VOTIS / X ET XX 28) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 29) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding globe 30) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding scepter 31) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear 32) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder 33) Radiate, cuirassed torso left, holding spear 34) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear 35) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 36) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) AVR PROBVS AVG 2) BONO IMP C PROBO AVG 3) BONO IMP C PROBO INVICTO AVG 4) BONO IMP C PROBO PF INVICT AVG 5) BONO IMP PROBO AVG 6) COMIS PROBI AVG 7) DEO ET DOMINO PROBO INVICTO AVG 8) IMP C M AVR PROBO AVG 9) IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG 10) IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG CONS III 11) IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG CONS IIII 12) IMP C M AVR PROBVS INV AVG 13) IMP C M AVR PROBVS INVICT AVG 14) IMP C M AVR PROBVS P AVG

Grab a handful of Antoniniani at random and chances are several of them will be of Probus. Along with Aurelian, Probus is king of this silver-washed coin that succeeded the Denarius as the mainstay of the Roman economy. And there were literally millions of these made during the six years he was emperor. Plenty of time to amass a myriad different reverse types and try on the latest military gear that his mint artists could fit on his head and shoulders. Most of these Ants, of course, have not come down through the ages in very good shape. They turn up frequently, for instance, among uncleaned coins sold in bulk and with nary a trace of silvering or, for that matter, anything else left but a faint part of the PROBVS on the legend. But, on the other hand, there are many that were lost or buried shortly after coming from the mint and given just the right conditions remain with their full coat of silvering intact or nearly so. These beauties, needless to say, will cost significantly more than their more corroded brethren. An ordinary Probus of an ordinary reverse design which is spectacularly well preserved will still cost a couple hundred dollars where the same coin type with no silvering and/or for whatever reason is unattractive may have no buyers at a humble price tag of just $5. Collectors specializing in Probus will seek out the rarest bust types and unusual legends. It’s hard to gauge the cost for these because of their rarity but Antoniniani have been known to fetch north of a cool grand at auction. And that’s to say nothing of gold issues or exotic denominations.

362 15) IMP C M AVR PROBVS PF AVG 16) IMP C M AVR PROBVS PF INVICT AVG 17) IMP C M AVR PROBVS PF INVICTVS AVG 18) IMP C M AVR PROBVS PIVS AVG 19) IMP C M AVREL PROBVS PF AVG 20) IMP C M PROBVS INVICT AVG 21) IMP C M PROBVS INVICT P AVG 22) IMP C PROBVS AVG 23) IMP C PROBVS AVG CONS II 24) IMP C PROBVS AVG CONS III 25) IMP C PROBVS AVG CONS IIII 26) IMP C PROBVS AVG CONS V 27) IMP C PROBVS AVG COS 28) IMP C PROBVS AVG COS II 29) IMP C PROBVS AVG COS III 30) IMP C PROBVS CONS II 31) IMP C PROBVS INV AVG 32) IMP C PROBVS INVICTVS AVG 33) IMP C PROBVS INVICTVS P AVG 34) IMP C PROBVS P AVG 35) IMP C PROBVS PF AVG 36) IMP C PROBVS PIVS F AVG 37) IMP DEO ET DOMINO PROBO AVG

38) IMP M AVR PROBVS PF AVG 39) IMP PROBO INVICTO AVG 40) IMP PROBVS AVG 41) IMP PROBVS AVG CONS III 42) IMP PROBVS INV AVG 43) IMP PROBVS INVICTVS AVG 44) IMP PROBVS P AVG 45) IMP PROBVS PF AVG 46) IMP PROBVS PIVS F AVG 47) PERPETVO IMP C M AVR PROBO AVG 48) PERPETVO IMP C PROBO AVG 49) PERPETVO IMP C PROBO INVICT AVG 50) PERPETVO IMP PROBO AVG 51) PERPETVO IMP PROBO P AVG 52) PROBVS AVG 53) PROBVS P AVG 54) PROBVS PF AVG 55) SOL COMES AVG 56) SOL COMES PROBI AVG 57) VIRTVS PROBI AVG 58) VIRTVS PROBI INVICTI AVG

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ADLOCVTIO AVG 3) ADVENTVS AVG 4) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 5) ADVENTVS PROBI AVG 6) AEQVITAS AVG 7) AERCVLI PACIF 8) AETERNITAS AVG 9) AETERNITATI AVG 10) CALLIOPE AVG 11) CLEMENTIA TEMP 12) COMES AVG 13) COMITI PROBI AVG 14) CONCOR MIL 15) CONCOR MILI 16) CONCORD AVG 17) CONCORD MIL 18) CONCORD MILI 19) CONCORD MILIT 20) CONCORD MILITV 21) CONCORDIA AVG 22) CONCORDIA EXERCI 23) CONCORDIA EXERCIT 24) CONCORDIA MILIT 25) CONCORDIA MILITV 26) CONCORDIA MILITVM 27) CONSERVA AVG 28) CONSERVAT AVG 29) CONSERVATO AVG 30) ERCVLI PACIF 31) ERCVLI PACIFER 32) ERCVLI PACIFERO 33) FELICIA TEMPORA 34) FELICIT TEMP 35) FELICITAS AVG 36) FELICITAS AVG N 37) FELICITAS SAE 38) FELICITAS SAECV 39) FELICITAS SAECVLI 40) FELICITAS SEC 41) FELICITAS SECV 42) FELICITAS TEMP 43) FIDES MILIT 44) FIDES MILITVM 45) FIDES VICTOR 46) FORTVNA REDVX 47) HERCVLI ARCADIO 48) HERCVLI ERYMANTHIO 49) HERCVLI INMORTALI 50) HERCVLI PACIF 51) HERCVLI PACIFERO 52) HERCVLI ROMANO AVG 53) HVMANITAS AVG 54) IMP PROBVS CONS II 55) INDVLGENTIA AVG 56) IOVI CONS AVG 57) IOVI CONS PROB AVG 58) IOVI CONS PROBI AVG

59) IOVI CONSERVAT 60) IOVI CONSERVATO 61) IOVI STATORI 62) LAETITIA AVG 63) LAETITIA AVG N 64) LAETITIA AVGVSTI 65) LAETITIA FVND 66) MARS VICTOR 67) MARS VLTOR 68) MARTI PACIF 69) MARTI PACIFERO 70) MARTI VICTORI AVG 71) ORIENS AVG 72) ORIENS AVGVSTI 73) ORIGINI AVG 74) PACATOR ORBIS 75) PACI PERPETVAE AVG 76) PAX AETERNA 77) PAX AVG 78) PAX AVGVSTI 79) PERPETVIT AVG 80) PERPETVITA AVG 81) PERPETVITATE AVG 82) PIAETAS AVG 83) PIETAS AVG 84) PM TR I P 85) PM TR I P COS 86) PM TR I P COS II PP 87) PM TR I P COS III PP 88) PM TR P COS III 89) PM TR P COS PP 90) PM TR P V COS 91) PM TR P V COS IIII PP 92) PM TR P VI COS V PP 93) PRINCIPI IVVENT 94) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 95) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 96) PROV PROBI AVG NOSTRI 97) PROVIDE AVG 98) PROVIDEN AVG 99) PROVIDEN DEOR 100) PROVIDENT AVG 101) PROVIDENTI AVGVSTI 102) PROVIDENTIA AVG 103) PROVIDENTIA AVG N 104) PROVIDENTIA AVGVSTI 105) RESTIT ILLVRICI 106) RESTITVT ORBIS 107) RESTITVT SAEC 108) RESTITVT SAECVLI 109) RESTITVT SEC 110) RESTITVT SECVLI 111) RESTITVTOR EXERCITI 112) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 113) RESTITVTOR S AVG 114) RESTITVTOR SECV 115) RESTITVTOR SECVL 116) RESTITVTOR SECVLI

117) RESTITVTOR VRBIS 118) ROMA AETER 119) ROMA AETERN 120) ROMA AETERNA 121) ROMAE AETER 122) ROMAE AETERN 123) ROMAE AETERNAE 124) SALVS AVG 125) SALVS MILITVM 126) SALVS PVBLI 127) SALVS PVBLIC 128) SALVS PVBLICA 129) SECVRIT PERP 130) SECVRIT PERPE 131) SECVRIT PERPET 132) SECVRITAS ORBIS 133) SECVRITAS PERPETVA 134) SECVRITAS SAECVLI 135) SISCIA PROBI AVG 136) SOLI INVI COM AVG 137) SOLI INVICTO 138) SOLI INVICTO A 139) SOLI INVICTO AVG 140) SOLI INVICTO COMITI 141) SOLI INVICTO COMITI AVG 142) SPES AVG 143) SPES AVG N 144) SPES AVGVSTI NOSTRI 145) SPES PROBI AVG 146) TEMP FELICITAS 147) TEMPOR FELIC 148) TEMPOR FELICI 149) TEMPOR FELICIT 150) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 151) TRI POT COS 152) VBIQVE PAX 153) VICT PROBI AVG 154) VICT PROBI AVG NOSTRI 155) VICTORIA AVG 156) VICTORIA AVG N 157) VICTORIA GER 158) VICTORIA GERM 159) VICTORIA GOTHIC 160) VICTORIA PROBI AVG 161) VICTORIAE 162) VICTORIAE AVG 163) VICTORIAE AVGVSTI 164) VICTORIOSO SEMPER 165) VIRT PROBI AVG 166) VIRTVS AVG 167) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 168) VIRTVS AVGVSTI N 169) VIRTVS INVIC AVG 170) VIRTVS INVICTI AVG 171) VIRTVS PROBI AVG 172) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI 173) VOTA SOLVTA X

363 Types: 1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Calliope standing right, playing lyre 4) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 5) Concordia standing left, holding a standard in each hand 6) Concordia standing right on left, holding standard in each had, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe 7) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 8) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter. 9) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus 10) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 11) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and cornucopia 12) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand 13) Fides standing, facing, holding scepter and standard. 14) Fortuna seated left, holding wand and cornucopia 15) Four seasons frolicking 16) Hercules standing left, holding branch and club with lion skin. 17) Hercules standing left, raising hand over trophy and holding club with lion skin. 18) Hercules standing right, hand on hip and leaning on club with lion skin. 19) Hercules standing right, holding branch and club with lion skin. 20) Hercules standing right, wrestling Cerberus 21) Hercules standing right, wrestling deer 22) Hercules standing, facing, holding boar 23) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt. 24) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 25) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor 26) Lion advancing left (with thunderbolt in mouth) 27) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 28) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 29) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 30) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive to right 31) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 32) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear. 33) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 34) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 35) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 36) Probus riding horse left over enemy. 37) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter. 38) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; seated captive to left. 39) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; two captives under horse. 40) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; two standards behind and soldier to right. 41) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; Victory to right. 42) Probus riding horse left, spearing barbarian; shield under horse 43) Probus riding horse right, spearing barbarian; shield under horse 44) Probus riding quadriga left, holding branch and being crowned by Victory; one soldier and right and another on left leading horses 45) Probus riding quadriga left, holding branch 46) Probus riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter 47) Probus riding quadriga right, raising hand and holding scepter with eagle atop. 48) Probus seated left on right, being crowned by Victory, receiving globe from Mars to left; soldier and two standards behind them 49) Probus standing left on platform, raising hand, accompanied by lictor to right and multitude of soldiers all around 50) Probus standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Orbis to left, holding wreath 51) Probus standing left on right, holding spear, receiving globe from soldier to left, holding spear. 52) Probus standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Orbis to left 53) Probus standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Victory to left. 54) Probus standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 55) Probus standing left, holding globe and spear with shield; seated captive by feet. 56) Probus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield. 57) Probus standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side. 58) Probus standing left, raising hand and holding spear; two supplicants on either side. 59) Probus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 60) Probus standing left, stepping on captive, holding spear and parazonium; seated captive to right. 61) Probus standing left, touching trophy and holding spear; seated captive to left of trophy 62) Probus standing left, touching trophy and holding spear; seated captive on either side of trophy 63) Probus standing right on left with assistant soldier holding standard, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right; standard in background. 64) Probus standing right on left, holding globe and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 65) Probus standing right on left, holding scepter with eagle atop, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 66) Probus standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 67) Probus standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 68) Probus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right, holding spear 69) Probus standing right on left, shaking hands with Concordia to right 70) Probus standing right on left, stepping on captive, holding globe and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 71) Probus standing right on left, stepping on captive, holding globe and spear, being crowned by Sol to right, holding whip 72) Probus standing right, holding spear and globe 73) Probus standing right, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side. 74) Probus standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and parazonium; seated captive to left. 75) Probus standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield. 76) Probus standing right, touching trophy and holding spear; two captives on either side of trophy. 77) Probus standing, facing, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side 78) Providentia standing left, holding globe and cornucopia 79) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 80) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia 81) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 82) Providentia standing right on left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe. 83) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter 84) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield 85) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar 86) Salus seated right, feeding snake on altar.

364 87) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar 88) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter 89) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake 90) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and touching head 91) Securitas standing left, holding scepter and touching head 92) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head 93) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter. 94) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding globe and scepter. 95) Siscia seated left, holding opened wreath with both hands, river god on either side, water below. 96) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive on either side. 97) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 98) Sol radiate bust right 99) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand 100) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding whip 101) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding whip with globe 102) Sol riding quadriga left, raising hand and holding globe 103) Sol riding quadriga left, raising hand and holding whip on globe 104) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 105) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive on either side 106) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe 107) Sol standing, facing, stepping on captive, holding whip and bow. 108) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 109) Temple with (6) columns, Roma seated within, holding Victory and scepter. 110) Temple with (6) columns, Sol standing within, raising hand and holding whip. 111) Trophy, seated captive on either side. 112) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, shaking hands; palm behind. 113) Victories (2) holding shield on palm reading VOT X, captive on either side. 114) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 115) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy. 116) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side. 117) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy; seated captive on either side. 118) Victory crowning trophy to left, holding scepter; seated captive on either side of trophy. 119) Victory crowning trophy to right, holding palm; seated captive on either side of trophy. 120) Victory riding biga left 121) Victory riding biga right, holding palm. 122) Victory riding biga right, holding whip. 123) Victory riding quadriga left, holding wreath and palm. 124) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm 125) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side. 126) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side 127) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield 128) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus 129) Women (2) standing, facing, each holding a standard and raising skirt. 130) Wreath, VOTIS / X ET XX / FEL within 131) Wreath, VOTIS / X PROBI / AVG ET / XX within

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Cyzicus 3) Lugdunum 4) Roma

5) Serdica 6) Siscia 7) Ticinum 8) Tripolis

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B02, O09, R161, T123, M5 Exe: AVG RIC Vii 831, C 781 2) B05, O15, R084, T047 Exe: COS III 3) B11, O15, R048, T022 4) B13, O09, R028, T106 5) B15, O09, R187, T062 RIC Vii 12 6) B15, O35, R155, T125 7) B15, O45, R164, T058 Exe: = RIC Vii 143, C 794 8) B16, O09, R134, T090 RIC Vii 896 9) B16, O09, R134, T090, M6 10) B16, O09, R134, T090, M6 Exe: SIS RIC Vii 594, C 629 11) B16, O14, R066, T030, M5 RIC Vii 824, C 331 12) B16, O15, R028, T106 RIC Vii 891, C 175 13) B16, O15, R134, T090, M6 Exe: SIS RIC Vii 593, C 631

AU Quinarius 14) B15, O52, R044, T012 RIC Vii 147

AE Antoninianus 15) B06, O57, R050, T016, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 376, C 284 16) B07, O15, R171, T029, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 810g 17) B08, O05, R073, T128, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 701g 18) B08, O07, R100, T079, M7 Exe: Q/*/`XXI RIC Vii 491g, C 486 19) B08, O09, R011, T065, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 838g 20) B08, O09, R100, T079, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 719g 21) B08, O09, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 862g 22) B08, O09, R171, T038, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 887g, C 926 23) B08, O14, R003, T037, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 629g, C 50

365 24) B08, O14, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 774g, C 659 25) B08, O14, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 816g, C 894 26) B08, O14, R171, T038, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 888g, C 927 27) B08, O14, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA` C 912 28) B08, O15, R005, T038, M2 Exe: ` RIC Vii 903g, C 56 29) B08, O15, R028, T106, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 670g 30) B08, O15, R078, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 711g, C 425 31) B08, O15, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 767g, C 663 32) B08, O15, R171, T038, M2 Exe: `/XXIMC RIC Vii 913g, C 928 33) B08, O15, R171, T038, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 886g, C 928 34) B08, O15, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 877g, C 912 35) B08, O16, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 882g 36) B08, O22, R019, T005, M7 Exe: E•/`XXI RIC Vii 481g, C 126 37) B08, O22, R123, T109, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 194g 38) B08, O34, R124, T089, M6 Exe: `/XXI 39) B08, O35, R021, T004, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 660g 40) B08, O40, R003, T038, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 157g, C 39 41) B08, O40, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 186g, C 532 42) B08, O40, R123, T109, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 195g, C 546 43) B08, O40, R155, T115, M4 Exe: R=¿ RIC Vii 214g 44) B08, O45, R021, T004, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 661g 45) B08, O57, R005, T038, M2 Exe: ` RIC Vii 904g, C 69 46) B08, O57, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 351g, C 200 47) B08, O57, R040, T007, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 361g 48) B08, O57, R068, T027, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 472g 49) B08, O57, R078, T034, M7 Exe: T/*/`XXI RIC Vii 517g, C 427 50) B08, O57, R124, T089, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 746g, C 569 51) B08, O57, R124, T089, M7 Exe: V/*/`XXI RIC Vii 500g, C 584 52) B08, O57, R129, T092, M6 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 758g, C 622 53) B08, O57, R129, T092, M7 Exe: */I/`XXI RIC Vii 526g 54) B08, O57, R166, T029, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 430g, C 807 55) B08, O58, R124, T089, M7 Exe: V/`XXI RIC Vii 501g, C 586 56) B08, O58, R129, T092, M7 Exe: I/`XXI RIC Vii 572g, C 618 57) B10, O57, R005, T038, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 634 58) B20, O09, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 348h, C 180 59) B20, O09, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 862h, C 574 60) B20, O09, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 878h, C 911 61) B20, O14, R011, T065, M6 Exe: • over `/KA RIC Vii 643h, C 91 62) B20, O14, R024, T069, M6 Exe: XXI` 63) B20, O14, R077, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 709h 64) B20, O14, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 864h 65) B20, O14, R171, T029, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 816h, C 895 66) B20, O15, R005, T038, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 632h, C 57 67) B20, O15, R011, T065, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 838h 68) B20, O15, R019, T069, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 650h 69) B20, O15, R077, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 704h, C 92 70) B20, O15, R123, T109, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 737h 71) B20, O15, R137, T101, M2 Exe: CM/XXIQ RIC Vii 911h, C 683 72) B20, O15, R137, T101, M2 Exe: CM/XXIT RIC Vii 911h, C 683 73) B20, O15, R137, T101, M2 Exe: CXXIM RIC Vii 911h, C 683 74) B20, O15, R137, T101, M4 Exe: R` RIC Vii 204h 75) B20, O15, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA` 76) B20, O15, R137, T101, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 776h 77) B20, O15, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 767h, C 663 78) B20, O15, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 810h, C 904 79) B20, O15, R171, T042, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 818h, C 931 80) B20, O15, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 877h, C 917 81) B20, O22, R019, T005, M7 Exe: E/*/`XXI RIC Vii 480h, C 121 82) B20, O22, R068, T027, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 507h, C 356 83) B20, O22, R068, T027, M7 Exe: I/`XXI RIC Vii 508h, C 352 84) B20, O22, R100, T079, M7 Exe: Q/*/`XXI RIC Vii 490h, C 478 85) B20, O22, R124, T089, M7 Exe: V/*/`XXI RIC Vii 499h, C 577 86) B20, O22, R137, T103, M4 Exe: R)` RIC Vii 201h 87) B20, O23, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 352h 88) B20, O35, R030, T016, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 375h 89) B20, O35, R035, T007, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 683c 90) B20, O35, R129, T092, M7 Exe: */I/`XXI RIC Vii 525h, C 612 91) B20, O35, R171, T029, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 812h, C 886 92) B20, O40, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R=` RIC Vii 185h, C 531 93) B20, O40, R137, T103, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 202h, C 644 94) B20, O40, R137, T103, M4 Exe: R=` RIC Vii 202h, C 644 95) B20, O45, R010, T003 96) B20, O45, R078, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 713h, C 416 97) B20, O45, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R)` C 533 98) B20, O45, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R=` RIC Vii 183h, C 533 99) B20, O45, R137, T103, M4 Exe: R)` RIC Vii 200h, C 648 100) B20, O54, R118, T109, M4 Exe: RV` RIC Vii 187h, C 528 101) B22, O09, R001, T001, M3 102) B22, O09, R166, T084, M3 Exe: IIII 103) B28, O03, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• 104) B28, O04, R003, T038, M4 Exe: R)Z RIC Vii 155f, C 40 105) B28, O09, R006, T002, M4 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 150f, C 74 106) B28, O09, R019, T069, M6 Exe: `/XXI 107) B28, O09, R028, T106, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 671f, C 180 108) B28, O09, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 348f, C 180 109) B28, O09, R035, T010, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 676f, C 215 110) B28, O09, R043, T012, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 364f

366 111) B28, O09, R043, T013, M4 Exe: XXI RIC Vii 151f, C 248 112) B28, O09, R044, T012, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 28f, C 256 113) B28, O09, R064, T025, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 31f, C 329 114) B28, O09, R066, T029, M3 Exe: II RIC Vii 37f 115) B28, O09, R071, T105, M3 Exe: I RIC Vii 44f, C 388 116) B28, O09, R089, T057, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 607f 117) B28, O09, R102, T080, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 725f, C 497 118) B28, O09, R102, T081, M3 Exe: II RIC Vii 47f 119) B28, O09, R124, T088, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 744f, C 567 120) B28, O09, R150, T011, M3 Exe: I RIC Vii 52f, C 729 121) B28, O09, R167, T075, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 56f, C 869 122) B28, O09, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 811f, C 888 123) B28, O09, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 878f, C 910 124) B28, O14, R106, T050, M6 Exe: XXI•`• 125) B28, O15, R106, T050, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 731f 126) B28, O15, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 861f 127) B28, O15, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 810f, C 898 128) B28, O16, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` C 686 129) B28, O18, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 865f, C 684 130) B28, O22, R077, T034, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 547f, C 399 131) B28, O22, R129, T092, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 525f, C 611 132) B28, O35, R001, T001, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 17f, C 1 133) B28, O35, R001, T001, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 619f 134) B28, O35, R002, T049, M6 135) B28, O35, R003, T037, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 626f, C 51 136) B28, O35, R013, T033, M3 Exe: I RIC Vii 69f, C 106 137) B28, O35, R019, T005, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 531f 138) B28, O35, R024, T069, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 665f, C 164 139) B28, O35, R040, T007, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 360f, C 227 140) B28, O35, R044, T012, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 29f 141) B28, O35, R050, T016, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 375f 142) B28, O35, R059, T066, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 387f, C 310 143) B28, O35, R064, T025, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 32f, C 328 144) B28, O35, R066, T029, M3 Exe: II RIC Vii 38f, C 334 145) B28, O35, R066, T029, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 84f 146) B28, O35, R068, T027, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 541f, C 353 147) B28, O35, R073, T128, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 701f 148) B28, O35, R077, T034, M3 D in left field RIC Vii 119f 149) B28, O35, R077, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 706f, C 402 150) B28, O35, R082, T035, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 93f 151) B28, O35, R086, T026, M6 Exe: XXI` C 447 152) B28, O35, R087, T026, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 616f, C 457 153) B28, O35, R100, T079, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 720f, C 477 154) B28, O35, R102, T078, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 46f, C 496 155) B28, O35, R124, T088, M3 B in right field RIC Vii 124f, C 567 156) B28, O35, R124, T089, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 747f, C 579 157) B28, O35, R127, T089, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 567f, C 599 158) B28, O35, R142, T108, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 787f 159) B28, O35, R148, T011, M3 Exe: I RIC Vii 104f 160) B28, O35, R149, T011, M3 B in right field RIC Vii 129f, C 727 161) B28, O35, R149, T011, M3 Exe: B C 727 162) B28, O35, R150, T011, M3 Exe: II RIC Vii 53f, C 728 163) B28, O35, R166, T084, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 436f, C 817 164) B28, O40, R003, T038, M4 Exe: R©` RIC Vii 157f, C 37 165) B28, O40, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 185f 166) B28, O42, R035, T010, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 679f, C 216 167) B28, O42, R103, T080, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 727f, C 500 168) B28, O45, R011, T066, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 647f, C 101 169) B28, O45, R021, T004, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 661f 170) B28, O45, R024, T069, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 666f, C 161 171) B28, O45, R044, T012, M4 Exe: R=` 172) B28, O45, R058, T024, M4 Exe: R)` C 306 173) B28, O45, R078, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 713f, C 417 174) B28, O45, R112, T050, M6 Exe: XXI•`• RIC Vii 734f, C 506 175) B28, O45, R124, T089, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 748f, C 572 176) B28, O45, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 770f, C 647 177) B28, O45, R155, T115, M4 Exe: R)¿ RIC Vii 213f, C 744 178) B28, O46, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA` 179) B28, O54, R003, T038, M4 Exe: R)Z RIC Vii 158f 180) B28, O54, R008, T106, M4 Exe: RIZ RIC Vii 168f, C 78 181) B28, O54, R044, T012, M4 Exe: R)` C 252 182) B28, O54, R057, T024, M4 Exe: R)` C 305 183) B28, O54, R068, T031, M4 Exe: RQ` RIC Vii 177f, C 350 184) B28, O54, R102, T079, M4 Exe: RT` RIC Vii 181f, C 493 185) B28, O54, R155, T115, M4 Exe: RT¿ RIC Vii 215f, C 740

186) B28, O54, R158, T111, M4 Exe: RA` RIC Vii 223f, C 766 187) B30, O14, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA` 188) B32, O14, R123, T109, M4 Exe: R 189) B35, O03, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA` 190) B35, O09, R011, T065, M1 Exe: `•/XXI RIC Vii 921c 191) B35, O09, R011, T066, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 644c, C 87 192) B35, O09, R019, T069, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 651c 193) B35, O09, R019, T069, M7 Exe: •/`XXT RIC Vii 332c, C 137 194) B35, O09, R026, T053, M2 Exe: `/XXIMC RIC Vii 908c, C 172 195) B35, O09, R077, T034, M3 ( in right field C 404 196) B35, O09, R106, T050, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 851c, C 507 197) B35, O09, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 810c 198) B35, O09, R171, T111, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 821c, C 937

367 199) B35, O09, R172, T061, M4 Exe: R 200) B35, O14, R106, T050, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 854c 201) B35, O14, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 864c, C 677 202) B35, O15, R011, T065, M8 Exe: */XXI RIC Vii 927c 203) B35, O15, R011, T067, M1 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 922c 204) B35, O15, R099, T082, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 844c 205) B35, O15, R106, T050, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 731c, C 509 206) B35, O15, R106, T050, M8 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 925c 207) B35, O16, R112, T066, M5 Exe: MS/KA` RIC Vii 858c 208) B35, O17, R099, T082, M5 Exe: */KA` 209) B35, O34, R106, T050, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 855c 210) B35, O35, R001, T001, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 17c, C 1 211) B35, O35, R024, T069, M6 Exe: `/XXI 212) B35, O35, R106, T050, M6 Exe: */XXI` RIC Vii 733c 213) B35, O35, R142, T108, M3 & in left field RIC Vii 128c, C 701 214) B35, O42, R019, T069, M6 Exe: B/XXI RIC Vii 657c, C 147 215) B35, O42, R019, T069, M6 Exe: Γ/XXI RIC Vii 657c, C 147 216) B35, O42, R105, T129, M6 Exe: XXI RIC Vii 730c 217) B35, O45, R011, T067, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 647c, C 101 218) B35, O45, R026, T053, M2 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 907c 219) B35, O45, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 770c, C 647 220) B36, O09, R011, T065, M2 Exe: `/XXI* RIC Vii 907a 221) B36, O09, R011, T065, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 644a, C 87 222) B36, O09, R012, T033, M3 A in left field RIC Vii 115a 223) B36, O09, R035, T009, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 675c, C 214 224) B36, O09, R035, T010, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 674a 225) B36, O09, R043, T012, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 364a 226) B36, O09, R066, T029, M3 RIC Vii 83a 227) B36, O09, R097, T079, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 716a, C 467 228) B36, O09, R099, T081, M7 Exe: `TI RIC Vii 319a, C 470 229) B36, O09, R118, T068, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 407a 230) B36, O09, R166, T084, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 435a, C 819 231) B36, O15, R011, T067, M1 Exe: `•/XXI RIC Vii 920a 232) B36, O15, R137, T101, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 776a, C 677 233) B36, O15, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 877a, C 917 234) B36, O35, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 349a, C 193 235) B36, O35, R099, T082, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 846a, C 471 236) B36, O35, R106, T050, M6 Exe: */XXI` RIC Vii 733a 237) B36, O42, R144, T108, M6 Exe: XXI RIC Vii 791a, C 706 238) B38, O45, R155, T111, M4 Exe: R)` RIC Vii 217f, C 40

AE Medallion Reference(s) 239) B17, O43, R054, T044

AE Quinarius 240) B04, O57, R155, T126 241) B14, O40, R071, T103 C 391

368

Probus Busts

Probus Types

369

Probus Types (continued)

370

Probus Types (continued)

371

Saturninus

Augustus c.280

A very obscure usurper hailing from Alexandria, Egypt, all that is known for sure is that he was promoted to the position of emperor by a mutinous army detachment formerly loyal to Probus. Saturninus must have been either a commander or a high-ranking civil servant. Speculation can point to Probus's decision to partially demobilize the army and put them to work in civic projects as a likely reason that spurred the seditious

troops to name an emperor of their own. In any event, Saturninus is said to have been very reluctant in becoming a usurper. Pollio, a historian of the age, quotes him as greeting his new subjects "You have lost a useful commander and gained a wretched emperor". His premonition proved correct as his reign ends soon afterwards. Whether murdered or died of natural causes, again, is left to speculation but the safe bets have the money on the more violent outcome.

Perhaps the greates of all rarities in ancient Roman coinage, there is only one Aureus struck with his name known to numismatics. And, given the lack of any other coins of his, RIC even will only go so far as to state that its authenticity is likely. There is anecdotal evidence of another usurper by the same name (and same region) during the reign of Gallienus. No coins of this other Saturninus are known.

Bust: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) IMP C IVL SATVRNINVS AVG

Reverse: 1) VICTORIAE AVG

Type: 1) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm branch

Mint: 1) Alexandria

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1 O1 R1 T1 RIC 1

In 1991 the coin pictured below was sold at auction for $180,000. It was a bargain. Barring a miracle find of more coins bearing his name, Saturninus will remain hopelessly out of reach for even the wealthiest of collectors.

372

Carus

Augustus 282-283

The short reign of this emperor is clouded with differing accounts of his life. Whether he instigated a successful revolt that ended with the death of Probus or that he was simply named emperor upon hearing of his death is unsure. Either way, his accession was ratified by the Senate. He promptly set out with his armies to counter recent tribal invasions along the empire's Germanic borders and from there led a successful campaign against the

Persians. What happened next is also unsure but Carus died under suspicious conditions. Supposedly he was stricken by lightning but this sounds too convenient and it can be suspected that because of the timing an aspiring general may have played a role.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 2) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust right 3) Helmeted, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Laureate head right 5) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 8) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 9) Laureate, draped bust right 10) Radiate head right 11) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 12) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 13) Radiate, draped bust right

a) Sol radiate, draped bust right facing Carus radiate, cuirassed bust left

Obverses: 1) DEO ET DOMINO CARO AVG 2) DEO ET DOMINO CARO INVIC AVG 3) DIVO CARO 4) DIVO CARO AVG 5) DIVO CARO PARTHICO 6) DIVO CARO PERS 7) DIVO CARO PIO 8) IMP C CARVS AVG 9) IMP C CARVS PF AVG 10) IMP C KARVS PF AVG 11) IMP C M AVR CARVS AVG 12) IMP C M AVR CARVS P AVG 13) IMP C M AVR CARVS PF AVG 14) IMP C M AVR KARVS AVG 15) IMP C M AVR KARVS PF AVG 16) IMP C M AVREL CARVS AVG 17) IMP CAESAR M AVR CARVS AVG 18) IMP CARVS AVG 19) IMP CARVS P AVG 20) IMP CARVS PF AVG 21) IMP M AVR CARVS AVG 22) IMP M AVR CARVS PF AVG 23) VIRTVS CARI AVG

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANT AVG 2) ABVNDANTIA AVG 3) AEQVITAS AVGG 4) AETERNIT IMPERI 5) ANNONA AVG 6) CLEMENTIA TEMP 7) CONSECRATIO 8) CONSECRATIOAVG 9) FELICITAS PVBLICA 10) FELICITAS REIPVBLICAE 11) FIDE MILITVM 12) FIDES MILIT 13) FORTVNA AVG 14) IOVI VICTORI 15) MARS VLTOR

16) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 17) MONETA AVGG 18) ORIENS CARI AVG 19) PAX AETERNA 20) PAX AVG 21) PAX AVGG 22) PAX AVGVSTI 23) PAX AVGVSTORVM 24) PAX EXERCITI 25) PERPETVITATE AVG 26) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 27) PROVIDE AVGG 28) PROVIDENT AVG 29) PROVIDENT AVGG 30) PROVIDENTIA AVG

31) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 32) RESTITVT ORBIS 33) ROMAE AETERNAE 34) SECVRITAS PVBLICA 35) SPES PVBLICA 36) VICTORI AVG 37) VICTORIA AVG 38) VICTORIA AVGG 39) VICTORIAE AVGG 40) VICTORIAE AVGG FEL 41) VIRTVS AVG 42) VIRTVS AVGG 43) VIRTVS AVGGG 44) VIRTVS CARI INVICTI AVG

Types: 1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.

Carus had a brief but active minting period while he was emperor. Still, his coins are somewhat undervalued for how often they turn up. These by and large will again be the familiar silver-washed Antoninianus and most are found in rather shabby condition. As is the case with other coins of this age a handful are breathtaking gems with intact silvering. Because of the condition more so than anything else you should expect to see such coins sell for several hundred dollars. For the rank and file Ants though, a $20 coin should at least be presentable enough and $100 should buy an outright beauty with the understanding that it may be quite some time before such a coin is available.

373 3) Altar 4) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 5) Carus standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Orbis to left, holding wreath. 6) Carus standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Victory to left, holding wreath 7) Carus standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 8) Eagle perched on globe 9) Eagle standing left 10) Eagle standing right. 11) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus and scepter. 12) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand. 13) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 14) Galley sailing left 15) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin. 16) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 17) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left. 18) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 19) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 20) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by their feet 21) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 22) Pax advancing left, holding wreath and scepter 23) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 24) Pax standing left, holding branch and standard 25) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter. 26) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 27) Roma seated left, holding wreath and scepter 28) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 29) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding globe and scepter 30) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter 31) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 32) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip 33) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 34) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 35) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield on base 36) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 37) Victory riding biga left, holding wreath and palm. 38) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm 39) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side. 40) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear 41) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Cyzicus 3) Lugdunum 4) Roma 5) Siscia 6) Ticinum 7) Tripolis

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B05, O20, R13, T13 RIC Vii 1, C 33 2) B06, O22, R35, T33 RIC Vii 64 3) B07, O13, R37, T38 RIC Vii 95, C 86 4) B08, O01, R37, T38 RIC Vii 96, C 86 5) B08, O13, R16, T18 6) B08, O13, R18, T32 Exe: © 7) B08, O13, R30, T25 C 66 8) B08, O13, R37, T37 Exe: © 9) B08, O13, R40, T35 RIC Vii 98 10) B08, O13, R44, T15 Exe: K RIC Vii 117, C 118

AU Aureus (Posthumous) 11) B05, O20, R13, T13 RIC Vii 1, C 33

AE Medallion 12) B06, O13, R17, T20 C 41

AE Antoninianus 13) B01, O23, R38, T39 A in left field RIC Vii 25 14) B02, O11, R21, T23 D in left field RIC Vii 13 15) B02, O11, R38, T39 A in left field RIC Vii 18, C 88 16) B11, O11, R38, T39 A in left field RIC Vii 24f 17) B11, O13, R04, T31 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 35f 18) B11, O13, R05, T04 Exe: R` RIC Vii 37f, C 12 19) B11, O13, R14, T17 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 38f, C 37 20) B11, O13, R29, T26 Exe: `K RIC Vii 42f, C 69 21) B11, O13, R31, T26 RIC Vii 43f

374 22) B11, O13, R32, T05 Exe: * over II/XXI RIC Vii 106f, C 114 23) B11, O13, R38, T36 Exe: KAA 24) B11, O13, R42, T40 Exe: R` RIC Vii 45f, C 114 25) B11, O20, R02, T01 Exe: TXXI 26) B11, O20, R04, T31 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 36f 27) B11, O20, R24, T24 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 75f, C 56 28) B11, O20, R24, T24 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 74f, C 58 29) B11, O20, R35, T33 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 82f, C 79 30) B11, O20, R41, T40 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 91f, C 106 31) B11, O20, R42, T40 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 46f, C 110 32) B12, O13, R42, T07 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 124c, C 116 33) B12, O13, R43, T07 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 125c, C 117 34) B13, O13, R37, T34 Exe: ` RIC Vii 120a, C 93 35) Ba, O02, R10, T11 Exe: .X.I.I. RIC Vii 99, C 28

AE Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s) 36) B10, O04, R07, T10 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 126k, C 16 37) B10, O05, R08, T03 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 110k, C 23

Carus Busts

375 Carus Types

376

Carinus

Augustus 283-285

Carinus became Caesar along with his brother Numerian soon after their father, Carus, arrived to the throne. When war broke out with the Persians, Carus elevated both sons and all three held the same title. Carus took Numerian along with him to war and both perished leaving him as the sole surviving emperor. He was a hated emperor with sources citing unprovoked murders within the Senate and various sadistic practices. Soon a usurper arose,

Diocletian, whom he confronted in battle and just as he seemed to emerge victorious he was slain by one of his own soldiers who had an unrelated score to settle with him.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter with eagle atop 2) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 3) Laureate head right 4) Laureate head right right over Numerian laureate, draped bust right 5) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 8) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 9) Laureate, draped bust right 10) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 11) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 12) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 13) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear 14) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 15) Radiate, draped bust left, holding spear 16) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) CARINVS AVG 2) CARINVS CAES 3) CARINVS ET NVMERIANVS AVGG 4) CARINVS N CAES 5) CARINVS NOBIL CAES 6) CARVS ET CARINVS AVG 7) IMP C CARINVS PF AVG 8) IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG 9) IMP C M AVR CARINVS NOB C 10) IMP C M AVR CARINVS P AVG 11) IMP C M AVR CARINVS PF AVG 12) IMP C MAVR CARINVS NOB C 13) IMP CAESAR M AVR CARINVS 14) IMP CARINVS AVG 15) IMP CARINVS P AVG 16) IMP CARINVS PF AVG 17) IMP M AVR CARINVS AVG

18) IMP M AVR CARINVS NOB C 19) IMP M AVR CARINVS PF AVG 20) IMPP CARVS ET CARINVS AVGG 21) KARVS ET KARINVS AVGG 22) M AVR CARINVS 23) M AVR CARINVS C 24) M AVR CARINVS CAES 25) M AVR CARINVS N CAES 26) M AVR CARINVS NOB C 27) M AVR CARINVS NOB CAE 28) M AVR CARINVS NOB CAES 29) M AVR CARINVS NOBIL CAES 30) M AVR CARINVS PF NOB CAES 31) M AVR KARINVS NOB CAE 32) MAGNIA VRBICA AVG 33) NVMERIANVS AVG 34) VIRTVS CARINI NOB CAES

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ABVNDANTIA AVGG 3) ADVENTVS AVG 4) ADVENTVS AVGG NN 5) AEQVITAS AVG 6) AEQVITAS AVGG 7) AETERNIT AVG 8) AETERNIT AVGG 9) AETERNITAS AVGG 10) CLEMENTIA TEMP 11) CONCORDIA AVG 12) FEDES MILITVM 13) FELICI PVBLICA 14) FELICIT PVBLICA 15) FELICITAS PVBLICA 16) FELICITAS REIPVBLICAE 17) FIDES MILIT 18) FIDES MILITVM 19) FORTVNA AVGG 20) FORTVNA RED 21) FORTVNA REDVX 22) GENIVS EXERC 23) GENIVS EXERCITI 24) IOVI CONSER

25) IOVI VICTORI 26) LAETITIA FVND 27) LIBERALITAS AVGG 28) MARS VICTOR 29) MARS VLTOR 30) MARTI VICTORI 31) MONETA AVGG 32) ORIENS AVG 33) ORIENS AVGG 34) PAX AETERNA 35) PAX AVGG 36) PAX AVGVSTI 37) PAX AVGVSTORVM 38) PAX EXERCITI 39) PIETA AVG 40) PIETAS AVG 41) PIETAS AVGG 42) PM TR I P COS PP 43) PRINCIPI IVVENT 44) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 45) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTI 46) PRINCIPIS IVVENTVTI 47) PROVIDE AVGG 48) PROVIDENT AVGG

49) PROVIDENTIA AVG 50) ROMAE AETERNAE 51) SAECVLI FELICITAS 52) SALVS AVGG 53) SPES AVG 54) SPES AVGG 55) VENERI VICTRICI 56) VICTOR CARO 57) VICTORIA AVG 58) VICTORIA AVGG 59) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 60) VICTORIA CAESARIS 61) VICTORIA GERMANICA 62) VICTORIAE AVGG 63) VIRTVS AVG 64) VIRTVS AVGG 65) VIRTVS AVGGG 66) VIRTVS AVGVSTOR 67) VIRTVTI AVG 68) VIRTVTI AVGG 69) VOTA PVBLICA 70) VICTORIAE AVGVSTT 71) SPES PVBLICA

In the dynasty that was to include his Dad Carus, brother Numerian, wife Magnia Urbica and son Nigrinian, Carinus is the most prominent member featured on coins. Among these, as usual, the vast majority will be the silvered Antoninianus which is long by now the workhorse of the economy. The Aureus is also struck and the predominantly militaristic themes on the reverses, paired with equally militaristic busts on the obverses, hints strongly at their intended duty: the soldier’s pay. The Ants themselves are scarcer than those of Aurelian and Probus but not much more expensive.

377 Types: 1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia. 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Aeternitas standing left, holding phoenix on globe and raising skirt. 4) Carinus and Carus standing, facing each other, holding Victory together 5) Carinus and Carus standing, facing each other, holding Victory together who crowns them both. 6) Carinus and Carus standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar; two standards in background. 7) Carinus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 8) Carinus riding horse right over enemy 9) Carinus riding quadriga right, holding branch. 10) Carinus standing left, being crowned by Victory, reaching for two kneeling captives to left. 11) Carinus standing left, holding globe and spear. 12) Carinus standing left, holding globe and spear; seated captive to left. 13) Carinus standing left, holding globe and standard 14) Carinus standing left on right, being crowned by Hercules, facing Carus to left, being crowned by Sol 15) Carinus standing left, holding scepter; two standards to right. 16) Carinus standing left, holding spear and globe. 17) Carinus standing left, holding spear; two standards on either side. 18) Carinus standing left, holding standard and scepter 19) Carinus standing left, holding wand and spear 20) Carinus standing left, holding wand and spear; two standards to right. 21) Carinus standing right on left, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 22) Carinus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Carus to right, holding scepter 23) Carinus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 24) Carinus standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 25) Carinus standing right, holding spear and globe 26) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia 27) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus. 28) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus and scepter. 29) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand. 30) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 31) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 32) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin. 33) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin. 34) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter. 35) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left. 36) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder. 37) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 38) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 39) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 40) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus 41) Monetae (3) standing, facing, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet. 42) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter 43) Pax advancing left, holding branch and standard. 44) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 45) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 46) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 47) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter 48) Roma seated left, holding wreath and scepter. 49) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 50) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 51) Sol advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 52) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 53) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe. 54) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 55) Venus standing left, holding Cupid and apple 56) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 57) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 58) Victory advancing right, holding trophy with both hands 59) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 60) Victory riding biga left, holding wreath and palm 61) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 62) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and trophy. 63) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm. 64) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 65) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 66) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Cyzicus 4) Lugdunum

5) Roma 6) Siscia 7) Ticinum 8) Tripolis

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B02, O16, R57, T56 2) B04, O03, R58, T58 3) B06, O07, R58, T56 RIC Vii 312, C 133 4) B06, O12, R62, T59 Exe: SMA 5) B06, O16, R63, T33 RIC Vii 233, C 160 6) B06, O28, R57, T62 RIC Vii 190, C 139 7) B07, O28, R29, T38 RIC Vii 188, C 50

378 8) B07, O28, R50, T48 RIC Vii 189, C 114 9) B08, O30, R59, T22 RIC Vii 193, C 156 10) B09, O28, R60, T60 Exe: K RIC Vii 201

AE Medallion Reference(s) 11) B06, O11, R31, T41

AE Antoninianus 12) B11, O05, R44, T11 ( in left field RIC Vii 150, C 92 13) B11, O05, R51, T25 ( in right field RIC Vii 152, C 117 14) B11, O16, R51, T25 D in right field RIC Vii 215 15) B12, O07, R64, T23 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 326f 16) B12, O09, R64, T23 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 206f, C 177 17) B12, O11, R24, T21 Exe: `/SMSXXI RIC Vii 314f, C 41 18) B12, O11, R64, T21 Exe: * over TR/XXI RIC Vii 329f, C 184 19) B12, O11, R64, T21 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 325f 20) B12, O11, R69, T06 Exe: SMSXXI` RIC Vii 315f, C 194 21) B12, O16, R08, T03 Exe: K©A` RIC Vii 244f, C 10 22) B12, O16, R08, T03 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 244f, C 10 23) B12, O16, R08, T03 Exe: KA©` RIC Vii 244f, C 10 24) B12, O16, R18, T29 Exe: K¨A` 25) B12, O16, R18, T29 Exe: K©A` 26) B12, O16, R18, T29 Exe: KA¨` 27) B12, O16, R25, T35 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 258f, C 45 28) B12, O16, R25, T35 Exe: KA©` RIC Vii 257f, C 44 29) B12, O16, R26, T36 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 261f 30) B12, O16, R32, T52 Exe: K¨¿ RIC Vii 262f 31) B12, O16, R40, T40 Exe: K©`Δ RIC Vii 264f, C 72 32) B12, O28, R43, T19 Exe: * over `/XXI RIC Vii 197f, C 89 33) B12, O28, R43, T20 Exe: */XXI` RIC Vii 198f, C 87 34) B14, O05, R51, T25 ( in right field RIC Vii 152c, C 115 35) B14, O08, R06, T02 Officina in right field RIC Vii 212c, C 8 36) B14, O08, R06, T02 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 238c, C 8 37) B14, O08, R08, T02 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 247c, C 16 38) B14, O08, R08, T03 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 243c, C 11 39) B14, O08, R51, T25 D in right field RIC Vii 214c, C 120 40) B14, O08, R52, T50 D in right field RIC Vii 216 41) B14, O11, R17, T29 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 251f, C 31 42) B14, O11, R23, T31 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 254c, C 39 43) B14, O11, R68, T32 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 271c, C 191 44) B14, O11, R69, T06 Exe: SMSXXI` 45) B14, O16, R14, T27 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 295c, C 24 46) B14, O16, R18, T29 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 253f, C 28 47) B14, O16, R18, T29 Exe: KA©` RIC Vii 253f, C 28 48) B14, O16, R21, T30 Exe: `XXIT RIC Vii 298c, C 34 49) B14, O16, R23, T31 C 37 50) B14, O16, R44, T12 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 302c, C 99 51) B14, O16, R68, T32 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 272c, C 192 52) B14, O19, R10, T23 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 202c, C 19 53) B14, O24, R44, T18 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 160c, C 102 54) B14, O26, R41, T44 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 156c, C 75 55) B14, O26, R44, T11 Exe: `KA RIC Vii 161c, C 91 56) B14, O26, R44, T13 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 182c, C 98 57) B14, O26, R44, T18 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 177c, C 84 58) B14, O26, R45, T20 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 183c, C 107 59) B14, O28, R41, T44 Exe: `AK RIC Vii 155c, C 74 60) B14, O28, R43, T19 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 158c, C 83 61) B14, O28, R43, T20 Exe: */XXI` 62) B14, O28, R44, T19 Exe: R` RIC Vii 158c, C 83 63) B14, O28, R49, T46 Exe: VI/XXI 64) B16, O11, R10, T24 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 323a, C 21 65) B16, O12, R08, T03 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 248f, C 14 66) B16, O12, R08, T03 Exe: KA©` RIC Vii 248f, C 14 67) B16, O19, R10, T24 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 324a, C 20

AE Denarius 68) B06, O16, R58, T57 Exe: SMS

379

Carinus Busts

Carinus Types

380

Magnia Urbica

? - ?

Carinus Types (continued)

Wife of Carinus.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverses:

1) MAGNIAE VRBICAE AVG 2) MAGNIA VRBICA AVG 3) MAGN VRBICA AVG 4) MAG VRBICA AVG 5) VRBICIA MAGNA AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVGG 2) IVNO REGINA 3) PVDICITIA AVG 4) SALVS PVBLICA 5) VENERI VICTRICI 6) VENVS CELEST 7) VENVS GENETRIX 8) VENVS VICTRIX

Types:

1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 2) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter 3) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left. 4) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 5) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter

The coins of Magnia Urbica are fairly difficult to obtain. On very rare occasions low grade Antoniniani may be found among common “uncleaned” Roman bronzes as offered on the Internet but given the infrequency one is better off arranging with a dealer to locate one. Prices are generally in the low- to mid-hundreds depending on quality.

Aurei have shown up with relative frequency among the more exclusive auction houses. For these, prices begin at about $10,000.

381 6) Venus standing left, holding helmet and cradling scepter; shield to right. 7) Venus standing left, holding helmet and holding scepter; shield to left. 8) Venus standing right, pulling dress off shoulder and holding scepter

Mints:

1) Lugdunum 2) Roma 3) Siscia 4) Ticinum

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R7, T5 RIC Vii 336, C 10 2) B1, O2, R5, T8 RIC Vii 340, C 8 3) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC Vii 348, C 1

AE Antoninianus

4) B2, O3, R7, T5 D in left field RIC Vii 337, C 11 5) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: KA ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17 6) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: KA© ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17 7) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: K©A ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17 8) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: K¨A ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17 9) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: KA¨ ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17 10) B2, O2, R8, T6 Exe: T/SXXI RIC Vii 347, C 15 11) B2, O2, R8, T6 Exe: SXXIT RIC Vii 347, C 15 12) B2, O1, R4, T4 Exe: A/SMSXXI RIC Vii 349, C 7

Magnia Urbica Busts

Magnia Urbica Types

382

Nigrinian

? - ?

Son of Carinus.

Busts:

1) Radiate bust right 2) Radiate head right

Obverse:

1) DIVO NIGRINIANO

Reverse:

1) CONSECRATIO

Types:

1) Altar 2) Eagle standing, facing

Mint:

1) Roma

AE Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T2 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 472, C 2 2) B2, O1, R1, T1 Exe: KA¨` RIC Vii 474, C 3 3) B2, O1, R1, T2 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 472, C 2 4) B2, O1, R1, T2 Exe: KA© RIC Vii 472, C 2

Nigrinian Busts

Nigrinian Types

These posthumous issues struck by Carinus in memory of his son are pretty rare. They seem to sell in the neighborhood of $1,000 in decent condition but even a marginal one will not cost considerably less. Due to the rarity, one can speculate that Carinus ordered the minting of these coins not long before he was defeated in battle.

383

Numerian

Augustus 283-284

Son of Carus and brother of Carinus, Numerian's brief stint as emperor started when he along with his father set out for war against the Sassanians in Persia (Iran). Under mysterious circumstances Carus was incinerated in his tent just prior to the military encounter of the two armies. The official explanation was that the tent had been stricken by lightning but this has been interpreted as much too convenient. As the

battle was called off and the army was returning Numerian, too, was found dead in his quarters. This time a hasty investigation was started and the Praetorian Prefect, a certain Aper, was killed on the spot by Diocletian. He then proclaimed himself emperor and renouncing Carinus. With the suspicious death of Numerian the report of Carus's death made for a more compelling story that the Prefect had had a hand in their deaths. It is likely that Diocletian had engineered a sophisticated conspiracy using Aper as the central pawn and then scapegoat.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right holding spear and shield 2) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 3) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate, draped bust right 6) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 7) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 8) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 9) Radiate, cuirassed bust right with spear 10) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 11) Radiate, draped bust right 12) Radiate head right

Obverses: 1) DIVO NVMERIANO 2) DIVO NVMERIANO AVG 3) IMP C M AVR NVMERIANVS AVG 4) IMP C M AVR NVMERIANVS NOB C 5) IMP C M AVR NVMERIANVS PF AVG 6) IMP C NVMERIANVS AVG 7) IMP C NVMERIANVS PF AVG 8) IMP NVMERIANVS AVG 9) IMP NVMERIANVS PF AVG 10) M AVR NVMERIANVS C 11) M AVR NVMERIANVS CAES 12) M AVR NVMERIANVS NOB C 13) NVMAERIANVS NOB CAES 14) NVMERIANVS NOB CAES

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVGG 2) ADVENTVS AVGG NN 3) AEQVITAS AVGG 4) CLEMENTIA TEMP 5) CONSECRATIO 6) CONSERVAT AVGGG 7) CONSERVATOR AVGGG 8) FELICITAS AVGG 9) FIDES EXERCIT AVGG 10) IOVI VICTORI 11) MARS VICTOR 12) MARTI PACIFERO 13) ORIENS AVGG 14) PACATOR ORBIS

15) PAX AVG 16) PAX AVGG 17) PIETAS AVG 18) PIETAS AVGG 19) PM TR P COS PP 20) PRINCIPI IVVENT 21) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 22) PROVIDENT AVGG 23) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 24) ROMAE AETERN 25) ROMAE AETERNAE 26) SALVS AVGG 27) SECVRIT AVG 28) SPES AVGG

29) SPES PVBLICA 30) VENERI VICTRI 31) VENERI VICTRICI 32) VICTORIA AVGG 33) VICTORIA CAESARIS 34) VICTORIAE AVGG 35) VICTORIAE AVGG 36) VIRTVS AVGG 37) VIRTVS AVGGG 38) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM 39) VNDIQVE VICTORES 40) VOTA PVBLICA

Types: 1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 3) Altar 4) Eagle standing, facing 5) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus. 6) Fides seated left, holding patera; two standards to left and one to right 7) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and leaning on club with lion skin on rock 8) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left 9) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear 10) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 11) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus 12) Numerian and Carinus riding horse right, hands raised.

Numerian’s Antoniniani are not very rare despite the short stay at the top. Condition more than anything will determine the going rate for the coins with fully-silvered pieces costing upwards of $100 each. There are a few other denominations, including the Aureus, but are all very rare and expensive.

384 13) Numerian and Carinus standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar; two standards in background 14) Numerian and Carinus standing, facing each other, together holding Victory on globe who crowns both. 15) Numerian standing left, being crowned by Victory to right; one standing and one kneeling captive to left 16) Numerian standing left, holding branch and scepter 17) Numerian standing left, holding globe and scepter 18) Numerian standing left, holding globe and spear; seated captive to either side. 19) Numerian standing left, holding spear; two standards on either side. 20) Numerian standing left, holding standard and spear; two standards to right 21) Numerian standing left, holding wand and globe 22) Numerian standing left, holding wand and scepter 23) Numerian standing left, holding wand and scepter; two standards to right 24) Numerian standing right on left, holding scepter and receiving globe from Carus to right, holding scepter. 25) Numerian standing right on left, holding scepter and receiving Victory on globe from Carus to right, holding scepter. 26) Numerian standing right on left, holding scepter and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 27) Numerian standing right, spearing enemy 28) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter 29) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 30) Pietas standing left, holding purse and caduceus 31) Pietas standing right, raising hands over altar 32) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia 33) Roma seated left on shield, holding patera and spear 34) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory and scepter 35) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar 36) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head. 37) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 38) Sol radiate, draped bust right 39) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 40) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe 41) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 42) Venus standing left, holding apple and raising skirt 43) Venus standing left, holding Victory and apple. 44) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 45) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 46) Victory riding chariot left 47) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm; two captives on either side. 48) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm 49) Virtus riding horse right, spearing enemy 50) Virtus riding horse right, spearing two enemies 51) Virtus standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 52) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 53) Virtus standing, facing, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium.

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Cyzicus 3) Lugdunum 4) Roma

5) Siscia 6) Ticinum 7) Tripolis

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B03, O03, R13, T40 RIC Vii 381 2) B03, O08, R32, T48 3) B04, O04, R06, T39 Exe: SMA RIC Vii 373 4) B04, O08, R30, T43 RIC Vii 405, C 93 5) B04, O08, R36, T07 RIC Vii 408

AE Antoninianus 6) B07, O06, R16, T29 B in left field RIC Vii 394 7) B07, O08, R16, T29 B in left field RIC Vii 395, C 49 8) B08, O06, R11, T10 C in right field RIC Vii 388f, C 22 9) B08, O06, R16, T29 B in left field RIC Vii 394 10) B08, O06, R18, T31 Exe: C/LVG RIC Vii 396 11) B08, O07, R09, T06 Exe: `/SMSXXI RIC Vii 460f, C 15 12) B08, O07, R18, T11 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 414f, C 60 13) B08, O08, R10, T08 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 410f, C 16 14) B08, O08, R39, T18 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 423f 15) B08, O09, R10, T08 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 409f, C 17 16) B08, O09, R22, T32 Exe: VXXI RIC Vii 447f, C 81 17) B08, O10, R36, T24 Exe: * over TR/XXI RIC Vii 380f, C 111 18) B10, O03, R16, T29 B in right field RIC Vii 393c 19) B10, O07, R04, T26 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 463c, C 8 20) B10, O07, R09, T06 Exe: `/SMSXXI RIC Vii 460c, C 15 21) B10, O07, R36, T25 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 467c, C 110 22) B10, O07, R40, T13 Exe: SMSXXI` RIC Vii 461a, C 122 23) B10, O08, R13, T37 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 195 24) B10, O08, R18, T11 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 416f 25) B10, O08, R39, T18 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 423c 26) B10, O09, R21, T22 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 444c, C 79 27) B10, O10, R18, T11 Exe: KA` 28) B10, O10, R20, T17 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 360c, C 66 29) B10, O10, R20, T22 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 362c, C 77 30) B10, O10, R21, T22 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 366c, C 69

385 31) B10, O12, R13, T38 C 40 32) B10, O12, R21, T22 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 361c, C 76 33) B11, O03, R16, T29 B in left field RIC Vii 393a 34) B11, O07, R09, T06 Exe: `/SMSXXI RIC Vii 460a, C 15 35) B11, O08, R13, T37 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 412a, C 37 36) B11, O09, R22, T32 Exe: VXXI RIC Vii 447a, C 81 37) B11, O10, R36, T25 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 377a, C 104

AE Antoninianus (Posthumous) 38) B12, O01, R05, T04 Exe: KA¨` RIC Vii 424, C 10

AE Quinarius 39) B04, O08, R16, T28 Exe: ` RIC Vii 435, C 53

Numerian Busts

386

Numerian Types

387

Julian I

Augustus c.284-285

Often referred to as "Julian of Pannonia", Julian is one of the lesser-known usurpers. He was elevated as emperor by his own troops during the reign of Carinus and the two met in battle with the latter emerging victorius and the former killed.

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, draped bust right 4) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C IVLIANVS PF AVG 2) IMP C M AVR IVLIANVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) FELICITAS TEMPORVM 2) IOVI CONSERVAT 3) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 4) PANNONIAE AVG 5) VICTORIA AVG

Types: 1) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter 2) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter 3) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia. 4) Pannoniae (2) standing left, raising hand 5) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mint: 1) Siscia

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B2, O1, R3, T3 * in right field RIC Vii 1, C 3

AE Antoninianus 2) B5, O2, R1, T1 Exe: S/`/XXI RIC Vii 2, C 1 3) B5, O2, R4, T4 Exe: S/XXI RIC Vii 4, C 6 4) B5, O2, R5, T5 Exe: S/`/XXI RIC Vii 5, C 7

Julian I Busts Julian I Types

Rare but not hopelessly so, the coins of this usurper are offered for sale several times a year from major auction firms and a few regular ancient coin dealers as well. They come in two flavors, the gold Aureus which is hopelessly rare and expensive and the Antoninianus which sells in the $500-$1,000 range.

388

Diocletian

Augustus 284-305

Originally Diokles, a Greek name, Diocletian gained the Latinized form of his name shortly before masterminding a revolt against Carinus. When Carinus received news of this insolence he set out at once with a large army to confront him. The two sides met in a prolonged and bloody match the results of which were finally turning against Diocletian. Seeing that all was lost he prepared to flee with what was left of his army when the most amazing thing

happened. It seems Carinus had seduced the wife of one of his bodyguards who, for whatever possible reason, chose during the waning moments of the battle to avenge this affront by murdering his master.

Diocletian was then hailed as emperor by the same army that almost defeated him and he marched towards Rome as victor. Soon after his arrival he named his friend Maximian as co-emperor giving him rule over the western half of the empire. Both would then select subordinates who were not relatives of their own to help in the task and secure a line of succession unlike a blood dynasty. Diocletian's vision of this governmental scheme became known as the Tetrarchy and the first cycle of which was completed, as far as he was concerned, when he abdicated in 305 and demanded Maximian do likewise to leave their subordinates to rule.

Modern historians with the gift of hindsight pinpoint Diocletian's choice of reforming the army as the key culprit of the empire's downfall almost 200 years later. He figured that rather than have weak concentrations of army outposts scattered over the length of the empire's borders it would be better to have a centralized large force which could respond quickly in the event of a military crisis. While the theory may have been sound in principle he never foresaw the obstacles that led to the successful deployment and logistical problems that this method required and, thus, over time Romans became increasingly susceptible to barbarian attacks.

Diocletian died an old, forgotten and heartbroken man in his retirement palace in what is now Croatia. In the end he was vilified for shattering the economy, wreaking political chaos in Rome and resorting to the now somewhat anachronistic practice of persecuting Christians. Finally, he had to witness in his own lifetime the utter failure of his power sharing format when the Tetrarchy disintegrated into the Constantinian dynasty.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear

and shield 2) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right 3) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding Victory

on globe 4) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear

and shield 5) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust right 6) Laureate bust left over bust of Jupiter 7) Laureate bust left, holding scepter 8) Laureate bust left, wearing mantle, holding scepter with

eagle atop 9) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding

branch and mappa 10) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding

mappa and branch 11) Laureate head left 12) Laureate head right 13) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 14) Laureate, cuirassed bust left over Sol radiate bust left,

holding whip 15) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter 16) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 17) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 18) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield 19) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 20) Laureate, draped bust right 21) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding globe 22) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding

scepter with eagle atop. 23) Radiate bust right, wearing imperial mantle. 24) Radiate head right 25) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 26) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 27) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 28) Radiate, cuirassed busts of Diocletian and Constantius I

facing each other 29) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 30) Radiate, draped bust right

Sadly, with the rise of Diocletian we no longer get to see what the emperor looked like in real life. For half a century both the art and the workmanship of Roman coins had been in decline. But up until then there had been at least nominal effort expended in portraying the emperor’s actual facial features. Sometime during the reign of Gallienus this, too, started fading so that by the time his succesors came they all started looking quite a bit alike. Early-period coins of Diocletian look pretty much indistinguishable from those of Carinus, his immediate predessor. And when Maximian is made co-emperor there is again no effort to make the two men look any different from each other. These changes are so far-reaching that it would not be until the Renaissance over a thousand years later that heads of state begin to look like real people again. In fact, from this time and until late into the middle ages the artistic merit and the overall quality of the coins of all western cultures will steadily deteriorate. From this point forward when the legends are obscured from wear or tear attribution becomes much more difficult. On the other hand, Diocletian is a very easy emperor to find in a wide assortment of coin denominations. Halfway into his reign he ordered a complete overhaul of the currency. He eliminates, or rather reduces the size of the Antoninianus and introduces the Follis and a Denarius-like coin termed the Argenteus. The Follis catches on but the Argenteus doesn’t which makes it a bit of a rarity nowadays. But both pre- and post-reform coins are readily available from the nearly free crummy bronzes to gold medallions affordable only to the obscenely rich.

389 Obverses: 1) DIOCLETIANVS AVG 2) DIOCLETIANVS AVG COS IIII PP 3) DIOCLETIANVS AVG ET CONSTANTIVS NOB C 4) DIOCLETIANVS AVG ET MAXIMIANVS C 5) DIOCLETIANVS AVGVSTVS 6) DIOCLETIANVS BAE AVG 7) DIOCLETIANVS P AVG 8) DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG 9) DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG COS VIII 10) DN DIOCLETIANO AETER AVG 11) DN DIOCLETIANO BAEAT SEN AVG 12) DN DIOCLETIANO BAEATIS 13) DN DIOCLETIANO BAEATISS 14) DN DIOCLETIANO BAEATISS SEN AVG 15) DN DIOCLETIANO BAEATISSIMO SEN AVG 16) DN DIOCLETIANO BEAT SEN AVG 17) DN DIOCLETIANO BEATISSIMO SEN AVG 18) DN DIOCLETIANO FELICI 19) DN DIOCLETIANO FELICIS 20) DN DIOCLETIANO FELICISS 21) DN DIOCLETIANO FELICISS SEN AVG 22) DN DIOCLETIANO FELICISSIMO SEN AVG

23) DN DIOCLETIANO PF S AVG 24) IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG 25) IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P AVG 26) IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG 27) IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG 28) IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P AVG 29) IMP C DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG 30) IMP C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG 31) IMP C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P AVG 32) IMP C VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG 33) IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG 34) IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG ET MAXIMIANVS AVG 35) IMP DIOCLETIANVS ET MAXIMIANVS N C 36) IMP DIOCLETIANVS P AVG 37) IMP DIOCLETIANVS P FE AVG 38) IMP DIOCLETIANVS P FEL AVG 39) IMP DIOCLETIANVS PF AV 40) IMP DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG 41) IMP DIOCLETIANVS PIVS AVG 42) IMP DIOCLETIANVS PIVS F AVG 43) VIRTVS DIOCLETIANI AVG

Reverses: 1) ABVNDAT AVG 2) ABVNDAT AVGG 3) ADVENTVS AVGG 4) AEQVITAS AVGG 5) AETERNITAS AVGG 6) ANNONA AVG 7) AVSPIC FEL 8) CLARITAS AVGG 9) CLEMENTIA TEMP 10) COMES AVGG 11) COMITATVS AVGG 12) CONCORDIA AVGG 13) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS 14) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NNNN 15) CONCORDIA MILITVM 16) CONCORDIAE AVGG 17) CONCORDIAE AVGG NN 18) CONSERVAT AVG 19) CONSERVATOR AVGG 20) CONSERVATORES AVGG ET CAESS NN 21) CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 22) CONSVL IIII PP PROCOS 23) CONSVL V PP PROCOS 24) CONSVL VI PP PROCOS 25) CONSVL VII PP PRC 26) CONSVL VII PP PROCOS 27) CONSVL VIII PP PRCOS 28) CONSVL VIIII PP PRCOS 29) COS III 30) COS IIII 31) FATIS VICTRICIBVS 32) FEL ADVENT AVGG NN 33) FELICIA TEMPORA 34) FELICIT PVBL 35) FELICITAS AVG 36) FELICITAS PVBLIC 37) FELICITAS TEMPORVM 38) FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN 39) FIDES MILIT 40) FIDES MILITVM 41) FORTVNA RED 42) FORTVNA REDVX 43) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG ET CAESS NN 44) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG NN 45) FORTVNAE REDVCI CAESS NN 46) GAVDETE ROMANI 47) GENIO POP ROM 48) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 49) HERCVLI CONSERVAT 50) HERCVLI DEBELLAT 51) HERCVLI INVICTO AVGG 52) HERCVLI PACIF 53) HERCVLI PACIFERO 54) HERCVLI VICTORI 55) IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG 56) IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG 57) IOVI AVGG 58) IOVI CONS CAES 59) IOVI CONSER AVGG

60) IOVI CONSERVAT 61) IOVI CONSERVAT AVG 62) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG 63) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN 64) IOVI CONSERVATOR AVGG 65) IOVI CONSERVATORI 66) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG 67) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG 68) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN 69) IOVI ET HERCVLI CONS AVGG 70) IOVI FVLGERATORI 71) IOVI FVLGVRATORI 72) IOVI PROPVGNAT 73) IOVI TVTAT AVGG 74) IOVI TVTATORI AVGG 75) IOVI VICTORI 76) LAETITIA AVGG 77) LAETITIA FVND 78) M SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN 79) MARS VICTOR 80) MARTI PACIF 81) MARTI PACIFERO 82) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 83) MARTI VLTORI 84) MAXIMIANVS AVG 85) MAXIMIANVS AVG ET CONSTANTIVS C 86) MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 87) MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN 88) MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN 89) MONETA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN 90) ORIENS AVG 91) ORIENS AVGG 92) ORIENS AVGVSTOR 93) PACATORES GENTIVM 94) PAX AETERN 95) PAX AVG 96) PAX AVGG 97) PAX AVGGG 98) PERPETVA FELICITAS AVGG 99) PIETAS AVGG 100) PIETAS AVGG ET CAESS NN 101) PM TR P PP 102) PM TR P VIII COS IIII PP 103) PRIMI XX IOVI AVGVSTI 104) PRIMIS X MVLTIS XX 105) PROVIDENT DEOR 106) PROVIDENT DEOR QVIES AVGG 107) PROVIDENTIA AVG 108) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 109) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 110) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG 111) QVIES AVGG 112) QVIES AVGVSTORVM 113) ROMAE AETERN 114) ROMAE AETERNAE 115) S M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 116) SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN 117) SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 118) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN

390 119) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR 120) SACRA MONET VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 121) SAECVLARES AVG 122) SAECVRIT AVGG 123) SAECVRIT PERP 124) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS AVCTA KART 125) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART 126) SALVS AVG 127) SALVS AVGG 128) SECVRIT AVGG 129) SECVRIT PERP 130) SECVRIT PERPET DD NN 131) SECVRITAS ORBIS 132) SOLI INVICT CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN 133) SOLI INVICTO 134) SPES PVBLICA 135) TEMPOR FEL 136) TEMPOR FELICIT 137) TEMPORVM FEL 138) VENERI VICTRICI

139) VICTORI AVG 140) VICTORIA AETERNA 141) VICTORIA AVG 142) VICTORIA AVGG 143) VICTORIA SARM 144) VICTORIA SARMAT 145) VICTORIA SARMATICA 146) VICTORIAE SARMATICAE 147) VICTORRIA SARMAT 148) VIRTVS AVG 149) VIRTVS AVGG 150) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM 151) VIRTVS EXERCIT IMPER ROMANI 152) VIRTVS MILITVM 153) VIRTVTI AVGG 154) VOTIS ROMANORVM 155) VOTIS X 156) VTILITAS PVBLICA 157) No legend

Types: 1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia 2) Aequitas standing right, holding scale and cornucopia 3) Aeternitas standing left, holding phoenix on globe and scepter 4) Africa standing, facing, holding standard and elephant tusk; lion and bull to lower left. 5) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 6) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruits in each hand 7) Cippus (fractured) 8) City gate with (3) turrets 9) City gate with (4) turrets 10) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae 11) Concordiae (2) standing, facing each other, shaking hands and each holding a cornucopia 12) Diocletian and Jupiter standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar and each holding a scepter. 13) Diocletian and Maximian each riding horse right, raising hand 14) Diocletian and Maximian seated left, each holding globe and parazonium; each being crowned by Victory to right 15) Diocletian and Maximian standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar 16) Diocletian and Maximian standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar; Felicitas standing in center background, holding caduceus and cornucopia 17) Diocletian and Maximian standing, facing each other, together holding Victory on globe 18) Diocletian and Maximian standing, facing each other, together holding Victory; Victory in center background, crowning both 19) Diocletian and Maximian standing, facing each other; Victory in center background, crowning both 20) Diocletian riding horse left; Victory to left, holding wreath and palm 21) Diocletian riding horse right, raising hand 22) Diocletian riding horse right, raising hand and holding scepter 23) Diocletian standing left, holding globe 24) Diocletian standing left, holding globe and parazonium 25) Diocletian standing left, holding globe and scepter 26) Diocletian standing left, raising hand and holding spear; four standards in front. 27) Diocletian standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Victory to left, holding wreath and palm 28) Diocletian standing right on left, holding globe, facing Maximian to right, holding scepter. 29) Diocletian standing right on left, holding parazonium, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 30) Diocletian standing right on left, holding spear, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 31) Diocletian standing right on left, holding spear, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 32) Diocletian standing right on left, holding Victory on globe, facing Maximian to right, holding scepter. 33) Diocletian standing, facing, holding globe and spear 34) Diocletian standing, facing, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side. 35) Elephant with rider advancing left. 36) Fates (3) standing, each holding a rudder and cornucopia 37) Fates (3) standing, holding each other’s hands. 38) Felicitas seated left, holding patera and cornucopia 39) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 40) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus. 41) Fides standing, facing; standard on either side. 42) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair 43) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 44) Fortuna standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia 45) Four Seasons frolicking. 46) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 47) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia 48) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 49) Hercules bust right, holding club over shoulder and lion’s skin 50) Hercules clubbing hydra 51) Hercules standing left, holding branch and resting hand on club 52) Hercules standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on club 53) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and bow with lion skin 54) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and Victory with lion skin 55) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club with lion skin on rock 56) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin. 57) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin 58) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding trophy 59) Hercules wrestling lion 60) Hercules wrestling lion, Victory crowning him 61) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt; eagle to left 62) Jupiter seated left, holding scepter and thunderbolt 63) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 64) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left.

391 65) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter 66) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt. 67) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 68) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Diocletian to lower left. 69) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left. 70) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left and two standards to right 71) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; globe to left 72) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter 73) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; Diocletian to lower left. 74) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left. 75) Jupiter standing right on left, holding scepter and thunderbolt, facing Hercules to right, holding club and lion skin. 76) Jupiter standing right on left, holding scepter facing Hercules, holding club and lion skin, together holding Victory. 77) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt 78) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt at Titan to right 79) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt; eagle to left 80) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder 81) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and caduceus; child to side. 82) Lion advancing left, holding thunderbolt in jaws 83) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear. 84) Mars advancing left, holding palm and spear. 85) Mars advancing left, holding spear and trophy 86) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 87) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 88) Mars advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy with shield 89) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 90) Maximian, laureate head right 91) Minerva standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 92) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 93) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 94) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 95) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter; shield to side. 96) Pax standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 97) Pietas standing, facing, holding baby; child to left 98) Providentia seated left, holding wand over globe and scepter 99) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 100) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 101) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia 102) Providentia standing right on left, raising hand, facing Quies to right, holding branch and scepter. 103) Quies standing left, holding branch and scepter. 104) Roma seated left on chair, holding Victory and spear; shield to side. 105) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory and spear. 106) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake 107) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, touching head and holding scepter 108) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head. 109) Sol advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 110) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe. 111) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; captive to side. 112) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 113) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt 114) Temple with (2) columns, Mars holding spear and shield within. 115) Tetrarchs sacrificing in front of city gate 116) Utilitas standing, facing 117) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading SIC / XX / SIC / XXX 118) Victories (2) holding shield reading VOT X FEL on palm tree. 119) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 120) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 121) Victory riding biga right 122) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 123) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 124) Victory standing facing on globe, holding trophy. 125) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VOT X FEL on palm tree 126) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VOT X on palm tree 127) Victory standing right on left, holding globe, facing Jupiter to right, stepping on captive, holding thunderbolt and scepter 128) Virtus standing left, touching trophy; seated captive on either side. 129) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear with shield 130) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 131) Virtus standing right, holding spear and parazonium; seated captive to right 132) Wreath, MVL / TIS / XX within 133) Wreath, PRIMI / XX / IOVI AVG / COS VIII within 134) Wreath, SIC / X / SIC / XX within 135) Wreath, VO / TIS / X / SIC / XX within 136) Wreath, VO / TIS / XX / SIC / XXX within 137) Wreath, VOT / X / SIC / XX within 138) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG / NN within 139) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG within 140) Wreath, VOT / XX / SIC / XXX within 141) Wreath, VOT / XX within 142) Wreath, VOT X M XX within 143) Wreath, XC / VI within 144) Wreath, XCVI within 145) Wreath, XX / DIOCL / ETIAN / I AVG within

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia

4) Karthago 5) Cyzicus 6) Heraclea

7) Londinium 8) Lugdunum 9) Nicomedia

10) Roma 11) Serdica 12) Siscia

392 13) Thessalonica 14) Ticinum

15) Treveri 16) Tripolis

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B08, O09, R037, T016, M15 Exe: `TR Five Aureus weight RIC 27 (VI, Treveri) 2) B19, O26, R024, T025, M02 Exe: SMA 2-1/2 Aureus weight RIC 1 (VI, Antioch)

AU Binio 3) B27, O26, R063, T067, M10 RIC V 133

AU Aureus 4) B12, O01, R054, T052, M15 Exe: TR 5) B12, O05, R022, T023, M05 RIC V 285 6) B12, O05, R023, T023, M02 Exe: SMA` RIC V 309 7) B12, O05, R029, T021, M05 RIC V 287 8) B12, O05, R030, T021, M05 RIC V 288 9) B12, O05, R157, T145, M14 Exe: SMT RIC 11a (VI, Ticinum) 10) B12, O08, R065, T077, M15 Exe: `T RIC 22 (VI, Treveri) 11) B12, O08, R070, T078, M10 RIC V 146 12) B12, O08, R157, T133, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 75 (VI, Treveri) 13) B17, O29, R081, T083, M12 RIC V 249 14) B19, O08, R065, T064, M10 RIC V 142a 15) B19, O08, R065, T067, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 5a (VI, Nicomedia) 16) B19, O24, R031, T036, M05 Exe: */SC 17) B19, O24, R031, T036, M05 Exe: SC RIC V 294 18) B19, O24, R065, T067, M05 Exe: SC RIC V 293 19) B19, O26, R031, T037, M02 Exe: SMA RIC V 314 20) B19, O26, R065, T072, M05 RIC V 295 21) B19, O26, R066, T067, M02 Exe: O/SMA “O” in field is the Greek Omicron representing 70 to a pound of gold RIC V 316 22) B19, O26, R067, T067, M10 RIC V 134 23) B19, O26, R141, T120, M02 Exe: O/SMA “O” in field is the Greek Omicron representing 70 to a pound of gold RIC V 320 24) B19, O26, R141, T123, M08 RIC V 5 25) B19, O26, R148, T130, M05 RIC V 304d 26) B20, O26, R079, T087, M08 RIC V 24

AU Quinarius 27) B20, O33, R067, T067, M10 RIC V 153

AR Argenteus 28) B12, O01, R032, T004, M04 Exe: P RIC 11a (VI, Carthago) 29) B12, O01, R108, T115, M01 Exe: ALE 30) B12, O01, R108, T115, M12 RIC 33a (VI, Siscia) 31) B12, O01, R144, T115, M06 Exe: H` RIC 10a (VI, Heraclea) 32) B12, O01, R144, T115, M14 RIC 12a (VI, Ticinum) 33) B12, O01, R146, T009, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 25a (VI, Nicomedia) 34) B12, O01, R152, T008, M01 Exe: ALE RIC 10a (VI, Alexandria) 35) B12, O01, R152, T008, M11 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 1a (VI, Serdica) 36) B12, O01, R152, T115, M10 Exe: ` RIC 40a (VI, Roma) 37) B12, O01, R152, T115, M10 Exe: R RIC 32a (VI, Roma) 38) B12, O01, R152, T115, M12 RIC 27a (VI, Roma) 39) B12, O01, R152, T115, M12 RIC 43a (VI, Siscia) 40) B12, O01, R157, T144, M03 Exe: AQ RIC 16a (VI, Aquileia)

AE Medallion 41) B28, O03, R151, T088, M15 Exe: TR

AE Antoninianus 42) B27, O29, R097, T094, M07 Exe: S/P/MLXXI

AE Antoninianus (reduced) 43) B23, O27, R019, T030, M12 Exe: XXI` 44) B27, O24, R060, T067, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 223f 45) B27, O24, R060, T070, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 226f 46) B27, O25, R064, T012, M12 Exe: `/XXIO RIC V 264f 47) B27, O26, R015, T031, M05 Exe: K` RIC V 15a 48) B27, O27, R049, T058, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 215f 49) B27, O27, R060, T067, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 225f 50) B27, O30, R060, T066, M14 Exe: `/XXIT RIC V 232f 51) B27, O32, R049, T056, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 212f 52) B27, O32, R060, T067, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 222f

393 53) B27, O32, R060, T068, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 220f 54) B27, O33, R128, T106, M08 Exe: C RIC V 89f 55) B29, O24, R107, T101, M10 Exe: XXI` RIC V 180c 56) B29, O26, R015, T031, M02 Exe: `/•XXI RIC V 322c 57) B29, O26, R015, T031, M02 Exe: `/XXI RIC V 322c 58) B29, O26, R015, T031, M06 Exe: H` RIC V 13 59) B29, O26, R015, T031, M06 Exe: A/•XXI• RIC V 284c 60) B29, O26, R015, T031, M06 Exe: HB/•XXI• RIC V 284c 61) B29, O26, R056, T031, M02 Exe: © over `/XXI RIC V 323c 62) B29, O26, R056, T031, M16 Exe: TR/®XXI RIC V 327c 63) B29, O26, R059, T069, M08 A in left field RIC V 35c 64) B29, O26, R066, T027, M16 Exe: TR/XXI RIC V 330c 65) B29, O26, R067, T031, M02 Exe: `/XXI RIC V 325c 66) B29, O26, R134, T113, M12 Exe: `/XXI C 459 67) B29, O26, R141, T119, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 242c 68) B29, O28, R074, T074, M10 Exe: P RIC V 54c 69) B29, O29, R074, T074, M10 Exe: P RIC V 53c 70) B29, O32, R060, T068, M14 Exe: `XXIT RIC V 220c 71) B29, O33, R062, T067, M10 Exe: XXI` RIC V 162a 72) B29, O33, R062, T123, M10 Exe: XXI` RIC V 183c 73) B29, O33, R077, T080, M10 Exe: XXI` RIC V 171c 74) B29, O36, R057, T065, M08 Exe: A RIC V 33c 75) B29, O36, R057, T074, M08 Exe: P RIC V 27c 76) B30, O24, R015, T031, M05 Exe: Γ/XXI 286-293 RIC V 306a 77) B30, O24, R015, T031, M06 Exe: `/XXI RIC V 284a 78) B30, O25, R065, T069, M12 Exe: XXI` RIC V 268a 79) B30, O26, R064, T012, M12 Exe: `/•XXI•I• RIC V 263f 80) B30, O26, R142, T017, M12 Exe: `/XXI RIC V 277a 81) B30, O27, R064, T012, M12 Exe: XXI` RIC V 262a 82) B30, O33, R006, T005, M10 Exe: XXI` RIC V 156a 83) B30, O33, R062, T067, M10 Exe: XXI` RIC V 161a 84) B30, O33, R070, T079, M10 Exe: XXIΔ 290

AE Follis Reference(s) 85) B09, O15, R110, T102, M11 Exe: `/•SM•SD• S F across fields RIC 14a (VI, Serdica) 86) B09, O17, R110, T102, M02 Exe: `/ANT RIC 76a (VI, Antioch) 87) B09, O19, R109, T102, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 93a (VI, Alexandria) 88) B09, O21, R110, T102, M10 Exe: S/F/R` RIC 119a (VI, Roma) 89) B09, O22, R110, T102, M07 RIC 77a (VI, Londinium) 90) B09, O22, R110, T102, M11 Exe: S/F/•SM•SD• RIC 15a (VI, Serdica) 91) B09, O33, R110, T102, M05 Exe: KS/`TR S F across fields RIC 676a (VI, Treveri) 92) B11, O33, R048, T046, M15 Exe: A/`/TR RIC 191 (VI, TreverI) 93) B11, O40, R048, T046, M15 Exe: `/*/TR RIC 282 (VI, Treveri) 94) B12, O26, R048, T046, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 27a (VI, Nicomedia) 95) B12, O26, R048, T047, M05 Exe: K` RIC 10a (VI, Cyzicus) 96) B12, O26, R048, T047, M06 Exe: •HT`• RIC 23a (VI, Heraclea) 97) B12, O26, R048, T047, M06 Exe: H` 98) B12, O26, R048, T047, M06 Exe: HT` RIC 17a (VI, Heraclea) 99) B12, O26, R048, T047, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 29a (VI, Nicomedia) 100) B12, O26, R048, T047, M11 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 3a (VI, Serdica) 101) B12, O26, R048, T047, M13 Exe: `/•TS• RIC 25a (VI, Thessalonica) 102) B12, O26, R048, T047, M13 Exe: •TS`• RIC 21a (VI, Thessalonica) 103) B12, O29, R038, T004, M04 Exe: `/PK` Officina in field is a Greek letter that corresponds to Latin one in exergue RIC 21a (VI, Carthago) 104) B12, O29, R048, T046, M01 Exe: XX/` over I/ALE RIC 32a (VI, Alexandria) 105) B12, O29, R048, T046, M01 Exe: XXI/`/ALE RIC 30a (VI, Alexandria) 106) B12, O29, R048, T046, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 22a (VI, Aquileia) 107) B12, O29, R048, T046, M07 Exe: `LN RIC 11 (VI, Londinium) 108) B12, O29, R048, T046, M07 Exe: LON RIC 1a (VI, Londinium) 109) B12, O29, R048, T046, M10 Exe: R* RIC 94a (VI, Roma) 110) B12, O29, R048, T046, M10 Exe: R/` RIC 64a (VI, Roma) 111) B12, O29, R048, T046, M10 Exe: R/F/` RIC 90a (VI, Roma) 112) B12, O29, R048, T046, M12 Exe: `/*SIS RIC 85a (VI, Siscia) 113) B12, O29, R048, T046, M12 S in left field, officina in right field RIC 79a (VI, Siscia) 114) B12, O29, R048, T047, M02 Exe: `/ANT* RIC 56a (VI, Antioch) 115) B12, O29, R117, T092, M10 Exe: `) RIC 100a (VI, Roma) 116) B12, O32, R048, T047, M02 Exe: © over `/ANT RIC 48a (VI, Antioch) 117) B12, O32, R048, T047, M02 Exe: K/` over V/ANT RIC 54a (VI, Antioch) 118) B12, O32, R058, T072, M01 Exe: S/` over P/ALE RIC 41 (VI, Alexandria) 119) B12, O32, R118, T092, M14 Exe: */`T RIC 47a (VI, Ticinum) 120) B12, O32, R119, T092, M14 Exe: `T• RIC 43a (VI, Ticinum) 121) B12, O33, R048, T046, M15 Exe: `/*/TR RIC 305a (VI, Treveri) 122) B12, O38, R044, T042, M15 Exe: */`TR 123) B12, O40, R038, T004, M04 Exe: I/PK` RIC 23a (VI, Carthago) 124) B12, O40, R048, T046, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 25a (VI, Aquileia) 125) B12, O40, R048, T046, M12 Exe: I/`/XXISIS RIC 113a (VI, Siscia) 126) B12, O40, R116, T092, M12 Exe: ©/VI/SIS` 127) B12, O40, R119, T092, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 29a (VI, Aquileia) 128) B12, O40, R119, T092, M12 Exe: */`/*SIS RIC 136a (VI, Siscia) 129) B17, O33, R048, T046, M07 RIC 13 (VI, Londinium) 130) B17, O33, R048, T048, M08 Exe: */`LG RIC 175 (VI, Lugdunum) 131) B17, O33, R078, T092, M15 Exe: */`TR RIC 473a (VI, Treveri) 132) B17, O36, R048, T046, M15 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 505 (VI, Treveri)

AE Denarius

394 133) B19, O26, R079, T087, M08 RIC V 113 134) B19, O33, R062, T067, M10 RIC V 187 135) B19, O33, R062, T067, M10 Exe: `

395

Diocletian Busts

Diocletian Types

396 Diocletian Types (continued)

397

Maximian

Augustus 285-305, 306-308 & 310

One of the members of the Tetrarchy, Maximian had a convoluted reign that started when he and Diocletian began ruling as equals in 285. Maximian was in charge of the western portion of the empire along with Constantius I, his junior in command, while Diocletian and Galerius ruled the eastern half. After several years of putting down revolts and usurpers, both he and Diocletian abdicated to let their Caesars take their

place in 306. However, this peaceful arrangement would come to an end soon when Maximianus's son Maxentius initiated a revolt of his own. Seeing that it would lend an air of legitimacy to his claims, Maxentius requested his father to return to assume the high post along with him. Maximian, although possibly reluctant initially, took up his son's offer. He had abdicated less than voluntarily under Diocletian's scheme and now he was caught up in the fervor of Maxentius's drive to become sole ruler. In time, Maxentius met with failure after he lost several key battles to Constantine and Maximian found himself in the awkward position of being an emperor with no rightful claim nor army willing to proceed with his agenda. Increasingly isolated, Constantine cornered him and he was either executed or committed suicide.

Busts: 1) Bare head right 2) Bust right, wearing lion skin 3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left 4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding globe 5) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder and shield 6) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over spear and shield 7) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe 8) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right 9) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter and shield 10) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 11) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right 12) Helmeted, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear over

shoulder and shield 13) Helmeted, radiate bust left 14) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left 15) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 16) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust right 17) Laureate bust left, holding club over shoulder and lion skin 18) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 19) Laureate head left 20) Laureate head right 21) Laureate torso right, wearing imperial mantle, holding branch and mappa 22) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 23) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding club over shoulder and lion skin 24) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding globe 25) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder 26) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 27) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 28) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe 29) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe and scepter over

shoulder 30) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 31) Laureate, cuirassed bust right of Maximian over Hercules, cuirassed bust right,

holding club 32) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding scepter and shield 33) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield 34) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield 35) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 36) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 37) Laureate, draped and cuirassed torso right, holding spear with shield and two

javelins 38) Laureate, draped bust left 39) Laureate, draped bust left, holding scepter 40) Laureate, draped bust right 41) Radiate bust left, holding club and lion skin 42) Radiate bust left, holding spear and shield 43) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle 44) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding club 45) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding globe 46) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter over shoulder 47) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 48) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, raising hand 49) Radiate bust right 50) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear 51) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 52) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 53) Radiate, draped bust left 54) Radiate, draped bust right 55) Veiled head right 56) Veiled, laureate head right

As was mentioned under Diocletian, the style of the portraits on the coins has gradually become less lifelike. As soon as Diocletian makes Maximian co-emperor the two look nearly identical because, in practice, the celators no longer made an effort to capture the unique look of each emperor. When Diocletian’s coin reform takes effect in the early 290’s both emperors’ busts go from the slender profiles in vogue during the previous decade to a much wider, “tough guy” look evidently meant to convey a virile, no-nonsense military leader. This artistic style will remain in practice throughout the Tetrarchy years until Constantine I’s own coinage reforms. Diocletian and Maximian have about an equal amount of coins extant. However, the bulk of coins coming into market nowadays are being found in the eastern European countries where Diocletian once presided. However, given the fact that each region had a predilection for striking coins for the resident emperor this makes it appear as though Diocletian’s coins are more easily available. There are two main categories of coins to choose from. First and most common will be the pre-reform coins with radiate busts. Most common among these will be those of Maximian standing next to Jupiter and receiving from him the figure of Victory. They can often be found among “uncleaned” coins sold in bulk or for a few dollars each. Even particularly nice ones will not be very expensive. The Folles are also widely available and will sometimes have partial or nearly full silvering remaining. These top-grade coins will command significant premiums over ordinary Folles but are not found often enough in this state to give an accurate estimate of their prices. For what it’s worth, a $100 or $200 Follis is not unheard of. Minor denominations and unusual reverses will also cost more.

398 Obverses: 1) AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 2) DIVO MAXIMIANO AVG 3) DIVO MAXIMIANO IVN AVG 4) DIVO MAXIMIANO OPT IMP 5) DIVO MAXIMIANO OPTIMO IMP 6) DIVO MAXIMIANO PATRI MAXENTIVS AVG 7) DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN 8) DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN AVG 9) DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN FORT IMP 10) DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN IMP 11) DIVO MAXIMIANO SOCERO MAXENTIVS AVG 12) DN MAXIMIANO B S AVG 13) DN MAXIMIANO BAEATIS 14) DN MAXIMIANO BAEATISS 15) DN MAXIMIANO BAEATISS SEN AVG 16) DN MAXIMIANO BAEATISSI 17) DN MAXIMIANO BAEATISSIM 18) DN MAXIMIANO BAEATISSIMO SEN AVG 19) DN MAXIMIANO BEATISSIMO SEN AVG 20) DN MAXIMIANO FELICIS 21) DN MAXIMIANO FELICISS 22) DN MAXIMIANO FELICISS SEN AVG 23) DN MAXIMIANO FELICISSI 24) DN MAXIMIANO FELICISSIM 25) DN MAXIMIANO FELICISSIMO SEN AVG 26) DN MAXIMIANO PF S AVG 27) DN MAXIMIANO SEN INV AVG 28) IMP C C VAL MAXIMIANVS P AVG 29) IMP C C VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 30) IMP C M A MAXIMIANVS AVG 31) IMP C M A MAXIMIANVS P AVG 32) IMP C M A MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 33) IMP C M A VAL MAXIMIANVS AVG 34) IMP C M A VAL MAXIMIANVS P AVG 35) IMP C M A VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 36) IMP C M AV MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 37) IMP C M AVR MAXIMIANVS AVG 38) IMP C M AVR MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 39) IMP C M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS AVG 40) IMP C M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS P AVG

41) IMP C M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 42) IMP C M VAL MAXIMIANVS AVG 43) IMP C M VAL VAXIMIANVS PF AVG 44) IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG 45) IMP C MAXIMIANVS P AVG 46) IMP C MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 47) IMP C MAXIMIANVS PI AVG 48) IMP C MAXIMIANVS PP AVG 49) IMP C VAL MAXIMIANVS AVG 50) IMP C VAL MAXIMIANVS P AVG 51) IMP C VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 52) IMP M AVR MAXIMIANVS AVG 53) IMP M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS AVG 54) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO MAXIMIANO PATRI 55) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO MAXIMIANO SOCERO 56) IMP MAXIMIANO PF S AVG 57) IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG 58) IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG COS VII 59) IMP MAXIMIANVS P AVG 60) IMP MAXIMIANVS P FE AVG 61) IMP MAXIMIANVS P FEL AVG 62) IMP MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 63) IMP MAXIMIANVS PF AVG COS VII 64) IMP MAXIMIANVS PI FE AVG 65) IMP MAXIMIANVS PIVS AVG 66) IMP MAXIMIANVS PIVS AVGVST 67) IMP MAXIMIANVS PIVS F AVG 68) IMP MAXIMIANVS PIVS FELIX AVG 69) IMP MAXIMIANVS SEN AVG 70) M AVR MAXIMIANVS SEN AVG 71) MAXIMIANVS AVG 72) MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS 73) MAXIMIANVS P AVG 74) MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 75) MAXIMIANVS SEN PF AVG 76) VIRTVS MAXIMIANI AVG

Reverses: 1) ABVNDAT AVGG 2) ADVENTVS AVGG 3) AEQVITAS AVGG 4) AETERNA MEMORIA 5) AETERNAE MEMORIAE 6) AETERNITAS AVGG 7) AVSPIC FEL 8) CLARITAS AVGG 9) CLEMENT TEMP 10) CLEMENTIA TEMP 11) COMES AVGG 12) COMITATVS AVGG 13) CONCORD MILIT FELIC ROMANOR 14) CONCORDIA AVGG 15) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS 16) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NNNN 17) CONCORDIA FELIX DD NN 18) CONCORDIA MILITVM 19) CONCORDIA PERPET DD NN 20) CONCORDIAE AVGG 21) CONCORDIAE AVGG NN 22) CONCORDIAE MILITVM 23) CONSERV VRB SVAE 24) CONSERVATOR AFRICAE SVAE 25) CONSERVATOR AVGG 26) CONSERVATORES AVGG ET CAESS NN 27) CONSERVATORES KART SVAE 28) CONSERVATORES VRB SVAE 29) CONSVL III PP PRO COS 30) CONSVL IIII PP PRO COS 31) CONSVL PP PRO COS 32) CONSVL V PP PRO COS 33) CONSVL VI PP PRO COS 34) CONSVL VII PP PRO COS 35) CONSVL VIII PP PRO COS 36) COS II 37) COS III 38) F ADVENT AVGG NN 39) FATIS VICTRICIBVS 40) FEL ADVENT AVGG NN 41) FELICIT PERP

42) FELICIT PVBL 43) FELICITAS AVGG NOSTR 44) FELICITAS PVBLIC 45) FELICITAS SAEC 46) FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN 47) FELIX INGRESS SEN AVG 48) FELIX INGRESSVS SEN AVG 49) FIDES MILIT 50) FIDES MILITVM 51) FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN 52) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG ET CAESS NN 53) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG NN 54) GAVDETE ROMANI 55) GENIO POP ROM 56) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 57) HERCVLI COM AVGG 58) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NOSTR 59) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAES N 60) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAESS NN 61) HERCVLI CONSERVAT 62) HERCVLI CONSERVATORI 63) HERCVLI CONSERVATORI AVGG 64) HERCVLI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN 65) HERCVLI DEBELLAT 66) HERCVLI INMORTALI 67) HERCVLI INVICTO AVGG 68) HERCVLI PACIF 69) HERCVLI PACIFERO 70) HERCVLI VICTORI 71) IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG 72) IOVI AVGG 73) IOVI CONSER AVGG 74) IOVI CONSERVAT 75) IOVI CONSERVAT AVG 76) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG 77) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS 78) IOVI CONSERVATORI 79) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG 80) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN 81) IOVI CONSERVATORI NK 82) IOVI ET HERCVLI CONS AVGG

399 83) IOVI FVLGERATORI 84) IOVI PROPVGNAT 85) IOVI TVTATORI AVGG 86) M SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN 87) MARS VICTOR 88) MARTI CONSERV AVGG ET CAES N 89) MARTI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN 90) MARTI PACIFERO 91) MARTI PATR SEMP VICTORI 92) MARTI PATRI PROPVGNATORI 93) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 94) MEM DIVI MAXIMIANI 95) MEMORIA E AETERNAE 96) MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN 97) MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN 98) MONETA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN 99) ORIENS AVGG 100) PACATORES GENTIVM 101) PAX AETERN 102) PAX AVGG 103) PIETAS AVGG 104) PIETAS AVGG ET CAESS NN 105) PM TR P PP 106) PM TR P VIII COS IIII PP 107) PRIMIS X MVLTIS XX 108) PROVID DEORVM QVIES AVGG 109) PROVIDENT DEOR 110) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 111) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG 112) QVIES AVGG 113) REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITORVM 114) RESTITVTOR ROMAE 115) ROMA AETERNA 116) ROMAE AETER 117) S M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 118) SAC M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 119) SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN

120) SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR 121) SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 122) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR 123) SACRA MONET VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 124) SAECVLARES AVGG 125) SAECVLI FELICIT 126) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS AVCTA KART 127) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART 128) SALVS AVGG 129) SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN 130) SECVRIT AVGG 131) SOLI INVICTO COMITI 132) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI 133) TEMPOR FELICIT 134) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 135) VICTORIA AVGG 136) VICTORIA SARM 137) VICTORIA SARMA 138) VICTORIA SARMAT 139) VICTORIA SARMATICA 140) VICTORIAE SARMATICAE 141) VIRTVS AVGG 142) VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN 143) VIRTVS AVGG NN 144) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM 145) VIRTVS ILLVRICI 146) VIRTVS MILITVM 147) VIRTVTI AVGG 148) VIRTVTI ERCVLIS 149) VIRTVTI HERCVLIS 150) VNDIQVE VICTORES 151) VOTIS X 152) VTILITAS PVBLICA 153) No legend

Types: 1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 3) Aeternitas standing left, holding phoenix on globe and raising skirt. 4) Africa standing, facing, holding standard and tusk; lion with captured bull to lower left. 5) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruits in both hands. 6) Cippus 7) City gate with (3) turrets 8) City gate with (4) turrets 9) City gate with (5) turrets 10) City gate with (7) turrets 11) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 12) Concordia standing left, holding a standard in each hand 13) Concordia standing right on left, raising hand and holding scepter, facing Hercules on right, resting hand on club. 14) Concordiae (2) standing, facing each other, shaking hands 15) Eagle standing left 16) Eagle standing right 17) Elephant advancing left (with rider) 18) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 19) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus. 20) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, touching head. 21) Fides seated, facing, holding standard in each hand. 22) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand. 23) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 24) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 25) Fortuna standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 26) Genius seated left, holding patera and cornucopia 27) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 28) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia. 29) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 30) Hercules advancing right, carrying boar over shoulders 31) Hercules advancing right, holding club and boar over shoulder 32) Hercules bust left, holding club over shoulder and lion skin. 33) Hercules bust right, wearing lion skin 34) Hercules advancing right, dragging Cerberus and holding club with lion skin. 35) Hercules seated, facing; club to left, bow to right 36) Hercules standing left, clubbing Hydra. 37) Hercules standing left, holding branch and club with lion skin 38) Hercules standing left, holding branch and resting hand on club with lion skin. 39) Hercules standing left, holding club. 40) Hercules standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on club. 41) Hercules standing left, holding Victory on globe and lion skin 42) Hercules standing left, resting hand on club and holding lion skin 43) Hercules standing right under tree with snake coiled around it, holding club and apple. 44) Hercules standing right, aiming bow. 45) Hercules standing right, being crowned by Victory hovering on right, wrestling lion; club to left. 46) Hercules standing right, being crowned by Victory standing on globe, resting hand on club 47) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding bow with lion skin

400 48) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin 49) Hercules standing right, wrestling deer. 50) Hercules standing right, wrestling lion; club to left. 51) Hercules standing, facing, holding branch and club with lion skin. 52) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apple with lion skin 53) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin 54) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club on globe and bow with lion skin 55) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt; eagle to left. 56) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 57) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left 58) Jupiter standing left, aiming thunderbolt at kneeling Titan 59) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 60) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left 61) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left and two standards to right 62) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; globe by feet. 63) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 64) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left 65) Jupiter standing right on left, holding globe, shaking hands with Hercules to right, holding club with lion skin. 66) Jupiter standing right on left, holding scepter, facing Hercules, holding club with lion skin and together holding Victory. 67) Jupiter standing right on left, holding scepter, shaking hands with Hercules to right, holding club with lion skin. 68) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 69) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and caduceus; child by feet. 70) Lion advancing left 71) Lion advancing right, club above. 72) Lion advancing right. 73) Lion with thunderbolt in mouth advancing left 74) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 75) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 76) Mars helmeted, cuirassed bust right 77) Mars standing left, holding branch and scepter. 78) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 79) Mars standing, facing, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 80) Maximian and Diocletian standing, facing each other, shaking hands. 81) Maximian and Diocletian each riding a horse right, raising hands; emperor in foreground holding spear. 82) Maximian and Diocletian sacrificing over altar 83) Maximian and Diocletian seated left, each holding globe and scepter; Victory above them, crowning both 84) Maximian and Diocletian standing, facing each other; Victory between them, touching their shoulders. 85) Maximian riding horse right, raising hand. 86) Maximian riding horse right, spearing barbarian 87) Maximian riding horse right, spearing barbarian; galley above, sailing right. 88) Maximian riding horse right, spearing barbarian; second barbarian lying down. 89) Maximian riding oncoming quadriga, holding branch; soldier to right, leading quadriga 90) Maximian seated left, holding Victory on globe. 91) Maximian seated left, raising hand and holding scepter. 92) Maximian standing left, holding apples and resting hand on club. 93) Maximian standing left, holding globe and parazonium. 94) Maximian standing left, holding globe. 95) Maximian standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 96) Maximian standing left, raising hand and holding spear; four standards in background. 97) Maximian standing left, sacrificing over altar. 98) Maximian standing right on left, holding scepter, facing Hercules on right, resting hand on club; both sacrificing over altar. 99) Maximian standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Diocletian on right, holding scepter. 100) Maximian standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving Victory on globe from Diocletian to right, holding scepter. 101) Maximian standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving Victory on globe from Hercules to right, holding club 102) Maximian standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 103) Maximian standing right on left, holding spear, holding hands of kneeling Pietas on right, holding cornucopia. 104) Maximian standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and parazonium. 105) Maximian standing, facing, holding globe and scepter. 106) Maximian standing, facing, holding globe. 107) Maximian standing, facing, holding spear and crowning trophy to left; seated captive on either side of trophy. 108) Minerva standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield 109) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 110) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter 111) Pax standing left, resting hand on shield and holding branch with spear 112) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 113) Pax standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 114) Pietas standing right, holding baby; child on either side. 115) Pietas standing right, raising hands over altar. 116) Providentia seated left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 117) Providentia standing right on left, raising hand, facing Quies on right, holding branch and scepter. 118) Quies standing, facing, holding branch and scepter. 119) Roma seated left on shield, holding shield reading VOT / XXX and scepter 120) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 121) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head. 122) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter and touching head. 123) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter. 124) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, touching head. 125) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe. 126) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive by feet. 127) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive on either side. 128) Temple with (2) columns; Mars within, holding spear and shield. 129) Temple with (4) columns; eagle atop. 130) Temple with (6) columns; eagle atop 131) Temple with (6) columns; Carthago within, holding fruits in each hand 132) Temple with (6) columns; Roma within, holding globe and scepter. 133) Tetrarchs sacrificing over altar in front of city gate. 134) Utilitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 135) Utilitas standing, facing, holding her skirt. 136) Victories (2), facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT X on palm

401 137) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 138) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 139) Victory standing right on left, holding wreath and palm, facing Jupiter on right, holding globe and scepter. 140) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VOT X on palm 141) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear with shield 142) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear. 143) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 144) Wreath, MVL / TIS / XX within 145) Wreath, PLVR / NATAL / FEL within 146) Wreath, SIC / X / SIC / XX within. 147) Wreath, VO / TIS / XXX within 148) Wreath, VOT / XX within 149) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG / NN within. 150) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG within. 151) Wreath, VOT / XX / SIC / XXX within 152) Wreath, VOT / XX ET / XXX / FELICIT within. 153) Wreath, VOT / XXX / AVGG / N within 154) Wreath, VOT / XXX / AVGG within 155) Wreath, VOT X M XX within 156) Wreath, X / MAXI / MIAN / I AVG within 157) Wreath, XC / VI within 158) Wreath, XCVI within 159) Wreath, XX / MAXI / MIAN / I AVG within

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Cyzicus 5) Heraclea 6) Karthago

7) Londinium 8) Lugdunum 9) Nicomedia 10) Ostia 11) Roma 12) Serdica

13) Siscia 14) Thessalonica 15) Ticinum 16) Treveri 17) Tripolis

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B02, O38, R059, T054, M11 Exe: `R Four Aurei weight RIC 170 (VI, Roma) 2) B02, O68, R064, T054, M16 Exe: `TR Eight Aurei weight

AU Aureus 3) B02, O39, R076, T059 RIC Vii 494 4) B18, O35, R063, T102, M02 Exe: `/SMA 5) B19, O72, R036, T085 RIC Vii 488 6) B20, O72, R021, T083 RIC Vii 601 7) B20, O72, R029, T094 RIC Vii 596 8) B20, O72, R036, T085 RIC Vii 598 9) B20, O72, R070, T042, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 3 (VI, Nicomedia) 10) B20, O72, R152, T159, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 14 (VI, Nicomedia) 11) B20, O74, R065, T036, M11 Exe: `ROM C 255 12) B20, O74, R070, T035, M11 Exe: `R C 305 13) B20, O74, R146, T009, M15 Exe: T RIC 8 (VI, Ticinum) 14) B30, O39, R076, T059 15) B30, O39, R076, T059 RIC Vii 495 16) B31, O35, R149, T048 Exe: SC RIC Vii 605d 17) B31, O39, R149, T048 Exe: SC RIC Vii 605b 18) B36, O30, R022, T012 Exe: SC* RIC Vii 603 19) B36, O35, R093, T074 20) B36, O41, R079, T059, M02 Exe: SMA C 369 21) B36, O41, R141, T050, M11 Exe: `R RIC Vii 499 22) B20, O74, R058, T037, M03 Exe: AQ RIC 3 (VI, Aquileia) 23) B20, O73, R062, T033, M16 Exe: TR RIC 47 (VI, Trier)

AR Argenteus 24) B20, O71, R138, T133 RIC 12b (VI, Ticinum) 25) B20, O71, R140, T008, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 22b (VI, Nicomedia) 26) B20, O71, R140, T133 Exe: ` RIC 104b (VI, Trier) 27) B20, O71, R140, T133, M05 Exe: H` RIC 10b (VI, Heraclea) 28) B20, O71, R146, T007, M11 Exe: R` RIC 192 (VI, Roma) 29) B20, O71, R146, T007, M12 Exe: •SM•SD• RIC 1b (VI, Serdica) 30) B20, O71, R146, T133 Exe: D RIC 109b (VI, Roma) 31) B20, O71, R146, T133 RIC 18b (VI, Ticinum) 32) B20, O71, R153, T158, M03 Exe: AQ RIC 16b (VI, Aquileia) 33) B20, O71, R153, T158, M15 Exe: T RIC 20b (VI, Ticinum)

AE Antoninianus 34) B54, O38, R018, T102, M04 Exe: K`/• RIC 13 (VI, Cyzicus)

402 AE Antoninianus (reduced) Reference(s) 35) B16, O57, R147, T050 RIC Vii 456 36) B45, O57, R102, T113 Exe: B RIC Vii 399 37) B45, O57, R128, T120 Exe: C RIC Vii 422 38) B47, O57, R128, T120 Exe: T RIC Vii 422 39) B49, O35, R135, T100 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 585 40) B51, O32, R018, T102 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 621 41) B51, O34, R010, T102 Exe: `/XXI C 31 42) B51, O41, R018, T102, M02 Exe: © over `/ANT RIC 62b (VI, Antioch) 43) B51, O41, R071, T102 Exe: © over `/XXI RIC Vii 622 44) B51, O57, R044, T019 Exe: ` RIC Vii 361 45) B52, O32, R018, T102, M04 Exe: K` RIC 15b (VI, Cyzicus) 46) B52, O32, R018, T102, M05 Exe: H` RIC 14 (VI, Heraclea) 47) B52, O35, R025, T101 Exe: `/•XXI•ΛI• RIC Vii 580 48) B52, O35, R025, T101 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 580 49) B52, O35, R025, T101 Exe: XXI`•BI• RIC Vii 580 50) B52, O35, R050, T100 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 583 51) B52, O42, R061, T053, M15 Exe: `XXIT RIC Vii 546 52) B52, O42, R074, T059, M15 Exe: `XXIT RIC Vii 559c 53) B52, O42, R074, T061, M15 Exe: `XXIT RIC Vii 560c 54) B52, O43, R061, T053, M15 Exe: `XXIT RIC Vii 549 55) B52, O43, R074, T061, M15 Exe: `XXIT RIC Vii 561c 56) B52, O46, R153, T149, M06 Exe: FK RIC 37b (VI, Carthago) 57) B52, O51, R069, T037 ` in left field RIC Vii 371 58) B52, O62, R076, T059 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 506 59) B52, O62, R153, T148 Exe: ` 60) B54, O30, R018, T102 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 607 61) B54, O30, R018, T102 Exe: `/XXI• RIC Vii 595 62) B51, O41, R079, T139 Exe: TR/XXI¯ RIC Vii 625

AE Follis 63) B10, O46, R051, T022, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 61b (VI, Aquileia) 64) B10, O46, R142, T088, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 81a (VI, Aquileia) 65) B20, O32, R056, T027, M11 Exe: R/` RIC 63 (VI, Roma) 66) B20, O32, R056, T027, M15 Exe: */`T RIC 31b (VI, Ticinum) 67) B20, O32, R056, T028, M01 Exe: XX/` over I/ALE RIC 32b (VI, Alexandria) 68) B20, O32, R056, T028, M02 Exe: * over */© over `/ANT RIC 50b (VI, Antioch) 69) B20, O32, R056, T028, M02 Exe: K/` over V/ANT RIC 54b (VI, Antioch) 70) B20, O32, R056, T028, M05 Exe: H` RIC 12b (VI, Heraclea) 71) B20, O32, R056, T028, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 19b (VI, Heraclea) 72) B20, O32, R056, T028, M12 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 3b (VI, Serdica) 73) B20, O32, R056, T028, M14 Exe: `/TS RIC 23b (VI, Thessalonica) 74) B20, O32, R056, T028, M14 Exe: TS` RIC 19b (VI, Thessalonica) 75) B20, O32, R070, T052, M01 Exe: ` over S/P/ALE RIC 38 (VI, Alexandria) 76) B20, O46, R056, T027, M13 Exe: `/*SIS RIC 85b (VI, Siscia) 77) B20, O46, R056, T028, M04 Exe: K` RIC 12b (VI, Cyzicus) 78) B20, O46, R122, T109, M15 Exe: */`T RIC 47b (VI, Ticinum) 79) B20, O46, R122, T109, M15 Exe: `T• RIC 45b (VI, Ticinum) 80) B20, O62, R056, T027, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 23b (VI, Aquileia) 81) B20, O62, R056, T027, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 108b (VI, Siscia) 82) B20, O62, R122, T109, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 29b (VI, Aquileia) 83) B20, O62, R122, T109, M03 Exe: V/AQ` RIC 25b (VI, Londinium) 84) B20, O62, R122, T109, M03 Exe: VI/AQ` RIC 39b (VI, Alexandria) 85) B20, O62, R122, T109, M13 Exe: */`/*SIS RIC 136b (VI, Siscia) 86) B20, O62, R122, T109, M13 Exe: `/*SIS RIC 131b (VI, Siscia) 87) B21, O18, R111, T117 RIC 76b (VI, Londinium) 88) B21, O18, R111, T117, M11 Exe: S/F/R` RIC 116b (VI, Roma) 89) B21, O18, R112, T117, M12 Exe: `/•SM•SD• S F across fields RIC 15b (VI, Serdica) 90) B21, O18, R112, T117, M12 Exe: • over `/•SM•SD• S F across fields RIC 14b (VI, Serdica) 91) B21, O25, R111, T117, M04 Exe: •/`T RIC 57b (VI, Ticinum) 92) B21, O25, R111, T117, M04 Exe: K`/PTR S F across fields RIC 23b (VI, Cyzicus) 93) B22, O62, R056, T029, M08 Exe: */`LG RIC 187b (VI, Lugdunum) 94) B22, O62, R056, T029, M08 Exe: A/`LG RIC 94b (VI, Lugdunum) 95) B30, O26, R055, T027, M07 Exe: `LN RIC 85 (VI, Londinium) 96) B30, O46, R056, T027 RIC 6b (VI, London) 97) B30, O46, R056, T029, M08 Exe: B/`LG RIC 74b (VI, Lugdunum) 98) B30, O57, R056, T027, M16 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 582b (VI, Trier) 99) B30, O57, R056, T029, M08 Exe: N/`LG RIC 582b (VI, Lugdunum) 100) B30, O59, R056, T027, M16 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 644b (VI, Trier) 101) B33, O19, R056, T027, M14 Exe: `/•TS• RIC 25b (VI, Thessalonica) 102) B36, O26, R056, T027, M16 Exe: S/A/`TR RIC 722 (VI, Trier) 103) B20, O46, R121, T109, M11 Exe: `< RIC 98b (VI, Roma) 104) B36, O27, R050, T022, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 105 (VI, Aquileia)

AE Follis (Posthumous)

105) B55, O06, R004, T130, M10 Exe: MOST` RIC 25 (VI, Ostia) 106) B55, O11, R004, T130, M10 Exe: MOST` RIC 30 (VI, Ostia) 107) B55, O54, R005, T129, M11 Exe: RE` RIC 244 (VI, Roma) 108) B55, O55, R004, T130, M10 Exe: MOST` RIC 31 (VI, Ostia) 109) B56, O09, R095, T072, M11 Exe: R` RIC 123 (VII, Roma)

403 AE Sestertius Reference(s) 110) B36, O62, R141, T054

AE3 111) B20, O32, R056, T027, M13 Exe: SIS RIC 145 (VI, Siscia) 112) B20, O71, R153, T150 RIC 610 (VI, Trier) 113) B36, O62, R076, T059 Exe: `

AE4 (Posthumous) 114) B56, O05, R113, T091, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 24 (VII, Thessalonica) 115) B56, O09, R113, T091, M11 Exe: R` RIC 104 (VII, Rome) 116) B56, O09, R113, T091, M13 Exe: SIS RIC 41 (VII, Siscia)

404

Maximian Busts

Maximian Types

405

Maximian Types (continued)

406

Carausius

Augustus 286-293

Carausius came from a sailing background and thanks to his abilities in this area he was commissioned by Maximian to build a fleet to control the widespread pirating along the coasts of Gaul and Britain. Carausius was successful in this regard but it was soon discovered that he was personally profiting from the loot seized from the pirates. When Carausius heard that an arrest warrant had been issued for him he fled to Britain and declared

himself emperor. Taking advantage of the fact that Maximian had bigger headaches at the moment with fighting German barbarians, Carausius quickly rallied an army together and brought Britain under his firm control. In a silent appeal to be legitimately recognized by the greater empire, he issued coins commemorating his "fellow" emperors Maximian and Diocletian. This tactic did little to appease either, of course, and Maximian dispatched Constantius Chlorus to deal with him. In the meantime, Carausius was murdered by one of his own men, Allectus, who felt ready to take a stab at being emperor himself.

The coinage of Carausius presents a significant challenge to the numismatic cataloger. Due to their semi-barbarous nature, it is evident that the engravers in the employ of this emperor’s moneyers must have enjoyed considerable creative leeway. Consequently, it is only practical to list here the most frequently seen legend variations and their types. It is reasonable therefore expect to find coins that differ somewhat from any of the types noted here.

Additionally, the mintmark RSR which is present on a sizeable number of extant coins presents one of the greatest numismatic mysteries of Roman coinage. The town of Rutupiae has been singled out as the likeliest candidate but the issue remains controversial with some historians questioning whether it is a mint mark at all.

Busts: 1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust facing 2) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left 3) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding globe 4) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter

with eagle atop 5) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter with eagle atop 6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 8) Laureate, draped bust right 9) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter

with eagle atop 10) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 11) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter with eagle atop 12) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 13) Radiate, cuirassed busts left of Carausius over Diocletian

over Maximian 14) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 15) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 16) Radiate, draped bust left of Carausius over bust of Sol 17) Radiate, draped bust right 18) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and

shield

Obverses: 1) CARAVSIVS AVG 2) CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI 3) CARAVSIVS PF AVG 4) IMP AVR CARAVSIVS AVG 5) IMP C CARAVSIVS AVG 6) IMP C CARAVSIVS F AVG 7) IMP C CARAVSIVS IIG 8) IMP C CARAVSIVS IN AVG 9) IMP C CARAVSIVS IVG 10) IMP C CARAVSIVS P AV 11) IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG 12) IMP C CARAVSIVS P IVG 13) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF AG 14) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF AV 15) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF AVG 16) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF AVVG 17) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF I AVG 18) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF IN AVG

19) IMP C CARAVSIVS PF INV AVG 20) IMP C CARAVSIVS PIVS FEL AVG 21) IMP C M A CARAVSIVS PF AVG 22) IMP C M AV M CARAVSIVS PF AVG 23) IMP C M AVR M CARAVSIVS P AVG 24) IMP C M CARAVSIVS AVG 25) IMP C M CARAVSIVS P AVG 26) IMP CARAVSIVS A 27) IMP CARAVSIVS AV 28) IMP CARAVSIVS AVG 29) IMP CARAVSIVS II 30) IMP CARAVSIVS IIG 31) IMP CARAVSIVS INIC 32) IMP CARAVSIVS INIVI 33) IMP CARAVSIVS F AVG 34) IMP CARAVSIVS P AVG 35) IMP CARAVSIVS P I AVG 36) IMP CARAVSIVS PE AG

37) IMP CARAVSIVS PE AVG 38) IMP CARAVSIVS PE AVIG 39) IMP CARAVSIVS PF 40) IMP CARAVSIVS PF A 41) IMP CARAVSIVS PF AVG 42) IMP CARAVSIVS PF AVIG 43) IMP CARAVSIVS PF I AVG 44) IMP CARAVSIVS PF IIG 45) IMP CARAVSIVS PF IN AVG 46) IMP CARAVSIVS PIVV 47) IMP M CARAVSIVS AVG 48) INVICTO ET CARAVSIO AVG 49) VIRT CARAVSI AVG 50) VIRTVS CARAVSI 51) VIRTVS CARAVSI A 52) VIRTVS CARAVSI AVG 53) VIRTVS CARAVSII 54) VIRTVS CARAVSSI

Although a plethora of different inscriptions and designs are listed here most of the coins commonly available will feature the emperor’s draped and cuirassed bust right and on the reverse the figure of Pax holding her branch and scepter. Carausius played his propaganda cards to maximum effect and replaying the insistent message of peace among the emperors was hoped to on the one hand appease his nervous subjects as well as secure a détente with Rome. The collector will find that coins of Carausius are rather pricey in decent condition and neither considerably easier to find in eyesore grade nor commensurately cheaper. Luckily, many have been found very well preserved in British hoards by freelance detectorists and filter out to the market in time. These can then be bought for $200-$300 each. A precious few even have been found with their initial silver wash and, not surprisingly, command a premium.

407 Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ABVNDENTIA AVG 3) ADIVTRIX AVG 4) ADVENTV 5) ADVENTVS AVG 6) ADVENTVS CARAVSI 7) AEQTA AVG 8) AEQVITAS MVNDI 9) ALIVI AV 10) APOLINI CON AV 11) APOLLINI CO AVG 12) APOLLINI CONS 13) AVGNA AVG 14) CLARIT CARAVSI 15) COH PRAET 16) COHR PRAET 17) COHRT PRAET 18) COMES AVG 19) COMES AVGGG 20) COMIS AVG 21) CONCO MIL 22) CONCOR M 23) CONCOR MIL 24) CONCOR MILIT 25) CONCORD 26) CONCORD EXERCI 27) CONCORD MI 28) CONCORD MILIT 29) CONCORDIA AV 30) CONCORDIA AVGGG 31) CONCORDIA M 32) CONCORDIA MI 33) CONCORDIA MILIT 34) CONCORDIA MILITV 35) CONCORDIA MILITVM 36) CONCORDIA MILITVM NN 37) CONCORDIA MTLITVM 38) CONCORDIAE MILIT 39) CONCORDIAE MILITV 40) CONCORDIAE MILITVM 41) CONSER AV 42) CONSER AVG 43) CONSERVAT AV 44) CONSERVAT AVG 45) CONSERVATOR 46) CONSERVATORI AVGGG 47) CONSTANT AVG 48) COR AVG 49) COS III 50) COS IIII 51) DIANA CONS 52) ECVITAS MVND 53) ECVITAS MVNDI 54) ECVITAS MVRED 55) EFLICITAS 56) EGVITAS MVNDI 57) EQVITAS AVG 58) EXP VENI 59) EXPECTA VENI 60) EXPECTAT VENI 61) EXPECTATE VEENI 62) EXPECTATE VENI 63) EXPECTATI 64) EXPECTATI VENIES 65) EXPI AV 66) EXPICTA 67) FEDES MILITVM 68) FELICIT PVBL 69) FELICIT PVPLI 70) FELICIT TEMP 71) FELICITA AV 72) FELICITA AVG 73) FELICITAS AVG 74) FELICITAS SAECVL 75) FID AVG 76) FIDE MI AV 77) FIDEM MILITV 78) FIDEM MILITVM NN 79) FIDES EXERCIT 80) FIDES MIL 81) FIDES MILIT 82) FIDES MILITV 83) FIDES MILITVM 84) FORTVN AVG 85) FORTVNA 86) FORTVNA AVG

87) FORTVNA RAEDVX 88) FORTVNA RE 89) FORTVNA RED 90) FORTVNA REDV 91) FORTVNAE 92) GENIO AVG 93) GENIO BRITANNI 94) GENIVS AVG 95) GENIVS EXERCIT 96) GERMANICVS MAX V 97) HELARITAS AVG 98) HERC DEVS ENIENSI 99) HERCVL COFE 100) HERCVLI INVICT 101) HERCVLI PACIF 102) HILARITAS AVG 103) HILARITAS AVGGG 104) HIVTI AVG 105) I3N 106) ILSVI AV 107) INVIC 108) INVICTVS AVG 109) IOVI AVG 110) IOVI CONSE 111) IOVI CONSER 112) IOVI CONSERV AV 113) IOVI STATORI 114) IOVI VICTORI 115) IOVI VICTORIA 116) IOX 117) IVSTITIA AVC 118) IXPICTATA MIL 119) IXPICTATIA MIL 120) LAETI AV 121) LAETI AVG 122) LAETIA 123) LAETIT AV 124) LAETIT AVG 125) LAETIT FVND 126) LAETITI AVG 127) LAETITIA AG 128) LAETITIA AVG 129) LAETITIA AVGGG 130) LAETITIA FVND 131) LEG I MIN 132) LEG II AVG 133) LEG II PARTH 134) LEG II PARTHICA 135) LEG IIII FEL 136) LEG IIII FL 137) LEG IIII FLAVIA 138) LEG IIXX PRIMIG 139) LEG MI 140) LEG MIN 141) LEG PARTH 142) LEG VII CL 143) LEG VII CL AVG 144) LEG VIII AVG 145) LEG VIII IN 146) LEG VIII INV 147) LEG XX AVG 148) LEG XX VV 149) LEG XXI VLPIA 150) LEG XXX VLPIA 151) LETITIA AVG 152) LIBERALITAS AVG 153) LIT AVG 154) LITI AVG 155) LITIT A 156) LITIT AV 157) LITIT AVG 158) LITITI AV 159) LITITI AVG 160) MARS VICTO 161) MARS VICTOR 162) MARS VLTOR 163) MARTI AVG 164) MARTI PACIF 165) MARTI PACIFERO 166) MARTI PROPVGN 167) MARTI PROPVGNAT 168) MERC CON AVG 169) MON AVG 170) MONET AVG 171) MONETA AGG 172) MONETA AVG

173) MONETA AVGG 174) MONETA AVGGG 175) MONITA AVGVST 176) NEPTVNO REDVCI 177) OOOO 178) OOOOO 179) ORIE AVG 180) ORIEN AVG 181) ORIENS A 182) ORIENS AVG 183) ORIES AVG 184) ORIVNA AVG 185) PACATOR ORBIS 186) PAS AVG 187) PAX AET 188) PAX AETERN AVG 189) PAX AVG 190) PAX AVGG 191) PAX AVGGG 192) PAX AVGVSTI 193) PAX CARAVSI AVG 194) PAX EXERCITI 195) PIAETAS AVG 196) PIAETAS AVGVSTI 197) PIETAS AVG 198) PIETAS AVGGG 199) PM OR PT I COS IIII 200) PRINCIPI IVVENT 201) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 202) PROVI AVG 203) PROVID AVG 204) PROVID AVGG 205) PROVID AVGGG 206) PROVID DEOR 207) PROVIDE AVG 208) PROVIDEN AVG 209) PROVIDEN AVGGG 210) PROVIDENT AVG 211) PROVIDENTI AVG 212) PROVIDENTIA AVG 213) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 214) PROVIDENTIA AVGGG 215) RENOVAT ROM 216) RENOVAT ROMA 217) RENOVAT ROMAN 218) RENOVAT RVMANO 219) RESTIT ORB 220) RESTIT SAECVL 221) RESTIT VOBI 222) ROMA ET AV 223) ROMA ET AVG 224) ROMAE AETER 225) ROMAE AETERN 226) ROMAE AETERNAE 227) ROMANO RENA 228) ROMANO RENO 229) ROMANO RENOV 230) ROMANO RENOVA 231) ROMANOR RENOV 232) ROMANORVM RENO 233) ROME HERC 234) ROME RVA 235) SAECVLARES AVG 236) SAECVLI FELICI 237) SAECVLI FELICIT 238) SAECVLI FELICITA 239) SALV 240) SALVS AVG 241) SALVS AVGG 242) SALVS AVGGG 243) SALVS III 244) SALVS IIII AVG 245) SALVS PVBLICA 246) SALVT AVG 247) SECVRIT ORBIS 248) SECVRIT PE 249) SECVRIT PERP 250) SECVRITAS AV 251) SECVRITAS ORBIS 252) SECVRITAS PER 253) SOLI INVI 254) SOLI INVICT 255) SPE PVBLIC 256) SPES AVG 257) SPES PVBL 258) SPES PVBLIC

408 259) SPES PVBLICA 260) TEMP FELI 261) TEMP FELIC 262) TEMP FELICIT 263) TEMPORVM F 264) TEMPORVM FEL 265) TEMPORVM FELI 266) TEMPORVM FELIC 267) TEMPORVM FELICI 268) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 269) TEMPORVM FELILIT 270) TVTELA AVG 271) TVTELA DIVI AVG 272) TVTELA P 273) VAD IIC 274) VBERITA AV 275) VBERITA AVG 276) VBERITAS AV 277) VBERSTA AV 278) VBERTA AVG

279) VBERTAS AVG 280) VBERVTA AV 281) VICT AG 282) VICT AVG 283) VICTO A 284) VICTOR AVG 285) VICTORI AV 286) VICTORI AVG 287) VICTORIA 288) VICTORIA AV 289) VICTORIA AVG 290) VICTORIA AVGG 291) VICTORIA AVGGG 292) VICTORIA GER 293) VICTORIA GERM 294) VICTORIA GERMA 295) VICTORIA PR 296) VICTORIV CARAVSI AV 297) VIRT AVG 298) VIRTITI AVG

299) VIRTV AVG 300) VIRTVS AVG 301) VIRTVS AVGG 302) VIRTVS AVGGG 303) VIRTVS IN AVG 304) VIRTVS INV AVG 305) VIRTVS IV AVG 306) VIRTVS MILITVM 307) VIRTVTI AVG 308) VITAVI 309) VLTO PAX AVG 310) VLTORA AVG 311) VORIVIA 312) VOTO PVBLICO 313) VRIT PERP

Types: 1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia over modius 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 3) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; altar to left. 4) Aesculapius standing left, holding scepter with snake around it; globe by feet. 5) Altar, VOTVM PVBLIC within 6) Altar, VOTVM PVBLICVM within 7) Boar advancing right 8) Boar standing left 9) Bull advancing right. 10) Bull standing right 11) Capricorn standing left 12) Carausius advancing right, holding spear and globe 13) Carausius riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter. 14) Carausius riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; seated captive below. 15) Carausius riding horse right over enemy, holding spear 16) Carausius riding horse right, holding spear and raising hand 17) Carausius seated left on platform with lictor to right and Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen to lower left. 18) Carausius standing right, holding spear and globe. 19) Carausius standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield 20) Carausius standing right on left, holding globe, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 21) Carausius standing right on left, holding scepter and shaking hands with Concordia to right. 22) Carausius standing right on left, holding spear, facing Roma seated to right on shield, holding Victory. 23) Carausius standing left on right, being crowned with wreath by Britannia to left 24) Carausius standing left on right, holding globe and spear, being crowned by Victory to left, holding palm. 25) Carausius standing left on right, holding scepter and shaking hands with Concordia to left. 26) Carausius standing left on right, holding scepter, shaking hands with Britannia to left, holding standard. 27) Carausius standing left on right, raising hand and holding globe, facing Providentia to left, holding standard in each hand. 28) Carausius standing left on right, shaking hands with Fides to left, holding standard 29) Centaur advancing left 30) Centaur advancing right, holding javelin 31) Centaur advancing right, holding palm with both hands 32) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand 33) Concordia standing left, raising hand and holding scepter 34) Deer advancing left 35) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 36) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter 37) Felicitas standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia 38) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus. 39) Fides seated left, holding globe and cornucopia 40) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 41) Fortuna standing left, sacrificing over altar 42) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia 43) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia 44) Fortuna seated right on wheel, holding scepter and raising hand 45) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 46) Fortuna standing left, holding wand and cornucopia. 47) Fortuna standing left, holding wheel and cornucopia 48) Galley sailing left 49) Galley sailing right 50) Genius standing left, holding globe and cornucopia 51) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; standard to right. 52) Griffin advancing left. 53) Hands, in handshake 54) Hercules standing left, raising hand and holding club with lion skin. 55) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow. 56) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding wreath. 57) Hercules wrestling lion 58) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia. 59) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; globe by feet. 60) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter. 61) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt. 62) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 63) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle by feet. 64) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; globe by feet.

409 65) Laetitia seated left, raising hand and holding scepter. 66) Laetitia standing left, holding branch and scepter 67) Laetitia standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia 68) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor 69) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and scepter 70) Lion advancing left with thunderbolt in mouth 71) Lion advancing right 72) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 73) Mars advancing right, holding spear and globe 74) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 75) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 76) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus 77) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 78) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 79) Moneta standing left, holding scale and scepter 80) Neptune seated left, holding anchor and trident 81) Neptune standing left, holding anchor and trident 82) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident 83) Pax seated left, holding patera and cornucopia 84) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia 85) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 86) Pax standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 87) Pax standing left, holding caduceus and scepter 88) Pax standing left, holding globe and scepter 89) Pax standing left, holding scepter in each hand 90) Pax standing left, holding spear and Victory on globe. 91) Pax standing left, holding standard in each hand 92) Pax standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter 93) Pax standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia 94) Pax standing left, holding wreath and rudder and cornucopia 95) Pax standing left, holding wreath and scepter 96) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box 97) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears and scepter 98) Providentia standing left, holding globe and cornucopia. 99) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 100) Providentia standing left, holding globe and spear. 101) Providentia standing left, holding palm and scepter 102) Providentia standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia. 103) Providentia standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia; globe to left 104) Providentia standing left, holding wreath and wand 105) Ram standing left 106) Roma seated left on shield, holding globe and scepter 107) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory and scepter. 108) Roma standing left before altar, holding scepter 109) Salus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 110) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding cornucopia. 111) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding globe. 112) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter. 113) Salus standing left, holding snake and cornucopia 114) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 115) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and touching head. 116) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head. 117) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe. 118) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 119) Sol standing left, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding whip; seated captive to right. 120) Sol radiate bust right 121) Sol riding quadriga left. 122) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe 123) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 124) Spes standing left, holding wreath and palm. 125) Standards (4) 126) Trophy, seated captive on either side. 127) Tutela standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 128) Tutela standing left, holding flower and cornucopia 129) Tutela standing left, holding wreath and scepter 130) Uberitas milking cow standing left 131) Uberitas milking cow standing right 132) Victories (3) standing left 133) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 134) Victory riding quadriga right 135) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm; captive on either side. 136) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 137) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; altar 138) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive by feet. 139) Victory standing left, holding wreath and standard. 140) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm 141) Victory standing right, holding wreath and standard. 142) Virtus advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield 143) Virtus standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear with shield. 144) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 145) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 146) Virtus standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear. 147) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus 148) Wreath, VOTO / PVBLICO / MVLTIS / XX IMP within

410 Mints: 1) Camulodunum 2) Londinium 3) “RSR”

AR Denarius Reference(s) 1) B07, O41, R042, T080 Exe: RSR RIC Vii 552 2) B07, O41, R072, T048 Exe: RSR RIC Vii 560 3) B07, O41, R189, T085 RIC Vii 719

AE Antoninianus 4) B13, O02, R191, T085 Exe: C RIC Vii 1 5) B13, O02, R291, T133 Exe: SPC 6) B14, O15, R210, T100 Exe: B/E/MLXXI 7) B15, O05, R189, T085 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 321 8) B15, O11, R189, T085 S P across fields RIC Vii 476 9) B15, O11, R189, T085 RIC Vii 879 10) B15, O11, R259, T123 S C across fields 11) B15, O14, R189, T085 Exe: C 12) B15, O15, R128, T068 Exe: S/C/C RIC Vii 255 13) B15, O15, R128, T068 RIC Vii 822 14) B15, O15, R172, T078 15) B15, O15, R172, T078 S C across fields RIC Vii 471 16) B15, O15, R182, T119 Exe: S/C/C 17) B15, O41, R189, T085 Exe: B/E/MLXXI RIC Vii 101 18) B15, O15, R189, T085 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 300 19) B15, O15, R189, T085 Exe: S/P/MLXXI RIC Vii 118 20) B15, O15, R189, T085 Exe: B/E/MLXXI RIC Vii 118 21) B15, O15, R189, T085 S C across fields RIC Vii 484 22) B15, O15, R189, T085 S P across fields 23) B15, O15, R189, T085 S P across fields RIC Vii 475 24) B15, O15, R189, T085 RIC Vii 881 25) B15, O15, R203, T098 S C across fields 26) B15, O15, R203, T103 S C across fields RIC Vii 345 27) B15, O15, R208, T103 Exe: C 28) B15, O15, R211, T103 RIC Vii 961 29) B15, O17, R189, T085 S P across fields RIC Vii 482 30) B15, O18, R204, T103 Exe: C RIC Vii 361 31) B15, O23, R165, T072 Exe: S/P/C 32) B15, O33, R189, T085 33) B15, O34, R172, T078 RIC Vii 857 34) B15, O41, R128, T068 Exe: C RIC Vii 258 35) B15, O41, R128, T069 Exe: F/O/ML RIC Vii 50 36) B15, O41, R131, T105 Exe: ML 37) B15, O41, R136, T071 Exe: ML RIC Vii 69 38) B15, O41, R189, T085 Exe: F/O/ML 39) B15, O41, R189, T085 Exe: L/ML RIC Vii 98 40) B15, O41, R189, T085 Exe: ML RIC Vii 121 41) B15, O41, R191, T085 Exe: S/P/MLXXI RIC Vii 143 42) B15, O41, R211, T103 Exe: C RIC Vii 353 43) B15, O41, R237, T018 44) B15, O41, R257, T123 RIC Vii 1010 45) B17, O15, R241, T114 Exe: S/D/MLXXI RIC Vii 164 46) B17, O15, R300, T019 Exe: C 47) B17, O41, R023, T053 Exe: C RIC Vii 207 48) B17, O41, R124, T068 Exe: C RIC Vii 250a 49) B17, O41, R143, T009 Exe: CXXI 50) B17, O41, R189, T085 RIC Vii 895 51) B17, O41, R240, T112 Exe: B/E/MLXXI RIC Vii 155

411

Carausius Busts

Carausius Types

412

Allectus

Augustus 293-296

Allectus was the second and last of the Roman British secessionist emperors succeeding Carausius whom he murdered. Being under the gun as was Carausius his solo career came to an end when Constantius Chlorus mounted a well-planned invasion of Britain and was subsequently killed in battle by one of Chlorus's detachments.

Busts: 1) Laureate head right 2) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Laureate, draped bust right 5) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding

scepter with eagle on top 6) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 7) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 8) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 9) Radiate, draped bust left 10) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) ALLECTVS PF AVG 2) IMP ALLECTVS PF AVG 3) IMP C ALLECTVS AVG 4) IMP C ALLECTVS FELIX AVG 5) IMP C ALLECTVS P AVG 6) IMP C ALLECTVS PF AVG 7) IMP C ALLECTVS PF AVGG 8) IMP C ALLECTVS PF I AVG 9) IMP C ALLECTVS PF IN AVG 10) IMP C ALLECTVS PF INV AVG 11) IMP C ALLECTVS PI FE AVG 12) IMP C ALLECTVS PI FEL AVG 13) IMP C ALLECTVS PIV FEL AVG 14) IMP C ALLECTVS PIVS FELI AVG 15) IMP C ALLECTVS PIVS FELIX AVG 16) VIRTVS ALLECTI AVG

Reverses: 1) ABVND AVG 2) ABVNDANT AVG 3) ABVNDANTIA AVG 4) ADVENTVS AVG 5) AEQVITAS AVG 6) COMES AVG 7) DIANAE REDVCI 8) FELICITAS SAECVLI 9) FELICITAS SEC 10) FIDES EXERCIT 11) FIDES EXERCITVS 12) FIDES MILITV 13) FIDES MILITVM 14) FORTVNA AVG 15) HILARITAS AVG 16) IOVI CONSER 17) IOVI CONSERVATORI 18) LAETIT AVG

19) LAETITI AVG 20) LAETITIA AVG 21) LAETITIA AVGVSTI 22) LEG II 23) MONETA AVG 24) ORIENS AVG 25) PAX AVG 26) PAX AVGGG 27) PIETAS AVG 28) PROVI AVG 29) PROVID AVG 30) PROVID DEOR 31) PROVIDE AVG 32) PROVIDENTIA AVG 33) PROVIT AVG 34) ROMAE AETER 35) ROMAE AETERN 36) SAECVLI FELICITAS

37) SALVS AVG 38) SPES AVG 39) SPES PVBL 40) SPES PVBLIC 41) SPES PVBLICA 42) TEMPOR FELICI 43) TEMPOR FELICITAS 44) TEMPORA FELIC 45) TEMPORA FELICITAS 46) TEMPORVM FELICI 47) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 48) VICTORI GER 49) VICTORIA AVG 50) VIRTVS AVG 51) VIRTVS EXERCI

Types: 1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia over modius 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 3) Allectus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; captive to left. 4) Allectus riding horse right, spearing enemy. 5) Allectus standing right, holding spear and globe. 6) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 7) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 8) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 9) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel by feet. 10) Galley sailing left 11) Galley sailing left, Neptune seated within, holding anchor. 12) Galley sailing right 13) Hercules standing left, resting hand on club and hand on hip. 14) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia. 15) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 16) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 17) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and scepter. 18) Lion advancing left.

Of Allectus we may note that he is one of those rulers for whom a wide array of different types and legends are recorded. However, only a rather limited range of them appear on the market. As with Carausius, Antononiani bearing reverse with Pax are far and away the most common issues. Allectus also introduces a smaller radiate coin which numismatic historians have termed a Quinarius. This denomination was never much in vogue, being of lesser value than a Denarius and its introduction, as a base metal issue no less, is a bit puzzling but may be indicative of a metal shortage faced by Allectus. This or a similar economic difficulty may have brought on the need for a cheaper coin to manufacture which may have been tariffed at a higher face value. In other words, another step down the inflationary ladder. Coins of Allectus are noticeably scarcer than those of Carausius and more difficult to find in higher grades. While the least desirable coins can be purchased for negligible prices, attractively preserved ones will often cost at least $100 with two or three times that much being a common figure.

413 19) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 20) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 21) Pax riding biga left. 22) Pax standing left, holding branch and globe. 23) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 24) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 25) Providentia standing left, holding globe and cornucopia. 26) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter. 27) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 28) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 29) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 30) Salus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 31) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 32) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe. 33) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 34) Standards (4) 35) Temple, Roma within 36) Trophy, captive on either side 37) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 38) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 39) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to right. 40) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 41) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Mints: 1) Camulodunum 2) Londinium

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O06, R04, T03 RIC Vii 1 2) B3, O01, R25, T23 RIC Vii 7

AE Antoninianus 3) B5, O06, R25, T23, M2 Exe: S/A/ML RIC Vii 33h 4) B7, O06, R13, T08, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 69f 5) B7, O06, R20, T16, M2 Exe: S/A/ML RIC Vii 22f 6) B7, O06, R25, T23, M2 Exe: S/A/ML RIC Vii 33f 7) B7, O06, R25, T23, M2 Exe: S/P/ML RIC Vii 28f 8) B7, O06, R32, T25, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 108f 9) B8, O06, R20, T16, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 76c 10) B8, O06, R25, T23, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 86c 11) B8, O06, R25, T23, M2 Exe: S/P/ML RIC Vii 28c 12) B8, O06, R29, T25, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 94c 13) B8, O06, R39, T33, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 115c 14) B8, O11, R29, T25, M1 Exe: S/P/C RIC Vii 100c 15) B8, O14, R25, T23, M1 Exe: S/P/C

AE Quinarius 16) B7, O06, R50, T12, M1 Exe: QL RIC Vii 55f 17) B7, O08, R50, T10, M1 Exe: QC 18) B8, O06, R20, T12, M1 Exe: QC RIC Vii 124f 19) B8, O06, R50, T10, M1 Exe: QC RIC Vii 128f

414

Allectus Busts

Allectus Types

415

Domitius Domitianus

Augustus c.296-297

This obscure usurper gained control of Alexandria around the year 296. Diocletian diverted his efforts in regaining this key province and set Alexandria under a long-term siege. Eight months later Domitius's forces blinked and handed over the pretender to Diocletian who had him promptly executed for treason.

Busts: 1) Laureate head right

Obverses: 1) DOMITIANVS AVG 2) IMP C DOMITIVS DOMITIANVS AVG 3) IMP C L DOMITIVS DOMITIANVS AVG 4) IMP C LVCIVS DOMITIVS DOMITIANVS AVG

Reverses: 1) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 2) HERCVLI COM AVGG 3) VICTORI AVG

Types: 1) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; eagle to left 2) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apples, lion skin draped over arm 3) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and palm.

Mints: 1) Alexandria

AE Follis Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R1, T1 Exe: `/ALE 2) B1, O3, R1, T1 Exe: `/ALE RIC Vii 20, C 1 3) B1, O4, R1, T1 Exe: `/ALE RIC Vii 19

You aren’t likely to see many coins of this Egypt-based usurper. Though not of extreme rarity, they’re seldom available and can be expected to cost at least $1,000 each unless in very poor condition. All known coins so far are bronze Folles that look indistinguishable from other Folles of the period with the exception of the legend.

416

Constantius I

Augustus 305-306

If the accounts of chroniclers of the day can be believed, Constantius was the grandnephew of Claudius Gothicus. However, the links to Claudius may have been made up by Constantius sympathizers who noted that Claudius's niece (Claudia) had the same name as his great-aunt. The link would have been valuable as a means to substantiate an imperial line of succession from a desirable former emperor.

Whatever his ancestry, Constantius climbed the military ranks and was in the position of Praetorian Prefect under Maximian. When Maximian was elevated as co-emperor he selected Constantius as his Caesar under Diocletian's Tetrarchy scheme. He would then be assigned the task of regaining Britain which had seceded from the empire under the reign of Carausius and which Maximian himself was unable to take care of. Because Carausius enjoyed a far superior naval fleet, Constantius chose stealth in order to avoid a battle at sea. Thus with the aid of a thick fog over the channel he set out with his troops towards Britain. When he approached London he found that Carausius had been murdered by his own Praetorian Prefect, Allectus, who was defeated in short order. It was here in Britain where Constantius died ten years later, of natural causes, having come to the aid of his son Constantine who was fighting off a Pict invasion.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left 2) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left holding scepter over shoulder and shield 3) Laureate bust left holding lion skin over shoulder and club 4) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle 5) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter with eagle atop 6) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter with eagle atop 7) Laureate head left 8) Laureate head right 9) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 10) Laureate, cuirassed bust left holding scepter over shoulder 11) Laureate, cuirassed bust left holding spear over shoulder and shield 12) Laureate, cuirassed bust left holding spear pointing forward and shield 13) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 14) Laureate, cuirassed bust right holding spear over shoulder and shield 15) Laureate, cuirassed bust right holding spear pointing forward and shield 16) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 17) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield 18) Laureate, draped bust left 19) Laureate, draped bust left wearing lion skin and club over shoulder. 20) Helmeted, laure, cuirassed bust left holding spear over shoulder and shield 21) Helmeted, laure, cuirassed bust left holding spear pointing forward and shield 22) Helmeted, laure, cuirassed bust right 23) Helmeted, laure, cuirassed bust right, holding Victory on globe 24) Helmeted, laure, draped and cuirassed bust left holding spear over shoulder and shield 25) Lion-skin covered head right 26) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter with eagle atop 27) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 28) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 29) Radiate, draped bust right 30) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter with eagle atop 31) Veiled head right 32) Veiled, laureate head right 33) Veiled, laureate, cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) CONSTANTIVS AVG 2) CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS 3) CONSTANTIVS C 4) CONSTANTIVS CAES 5) CONSTANTIVS CAESAR 6) CONSTANTIVS ET MAXIMIANVS NB C 7) CONSTANTIVS N C 8) CONSTANTIVS NB C 9) CONSTANTIVS NOB C 10) CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 11) CONSTANTIVS NOB CS 12) CONSTANTIVS NOBI C 13) CONSTANTIVS NOBIL C 14) CONSTANTIVS NOBIL CAES 15) CONSTANTIVS NOBIL CAESAR

16) CONSTANTIVS PF AVG 17) DIVO CONSTANTIO AVG 18) DIVO CONSTANTIO AVG 19) DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO 20) DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO PRINC 21) DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO PRINCIPI 22) DIVVS CONSTANTIVS 23) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS CAESAR 24) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C 25) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 26) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS N C 27) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB C 28) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CA 29) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAE 30) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES

31) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAESAR 32) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOBIL C 33) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOBIL CAES 34) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS

NOBILISSIMVS C 35) IMP C CONSTANTIVS PF AVG 36) IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTIVS PF AVG 37) IMP CONSTANTIVS AVG 38) IMP CONSTANTIVS P AVG 39) IMP CONSTANTIVS P FEL AVG 40) IMP CONSTANTIVS PF AVG 41) IMP CONSTANTIVS PIVS F AVG 42) IMP CONSTANTIVS PIVS FEL AVG 43) VIRTVS CONSTANTI NOB C

Although by no means difficult to find, the coins of Constantius I are somewhat undervalued given how often they’re available relative to the other emperors of the Tetrarchical period. This is especially so for coins of his as Augustus which, while not commanding any premium over those of him as Caesar, were minted for less than one full year. Most available will be the Folles of the eastern mints of the “Genius of the Roman People” type.

417 Reverses: 1) AVGG 2) AVSPIC FEL 3) CLARITAS AVGG 4) COMES AVG 5) COMES AVGG 6) COMITATVS AVGG 7) COMITES AVGG ET CAESS NNNN 8) CONCORDIA AVGG 9) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS 10) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NN 11) CONCORDIA AVGG NOSTR 12) CONCORDIA CAESS NOSTR 13) CONCORDIA MILITVM 14) CONCORDIAE AVGG 15) CONSECRATIO 16) CONSERVATORES AVGG ET CAESS NN 17) CONSVL AVGG NN 18) CONSVL CAESS 19) CONSVL V PP PROCOS 20) F ADVENT AVGG NN 21) FEL ADVENT AVGG NN 22) FELICITAS AVG NOSTR 23) FELICITAS AVGG NOSTR 24) FELICITAS SAECVLI AVGG NN 25) FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN 26) FIDES MILIT 27) FIDES MILITVM 28) FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN 29) FORTVNAE REDVCI 30) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG ET CAESS NN 31) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG NN 32) FORTVNAE REDVCI CAESS NN 33) GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN 34) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 35) HERCVLI AVGG 36) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAESS NN 37) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NOSTR 38) HERCVLI COMITI CAESS NOSTR 39) HERCVLI CONS CAES 40) HERCVLI CONSER AVGG ET CAESS NN 41) HERCVLI CONSERVATORI 42) HERCVLI DEBELLAT 43) HERCVLI VICTORI 44) IOVI AVGG 45) IOVI CONSERVAT 46) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG 47) IOVI CONSERVATORI 48) IOVI ET HERCVLI CONS CAES 49) IOVI FVLGERATORI 50) IOVIS CONSERVATOR 51) LETITIA AVGG 52) M SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN 53) MARTI PROPVGNATOR 54) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 55) MARTI VICTORI 56) MEMORIA DIVI CONSTANTI 57) MEMORIA FELIX 58) MEMORIAE AETERNAE

59) MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN 60) MONETA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN 61) ORIENS AVGG 62) ORIENS AVGVSTOR 63) PACATORES GENTIVM 64) PAX AETERNA 65) PAX AVGG 66) PIETAS AVGG 67) PIETAS AVGG ET CAESS NN 68) PRAESIDIA REIPVBLIC 69) PRINC IVVENTVT 70) PRINCIPI IVVENT 71) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 72) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 73) PROVIDENT DEOR 74) PROVIDENT DEORVM 75) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 76) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 77) PROVIDENTIAE AVGG 78) REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITORVM 79) REDDITOR LVCIS AETERNA 80) ROMAE AETERN 81) ROMAE AETERNAE 82) S M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 83) SAC M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 84) SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 85) SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR 86) SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 87) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR 88) SACRA MONET VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 89) SAECVLI FELICIT 90) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS AVCTA KART 91) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART 92) SALVS AVGG 93) SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN 94) SECVRIT AVGG 95) SECVRITAS AVGG 96) SECVRITAS ORBIS 97) TEMPOR FEL 98) TEMPOR FELICIT 99) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 100) VBIQVE VICTORES 101) VICTORIA SARM 102) VICTORIA SARMA 103) VICTORIA SARMAT 104) VICTORIA SARMATICA 105) VICTORIAE SARMATICAE 106) VIRTVS AVGG 107) VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN 108) VIRTVS HERCVLI CAESARIS 109) VIRTVS ILLVRICI 110) VIRTVS MILITVM 111) VIRTVTI AVGG 112) VNDIQVE VICTORES 113) VTILITAS PVBLICA 114) No legend

Types: 1) Africa standing, facing, holding standard and tusk; lion and bull to lower left. 2) Altar, eagle on either side 3) Altar, lit; eagle on either side 4) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruit in each hand 5) City gate with (3) turrets 6) City gate with (4) turrets 7) City gate with (7) turrets 8) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae 9) Concordiae (2) facing each other, shaking hands 10) Constantius I and Galerius each riding horse to right over enemy. 11) Constantius I and Galerius holding between them Victory on globe over kneeling captive. 12) Constantius I and Galerius standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar in front of temple with four columns; flute-player and four witnesses at temple. 13) Constantius I being crowned by Victory to left and holding spear and hand of kneeling Britannia(?) to right. 14) Constantius I riding horse right over galley, holding spear. 15) Constantius I riding horse right, holding spear. 16) Constantius I riding horse right, spearing Britannia, kneeling before city gate; galley below. 17) Constantius I riding horse right, spearing kneeling enemy; another under horse 18) Constantius I riding quadriga onwards, holding branch; driver to right. 19) Constantius I seated left, raising hand and holding scepter. 20) Constantius I standing left, holding standard and scepter. 21) Constantius I standing left, holding standard and spear 22) Constantius I standing left, holding standard; another standard to right. 23) Constantius I standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.

418 24) Constantius I standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 25) Constantius I standing right, holding spear and globe 26) Constantius I standing right, holding spear, holding hand of kneeling Pietas(?), holding cornucopia. 27) Constantius I standing right, holding two standards 28) Constantius I standing, facing, holding globe and wand. 29) Constantius I standing, facing, holding spear and globe; captive to either side 30) Constantius I standing, facing, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side. 31) Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux) standing, right legs forward, holding scepter. 32) Eagle standing right 33) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 34) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 35) Felicitas standing, facing, with legs crossed and leaning on column, touching her head. 36) Fides seated left, holding standard in each hand 37) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand 38) Fides standing, facing, standard to each side. 39) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia 40) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder over globe and cornucopia 41) Fortuna veiled head right 42) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 43) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 44) Hands, crossed 45) Hercules seated, facing, holding lion skin; bow to side. 46) Hercules standing left, holding club and lion skin with bow and quiver over shoulder. 47) Hercules standing left, holding club and lion skin with bow. 48) Hercules standing left, holding club and lion skin. 49) Hercules standing left, wrestling hydra 50) Hercules standing right, holding apples and bow with lion skin. 51) Hercules standing right, holding club and apple with lion skin, in the Garden of Hesperides. 52) Hercules standing right, leaning on club. 53) Hercules standing right, wrestling lion; club to left. 54) Hercules standing, facing, holding apples and lion skin. 55) Hercules standing, facing, holding branch and club with lion skin. 56) Hercules standing, facing, holding club and apples with lion skin. 57) Hercules wrestling deer 58) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 59) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter 60) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left. 61) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter 62) Jupiter standing right on left, holding scepter, together holding Victory with Hercules to right, holding club and lion skin. 63) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt at kneeling giant. 64) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor 65) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and caduceus; child to side. 66) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 67) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 68) Mars advancing right, holding Victory and spear. 69) Mars helmeted, cuirassed bust right. 70) Mausoleum, eagle atop with wreath in beak 71) Minerva standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 72) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 73) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 74) Pax standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter 75) Pietas standing right, holding baby; child on either side. 76) Pietas standing, facing, holding baby; child to left. 77) Providentia seated left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 78) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 79) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory on globe and spear 80) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 81) Securitas standing, facing, with legs crossed and leaning on column, touching her head. 82) Securitas standing, facing, with legs crossed and leaning on column, touching head and cradling scepter. 83) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 84) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip; seated captive to side. 85) Temple, domed, with (4) columns, eagle atop 86) Temple, domed, with (4) columns, eagle within and atop 87) Temple, domed, with (6) columns, eagle atop 88) Temple, domed; eagle atop 89) Tetrarchs sacrificing over altar; camp gate (enclosure) behind. 90) Tetrarchs sacrificing over altar; temple with (4) columns behind. 91) Trophy, seated captive on either side. 92) Utilitas standing, facing 93) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 94) Virtus standing right, stepping on captive, holding parazonium and spear. 95) Wreath, VO / TIS / X / SIC / XX within 96) Wreath, VO / TX / SIC / XX within 97) Wreath, VOT / X 98) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS 99) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG / NN within 100) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG within 101) Wreath, VOT / XX / CAESS within 102) Wreath, VOT / XX within 103) Wreath, VOT X / FK within 104) Wreath, VOT XX / FK within 105) Wreath, X / CONS / TANT / I AVG / SMN within; NK at top of wreath. 106) Wreath, XC / VI within 107) Wreath, XCVI / AQ 108) Wreath, XCVI / T within

419 Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Cyzicus 5) Heraclea

6) Karthago 7) Londinium 8) Lugdunum 9) Nicomedia 10) Roma

11) Serdica 12) Siscia 13) Thessalonica 14) Ticinum 15) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B05, O33, R099, T012, M15 Exe: TR Four Aurei weight RIC 35 (VI, Treveri) 2) B25, O34, R055, T067, M15 Exe: TR Five Aurei weight RIC 31 (VI, Treveri)

AU Aureus 3) B08, O02, R043, T056, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 32 (VI, Nicomedia) 4) B08, O07, R005, T070, M15 RIC 5 (VI, Treveri) 5) B08, O07, R047, T058, M15 Exe: `TR C 156 6) B08, O09, R027, T037, M04 RIC 1 (VI, Cyzicus) 7) B08, O10, R039, T054, M02 Exe: SMAΣ RIC 7 (VI, Antioch)

AR Argenteus 8) B08, O04, R102, T089, M10 RIC 18 (VI, Roma) 9) B08, O04, R103, T089, M10 Exe: ` RIC 38a (VI, Roma), C 286 10) B08, O04, R110, T005, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 11 (VI, Alexandria), C 318 11) B08, O04, R110, T089, M10 Exe: ` RIC 42a (VI, Roma) 12) B08, O04, R110, T089, M10 Exe: R RIC 33 (VI, Roma) 13) B08, O04, R110, T089, M10 RIC 29a (VI, Roma) 14) B08, O05, R075, T089, M04 Exe: CM RIC 4 (VI, Cyzicus), C 242 15) B08, O05, R075, T089, M05 Exe: HT RIC 5 (VI, Heraclea) 16) B08, O05, R110, T089, M10 RIC 44a (VI, Roma) 17) B08, O09, R110, T088, M12 Exe: SIS RIC 61 (VI, Siscia), C 320

AE Antoninianus (reduced) 18) B26, O09, R106, T090, M08 Exe: ` RIC 648 (V), C 303 19) B27, O30, R013, T024, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 48a (VI, Alexandria) 20) B27, O30, R013, T024, M04 Exe: K` RIC 18a (VI, Cyzicus) 21) B27, O30, R013, T024, M05 Exe: H` RIC 15 (VI, Heraclea) 22) B27, O30, R013, T024, M05 Exe: HA` RIC 15 (VI, Heraclea) 23) B28, O24, R106, T051, M14 Exe: XXIT 24) B28, O25, R106, T053, M14 Exe: XXIT Officina in left field 25) B28, O27, R114, T103, M06 RIC 35a (VI, Carthago) 26) B28, O30, R048, T062, M02 Exe: `/XXI RIC 673 (V), C 164 27) B29, O10, R014, T024, M12 Exe: SIS RIC 92a (VI, Siscia)

AE Follis 28) B02, O40, R107, T017, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 66a (VI, Aquileia) 29) B13, O30, R034, T042, M07 30) B07, O10, R034, T042, M15 Exe: `/TR RIC 160a (VI, Treveri) 31) B08, O10, R025, T001, M06 Exe: H/PK` RIC 24a (VI, Carthage) 32) B08, O10, R034, T042, M03 Exe: AQ RIC 19a (VI, Aquileia) 33) B08, O10, R034, T042, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 21a (VI, Aquileia) 34) B08, O10, R034, T042, M04 Exe: KA` RIC 93a (VI, Cyzicus) 35) B08, O10, R034, T042, M10 Exe: R/S/` RIC 73a (VI, Roma) 36) B08, O10, R034, T042, M12 Exe: `/SIS RIC 90a (VI, Siscia) 37) B08, O10, R034, T042, M12 Exe: S/`/ RIC 82a (VI, Siscia)

38) B08, O10, R034, T042, M14 Exe: /`T RIC 35a (VI, Ticinum)

39) B08, O10, R034, T042, M14 Exe: /`T RIC 32a (VI, Ticinum)

40) B08, O10, R034, T042, M14 Exe: `T RIC 30a (VI, Ticinum) 41) B08, O10, R034, T042, M15 Exe: `//TR RIC 343a (VI, Treveri)

42) B08, O10, R034, T042, M15 Exe: `/Γ/TR RIC 213a (VI, Treveri) 43) B08, O10, R087, T072, M03 Exe: V/AQ` RIC 32a (VI, Aquileia) 44) B08, O10, R087, T072, M14 Exe: `T RIC 46a (VI, Ticinum) 45) B08, O10, R091, T004, M06 Exe: ` RIC 32a (VI, Carthage) 46) B08, O10, R091, T004, M06 Exe: H/` RIC 39a (VI, Carthage) 47) B08, O23, R034, T042, M15 48) B08, O27, R034, T042, M10 Exe: R/` RIC 66a (VI, Roma) 49) B08, O27, R034, T042, M12 Exe: S in left field RIC 75a (VI, Siscia) 50) B08, O27, R034, T042, M12 Exe: S/` RIC 81a (VI, Siscia) 51) B08, O30, R033, T042, M04 Exe: K` RIC 11a (VI, Cyzicus) 52) B08, O30, R034, T042, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 15a (VI, Alexandria) 53) B08, O30, R034, T042, M01 Exe: XXI/`/ALE RIC 31a (VI, Alexandria) 54) B08, O30, R034, T042, M02 Exe: over `/ANT RIC 47a (VI, Antioch) 55) B08, O30, R034, T042, M02 Exe: /`/ANT RIC 45a (VI, Antioch) 56) B08, O30, R034, T042, M02 Exe: `/ANT RIC 53a (VI, Antioch) 57) B08, O30, R034, T042, M02 Exe: K/` over V/ANT RIC 55a (VI, Antioch) 58) B08, O30, R034, T042, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 20a (VI, Heraclea) 59) B08, O30, R034, T042, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 28a (VI, Nicomedia) 60) B08, O30, R034, T042, M13 Exe: `/TS RIC 26b (VI, Thessalonica) 61) B08, O30, R043, T056, M01 Exe: S/` over P/ALE RIC 40 (VI, Alexandria)

420 62) B08, O30, R043, T056, M01 Exe: S/P over `/ALE 63) B08, O35, R027, T036, M14 Exe: /`T RIC 59a (VI, Ticinum)

64) B08, O35, R084, T072, M10 Exe: /R` RIC 120a (VI, Roma)

65) B08, O36, R034, T042, M04 Exe: K` RIC 21a (VI, Cyzicus) 66) B08, O36, R034, T042, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 24a (VI, Heraclea) 67) B08, O36, R034, T042, M11 Exe: SMSD RIC 12a (VI, Serdica) 68) B08, O40, R043, T056, M12 Exe: VI/SIS` RIC 165a (VI, Siscia) 69) B09, O09, R034, T042, M08 Exe: /`LG RIC 187a (VI, Lugdunum) 70) B10, O09, R034, T043, M08 Exe: A/`LG RIC 167a (VI, Lugdunum) 71) B11, O10, R034, T043, M08 Exe: B/`LG RIC 138a (VI, Lugdunum) 72) B13, O09, R034, T042, M07 RIC 72 (VI, Londinium) 73) B13, O13, R034, T042, M07 RIC 37a (VI, Londinium) 74) B13, O38, B034, T042, M15 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 644a (VI, Treveri) 75) B17, O10, R034, T043, M08 Exe: B/`LG RIC 136a (VI, Lugdunum) 76) B18, O09, R034, T042, M08 Exe: /`LG RIC 180a (VI, Lugdunum)

AE Follis (Posthumous) Reference(s) 77) B31, O18, R056, T070, M03 Exe: AQ` 78) B33, O19, R057, T003, M07 Exe: `LN RIC 110 (VI, Londinium) 79) B33, O19, R057, T003, M08 Exe: `LG RIC 268 (VI, Lugdunum) 80) B33, O19, R057, T003, M08 Exe: CI/S/`LG H within altar RIC 297 (VI, Lugdunum) 81) B33, O19, R057, T003, M15 Exe: `TR RIC 789 (VI, Treveri)

AE3 (Posthumous) 82) B32, O20, R058, T032, M10 Exe: R` RIC 114 (VII, Rome) 83) B32, O21, R078, T019, M13 Exe: TS` RIC 25 (VII, Thessalonica)

Constantius I Busts

421

Constantius I Types

422

Theodora

b. ca.270 - ?

Second wife of Constantius I, stepmother of Constantine I and mother-in-law of Licinius.

Bust:

1) Draped bust right

Obverse:

1) FL MAX THEODORAE AVG

Reverse:

1) PIETAS ROMANA

Type:

1) Pietas standing, facing, holding a baby

Mints:

1) Constantinopolis 2) Roma 3) Treveri

AE4 Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: CONS` RIC 36 (VIII, Constantinople) 2) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: ¡/TR` RIC 43 (VIII, Trier), L 105 3) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: •TR`• RIC 65 (VIII, Trier), L 113 4) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: TR` RIC 79 (VIII, Trier), L 120 5) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: TR`¯ RIC 91 (VIII, Trier), L 129

Theodora’s coins are something of a sleeper; that is, they’re underpriced relative to their scarcity. Nearly all known coins will be tiny AE4’s of identical design but carrying different mintmarks with Trier being the most common locale. They can be purchased for $20 and up depending on condition but a sharp coin with full legends would indeed be a rarity.

Even in so-so condition they are worth the asking price. Only a tiny percentage of fourth century bronzes were earmarked to honor this obscure lady.

423

Galerius

Augustus 305-311

Galerius started as an ordinary soldier in the armies of Aurelian and then Probus. By the time he served under Diocletian his military career had culminated with the position of Praetorian Prefect. Under Diocletian's new scheme for ruling the empire, he named Galerius as one of the Caesars in the new Tetrarchy and assigned him to the eastern half. With Diocletian abdicating soon after, Galerius automatically became Augustus himself.

The rest of his reign would be taken up fighting the power grabbing of Constantius Chlorus who, against the principles of the Tetrarchy, would start a dynasty in his own bloodline as well as dealing with the increasingly troublesome Maxentius who was now leading a revolt from Rome with the aim of eliminating what was left of the Tetrarchy. He died of natural causes before any conclusions were in store for the stalemate.

Busts:

1) Bare head right 2) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding globe 3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder 4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder and shield 5) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 6) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 7) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory 8) Helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 9) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle 10) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop and globe 11) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 12) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding Victory on globe 13) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter 14) Laureate head left 15) Laureate head right 16) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 17) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder 18) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder and shield 19) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 20) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding scepter and shield 21) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield 22) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield 23) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield 24) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 25) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding scepter over shoulder 26) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield 27) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, raising hand and holding globe 28) Laureate, draped bust right, holding spear over shoulder 29) Laureate, draped bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield 30) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 31) Veiled head right

Obverses:

1) C VAL MAXIMIANVS CAES 2) C VAL MAXIMIANVS CAESAR 3) C VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB C 4) DIVO GAL VAL MAXIMIANO 5) DIVO GAL VAL MAXIMIANO AVG 6) DIVO MAXIMIANO 7) DIVO MAXIMIANO AVG 8) DIVO MAXIMIANO IVN AVG 9) DIVO MAXIMIANO MAXIMINVS AVG FIL 10) DIVO MAXIMIANO SOCERO MAXENTIVS AVG 11) DN MAXIMIANVS CAES 12) GAL MAXIMIANVS AVG VII CONSS 13) GAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 14) GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS CAES 15) GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS N C 16) GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB C 17) GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES 18) GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOBIL C 19) GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 20) IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 21) IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG 22) IMP C MAXIMIANVS P AVG 23) IMP C MAXIMIANVS P FEL AVG 24) IMP C MAXIMIANVS PF AVG 25) IMP C MAXIMIANVS PIVS FEL AVG 26) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO MAXIMIANO SOCERO 27) IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG 28) IMP MAXIMIANVS IVN AVG 29) IMP MAXIMIANVS P AVG 30) IMP MAXIMIANVS PF AVG31) IMP MAXIMIANVS PF IN AVG 32) MAXIMIANVS AVG

33) MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVS 34) MAXIMIANVS C

Galerius is one of the few emperors whose name is never actually spelled out on his coins. Instead, he is often confused with Maximian because they both happened to have the same last name. Rather than being referred to as Maximian II, which would have been rather confusing seeing that both rulers’ reigns overlapped, modern historians differentiate the two by using one of his other surnames. Asides from the naming conventions the coins themselves don’t help much to set them apart since by now the portraits are those of a generic effigy. In the end, telling the two apart comes with a certain measure of experience and acquaintance with the coins of both emperors. In the case of most bronzes, these being the most accessible to collectors, a GAL or CAES in the legend coupled with MAXIMIANVS will be enough to attribute the coin to Galerius rather than Maximian. Fortunately, the greater part of these bronzes do have legends which facilitate this distinction. As with other coins of the Tetrarchic period a great many were struck for Galerius. While a few remain in near-mint condition this is still the age of the thin-coat silvering which weathered very poorly. A fully silvered Follis is therefore to be considered a rarity and will command a significant premium. All other lesser-grade coins of common design themes and denominations should cost only a few dollars.

424 35) MAXIMIANVS CAES 36) MAXIMIANVS CAESAR 37) MAXIMIANVS N C 38) MAXIMIANVS N CAES 39) MAXIMIANVS NOB C 40) MAXIMIANVS NOB CAE 41) MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES 42) MAXIMIANVS NOB CAESAR

43) MAXIMIANVS NOB CE 44) MAXIMIANVS NOB CS 45) MAXIMIANVS NOBIL C 46) MAXIMIANVS NOBIL CAES 47) MAXIMIANVS NOBIL CAES 48) MAXIMIANVS NOBIL CAESAR 49) MAXIMIANVS PF AVG

Reverses:

1) AETERNA MEMORIA 2) AETERNAE MEMORIAE 3) AETERNAE MEMORIAE GAL MAXIMIANI 4) AETERNAE MEMORIAE GALERI MAXIMIANI 5) COMES AVGG 6) COMITATVS AVGG 7) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NN 8) CONCORDIA AVGG NOSTR 9) CONCORDIA CAESS NOSTR 10) CONCORDIA FELIX DD NN 11) CONCORDIA MILITVM 12) CONCORDIAE AVGG 13) CONSER AVGG 14) CONSVL AVGG NN 15) CONSVL CAESS 16) CONSVL V PP PROCOS 17) CONSVL VI PP PROCOS 18) CONSVL VII PP PROCOS 19) CONSVL VIII PP PROCOS 20) F ADVENT AVGG NN 21) FEL ADVENT AVGG NN 22) FELICITAS SAECVLI AVGG NN 23) FELIX ADVENT AVGG NN 24) FIDES MILITVM 25) FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN 26) FORTI FORTVNAE 27) FORTVNAE REDVCI 28) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG ET CAESS NN 29) FORTVNAE REDVCI AVGG NN 30) FORTVNAE REDVCI CAESS NN 31) GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN 32) GENIO AVGVSTI 33) GENIO AVGVSTI CMH 34) GENIO CAESARIS 35) GENIO IMPERATORIS 36) GENIO POP ROM 37) GENIO POPVLI ROM 38) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 39) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NOSTR 40) HERCVLI COMITI CAESS NOSTR 41) HERCVLI VICTORI 42) IOVI CONS CAES 43) IOVI CONSERVAT 44) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS 45) IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN 46) IOVI CONSERVATORI 47) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN 48) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN 49) IOVI CONSERVATORI NK 50) IOVI ET HERCVLI CONS CAES 51) IOVIS CONSERVATOR

52) IOVIS CONSERVATOR AVGG 53) M SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN 54) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 55) MARTI VICTORI 56) MEM DIVI MAXIMIANI 57) MEMORIA FELIX 58) MONETA AVGG 59) MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN 60) MONETA S AVGG ET CAESS NN 61) MONETA SACRA AVGG ET CAESS NN 62) ORIENS AVGG 63) ORIENS AVGVSTOR 64) PIETAS AVGG ET CAESS NN 65) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 66) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTI 67) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 68) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 69) S M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 70) SAC M VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 71) SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 72) SACR MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR 73) SACRA MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 74) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NOSTR 75) SACRA MONET VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 76) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS AVCTA KART 77) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART 78) SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN 79) SECVRIT PERPET DD NN 80) SOLI INVICTAE 81) SOLI INVICTO 82) SOLI INVICTO NK 83) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 84) VBIQVE VICTORES 85) VICTORIA AVGG 86) VICTORIA SARM 87) VICTORIA SARMAT 88) VICTORIA SARMATICA 89) VICTORIAE SARMATICAE 90) VIRTVS AVGG 91) VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN 92) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 93) VIRTVS ILLVRICI 94) VIRTVS IOVI CAESARIS 95) VIRTVS MILITVM 96) VIRTVTI EXERCITI 97) VIRTVTI EXERCITVS 98) VIRTVTI EXERCITVS CMH 99) VIRTVTI MILITVM 100) VTILITAS PVBLICA 101) No legend

Types:

1) Africa standing, facing, holding standard and tusk; lion and bull to left. 2) Altar; eagle atop 3) City gate (enclosure) 4) City gate with (3) turrets 5) City gate with (4) turrets 6) Carthage standing, facing, holding fruits in each hand. 7) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 8) Diocletian and Maximian each riding a horse left and raising a hand, one also holding a scepter. 9) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 10) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 11) Fides seated left, holding standard in each hand. 12) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand. 13) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia 14) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 15) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia; wheel to right 16) Fortuna veiled, crowned head right 17) Galerius advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy; seated captive to right. 18) Galerius and Constantine I standing, shaking hands, each holding a scepter. 19) Galerius riding horse right, aiming spear; galley above. 20) Galerius riding horse right, holding spear 21) Galerius riding horse right, spearing barbarian; another barbarian lying on ground. 22) Galerius riding horse right, spearing barbarian; shield under horse

425 23) Galerius riding horse right, spearing barbarian; two barbarians lying on ground 24) Galerius standing left, holding globe and scepter 25) Galerius standing left, holding globe and scepter; two standards to right. 26) Galerius standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side. 27) Galerius standing rigtht on left, receiving Victory from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 28) Galerius standing right, holding spear and globe. 29) Galerius standing, facing, holding spear and globe; captive on either side. 30) Galerius standing, facing, holding standard in each hand. 31) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 32) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia. 33) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding patera 34) Hercules standing left, holding Victory on globe and resting hand on club with lion skin. 35) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding apple 36) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding branch. 37) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 38) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 39) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left. 40) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left with wreath in beak. 41) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter 42) Mars standing, facing, holding Victory and spear 43) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 44) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by their feet 45) Pietas standing, facing, holding baby; child to left. 46) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 47) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, resting hand on head and cradling scepter 48) Sol radiate, draped bust right 49) Sol standing left, holding globe and whip. 50) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe and whip. 51) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip 52) Temple with (2) columns; Mars within, holding spear and shield 53) Temple with (4) columns, eagle atop. 54) Temple with (6) columns, eagle atop. 55) Temple, eagle atop. 56) Tetrarchs sacrificing over altar; city gate behind them. 57) Utilitas standing, facing 58) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VIC / AVGG 59) Virtus advancing right, holding spear and trophy 60) Virtus advancing right, holding spear and trophy with shield 61) Wreath, MVL / TIS / X within 62) Wreath, MVL / TIS / XX within 63) Wreath, SIC / X / SIC / XX within 64) Wreath, SIC X / SIC XX / COS IIII within 65) Wreath, VOT / IS X / SIC / XX within 66) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS within. 67) Wreath, VOT / X within 68) Wreath, VOT / X / SIC / XX within. 69) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG / NN within 70) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG within 71) Wreath, VOT / XX / SIC / XXX within 72) Wreath, VOT / XX within 73) Wreath, XC /VI within 74) Wreath, XCVI within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Cyzicus 5) Heraclea 6) Karthago

7) Londinium 8) Lugdunum 9) Nicomedia 10) Ostia 11) Roma 12) Serdica

13) Siscia 14) Thessalonica 15) Ticinum 16) Treveri

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B15, O30, R041, T35, M12 Exe: W/•SM•SD• RIC 6b (VI, Serdica) 2) B15, O35, R101, T66 Eagle in exergue RIC 5b (VI, Aquileia) 3) B15, O41, R042, T39, M02 Exe: •SMA` RIC 9 (VI, Antioch) 4) B15, O41, R042, T39, M02 Exe: SMA`* RIC 10 (VI, Antioch) 5) B15, O49, R043, T40, M13 Exe: SIS RIC 189 (VI, Siscia)

AR Argenteus

6) B15, O35, R087, T56 Exe: ` RIC 38b (VI, Roma) 7) B15, O35, R095, T56 Exe: ` RIC 42b (VI, Roma) 8) B15, O35, R095, T56 RIC 29b (VI, Roma) 9) B15, O36, R095, T04, M02 Exe: *ANT`* RIC 43b (VI, Antioch) 10) B15, O36, R095, T56, M05 Exe: H` RIC 4 (VI, Heraclea) 11) B15, O36, R101, T74, M03 Exe: AQ RIC 17b (VI, Aquileia) 12) B15, O39, R095, T04, M14 Exe: TS•`• C 223 13) B15, O39, R095, T56, M13 Exe: *SIS RIC 54 (VI, Sisicia) 14) B15, O39, R099, T05 Exe: •SM•`• 15) B15, O49, R095, T05, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 635 (VI, Treveri)

426 AE Medallion Reference(s)

16) B24, O16, R058, T44

AE Antoninianus (reduced)

17) B30, O16, R101, T67, M06 Exe: FK RIC 36 (VI, Carthage) 18) B30, O16, R101, T67, M15 Exe: ` RIC 42b (VI, Ticinum) 19) B30, O17, R011, T27, M04 Exe: K` RIC 19a (VI, Heraclea) 20) B30, O17, R011, T27, M05 Exe: H` RIC 16 (VI, Heraclea) 21) B30, O17, R050, T27 Exe: `/XXI RIC V 719

AE Follis

22) B15, O09, R003, T02, M01 Exe: © over K/` over P/ALE RIC 133 (VI, Alexandria) 23) B15, O13, R032, T32, M04 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 53 (VI, Cyzicus) 24) B15, O13, R032, T32, M04 Exe: `/;/MKV RIC 65 (VI, Cyzicus) 25) B15, O13, R032, T32, M04 Exe: `/MKV RIC 42 (VI, Cyzicus) 26) B15, O13, R032, T32, M12 Exe: */`/•SM•SD• RIC 35 (VI, Serdica) 27) B15, O13, R035, T32, M04 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 56 (VI, Cyzicus) 28) B15, O13, R035, T32, M04 Exe: `/MKV RIC 44 (VI, Cyzicus) 29) B15, O13, R097, T59, M04 Exe: `/MKV RIC 47 (VI, Cyzicus) 30) B15, O13, R097, T59, M12 Exe: */`/•SM•SD• RIC 44 (VI, Serdica) 31) B15, O13, R097, T60, M04 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 59 (VI, Cyzicus) 32) B15, O13, R097, T60, M04 Exe: `/;/MKV RIC 72 (VI, Cyzicus) 33) B15, O14, R038, T31 S B across fields 34) B15, O17, R031, T31, M04 Exe: K` RIC 9b (VI, Cyzicus) 35) B15, O17, R038, T31, M12 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 4b (VI, Serdica) 36) B15, O17, R038, T32, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 15b (VI, Alexandria) 37) B15, O17, R038, T32, M01 Exe: XXI/`/ALE RIC 31b (VI, Alexandria) 38) B15, O17, R038, T32, M02 Exe: `/ANT• RIC 59b (VI, Antioch) 39) B15, O17, R038, T32, M02 Exe: K/` over V/ANT RIC 55b (VI, Antioch) 40) B15, O17, R038, T32, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 18b (VI, Heraclea) 41) B15, O17, R038, T32, M14 Exe: `/•TS• RIC 26b (VI, Thessalonica) 42) B15, O17, R038, T32, M14 Exe: `/TS RIC 24b (VI, Thessalonica) 43) B15, O17, R038, T32, M14 Exe: TS` RIC 20b (VI, Thessalonica) 44) B15, O17, R038, T32, M14 Exe: TS`• RIC 22b (VI, Thessalonica) 45) B15, O17, R042, T41, M01 Exe: S/` over P/ALE RIC 43 (VI, Alexandria) 46) B15, O19, R032, T32, M14 Exe: */`/•SM•TS• RIC 30a (VI, Thessalonica) 47) B15, O20, R033, T32, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 54a (VI, Nicomedia) 48) B15, O20, R035, T32, M01 Exe: K/` over P/ALE RIC 101a (VI, Alexandria) 49) B15, O20, R035, T32, M02 Exe: © over C/ANT• RIC 95 (VI, Antioch) 50) B15, O20, R035, T32, M02 Exe: O over `/ANT RIC 112 (VI, Antioch) 51) B15, O20, R035, T32, M05 Exe: */HT` RIC 48a (VI, Heraclea) 52) B15, O20, R035, T32, M05 Exe: ©/HT` RIC 53a (VI, Cyzicus) 53) B15, O20, R035, T32, M05 Exe: •HT`• RIC 37a (VI, Heraclea) 54) B15, O20, R038, T31, M12 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 12b (VI, Serdica) 55) B15, O20, R038, T32, M04 Exe: */K` RIC 27a (VI, Cyzicus) 56) B15, O20, R038, T32, M04 Exe: K` RIC 20b (VI, Cyzicus) 57) B15, O20, R038, T32, M04 Exe: MK` RIC 36 (VI, Cyzicus) 58) B15, O20, R038, T32, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 24b (VI, Heraclea) 59) B15, O20, R095, T05, M04 Exe: MK` RIC 39 (VI, Cyzicus) 60) B15, O20, R096, T59, M05 Exe: */HT` RIC 51 (VI, Heraclea) 61) B15, O24, R024, T11, M15 Exe: `T RIC 59b (VI, Ticinum) 62) B15, O24, R024, T11, M15 Exe: •/`T RIC 55b (VI, Ticinum) 63) B15, O30, R025, T11, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 60b (VI, Aquileia) 64) B15, O30, R032, T31, M13 Exe: ©/`/SIS RIC 198a (VI, Siscia) 65) B15, O41, R038, T31, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 24b (VI, Aquileia) 66) B15, O41, R038, T31, M11 Exe: R/S/` RIC 73b (VI, Roma) 67) B15, O41, R038, T31, M13 Exe: `/*SIS RIC 90b (VI, Siscia) 68) B15, O41, R072, T43, M03 Exe: VI/AQ` RIC 36b (VI, Aquileia) 69) B15, O41, R072, T43, M13 Exe: */`/SIS RIC 135b (VI, Siscia) 70) B15, O41, R072, T43, M13 Exe: `/*SIS RIC 133b (VI, Siscia) 71) B15, O41, R073, T43, M11 Exe: */R` RIC 104b (VI, Roma) 72) B15, O41, R074, T43, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 32b (VI, Aquileia) 73) B15, O41, R074, T43, M15 Exe: `T• RIC 46b (VI, Ticinum) 74) B15, O41, R077, T06, M06 Exe: ` RIC 32b (VI, Carthago) 75) B16, O41, R038, T33, M08 Exe: */`LG RIC 180b (VI, Lugdunum) 76) B19, O41, R038, T31 RIC 15 (VI, Londinium) 77) B19, O45, R038, T31, M16 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 594b (VI, Treveri) 78) B24, O45, R038, T31, M07 RIC 34 (VI, Londinium)

AE Follis (Posthumous)

79) B31, O04, R026, T15, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 226 (VII, Siscia) 80) B31, O06, R056, T55, M14 Exe: `/•SM•TS• RIC 48 (VII, Thessalonica) 81) B31, O26, R002, T54, M11 Exe: RE` RIC 255 (VII, Rome)

AE Quinarius

82) B13, O39, R091, T21

427

Galerius Busts

Galerius Types

428

Galeria Valeria

? - d.315

Valeria was the daughter of Diocletian. To legitimize Diocletian's new scheme of dividing the empire into two halves, he had his daughter marry Galerius and move to the Eastern headquarters. Her marriage to Galerius was apparently an unhappy one and when he died his successor, Maximinus, attempted to marry her to cement his own power. Because this was evidently another

marriage of convenience she refused and he exiled her to a remote village. He too died soon after and was succeeded by Licinius who, in turn, still bore her ill will over her spurning Maximinus. He had sent for her to have her executed but she had already vanished months before. She was eventually captured in Thessalonica where it was discovered she was seeking passage back to Italy in search of her father. She and her sister were unceremoniously beheaded and dumped in a river ending her unhappy life.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverses:

1) GAL VALERIA AVG 2) GALER VALERIA AVG

Reverses:

1) VENERI VICTRICI 2) VENERI VICTRICI CMH 3) VENERI VICTRICI NKYSC

Type:

1) Venus standing left, holding apple and raising skirt. 2) Venus standing left, holding apple and raising skirt;

altar to left

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Cyzicus 4) Heraclea 5) Nicomedia 6) Serdica 7) Siscia 8) Thessalonica

AU Binio Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R1, T1, M6 Exe: ©/W/•SM•SD• RIC 33 (VI, Serdica) 2) B2, O1, R1, T1, M6 Exe: W/•SM•SD• RIC 34 (VI, Serdica) 3) B2, O1, R1, T1, M7 Exe: SIS RIC 196 (VI, Siscia)

Note: The W sign is technically not part of the mintmark. It is the Greek numeral representing the number 60 and is taken as a mark of value to indicate the coin is worth 1/60th of a Roman pound of gold.

AU Aureus

4) B1, O1, R1, T1, M5 Exe: SMN RIC 53 (VI, Nicomedia)

AE Follis

5) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: © ove K/` over P/ALE RIC 129 (VI, Alexandria) 6) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: ` over X/K/ALE RIC 81 (VI, Alexandria) 7) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: K over `/P/ALE RIC 110 (VI, Alexandria) 8) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: K/` over P/ALE RIC 110 (VI, Alexandria) 9) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: P/` over R/ALE RIC 74 (VI, Alexandria) 10) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: X/` over X/ALE RIC 81 (VI, Alexandria) 11) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: ©/`/ANT RIC 107 (VI, Antioch) 12) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: © over `/ANT RIC 98 (VI, Antioch)

During the long reigns of Diocletian and Maximian neither emperor had coins struck for their respective wives even though both were known to be married and assumed the titles of Augustae. It was probably not so much as a snub as a change of the times. Either way, some thirty years later when both emperors were safely tucked away in their tombs, Galerius revived this customary deference and had Folles struck in the name of Valeria until his own death. Either inadvertently or as formed policy there was however to be a new change in the way coins for empresses were made that would hold for the next two hundred years. Each empress would now be associated only with one or two types for reverses and the only things that would change would be the mintmarks. Her coins are among the easiest and cheapest to find for any empress of the Late Roman period. Not surprisingly these will be mostly the large Folles typical of the early Tetrarchical period. Condition and eye appeal will be the greatest factors in determining price with poor specimens hardly costing anything while top-notch pieces costing several hundred dollars. A nice however Follis should cost well under $100.

429

Severus II

Augustus 306-307

13) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: `/ANT RIC 84 (VI, Antioch) 14) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: O over `/ANT• RIC 115 (VI, Antioch) 15) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 58 (VI, Cyzicus) 16) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: `/MKV RIC 46 (VI, Cyzicus) 17) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: MK` RIC 38 (VI, Cyzicus) 18) B1, O1, R1, T1, M4 Exe: */©/HT` RIC 63 (VI, Heraclea) 19) B1, O1, R1, T1, M4 Exe: */HTA May 310 – May 311 RIC 50 (VI, Heraclea) 20) B1, O1, R1, T1, M4 Exe: */HTΔ May 310 – May 311 RIC 50 (VI, Heraclea) 21) B1, O1, R1, T1, M4 Exe: HT` RIC 43 (VI, Heraclea) 22) B1, O1, R1, T1, M6 Exe: */`/•SM•SD• RIC 41 (VI, Serdica) 23) B1, O1, R1, T1, M7 Exe: ©/`/SIS RIC 211 (VI, Siscia) 24) B1, O1, R1, T1, M8 Exe: */`/•SM•TS• RIC 36 (VI, Thessalonica) 25) B1, O1, R1, T2, M2 Exe: ©/`/ANT RIC 151 (VI, Antioch) 26) B1, O1, R2, T1, M5 Exe: SMN` RIC 57 (VI, Nicomedia)

Galeria Valeria Busts

Chosen by Galerius as Caesar upon Diocletian's abdication, Severus would spend several years in the VP post until Constantius died. In what may have then been a shocking turn of events, rather than Severus automatically becoming the new emperor, the title passed instead to Constantius's son Constantine. On hearing of this Galerius threatened a major civil war. Constantine reached an agreement that ended in Severus claiming

the title while he took a demotion to Caesar.

Still, it was becoming evident that Constantine was poised to becoming emperor some day and this most aggravated Maxentius whose father Maximian sidestepped him for the good of the system. With a "no fair" attitude, Maxentius appropriated the city's garrisons and had himself made emperor back in Rome. This, naturally, created a problem for Severus which he had to deal with. He marched his soldiers down into Italy but the expedition met with failure. Maxentius was too powerful and influential and the forces of Severus were demoralized and many deserted him. The loss of manpower put him into retreat mode at the same time that Maxentius was ramping up an offensive. Severus soon found himself the unfortunate guest of the rebel who had him executed.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 2) Laureate head right 3) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

430 Obverses: 1) FL VAL SEVERVS NOB C 2) FL VAL SEVERVS NOB CAES 3) FL VAL SEVERVS NOB CAESAR 4) FL VAL SEVERVS NOBIL C 5) FL VAL SEVERVS NOBIL CAES 6) FLA VAL SEVERVS NOB C 7) FLA VAL SEVERVS NOB CAES 8) IMP C FL VAL SEVERVS PF AVG 9) IMP C FLA VAL SEVERVS PF AVG 10) IMP C SEVERVS PF AVG 11) IMP C SEVERVS PIVS FELIX AVG 12) IMP SEVERVS AVG 13) IMP SEVERVS PF AVG 14) IMP SEVERVS PIVS F AVG 15) IMP SEVERVS PIVS FELIX AVG 16) SEVERVS AVGVSTVS 17) SEVERVS ET MAXIMINVS NB C 18) SEVERVS ET MAXIMINVS NO C 19) SEVERVS NOB C 20) SEVERVS NOB CAES 21) SEVERVS NOB CAESAR 22) SEVERVS NOBIL C 23) SEVERVS NOBILIS C 24) SEVERVS NOBILISSIMVS C 25) SEVERVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES 26) SEVERVS NOBILISSIMVS CAESAR 27) SEVERVS PF AVG 28) SEVERVS PIVS FEL AVG

Reverses: 1) CONCORDIA AVG ET CAES 2) CONCORDIA AVGG ET CAESS NN 3) CONCORDIA AVGG NOSTR 4) CONCORDIA CAESS NOSTR 5) CONCORDIA MILITVM 6) CONCORIA IMPERII 7) CONSVL AVGG NN 8) CONSVL PP PROCOS 9) FELICITAS AVGG NOSTR 10) FELICITAS CAESS NOSTR 11) FELICITAS SAECVLI AVGG NN 12) FELICITAS SAECVLI CAESS NN 13) FIDES MILITVM 14) FIDES MILITVM AVGG ET CAESS NN 15) GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN 16) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 17) HERCVLI COMITI CAESS NOSTR 18) HERCVLI CONS CAES

19) HERCVLI CONSER AVGG ET CAESS NN 20) HERCVLI CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN 21) HERCVLI VICTORI 22) HERCVLI VICTORI NK 23) IOVI CONSERVAT 24) IOVI CONSERVATOR 25) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN 26) MARTI PATRI NK 27) PERPETVITAS AVGG 28) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 29) SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 30) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN 31) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART 32) SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN 33) SOLI INVICT CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN 34) SOLI INVICTO CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN 35) VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN 36) VIRTVS MILITVM

Types: 1) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruits in each hand. 2) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 3) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 4) Concordia standing left, holding scepter. 5) Concordia standing, facing, holding patera and scepter. 6) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 7) Fides seated left, holding standard in each hand. 8) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand. 9) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 10) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia. 11) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 12) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apples. 13) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding bow 14) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 15) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 16) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 17) Mars standing, facing, resting hand on shield and holding scepter 18) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 19) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 20) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 21) Severus II advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy; captive to right. 22) Severus II riding horse right, spearing kneeling barbarian; second barbarian lying on ground. 23) Severus II standing left, holding globe and scepter. 24) Severus II standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield; seated captive to left. 25) Severus II standing left, raising hand and holding globe; two standards to right. 26) Severus II standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; two standards to right. 27) Severus II standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 28) Severus II standing, facing, holding Victory and spear with shield; captive to left. 29) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe. 30) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe. 31) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VIC / AVGG

Primarily due to the short reign, Severus II is considerably more difficult to find than those of his other Tetrarchy-era contemporaries. However, this is all relative. The period itself was quite prolific in pumping out coins for the busy armies of the times and for the populace at large. The Follis was the mainstay of the economy and under Diocletian it was hoped that the new, faux silver coin would stall the inflationary tailspin that was afflicting all corners of the empire. By the time Severus II became emperor what little silver the coins initially had was gone and, worse, the size of the coin itself, once comparable to that of a beefy Dupondius, was now shrinking quickly into what would soon be the generic AE3 that would become everyman’s coin for the rest of the century. The Folles and its concomitant fractional derivatives can be found for about $50 and up, silvered specimens survive and often retail for between $100-$200. For this ruler, the Argenteus remains an elusive and exotic denomination hardly ever seen. Gold coins, unfortunately, are reserved for museums and the obscenely wealthy.

431 32) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS / NN within. 33) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS within 34) Wreath, VOT / XX / AVGG within

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Cyzicus 5) Heraclea

6) Karthago 7) Londinium 8) Lugdunum 9) Nicomedia 10) Roma

11) Serdica 12) Siscia 13) Ticinum 14) Treveri

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B2, O20, R10, T06, M03 Exe: AQ RIC 44 (VI, Aquileia), C 10 2) B2, O20, R18, T12, M02 Exe: ©SMA`* RIC 67 (VI, Antioch) 3) B2, O20, R25, T14, M14 Exe: TR

AE Radiate 4) B5, O05, R05, T27, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 60a (VI, Alexandria) 5) B5, O10, R05, T27, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 84 (VI, Alexandria)

AE Follis 6) B1, O10, R14, T08, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 77b (VI, Aquileia) 7) B2, O01, R06, T04, M12 Exe: VI/SIS` RIC 173a (VI, Siscia) 8) B2, O01, R27, T19, M12 Exe: VI/SIS` RIC 184a (VI, Siscia) 9) B2, O02, R06, T04, M12 Exe: VI/SIS` RIC 475 note (VI, Siscia) 10) B2, O02, R16, T10, M04 Exe: K` RIC 20a (VI, Cyzicus) 11) B2, O02, R31, T01, M06 Exe: H/` RIC 40a (VI, Carthago) 12) B2, O03, R16, T11, M11 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 13a (VI, Serdica) 13) B2, O04, R16, T09, M14 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 668a (VI, Trier) 14) B2, O05, R16, T09, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 25 (VI, Heraclea) 15) B2, O07, R16, T10, M11 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 24a (VI, Serdica) 16) B2, O08, R16, T10, M04 Exe: */K` RIC 27b (VI, Cyzicus) 17) B2, O08, R16, T10, M04 Exe: K` RIC 25b (VI, Cyzicus) 18) B2, O10, R14, T08, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 78b (VI, Aquileia) 19) B2, O10, R35, T22, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 80b (VI, Aquileia) 20) B2, O20, R29, T18, M10 Exe: R` RIC 123a (VI, Roma)

21) B2, O20, R29, T18, M10 Exe: R` RIC 133a (VI, Roma) 22) B2, O20, R35, T16, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 70a (VI, Aquileia) 23) B2, O20, R35, T16, M13 Exe: `T RIC 60a (VI, Ticinum) 24) B2, O20, R35, T28, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 72a (VI, Aquileia) 25) B2, O21, R35, T16, M13 Exe: `T RIC 58a (VI, Ticinum) 26) B3, O01, R16, T11, M08 Exe: */`LG RIC 193 (VI, Lugdunum) 27) B3, O13, R16, T09, M14 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 652c (VI, Trier) 28) B4, O02, R16, T09, M14 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 661 (VI, Trier) 29) B4, O04, R16, T09, M14 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 665 (VI, Trier) 30) B4, O19, R16, T11, M08 Exe: */`LG RIC 199a (VI, Lugdunum) 31) B4, O23, R16, T09, M07 RIC 63b (VI, Londinium)

AE ¼ Follis 32) B2, O01, R16, T09, M12 Exe: SIS RIC 170a (VI, Siscia) 33) B2, O19, R16, T09, M12 Exe: SIS RIC 171a (VI, Siscia)

Severus II Busts

432

Maxentius

Augustus 306-312

Severus II Types

The tale of Maxentius is one of the more convoluted accounts of any Roman emperor. It all started when some years before Diocletian came up with his Tetrarchy scheme. Together with Maximian, both were to be Augusti ruling jointly with each overseeing half of the empire. Each in turn named a Caesar as right-hand-man and would succeed the emperor when the latter died. Maximian was the father of Maxentius and, in other times,

would have normally been Maximian's successor but the new ruling format had no place for him. When Diocletian abdicated and forced Maximian to do likewise Maxentius lost all hope. He knew that unless he took action he would be sidelined permanently.

Taking advantage of a growing dissatisfaction within Italy, and particularly Rome, at Galerius's decision to revoke their tax-free status, Maxentius gathered an empathetic army and had himself declared Caesar. He avoided the title of Augustus because he wanted to make it clear to Constantius Chlorus and Constantine that he was revolting only against Galerius. However, when Constantine was named emperor and failed to warm up to Maxentius he decided to go against both and proclaimed himself emperor at this point.

To make himself seem more legitimate in the eyes of the Roman world he convinced his father to come out of retirement and assume joint rule with him. Galerius would be unable to defeat these forces and retreated back to the east without a conclusive battle. Attention then turned to Constantine but here their luck would turn. In poor judgment, Maximian would go at it alone and distanced himself from Maxentius only to become cannon fodder under Constantine. Maxentius then faced a revolt from the African quarters and was able to put it down but at a high cost to his own popularity. Weakened thus he still had to face Constantine and was defeated in the battle of Milvian Bridge north of Rome.

433 Busts:

1) Bare head left 2) Bare head right 3) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust facing 4) Head left, wearing lion skin 5) Head right, wearing lion skin 6) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left 7) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 8) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield. 9) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right, holding spear in each hand 10) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding globe and scepter with eagle atop 11) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 12) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 13) Laureate head left 14) Laureate head right 15) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 16) Laureate, draped bust right 17) Radiate head right

Obverses:

1) DN MAXENTIVS PRINC 2) IMP C M A VAL MAXENTIVS PF AVG 3) IMP C M VAL MAXENTIVS PF AVG 4) IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG 5) IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG CONS 6) IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG CONS II 7) IMP C MAXENTIVS PF INV AVG 8) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO CONSTANTIO COGN 9) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO MAXIMIANO PATRI 10) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO MAXIMIANO SOCERO 11) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO ROMVLO N V FILIO 12) IMP MAXENTIVS PF AVG 13) IMP MAXENTIVS PF AVG CONS 14) IMP MAXENTIVS PF AVG CONS II 15) IMP MAXENTIVS PF INV AVG 16) M AVR MAXENTIVS NOB CAES 17) MAXENTIVS PF AVG 18) MAXENTIVS PF INV AVG 19) MAXENTIVS PF INVIC AVG 20) MAXENTIVS PRINC INVICT

Reverses:

1) ADLOCVTIO AVG N 2) AETERNA MEMORIA 3) AETERNAE MEMORIAE 4) AETERNITAS AVG N 5) CONSERV VRB SVAE 6) CONSERVAT VRBIS SVAE 7) CONSERVATOR AFRICAE SVAE 8) CONSERVATOR VRB SVAE 9) CONSERVATOR VRBIS SVAE 10) CONSERVATORES KART SVAE 11) CONSERVATORES VRB SVAE 12) FEL PROCES CONS III AVG N 13) FEL PROCESS CONS III AVG N 14) FELICITAS PVBLICA 15) FELIX KARTHAGO 16) FELIX PROCESS CONSVLAT AVG N 17) FIDES MILITVM 18) FIDES MILITVM AVG N

19) GENIO POP ROM 20) HERCVLI COMITI AVG N 21) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAES N 22) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG ET CAESS

NN 23) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NN 24) MARTI COMITI AVG N 25) MARTI CONSERV AVGG ET CAESS N 26) MARTI CONSERVAT AVG N 27) MARTI CONSERVATORI AVG N 28) MARTI PACIFERO AVG N 29) MARTI PATRI CONSERVATORI 30) MARTI PROPAG IMP AVG N 31) MARTI PROPAGATORI AVG N 32) MARTI VICTORI AVG N 33) PAX AETERNA AVG N 34) PIETAS AVGG ET CAES N 35) PRINCIPI IMPERII

36) PRINCIPI IMPERII ROMANI 37) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 38) ROMA AETERNA 39) ROMAE AETERNAE AVCTRICI AVG N 40) SAECVLI FELIC AVG N 41) SAECVLI FELICITAS AVG N 42) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART 43) TEMPORVM FELICITAS AVG N 44) VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM AVG N 45) VICTORIA AETERNA AVG N 46) VICTORIA AVG N 47) VIRTVS AVG N 48) VIRTVS MILITVM 49) VOT OPTATA ROMAE FEL 50) No legend

Types:

1) Africa standing, facing, holding standard and elephant tusk; lion and bull to lower left. 2) City gate with (3) turrets 3) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruits in each hand 4) Castor and Pollux standing, facing, each holding scepter and leading a horse by bridle in between them. 5) Castor and Pollux standing, facing, each holding scepter and leading a horse by bridle in between them; wolf suckling Romulus and Remus below. 6) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with crossed legs, holding caduceus. 7) Fides seated, facing, holding standard in each hand. 8) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand. 9) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 10) Hercules standing left, wrestling lion. 11) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin. 12) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 13) Mars advancing right, holding branch and trophy. 14) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 15) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield; captive to right. 16) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy with shield 17) Mars dragging captive right, holding spear with shield. 18) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 19) Mars standing right, raising hand and holding spear, facing woman to right; wolf suckling Romulus and Remus in between them.

During the waning years of the Tetrarchy there were more recognized and semi-recognized emperors and caesars than at any other time in Rome’s history. And all these guys made coins honoring each other. But because Maxentius was not quite in the club he missed out on much of this camaraderie and, therefore, had relatively few mints active in his name. This translates to a comparative scarcity of coins for the period. Although statistically scarcer than his peers, Maxentius’s coins are not that much more expensive all other things being equal. A nice Follis, the most common coin type, will cost about $50-$100 but poor coins can be had for very cheap while showroom, fully-silvered coins will cost hundreds of dollars.

434 20) Mars standing right, spearing enemy; seated captive to left. 21) Maxentius riding elephant quadriga left, raising hand and holding scepter; Victory hovering above. 22) Maxentius riding horse right over two captives, holding spear and shield. 23) Maxentius riding horse right, raising hand and holding spear, led by bridle by Mars, holding trophy. 24) Maxentius riding oncoming chariot with six horses, raising hand 25) Maxentius riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand. 26) Maxentius seated left on right, receiving globe from Victory on left. 27) Maxentius standing left on platform, accompanied by lictors, facing several soldiers below. 28) Maxentius standing left on right, holding scepter and receiving globe from Roma seated to left, holding scepter 29) Maxentius standing left on right, holding scepter, facing Mars to left, holding Victory and resting hand on shield. 30) Maxentius standing left, holding globe and scepter 31) Maxentius standing right on left, holding scepter and receiving globe from Roma seated to right, holding scepter 32) Maxentius standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Mars to right, holding trophy; captive in between them. 33) Maxentius standing right, holding shield reading VOT / X on cippus; seated captive to left. 34) Maxentius standing right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / FEL on cippus; seated captive to left. 35) Maxentius standing right, holding shield reading VOT / XX on cippus; seated captive to left. 36) Maxentius standing, facing, holding globe and spear; seated captive to left. 37) Maxentius standing, facing, holding globe and wand. 38) Pietas standing, facing, raising hand and holding baby; child to left. 39) Roma seated left on chair, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 40) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 41) Temple with (4) columns, Maxentius standing right on left within, stepping on captive, holding scepter and receiving globe from Roma seated on right, holding

scepter. 42) Temple with (4) columns, Roma seated within, holding globe and scepter. 43) Temple with (4) columns, Roma seated within, holding globe and scepter; being crowned by Victory, holding palm. 44) Temple with (6) columns, Carthago within, holding fruits in each hand. 45) Temple with (6) columns, Roma seated within, holding globe and scepter. 46) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 47) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 48) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 49) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 50) Victory standing right, holding shield on cippus 51) Victory standing right, stepping on cippus, holding shield reading VOT / IS / X 52) Victory standing right, stepping on cippus, holding shield reading VOT / V 53) Victory standing right, stepping on cippus, holding shield reading VOT / X; seated captive to left. 54) Victory standing right, stepping on cippus, holding shield reading VOT / XX / FEL; seated captive to left. 55) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and palm; captives by feet. 56) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus 57) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus 58) Wreath, VOT / QQ / MVL / X / FEL within 59) Wreath, VOT / QQ / MVL / X within 60) Wreath, VOT / QQ / MVL / XX within 61) Wreath, VOT / X / FEL within.

Mints:

1) Aquileia 2) Karthago 3) Lugdunum 4) Ostia

5) Roma 6) Ticinum 7) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s)

1) B01, O03, R09, T40, M5 Exe: `R Four Aurei weight 2) B01, O03, R36, T16, M5 Exe: `R Four Aurei weight RIC 172 (VI, Roma) 3) B02, O03, R25, T14, M2 Exe: `K Four Aurei weight 4) B02, O03, R39, T28, M5 Exe: `R Eight Aurei weight RIC 173 (VI, Roma) 5) B04, O12, R08, T31, M5 Exe: `*R Two Aurei weight RIC 166 (VI, Roma)

AU Binio

6) B17, O12, R16, T30, M5 Exe: `*R RIC 169 (VI, Roma) 7) B17, O12, R20, T11, M5 Exe: `R RIC 171 (VI, Roma)

AU Aureus

8) B14, O17, R20, T11, M5 Exe: `R RIC 181 (VI, Roma) 9) B14, O20, R25, T14, M5 Exe: E/`R RIC 140 (VI, Roma)

AR Argenteus

10) B03, O17, R43, T57, M5 Exe: `R RIC 191 (VI, Roma) 11) B14, O17, R09, T45, M5 Exe: `R RIC 187 (VI, Roma)

AE Follis

12) B05, O17, R50, T61, M5 Exe: R` RIC 241 (VI, Roma) 13) B08, O04, R04, T05, M4 Exe: MOST` RIC 37 (VI, Ostia) 14) B08, O04, R18, T08, M4 Exe: MOST` RIC 47 (VI, Ostia) 15) B08, O17, R45, T53, M5 Exe: R` RIC 227 (VI, Roma) 16) B10, O05, R05, T45, M6 Exe: `T RIC 103 (VI, Ticinum)

435 17) B11, O05, R05, T45, M1 Exe: AQ` RIC 124 (VI, Aquileia) 18) B12, O06, R05, T45, M1 Exe: AQ` RIC 125 (VI, Aquileia) 19) B12, O06, R05, T45, M5 Exe: RQ` RIC 127 (VI, Roma) 20) B14, O04, R04, T05, M4 Exe: MOST` RIC 35 (VI, Ostia) 21) B14, O04, R05, T41, M1 Exe: AQ` RIC 113 (VI, Aquileia) 22) B14, O04, R05, T45, M1 Exe: AQ` RIC 121a (VI, Aquileia) 23) B14, O04, R05, T45, M5 Exe: RB` RIC 210 (VI, Roma) 24) B14, O04, R05, T45, M5 Exe: RE` RIC 258 (VI, Roma) 25) B14, O04, R10, T44, M2 Exe: `K RIC 60 (VI, Carthago) 26) B14, O04, R11, T45, M5 Exe: R*` RIC 198a (VI, Roma) 27) B14, O04, R12, T21, M5 Exe: RB` RIC 215 (VI, Roma) 28) B14, O04, R18, T08, M4 Exe: MOST` RIC 45 (VI, Ostia) 29) B14, O04, R45, T46, M4 Exe: MOST` RIC 54 (VI, Ostia) 30) B14, O04, R46, T47, M5 Exe: RB` RIC 273 (VI, Roma) 31) B14, O17, R05, T45, M6 Exe: `T RIC 100 (VI, Ticinum) 32) B14, O17, R45, T53, M5 Exe: R` RIC 227 (VI, Roma) 33) B14, O17, R50, T60, M5 Exe: R` RIC 238 (VI, Roma) 34) B15, O04, R05, T41, M1 Exe: AQ` RIC 114 (VI, Aquileia) 35) B15, O17, R05, T45, M5 Exe: R`

436

Maxentius Busts

Maxentius Types

437

Romulus

b. ca.292 – d.309

Romulus was the son of Maxentius and served as consul briefly before they both died in battle against Constantine.

Busts:

1) Bare head right 2) Bare head right, wearing consular robes 3) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes

Obverses:

1) DIVO ROMVLO N V BIS C 2) DIVO ROMVLO N V BIS CONS 3) DIVO ROMVLO N V FILIO MAXENTIVS AVG 4) IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO ROMVLO N V FILIO

Reverses:

1) AETERNA MEMORIA 2) AETERNAE MEMORIAE

Types:

1) Temple (domed), eagle atop. 2) Temple (domed, 4 columns), eagle atop. 3) Temple (domed, 6 columns), eagle atop.

Mints:

1) Ostia 2) Roma

AE Follis Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R2, T1, M1 Exe: MOST` RIC 34 (VI, Ostia) 2) B1, O2, R2, T1, M2 Exe: RB` RIC 207 (VI, Roma) 3) B1, O2, R2, T1, M2 Exe: RE` RIC 257 (VI, Roma) 4) B1, O4, R2, T2, M2 Exe: RE` RIC 249 (VI, Roma) 5) B1, O4, R2, T3, M1 Exe: MOST` RIC 33 (VI, Ostia)

AE ½ Follis

6) B1, O2, R2, T1, M1 Exe: MOST` RIC 59 (VI, Ostia)

AE ¼ Follis

7) B1, O2, R2, T1, M2 Exe: R` RIC 239 (VI, Roma) 8) B2, O2, R2, T1, M2 Exe: R` RIC 240 (VI, Roma)

Romulus Busts Romulus Types

Without question, the coins of Romulus fall into the category of rare Late Roman Bronzes. While coinage in other metals is not presently known there seems to be no reason why they may not have been struck. All of these were minted posthumously. Folles typically sell in the $300-$800 range.

438

Constantine I

Augustus 307-337

One of the great Roman emperors, Constantine rose to power when his father Constantius Chlorus died in the year 306 while campaigning against Scottish tribes. He later went on to defeat the rival emperor Maxentius in the decisive battle of Milvian Bridge in 312. He is credited for several great landmarks in history and is probably best memorialized by the city that bore his name for hundreds of years: Constantinople. Although now renamed

Istanbul, this city was to be the seat of power for all Byzantine emperors for the next 1,100 years. Constantine is also remembered as the first Roman emperor who embraced Christianity and instituted the buildings and papal dynasty that eventually grew into what is today the Vatican and the Pope.

The latter part of his life saw his commitment to the church rise in step with the increasing repression against old-school paganism. He left behind several sons who would, after his death, turn on each other and generally undo much of the stability that Constantine had fought so hard to bring about.

Busts: 1) Bare head right 2) Bare-headed (with halo) draped and cuirassed bust facing 3) Bare-headed (with halo) draped and cuirassed bust facing towards left, holding Victory on globe and mappa 4) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust facing 5) Diademed (pearls) head right 6) Diademed (pearls) head right, looking up 7) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe 8) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 9) Diademed (rosettes) head right 10) Diademed (rosettes) head right, looking up 11) Diademed (rosettes), cuirassed bust right 12) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 13) Helmeted bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding globe 14) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left 15) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 16) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder 17) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 18) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe 19) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right 20) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield 21) Helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust right 22) Helmeted, draped and cuirassed torso left, holding spear and shield 23) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left 24) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding globe 25) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 26) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield reading VOT X / SIC XX 27) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 28) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe 29) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe and shield 30) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand 31) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right 32) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield 33) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield 34) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 35) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop 36) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop and globe 37) Laureate head left 38) Laureate head right 39) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 40) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter with eagle atop 41) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 42) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder 43) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 44) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand 45) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 46) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding shield 47) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield 48) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder 49) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, raising hand 50) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 51) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe over radiate head left of Sol 52) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 53) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield 54) Laureate, draped bust left, holding mappa and scepter on globe 55) Laureate, draped bust left, holding Victory on globe and mappa 56) Laureate, draped bust right 57) Laureate, draped bust right facing Licinius I laureate draped bust left, together holding Fortuna in between them 58) Laureate, draped bust right, holding Victory on globe and mappa 59) Radiate bust left, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop 60) Radiate head right 61) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe 62) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left

From the junk coin bin to million-dollar auctions, the coins of Constantine present the collector of ancient Roman coins with one of the richest varieties of types to choose from. Beginning collectors will see just how easy and affordable it is to get their hands on a Constantine bronze such as the popular Gloria Exercitus, the Vota issues and the so-called camp gates. Those on a more generous budget will discover the rarer bronze types as well as a wide gamut of different denominations in silver and gold. In fact, under Constantine the imperial mints issued more denominations than under any other emperor including many medallic types issued strictly for ceremonial purposes. Beyond prices and rarity, the collector will also note a tremendous variety of obverse and reverse types and legends many of which contain references to this crucial period in history. Of all the Roman emperors Constantine has the highest variety of bust types and with no less than 19 official mints operational throughout his reign a record is set that stands to this day.

439 63) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand 64) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe 65) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 66) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 67) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 68) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust right 69) Veiled head right 70) Veiled, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) AVGVSTVS 2) COMIS CONSTANTINI AVG 3) CONSTANTINVS AG 4) CONSTANTINVS AVG 5) CONSTANTINVS CAESAR 6) CONSTANTINVS FIL AVGG 7) CONSTANTINVS MAX AG 8) CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG 9) CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG COS IIII 10) CONSTANTINVS MAX PF AVG 11) CONSTANTINVS MAX PF AVG COS IIII 12) CONSTANTINVS MAXIM AVG 13) CONSTANTINVS NOB C 14) CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES 15) CONSTANTINVS NOB CAESAR 16) CONSTANTINVS NOBIL C 17) CONSTANTINVS NOBILI C 18) CONSTANTINVS P AG 19) CONSTANTINVS P AVG 20) CONSTANTINVS P AVG COS IIII 21) CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 22) CONSTANTINVS PF IN AVG 23) DD NN CONSTANTINVS ET LICINIVS AVGG 24) DIVO CONSTANTINO AVG 25) DIVO CONSTANTINO P 26) DIV CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 27) DIVVS CONSTANTINVS AVG PATER AVGG 28) DN CONSTANTINVS AVG 29) DN CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG 30) DN CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 31) DV CONSTANTINVS PT AVGG

32) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS AVG 33) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS FIL AVG 34) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS N C 35) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB C 36) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES 37) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAESAR 38) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOBIL C 39) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOBILI C 40) FL VAL CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 41) FL VALER CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 42) FL VALERIVS CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 43) IMP C CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 44) IMP C CONSTANTINVS PF INV AVG 45) IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTINO PF INV AVG 46) IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTINVS P AVG 47) IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 48) IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTINVS PF INV AVG 49) IMP CONSTANTINVS AG 50) IMP CONSTANTINVS AVG 51) IMP CONSTANTINVS IN AVG 52) IMP CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG 53) IMP CONSTANTINVS MAX PF AVG 54) IMP CONSTANTINVS P AVG 55) IMP CONSTANTINVS P I IN AVG 56) IMP CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 57) IMP CONSTANTINVS PIVS F AVG 58) IMP CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX AVG 59) INVICTVS CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG 60) No legend

Reverses: 1) ADLOCVTIO AVG 2) ADVENTVS AVG 3) ADVENTVS AVG N 4) ADVENTVS AVGG 5) ADVENTVS AVGG NN 6) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI N 7) AOVENTVS AVGVSTI N 8) AETERNA GLORIA SENAT PQR 9) AETERNA PIETAS 10) AVGG 11) AVGG GLORIA 12) BEAT TRANQLITAS 13) BEATA TRANQVILLITAS 14) BONO GENIO P II IMPERATORIS 15) CAESARVM NOSTRORVM 16) CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE 17) COMITI AAVVGG 18) COMITI AVGG NN 19) CONCORD MILIT 20) CONCORDIA AVGG NN 21) CONCORDIA FELIX DD NN 22) CONCORDIA MILITVM 23) CONCORDIA PERPET DD NN 24) CONSERV VRB SVAE 25) CONSERVATOR AFRICAE SVAE 26) CONSERVATORES KART SVAE 27) CONSERVATORES VRB SVAE 28) CONSTANTINI AVG 29) CONSTANTINIANA DAFNE 30) CONSTANTINO P AVG B R P NAT 31) CONSTANTINVS AVG 32) CONSTANTINVS CAESAR 33) CONSTANTINVS ET CONSTANTIVS NOBB CAESS 34) CONSVL DD NN 35) CONSVL PP PROCONSVL 36) CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS CC 37) CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS IVN NOBB CAESS 38) CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS NOBB CAESS COSS II 39) CRISPVS ET CONSTANTIVS NOBB CAESS 40) DEBELLATORI GENTIVM BARBARVM 41) DN CONSTANTINI AVG

42) DN CONSTANTINI MAX AVG 43) DN CONSTANTINVS MAX TRIVMF AVG 44) EQVES ROMANVS 45) EQVIS ROMANVS 46) EXVPERATOR OMNIVM GENTIVM 47) FELICIA 48) FELICITAS AVGG 49) FELICITAS AVGG NN 50) FELICITAS PERPETVA AVG ET CAESS NN 51) FELICITAS PERPETVA SAECVLI 52) FELICITAS REIPVBLICAE 53) FELICITAS ROMANORVM 54) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N 55) FELIX ADVENTVS AVGG NN 56) FELIX PROCESSVS COS IIII AVG N 57) FELIX PROCESSVS COS IIIII AVG N 58) FELIX PROCESSVS COS VI AVG N 59) FIDES EXERCITVS 60) FORTVNAE REDVCI 61) FVNDAT PACIS 62) GAVDIVM AVGVSTI NOSTRI 63) GAVDIVM REIPVBLICAE 64) GAVDIVM ROMANORVM 65) GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN 66) GENIO AVGVSTI 67) GENIO AVGVSTI CMH 68) GENIO CAESARIS 69) GENIO CAESARIS CMH 70) GENIO EXERCITVS 71) GENIO FIL AVGG 72) GENIO IMPERATORIS 73) GENIO POP ROM 74) GENIO POP ROMANI 75) GENIO POPVLI ROM 76) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 77) GENIVM P R 78) GLORIA CONSTANTINI AVG 79) GLORIA EXERCITVS 80) GLORIA EXERCITVS GALL 81) GLORIA PERPET 82) GLORIA PERPETVA AVG N

440 83) GLORIA ROMANORVM 84) GLORIA SAECVLI VIRTVS CAESS 85) HERCVLI COMITI AVGG NN 86) HERCVLI CONSERVAT CAES 87) HERCVLI VICTORI 88) I O M ET FORT CONSER DD NN AVGG 89) INNVMERI TRIVMF AVG N 90) IOVI CONSERVAT 91) IOVI CONSERVATORI 92) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG 93) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG 94) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN 95) IVST VEN MEM 96) LIBERALITAS XI IMP IIII COS P PP 97) LIBERATORI VRBIS SVAE 98) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 99) MARS AVGVSTORVM 100) MARS VICTOR 101) MARTI CONSERVATORI 102) MARTI PACIF 103) MARTI PAT R SEMP VICTORI 104) MARTI PATRI CONSERV 105) MARTI PATRI CONSERVATORI 106) MARTI PATRI NK 107) MARTI PATRI NKYXC 108) MARTI PATRI PROPVG 109) MARTI PATRI PROPVGNATORI 110) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 111) MAX TRIVMPH AVG DN CONSTANTINVS 112) MONETA AVGG 113) MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN 114) MONETA AVGVSTORVM 115) NOBB CAESS 116) PACI PERPET 117) PAX AETERNA AVG N 118) PAX PERPETVA 119) PERPETVA VIRTVS 120) PERPETVITAS AVGG 121) PIETAS AVGVSTI N 122) PIETAS AVGVSTI NOSTRI 123) PM TRIB COS VI PP PROCOS 124) PM TRIB P COS IIII PP PROCOS 125) PONT MAX TRIB PPP PROCS 126) PRINCIPI IVVENT B R P NAT 127) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 128) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTI 129) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 130) PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS 131) PRINCIPIS PROVIDENTISSIMI 132) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 133) PROVIDENTIAE AVGG 134) RECTOR TOTIVS ORBIS 135) RECVPERATORI VRB SVAE 136) RECVPERATORI VRBIS SVAE 137) RESTITVTOR VRBIS SVAE 138) RESTITVTORI LIBERTATIS 139) ROMA AETERNA 140) ROMAE AETER 141) ROMAE AETER AVGG 142) ROMAE AETERNAE 143) ROMAE RESTITVTAE 144) SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 145) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN 146) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART 147) SALVS ET SPES REIPVBLICAE 148) SALVS REIP 149) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 150) SAPIENT PRINCIP 151) SAPIENTIA PRINCIPIS 152) SARMATIA DEVICTA 153) SECVRIT PERPET DD NN

154) SECVRITAS AVGG 155) SECVRITAS AVGVSTI N 156) SECVRITAS PERPETVAE 157) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 158) SENATVS 159) SOL INVICT COM DN 160) SOLE INVICTO 161) SOLE INVICTORI 162) SOLI COMITI AVG N 163) SOLI COMITI CONSTANTINI AVG 164) SOLI INVICT COM DN 165) SOLI INVICTO 166) SOLI INVICTO COMITI 167) SOLI INVINCTO AETERNO AVG 168) SPES PVBLICA 169) SPES REIPVBL 170) SPES REIPVBLICAE 171) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI 172) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 173) TRB P CONS IIII PP PROCONSVL 174) VBIQVE VICTOR 175) VBIQVE VICTORES 176) VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP 177) VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM 178) VICTORE AVG N 179) VICTORE AVG N VOTIS 180) VICTORIA AET AVGGG NNN 181) VICTORIA AETERNA AVG N 182) VICTORIA AVGG NN 183) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 184) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 185) VICTORIA BAEATISSIMORVM CAESS 186) VICTORIA CAESS 187) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG 188) VICTORIA GOTHICA 189) VICTORIA LAET P P 190) VICTORIAE LAET P P 191) VICTORIAE LAET PRIN P 192) VICTORIAE LAET PRINC PERP 193) VICTORIAE LAETAE AVG N 194) VICTORIAE LAETAE AVGG NN 195) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRIN P 196) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP 197) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINCIPIS PERPETVI 198) VICTORIAE LIBERAE 199) VICTORIAE PERPETVAE 200) VICTORIB AVGG ET CAESS NN 201) VICTORIBVS AVGG NN VOTIS 202) VICTORIBVS AVGG NN VOTIS X ET XX 203) VICTORIOSO SEMPER 204) VIRT EXERC 205) VIRT EXERCIT GALL 206) VIRTVS AVGG 207) VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN 208) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 209) VIRTVS AVGVSTI N 210) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM NN 211) VIRTVS CAESARVM NN 212) VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAES 213) VIRTVS EXERCIT 214) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 215) VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL 216) VIRTVS MILITVM 217) VIRTVS PERPETVA AVG 218) VIRTVTI EXERCITVS CMH 219) VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET P R 220) VOTA PVBLICA 221) VOTIS V MVLTIS X 222) VTILITAS PVBLICA 223) No legend

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale 2) Africa standing, facing, holding tusk and standard; lion and bull to lower left. 3) Alamannia seated left, resting head on hand; trophy to right. 4) Altar with eagle atop; shield to left, helmet to right and spear across in front 5) Altar with globe atop reading VOT / IS / XX; three stars above. 6) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruits in each hand. 7) Cippus reading SA / PI / EN / TIA with owl atop; helmet to left, spear and shield to right. 8) Cippus reading XX / XXX / AVG 9) City gate (enclosure) with river in foreground and Constantine I standing left atop gate, raising hand and holding scepter; seated captive on either side. 10) City gate with (2) turrets; star above. 11) City gate with (3) turrets 12) City gate with (4) turrets 13) City gate with (4) turrets; star above.

441 14) Concordia seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 15) Concordia standing left, holding scepter. 16) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand. 17) Constantine I and Galerius standing, facing each other, shaking hands. 18) Constantine I riding horse left, raising hand 19) Constantine I riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter. 20) Constantine I riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 21) Constantine I riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear; seated captive to left. 22) Constantine I riding horse right 23) Constantine I riding horse right, raising hand and holding spear. 24) Constantine I riding horse right, raising hand and holding spear; seated captive to left. 25) Constantine I riding horse right, spearing barbarian. 26) Constantine I riding horse right, spearing barbarian; second barbarian lying on ground. 27) Constantine I riding oncoming elephant quadriga, raising hand and being crowned by Victory; two lectors on either side. 28) Constantine I riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding scepter with eagle atop. 29) Constantine I riding quadriga right, Hand of God above 30) Constantine I seated left on platform accompanied by two soldiers; three seated citizens to lower left. 31) Constantine I seated left on right, receiving Victory on globe from soldier to left; panther to left. 32) Constantine I seated left, holding globe and scepter. 33) Constantine I seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; seated captive on either side. 34) Constantine I seated left, receiving globe from Victory to left 35) Constantine I seated, facing, holding scepter; soldier on either side. 36) Constantine I standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving globe from Libertas seated to left, holding scepter. 37) Constantine I standing left on right, receiving Victory on globe from Sol to left; seated captive in between them. 38) Constantine I standing left on right, receiving Victory on globe from Sol to left, kneeling captive raising hands in between them. 39) Constantine I standing left on right, receiving wreaths from two citizens to left. 40) Constantine I standing left on right; soldier on left dragging captive right towards Constantine. 41) Constantine I standing left on left, holding globe and scepter; being crowned by Sol to right, holding whip. 42) Constantine I standing left, holding globe and spear. 43) Constantine I standing left, holding globe and spear; two standards to right. 44) Constantine I standing left, holding hand of kneeling Pietas to left and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right; soldier to left. 45) Constantine I standing left, holding labarum and scepter 46) Constantine I standing left, holding standard; two captives with raised hands to left and one seated to right. 47) Constantine I standing left, holding standard and scepter. 48) Constantine I standing left, holding standard and scepter; two standards to right. 49) Constantine I standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear with shield; seated captive to left. 50) Constantine I standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear; seated captive to left and shield to right. 51) Constantine I standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side. 52) Constantine I standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on left. 53) Constantine I standing left, stepping on captive, holding Victory on globe and spear; seated captive to right. 54) Constantine I standing left, touching trophy and holding spear. 55) Constantine I standing on platform, facing, holding scepter; Crispus and Constantine II standing on either side, each holding spear and shield. 56) Constantine I standing right 57) Constantine I standing right, holding globe and spear, being crowned by Sol to left 58) Constantine I standing right, holding spear and globe, being crowned by Victory to left. 59) Constantine I standing right, holding spear and globe. 60) Constantine I standing right, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side. 61) Constantine I standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 62) Constantine I standing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side. 63) Constantine I standing right, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 64) Constantine I standing under arch; Crispus and Constantine II standing on either side, each holding a globe and scepter. 65) Constantine I standing, facing, holding globe and spear. 66) Constantine I standing, facing, holding spear and globe. 67) Constantine I standing, facing, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side. 68) Constantine I standing, facing, holding standard and resting hand on shield; two seated captives to left, one to right. 69) Constantine I standing, facing, holding vexillum in each hand. 70) Constantine II laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop and globe, facing Constantius II laureate bust left, wearing

consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop and globe. 71) Constantinopolis seated right, stepping on galley prow, holding palm and cornucopia. 72) Crispus bare head right facing Constantine II bare head left 73) Crispus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, facing Constantine II laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left. 74) Crispus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, facing Constantine II laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, together holding Victory on globe 75) Crossroads in shape of “X”; Sol at juncture, raising hand and holding globe. 76) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 77) Fides seated left, holding eagle; standard on either side. 78) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 79) Fortuna standing right on left, holding cornucopia and rudder on globe, facing Jupiter to right, holding Victory on globe and scepter 80) Four Seasons frolicking 81) Francia seated left, resting head on hand; trophy to right. 82) Galley sailing right, Isis seated on prow. 83) Genii (2) standing, facing, together holding opened wreath. 84) Genius standing left, holding cornucopia and patera. 85) Genius standing left, holding globe and cornucopia 86) Genius standing left, holding head of Serapis and cornucopia. 87) Genius standing left, holding head of Sol and cornucopia. 88) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 89) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; eagle to left 90) Genius standing left, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia; eagle to left. 91) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia. 92) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 93) Hercules standing left, wrestling lion; club to right, in background. 94) Hercules standing right, holding club and apples. 95) Hercules standing right, holding club and bow with lion skin. 96) Hercules standing right, holding club and Victory on globe. 97) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 98) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter. 99) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter; eagle to left. 100) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left. 101) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter.

442 102) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left. 103) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left and seated captive to right. 104) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; seated captive to left. 105) Labarum on snake 106) Legend CONSTAN / TINVS / AVG 107) Legend VO / TIS / XX 108) Legend VOT / XX 109) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 110) Lion standing left; club above. 111) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 112) Mars advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy. 113) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 114) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 115) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side. 116) Mars helmeted, cuirassed bust right. 117) Mars standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 118) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 119) Mars standing right, holding spear and shield. 120) Mars standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield 121) Mars standing, facing, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 122) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 123) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by their feet. 124) Pax standing, facing, holding branch and scepter. 125) Pax standing, facing, holding branch and standard. 126) Roma seated left, holding branch and globe 127) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 128) Roma seated right, holding shield reading X / V 129) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head. 130) Shield reading AVG on cippus 131) Sol advancing left, holding globe and whip. 132) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 133) Sol radiate, draped bust right 134) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding globe with whip. 135) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand; Victory next to Sol, holding wreath and palm. 136) Sol standing left, holding globe 137) Sol standing left, holding globe and whip. 138) Sol standing left, holding head of Serapis and cornucopia. 139) Sol standing left, holding whip and globe. 140) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 141) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; kneeling captive raising hands to left. 142) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to left. 143) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding head of Serapis 144) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding Victory on globe. 145) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 146) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe 147) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe with whip. 148) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe. 149) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to left. 150) Soldiers (2) standing either side of one standard; each holding a spear and resting hand on shield. 151) Soldiers (2) standing either side of two standards; each holding a spear and resting hand on shield. 152) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 153) Standards (3) 154) Standards (4) 155) Temple with (6) columns; Carthage standing within, holding fruits in each hand. 156) Temple with (6) columns, Roma seated within, holding globe and spear 157) Temple with (6) columns; Roma seated within, holding Victory and spear. 158) Trophy; seated captive on either side 159) Vexillum reading VOT / XX; seated captive on either side. 160) Victories (2) advancing right, each holding a wreath and branch; standard in between them. 161) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / X on altar. 162) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / IS / PR on altar 163) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / PR on altar 164) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and palm. 165) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 166) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side. 167) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and palm. 168) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 169) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side. 170) Victory advancing right, stepping on captive, holding shield reading VOT / XXX 171) Victory advancing right, stepping on captive, holding trophy and palm. 172) Victory riding oncoming quadriga, holding wreath and palm. 173) Victory seated left, holding branch and palm; seated captive to left, trophy in background. 174) Victory seated left, holding Victory and cornucopia. 175) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / IS / XX 176) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X 177) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX 178) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / FEL / XXX; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 179) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / MVL / XXX; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 180) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / XX; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 181) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 182) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX; trophy to right with seated captive at base. 183) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXX 184) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXX; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 185) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / MVL / XX; trophy to right with seated captive on either side. 186) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / XX; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 187) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / XX; trophy to right with seated captive at base. 188) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / XXX; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 189) Victory standing left on galley, holding wreath in each hand. 190) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left.

443 191) Victory standing left, holding wreath. 192) Victory standing right on galley prow, receiving cornucopia from woman to right, holding vexillum. 193) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VI / CTO / RIA / AVG on cippus 194) Victory standing right, holding shield reading VOT / X on palm 195) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield reading VOT / X on palm tree 196) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath reading X / XX 197) Virtus advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy with shield. 198) Virtus standing left, holding spear and parazonium. 199) Virtus standing right, holding Victory on globe and spear with shield; seated captive to left. 200) Virtus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield 201) Wreath, CAESAR within. 202) Wreath, HAEC / VOTA / MVLT / ANN within. 203) Wreath, MVLT / NATAL / FEL within 204) Wreath, SPQR / OPTIMO / PRINCIPI within 205) Wreath, PLVR / NATAL / FEL within 206) Wreath, PLVRA / NATAL / FEL within. 207) Wreath, SIC X / SIC XX within 208) Wreath, VOT / TIS / X within. 209) Wreath, VOT / X / AVG / N within. 210) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS / NN within 211) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS within 212) Wreath, VOT / X / FELICI / TER within 213) Wreath, VOT / X / MVL / XX within 214) Wreath, VOT / X within 215) Wreath, VOT / XV / FEL / XX within 216) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within 217) Wreath, VOT / XX within. 218) Wreath, VOT / XXX within. 219) Wreath, VOT X / ET XV F within. 220) Wreath, VOT XX / MVLT / XXX within. 221) Wreath, VOTIS / XXX within 222) Wreaths (2), intertwined 223) Blank

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis 6) Cyzicus 7) Heraclea

8) Karthago 9) Londinium 10) Lugdunum 11) Nicomedia 12) Ostia 13) Roma 14) Serdica

15) Sirmium 16) Siscia 17) Thessalonica 18) Ticinum 19) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B01, O15, R128, T052, M13 Exe: `R 4 Aurei weight 2) B06, O60, R078, T062, M17 Exe: SMTS 1-½ Aurei weight 3) B09, O60, R078, T053, M11 Exe: S/SMN 1-½ Aurei weight RIC 151 (VII, Nicomedia) 4) B16, O56, R223, T223, M16 5) B38, O29, R166, T057, M15 Exe: SIRM 1-½ Aurei weight 6) B52, O29, R045, T022, M11 Exe: SMN 1-½ Aurei weight RIC 100 (VII, Nicomedia) 7) B52, O58, R129, T059, M19 Exe: `TR 9 Aurei weight RIC 801 (VI, Treveri) 8) B65, O56, R129, T059, M19 Exe: `TR 1-½ Aurei weight RIC 802 (VI, Treveri), C 409

AU Binio 9) B64, O29, R033, T070, M02 Exe: SMAN RIC 70 (VII, Antioch) 10) B65, O56, R166, T041, M18 Exe: SMT RIC 98 (VII, Ticinum)

AU Aureus 11) B38, O13, R129, T051, M16 Exe: SIS RIC 152 (VI, Siscia) 12) B38, O21, R035, T042, M02 Exe: Q over II/©SMA`* Constantine holds globe and scepter RIC 5 (VII, Antioch) 13) B38, O21, R064, T003, M19 Exe: ALAMANNIA RIC 823 (VI, Treveri) 14) B38, O21, R091, T102, M01 Exe: ALE 15) B38, O21, R215, T114, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 820 (VI, Treveri) 16) B38, O21, R221, T193, M02 Exe: SMA` RIC 1 (VII, Antioch) 17) B38, O21, R223, T206, M07 Exe: SMH

AU Solidus 18) B06, O60, R031, T174, M15 Exe: SIRM RIC 56 (VII, Sirmium) 19) B06, O60, R031, T174, M17 Exe: SMTS RIC 131 (VII, Thessalonica) 20) B09, O08, R177, T046, M07 Exe: SMH RIC 100 (VII, Heraclea) 21) B10, O60, R187, T184, M11 Exe: SMN RIC 176 (VII, Nicomedia) 22) B12, O08, R031, T165, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 46 (VII, Constantinopolis) 23) B12, O08, R122, T044, M11 Exe: SMN RIC 165 (VII, Nicomedia) 24) B12, O08, R187, T164, M02 Exe: SMAN RIC 93 (VII, Antioch) 25) B12, O08, R187, T170, M16 Exe: •SIS• 26) B12, O08, R187, T184, M16 Exe: SIS RIC 243 (VII, Siscia) 27) B31, O04, R196, T161, M13 Exe: `R 28) B38, O04, R007, T019, M02 Exe: SMAN* RIC 48 (VII, Antioch)

444 29) B38, O04, R007, T020, M02 Exe: SMAN 30) B38, O21, R057, T042, M18 Exe: SMT RIC 26 (VII, Ticinum) 31) B38, O21, R157, T129, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 246 (VII, Trier) 32) B38, O21, R179, T185, M18 Exe: `T RIC 40 (VII, Ticinum) 33) B38, O21, R223, T204, M18 Exe: S•M•T 34) B38, O21, R223, T207, M07 Exe: SMH 35) B52, O56, R166, T140, M13 Exe: `R

AU 1½ Scripulum Reference(s) 36) B45, O56, R129, T059, M19 Exe: TR

AR Medallion 37) B06, O60, R111, T071, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 53 (VII, Constantinople) 38) B09, O01, R223, T201, M19 Exe: TR

AR Argenteus 39) B16, O50, R196, T163, M19 Exe: `TR 40) B38, O13, R216, T011, M13 Exe: R` RIC 154 (VI, Roma), C 705 41) B38, O13, R216, T012, M19 Exe: `TR C 706

AR Miliarense 42) B01, O08, R036, T072, M15 Exe: SIRM RIC 14 (VII, Sirmium) 43) B06, O60, R031, T154, M11 Exe: SMN RIC 86 (VII, Nicomedia) 44) B11, O08, R031, T154, M05 Exe: CONS 45) B12, O08, R215, T200, M05 Exe: •CONS`• RIC 58 (VII, Constantinople)

AR Siliqua 46) B06, O60, R031, T165, M16 Exe: SIS RIC 229 (VII, Siscia) 47) B06, O60, R032, T165, M13 Exe: R RIC 378 (VII, Rome) 48) B10, O60, R031, T165, M16 Exe: SIS

AR ½ Siliqua 49) B45, O50, R216, T011, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 828 (VI, Treveri) 50) B45, O56, R216, T012, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 758 (VI, Treveri)

AE Medallion 51) B52, O47, R084, T031, M13 Exe: R RIC 279 (VII, Rome), C 269

AE Follis/AE3 52) B01, O04, R150, T004, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 65 (VII, Trier) 53) B01, O56, R061, T112, M13 Exe: R` RIC 12 (VII, Rome) 54) B01, O56, R151, T004, M13 Exe: R` RIC 16 (VII, Rome) 55) B05, O04, R042, T218, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 70 (VII, Heraclea) 56) B05, O04, R133, T010, M04 Exe: S/F/ARL` RIC 310 (VII, Arles) 57) B05, O04, R133, T010, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 58 (VII, Cyzicus) 58) B05, O04, R133, T010, M11 Exe: SMNΓ RIC 153 (VII, Nicomedia) 59) B05, O04, R133, T010, M11 Exe: SMNΔ RIC 153 (VII, Nicomedia) 60) B05, O04, R206, T013, M04 Exe: S/F/`CONST RIC 321 (VII, Arles) 61) B05, O04, R206, T013, M04 Exe: S/F/ARL` RIC 313 (VII, Arles) 62) B08, O08, R042, T218, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 93 (VII, Heraclea) 63) B08, O08, R133, T010, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 61 (VII, Cyzicus) 64) B09, O04, R042, T218, M07 Exe: •SMHB RIC 90 (VII, Heraclea) 65) B09, O04, R133, T010, M02 Exe: SMANT` 66) B09, O04, R133, T010, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 60 (VII, Cyzicus) 67) B09, O04, R133, T010, M06 Exe: SMK`• RIC 55 (VII, Cyzicus) 68) B09, O08, R079, T061, M05 Exe: `/CONS Rev. Stephen Knapp collection 69) B09, O08, R079, T200, M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 22 (VII, Constantinople) 70) B09, O08, R083, T127, M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 23 (VII, Constantinople), L 984 71) B10, O04, R042, T218, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 72 (VII, Heraclea) 72) B10, O08, R029, T173, M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 32 (VII, Constantinople), L 989 73) B12, O04, R042, T218, M07 Exe: *SMH` RIC 106 (VII, Heraclea) 74) B12, O04, R042, T218, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 92 (VII, Heraclea) 75) B12, O04, R133, T010, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 156 (VII, Nicomedia) 76) B12, O04, R133, T010, M17 Exe: `/SMTS RIC 169 (VII, Thessalonica) 77) B12, O04, R213, T159, M16 Exe: S/F over ´/`SIS¦ RIC 127 (VII, Siscia) 78) B12, O08, R029, T173, M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 35 (VII, Constantinople), L 995 79) B12, O08, R029, T173, M05 Exe: `/CONS* RIC 38 (VII, Constantinople) 80) B12, O08, R042, T218, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 94 (VII, Heraclea) 81) B12, O08, R042, T218, M13 Exe: RF` RIC 322 (VII, Rome) 82) B12, O08, R079, T150, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 108 (VII, Antioch) 83) B12, O08, R079, T150, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 137 (VII, Constantinople) 84) B12, O08, R079, T150, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 150 (VII, Heraclea) 85) B12, O08, R079, T150, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 199 (VII, Nicomedia) 86) B12, O08, R079, T150, M16 Exe: `SIS RIC 252 (VII, Siscia)

445 87) B12, O08, R079, T150, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 261 (VII, Siscia) 88) B12, O08, R079, T150, M16 Exe: SMAN` RIC 108 (VII, Antioch) 89) B12, O08, R079, T150, M17 Exe: SMTS` RIC 222 (VII, Thessalonica) 90) B12, O08, R079, T151, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 86 (VII, Antioch) 91) B12, O08, R079, T151, M03 Exe: ¢/AQ` RIC 124 (VII, Aquileia) 92) B12, O08, R079, T151, M05 Exe: •CONS`• RIC 80 (VII, Constantinople) 93) B12, O08, R079, T151, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 59 (VII, Constantinople) 94) B12, O08, R079, T151, M05 Exe: CONS`• RIC 73 (VII, Constantinople) 95) B12, O08, R079, T151, M06 Exe: •SMK` RIC 94 (VII, Cyzicus) 96) B12, O08, R079, T151, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 78 (VII, Cyzicus) 97) B12, O08, R079, T151, M07 Exe: •••/SMH` RIC 126 (VII, Heraclea) 98) B12, O08, R079, T151, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 116 (VII, Heraclea) 99) B12, O08, R079, T151, M07 Exe: •SMH`• RIC 121 (VII, Heraclea) 100) B12, O08, R079, T151, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 111 (VII, Heraclea) 101) B12, O08, R079, T151, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 188 (VII, Thessalonica) 102) B12, O08, R079, T151, M16 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 235 (VII, Siscia) 103) B12, O08, R079, T151, M17 Exe: SMTS` RIC 183 (VII, Thessalonica), L 835 104) B12, O08, R079, T151, M19 Exe: TR`* RIC 544 (VII, Trier) 105) B12, O08, R133, T010, M16 Exe: `SIS§ RIC 215 (VII, Siscia) 106) B16, O50, R196, T163, M04 Exe: `ARL RIC 192 (VII, Arles) 107) B16, O50, R196, T163, M09 Exe: `LN RIC 159 (VII, London) 108) B16, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 49 (VII, Siscia) 109) B16, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS• RIC 74 (VII, Siscia) 110) B16, O50, R196, T163, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 208a (VII, Trier) 111) B17, O04, R019, T016, M09 Exe: `LN 112) B17, O04, R166, T140, M09 Exe: S/F/`LN RIC 17 (VII, London) 113) B17, O04, R176, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 95 (VII, Siscia) 114) B17, O04, R176, T163, M16 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 84 (VII, Siscia) 115) B17, O19, R002, T021, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 138 (VI, Londinium) 116) B17, O19, R018, T137, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 177 (VI, Londinium) 117) B17, O19, R019, T016, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 203 (VI, Londinium) 118) B17, O19, R129, T042, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 228 (VI, Londinium) 119) B17, O19, R129, T069, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 220 (VI, Londinium) 120) B17, O21, R018, T137, M09 Exe: `LN RIC 166 (VI, Londinium) 121) B17, O50, R166, T140, M09 Exe: S/F/`LN RIC 11 (VII, London) 122) B17, O50, R176, T163, M16 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 82 (VII, Siscia) 123) B17, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS RIC 55 (VII, Siscia) 124) B17, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 50 (VII, Siscia) 125) B17, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS• RIC 61 (VII, Siscia) 126) B19, O04, R013, T005, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 303 (VII, Trier) 127) B19, O04, R013, T005, M19 Exe: `TR• RIC 316 (VII, Trier) 128) B19, O04, R013, T005, M19 Exe: •`TR• RIC 368 (VII, Trier) 129) B19, O04, R042, T159, M18 Exe: `*T RIC 122 (VII, Ticinum) 130) B19, O04, R073, T005, M19 Exe: •`TR© RIC 389 (VII, Trier) 131) B19, O04, R142, T128, M13 Exe: P/R/R` RIC 146 (VII, Rome) 132) B19, O04, R176, T163, M16 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 83 (VII, Siscia) 133) B19, O04, R196, T163, M10 Exe: `0L RIC 79 (VII, Lyons) 134) B19, O04, R206, T005, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 341 (VII, Trier) 135) B19, O04, R213, T158, M19 Exe: T/F/•`TR RIC 279 (VII, Trier) 136) B19, O04, R213, T159, M03 Exe: */AQ` RIC 58 (VII, Aquileia) 137) B19, O04, R213, T159, M03 Exe: S/F/AQ` RIC 48 (VII, Aquileia) 138) B19, O04, R213, T159, M16 Exe: S/F over ´/`SIS* RIC 120 (VII, Siscia) 139) B19, O04, R213, T159, M16 Exe: S/F/`SIS* RIC 109 (VII, Siscia) 140) B19, O04, R213, T159, M17 Exe: TS` RIC 75 (VII, Thessalonica) 141) B19, O04, R213, T159, M18 Exe: `T RIC 114 (VII, Ticinum) 142) B19, O04, R213, T159, M19 Exe: */`TR RIC 258 (VII, Trier) 143) B19, O04, R213, T159, M19 Exe: T/F/•`TR RIC 266 (VII, Trier) 144) B19, O04, R223, T219, M13 Exe: R` RIC 207 (VII, Rome) 145) B19, O08, R191, T163, M10 Exe: 0 RIC 65 (VII, Lyons) 146) B19, O08, R191, T163, M19 Exe: */•`TR RIC 226 (VII, Trier) 147) B19, O50, R176, T163, M16 Exe: S/`SIS 148) B19, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS• RIC 60 (VII, Siscia) 149) B19, O55, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS• RIC 59 (VII, Siscia) 150) B25, O19, R143, T126, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 274 (VI, Londinium) 151) B25, O19, R166, T140, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 239 (VI, Londinium) 152) B25, O21, R018, T137, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 187 (VI, Londinium) 153) B26, O04, R166, T140, M10 Exe: TF/*/`LG Zachary Beasley Collection 154) B27, O04, R018, T137, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 186 (VI, Londinium) 155) B27, O04, R166, T146, M09 Exe: */`LN 156) B31, O04, R176, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 93 (VII, Siscia) 157) B31, O04, R206, T012, M13 Exe: P/R/R` RIC 185 (VII, Rome) 158) B31, O08, R196, T163, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 216 (VII, Trier) 159) B31, O42, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS• RIC 73 (VII, Siscia) 160) B31, O50, R196, T163, M04 Exe: `ARL RIC 191 (VII, Arles) 161) B31, O50, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS RIC 54 (VII, Siscia) 162) B31, O52, R196, T163, M04 Exe: `ARL RIC 190 (VII, Arles) 163) B31, O52, R196, T163, M18 Exe: */`T RIC 87 (VII, Ticinum) 164) B31, O52, R196, T163, M18 Exe: `T RIC 82 (VII, Ticinum) 165) B31, O52, R196, T163, M18 Exe: ¡/`T RIC 86 (VII, Ticinum) 166) B31, O52, R196, T163, M18 Exe: C/`T RIC 90 (VII, Ticinum) 167) B31, O52, R196, T163, M18 Exe: P/`T RIC 84 (VII, Ticinum) 168) B31, O52, R196, T163, M19 Exe: */`TR RIC 221 (VII, Trier) 169) B31, O52, R196, T163, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 209 (VII, Trier) 170) B31, O56, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS RIC 53 (VII, Siscia) 171) B31, O56, R196, T163, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 47 (VII, Siscia) 172) B31, O56, R196, T163, M16 Exe: +/`SIS* RIC 47 (VII, Siscia) 173) B31, O56, R196, T163, M16 Exe: SIS

446 174) B31, O56, R223, T220, M17 Exe: TS` RIC 28 (VII, Thessalonica) 175) B35, O04, R013, T005, M19 Exe: •`TR• RIC 369 (VII, Trier) 176) B38, O03, R166, T140, M09 Exe: */`LN 177) B38, O04, R028, T107, M10 Exe: •`•L• RIC 91 (VII, Lyons) 178) B38, O04, R041, T217, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 64 (VII, Aquileia) 179) B38, O04, R042, T010, M18 Exe: `©T RIC 198 (VII, Ticinum) 180) B38, O04, R042, T217, M03 Exe: ®/¯/AQ` RIC 104 (VII, Aquileia) 181) B38, O04, R042, T217, M03 Exe: •AQ`• RIC 85 (VII, Aquileia) 182) B38, O04, R042, T217, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 56 (VII, Heraclea) 183) B38, O04, R042, T217, M13 Exe: R` RIC 237 (VII, Rome) 184) B38, O04, R042, T217, M16 Exe: `SIS RIC 148 (VII, Siscia) 185) B38, O04, R042, T217, M16 Exe: `SIS) RIC 171 (VII, Siscia) 186) B38, O04, R042, T217, M16 Exe: `SIS* RIC 159 (VII, Siscia) 187) B38, O04, R042, T217, M16 Exe: `SIS? RIC 177 (VII, Siscia) 188) B38, O04, R042, T217, M16 Exe: `SIS¯ RIC 174 (VII, Siscia) 189) B38, O04, R042, T217, M16 Exe: `SIS« RIC 180 (VII, Siscia) 190) B38, O04, R042, T217, M17 Exe: TS`VI RIC 101 (VII, Thessalonica) 191) B38, O04, R042, T217, M18 Exe: `T RIC 140 (VII, Ticinum) 192) B38, O04, R042, T217, M18 Exe: ©/`T RIC 167 (VII, Ticinum) 193) B38, O04, R042, T218, M07 Exe: SMH`• RIC 82 (VII, Heraclea) 194) B38, O04, R042, T218, M18 Exe: `T © above VOT / XXX, H below Zachary Beasley Collection 195) B38, O04, R042, T218, M18 Exe: `T © below VOT / XXX RIC 174 (VII, Ticinum) 196) B38, O04, R066, T088, M17 Exe: */`/•SM•TS• 197) B38, O04, R133, T010, M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 34 (VII, Alexandria) 198) B38, O04, R133, T010, M02 Exe: SMANT` RIC 63 (VII, Antioch) 199) B38, O04, R133, T010, M02 Exe: Δ/`/SMANT 200) B38, O04, R133, T010, M04 Exe: `*AR RIC 264 (VII, Arles) 201) B38, O04, R133, T010, M04 Exe: `A©RL RIC 286 (VII, Arles) 202) B38, O04, R133, T010, M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 7 (VII, Constantinople), L 969 203) B38, O04, R133, T010, M06 Exe: •/SMK` RIC 51 (VII, Cyzicus) 204) B38, O04, R133, T010, M06 Exe: •SMK`• RIC 44 (VII, Cyzicus) 205) B38, O04, R133, T010, M06 Exe: SMK`• RIC 34 (VII, Cyzicus) 206) B38, O04, R133, T010, M09 Exe: `LON RIC 293 (VI, London) 207) B38, O04, R133, T010, M11 Exe: MN` RIC 121 (VII, Nicomedia) 208) B38, O04, R133, T010, M11 Exe: N` RIC 144 (VII, Nicomedia) 209) B38, O04, R133, T010, M11 Exe: SMNE RIC 90 (VII, Nicomedia) 210) B38, O04, R133, T010, M13 Exe: R=` RIC 287 (VII, Rome) 211) B38, O04, R133, T010, M16 Exe: `SIS§ RIC 214 (VII, Siscia) 212) B38, O04, R133, T010, M16 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 200 (VII, Siscia) 213) B38, O04, R133, T010, M17 Exe: •/SMTSA RIC 153 (VII, Thessalonica) 214) B38, O04, R133, T010, M17 Exe: •/SMTSE RIC 153 (VII, Thessalonica) 215) B38, O04, R133, T010, M19 Exe: `TR¨ RIC 475 (VII, Trier), L 28 216) B38, O04, R133, T010, M19 Exe: `TRE RIC 504 (VII, Trier) 217) B38, O04, R152, T171, M09 Exe: `LON© RIC 289 (VII, London) 218) B38, O04, R152, T171, M15 Exe: SIRM RIC 48 (VII, Sirmium) 219) B38, O04, R152, T171, M19 Exe: STR RIC 429 (VII, Trier) 220) B38, O04, R152, T171, M19 Exe: STR© RIC 435 (VII, Trier) 221) B38, O04, R206, T013, M04 Exe: `A©RL RIC 291 (VII, Arles) 222) B38, O06, R066, T091, M16 Exe: ©/`/SIS RIC 200b (VI, Siscia) 223) B38, O06, R068, T091, M17 Exe: */`/•SM•TS• RIC 31b (VI, Thessalonica) 224) B38, O08, R098, T189, M05 Exe: B/CONS RIC 18 (VII, Constantinople), L 985 225) B38, O08, R098, T189, M05 Exe: E/CONS RIC 18 (VII, Constantinople), L 985 226) B38, O08, R168, T105, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 19 (VII, Constantinople) 227) B38, O14, R026, T155, M09 Exe: `LON RIC 61 (VI, Londinium) 228) B38, O14, R146, T006, M08 Exe: ` RIC 32a (VI, Carthage) 229) B38, O14, R207, T114, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 92b (VI, Aquileia) 230) B38, O16, R144, T122, M13 Exe: R=` RIC 159a (VI, Roma) 231) B38, O21, R091, T101, M17 Exe: =/`/•SM•TS• RIC 50b (VI, Thessalonica) 232) B38, O21, R093, T102, M17 Exe: `/•SM•TS• RIC 47b (VI, Thessalonica) 233) B38, O27, R091, T102, M17 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 19 (VII, Thessalonica) 234) B38, O33, R069, T091, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 56 (VI, Nicomedia) 235) B38, O33, R071, T091, M02 Exe: ©/`/ANT RIC 105 (VI, Antioch) 236) B38, O36, R120, T127, M01 Exe: S/` over P/ALE RIC 63 (VI, Alexandria) 237) B38, O40, R093, T099, M06 Exe: MKV` RIC 80 (VI, Cyzicus) 238) B38, O41, R066, T086, M01 Exe: */`/ANT RIC 164c (VI, Antioch) 239) B38, O41, R066, T087, M01 Exe: * over N/`/ALE• RIC 161 (VI, Alexandria) 240) B38, O46, R091, T102, M06 Exe: `/SMK 241) B38, O47, R066, T089, M06 Exe: `/MKV RIC 84b (VI, Cyzicus) 242) B38, O47, R066, T092, M11 Exe: * over `/SMN RIC 74c (VI, Nicomedia) 243) B38, O47, R067, T091, M06 Exe: •/`/MKV Kelly Zane collection 244) B38, O47, R091, T101, M11 Exe: */`/SMN 245) B38, O47, R091, T102, M06 Exe: `/SMK RIC 3 (VII, Cyzicus) 246) B38, O47, R091, T102, M11 Exe: `/SMN RIC 12 (VII, Nicomedia) 247) B38, O47, R091, T102, M11 Exe: N over `/SMN RIC 14 (VII, Nicomedia) 248) B38, O47, R093, T102, M01 Exe: K/= over ` over X/ALE RIC 14 (VII, Alexandria)

249) B38, O47, R093, T102, M02 Exe: = over I over III/ANT RIC 7 (VII, Antioch) 250) B38, O47, R093, T102, M07 Exe: `/SMHT RIC 5 (VII, Heraclea) 251) B38, O47, R093, T140, M01 Exe: K/= over X over `/ALE RIC 17 (VII, Alexandria) 252) B38, O47, R160, T143, M06 Exe: `/MKV 253) B38, O47, R165, T143, M11 Exe: `/SMN RIC 73c (VI, Nicomedia) 254) B38, O48, R093, T101, M07 Exe: =/`/SMHT RIC 72 (VI, Heraclea) 255) B38, O50, R042, T217, M04 Exe: `©A RIC 233 (VII, Arles) 256) B38, O50, R091, T102, M16 Exe: `/SIS RIC 232b (VI, Siscia) 257) B38, O56, R091, T102, M16 Exe: `/•SIS• RIC 7 (VII, Siscia) 258) B38, O56, R091, T102, M16 Exe: `/SIS RIC 233c (VII, Siscia) 259) B38, O56, R091, T102, M17 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 4 (VII, Thessalonica) 260) B38, O56, R093, T102, M16 Exe: `/SIS RIC 232a (VI, Siscia)

447 261) B38, O59, R223, T106, M02 Exe: SMANT•` RIC 52 (VII, Antioch) 262) B40, O19, R129, T042, M09 Exe: */`LN 263) B42, O04, R182, T165, M17 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 60 (VII, Thessalonica) 264) B42, O04, R204, T075, M17 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 67 (VII, Thessalonica) 265) B45, O04, R042, T217, M18 Exe: `T RIC 143 (VII, Ticinum) 266) B45, O04, R166, T133, M19 267) B45, O04, R182, T165, M17 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 59 (VII, Thessalonica) 268) B45, O04, R223, T229, M17 Exe: TS` RIC 31 (VII, Thessalonica) 269) B45, O19, R003, T021, M09 Exe: `LN RIC 137 (VI, Londinium) 270) B45, O19, R166, T140, M09 Exe: ©/`LN RIC 139 (VII, London) 271) B45, O19, R166, T140, M09 Exe: S/F/`LN RIC 15 (VII, London) 272) B45, O21, R017, T137, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 146a (VI, Londinium) 273) B45, O21, R019, T016, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 195 (VI, Londinium) 274) B45, O21, R101, T116, M19 RIC 884 (VII, Trier) 275) B45, O21, R101, T120, M18 Exe: `T 276) B45, O21, R166, T133, M19 277) B45, O21, R166, T140, M10 Exe: S/F/`LG RIC 7 (VII, Lyons) 278) B45, O21, R166, T140, M18 Exe: */`T• RIC 21 (VII, Ticinum) 279) B45, O21, R166, T140, M18 Exe: `T RIC 3 (VII, Ticinum) 280) B45, O21, R166, T140, M19 Exe: F/T/`TR RIC 162 (VII, Trier) 281) B45, O21, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 105 (VII, Trier) 282) B45, O21, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 135 (VII, Trier) 283) B45, O21, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 42 (VII, Trier) 284) B45, O21, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/•`TR RIC 135 (VII, Trier) 285) B45, O21, R166, T142, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 144 (VII, Aquileia) 286) B45, O21, R166, T146, M18 Exe: `T RIC 128 (VI, Ticinum) 287) B45, O35, R109, T113, M19 Exe: S/A/`TR RIC 730 (VI, Treveri) 288) B45, O35, R129, T069, M19 Exe: S/A/`TR RIC 734 (VI, Treveri) 289) B45, O40, R116, T125, M13 Exe: XII/R` RIC 356 (VI, Roma) 290) B45, O43, R166, T140, M12 Exe: MOST` RIC 83 (VI, Ostia) 291) B45, O50, R101, T116, M19 RIC 881 (VI, Treveri) 292) B45, O50, R101, T118, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 859 (VI, Treveri) 293) B45, O50, R166, T133, M19 RIC 890 (VI, Treveri) 294) B45, O50, R166, T140, M10 Exe: TF/*/`LG RIC 34 (VII, Lyons) 295) B45, O50, R166, T140, M13 Exe: R/F/R*` RIC 19 (VII, Rome) 296) B45, O50, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 132 (VII, Trier) 297) B45, O50, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/•`TR RIC 132 (VII, Trier) 298) B45, O56, R003, T019, M09 Exe: F/`LN RIC 1 (VII, London) 299) B45, O56, R073, T088, M09 Exe: S/P/MLN RIC 37 (VII, London) 300) B45, O56, R094, T102, M16 Exe: `/SIS RIC 233c (VI, Siscia) 301) B45, O56, R101, T118, M18 Exe: `T• RIC 18 (VII, Ticinum) 302) B45, O56, R109, T069, M19 Exe: S/A/`TR RIC 781 (VI, Treveri) 303) B45, O56, R109, T113, M19 Exe: S/A/`TR RIC 776 (VI, Treveri) 304) B45, O56, R166, T140, M09 Exe: S/F/`LN RIC 10 (VII, London) 305) B45, O56, R166, T140, M09 Exe: T/F/`LN 306) B45, O56, R166, T140, M13 Exe: R` RIC 323a (VI, Roma) 307) B45, O56, R166, T140, M16 Exe: */`SIS RIC 32 (VII, Siscia) 308) B45, O56, R166, T140, M18 Exe: */`T RIC 8 (VII, Ticinum) 309) B45, O56, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 40 (VII, Trier) 310) B45, O56, R223, T220, M17 Exe: TS` RIC 27 (VII, Thessalonica) 311) B52, O04, R166, T140, M09 Exe: T/F/`LN RIC 94 (VII, London) 312) B52, O21, R018, T137, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 154 (VI, Londinium) 313) B52, O21, R166, T140, M09 Exe: */`LN RIC 284 (VI, Londinium) 314) B52, O34, R073, T092, M10 Exe: N/`LG RIC 233 (VI, Lugdunum) 315) B52, O35, R076, T088, M09 Exe: `LN RIC 89b (VI, Londinium) 316) B52, O41, R171, T153, M04 Exe: `ARL RIC 8 (VII, Arles) 317) B52, O43, R094, T102, M17 Exe: •TS`• RIC 61b (VI, Thessalonica) 318) B52, O43, R171, T153, M12 Exe: MOST` RIC 96 (VI, Ostia) 319) B52, O50, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 871 (VI, Treveri) 320) B52, O56, R073, T091, M04 Exe: S/F/`ARL RIC 53 (VII, Arles) 321) B52, O56, R093, T102, M16 Exe: `/SIS RIC 234c (VI, Siscia) 322) B52, O56, R101, T120, M13 Exe: R/F/R` 323) B52, O56, R164, T140, M13 Exe: */©/R` RIC 49 (VII, Rome) 324) B52, O56, R166, T140, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 4 (VII, Aquileia) 325) B52, O56, R166, T140, M04 Exe: M/F/`ARL RIC 89 (VII, Arles) 326) B52, O56, R166, T140, M04 Exe: M/F/ARL` RIC 100 (VII, Arles) 327) B52, O56, R166, T140, M04 Exe: S/F/`ARL RIC 57 (VII, Arles) 328) B52, O56, R166, T140, M04 Exe: T over */F/`ARL RIC 75 (VII, Arles) 329) B52, O56, R166, T140, M10 Exe: P/T/`LG RIC 310 (VI, Lugdunum) 330) B52, O56, R166, T140, M10 Exe: S/F/`LG RIC 1 (VII, Lyons) 331) B52, O56, R166, T140, M13 Exe: =/R` RIC 97 (VII, Rome) 332) B52, O56, R166, T140, M13 Exe: R over X/F/R` RIC 27 (VII, Rome) 333) B52, O56, R166, T140, M13 Exe: R/F/R` RIC 2 (VII, Rome) 334) B52, O56, R166, T140, M13 Exe: R` RIC 57 (VII, Rome) 335) B52, O56, R166, T140, M18 Exe: */`T RIC 16 (VII, Ticinum) 336) B52, O56, R166, T140, M18 Exe: */`T RIC 7 (VII, Ticinum) 337) B52, O56, R166, T140, M18 Exe: */`T• RIC 15 (VII, Ticinum) 338) B52, O56, R166, T140, M18 Exe: `T 339) B54, O04, R133, T011, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 28 (VII, Heraclea) 340) B54, O50, R093, T098, M01 Exe: ©/`/SMAL RIC 22 (VII, Alexandria) 341) B54, O50, R093, T101, M11 Exe: `/SMN RIC 23 (VII, Nicomedia) 342) B54, O50, R093, T102, M06 Exe: `/SMK RIC 8 (VII, Cyzicus) 343) B54, O50, R133, T011, M07 Exe: :/SMH` RIC 33 (VII, Heraclea) 344) B54, O50, R133, T011, M07 Exe: MHT` RIC 16 (VII, Heraclea) 345) B56, O04, R165, T140, M19 Exe: `TR RIC 898 (VI, Trier) 346) B56, O21, R101, T116, M09 RIC 883 (VI, Treveri) 347) B56, O21, R166, T140, M10 Exe: S/F/`LG

448 348) B56, O21, R166, T140, M19 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 872 (VI, Treveri) 349) B56, O43, R073, T092, M10 Exe: CI/H over S/`LG RIC 389 (VI, Lugdunum) 350) B56, O56, R166, T140, M10 Exe: P/T/`LG RIC 307 (VI, Lugdunum) 351) B56, O56, R171, T153, M13 Exe: R` Rev. Stephen Knapp collection 352) B56, O56, R220, T082, M09 353) B60, O04, R042, T217, M18 Exe: `T RIC 131 (VII, Ticinum) 354) B64, O54, R196, T163, M09 Exe: =/`LN 355) B65, O47, R091, T103, M06 Exe: X over IIГ/SMK` RIC 14 (VII, Cyzicus) 356) B65, O47, R091, T103, M07 Exe: X over IIГ/SMH` RIC 51 (VII, Heraclea) 357) B65, O47, R093, T103, M02 Exe: X over IIГ/SMANT` RIC 34 (VII, Antioch)

AE4 Reference(s) 358) B69, O25, R009, T042, M10 Exe: ¤/`LG Rev. Stephen Knapp collection 359) B69, O31, R095, T001, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 64 (VIII, Antioch), L 1394 360) B69, O31, R095, T001, M05 Exe: CONS`• Rev. Stephen Knapp collection 361) B69, O31, R223, T029, M01 Exe: S/R/SMAL` RIC 4 (VIII, Alexandria), L 1445 362) B69, O31, R223, T029, M02 Exe: */SMAN` RIC 37 (VIII, Antioch), L 1372 363) B69, O31, R223, T029, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 39 (VIII, Antioch), L 1374 364) B69, O31, R223, T029, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 37 (VIII, Constantinople) 365) B69, O31, R223, T029, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 4 (VIII, Cyzicus) 366) B69, O31, R223, T029, M19 Exe: TR` RIC 68 (VIII, Trier) 367) B69, O31, R223, T029, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 14 (VIII, Heraclea) 368) B69, O31, R223, T029, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 4 (VIII, Nicomedia) 369) B69, O31, R223, T056, M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 32 (VIII, Alexandria), L 1473 370) B69, O31, R223, T056, M06 Exe: •SMK` RIC 54 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 1311 371) B69, O31, R223, T056, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 46 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 1304 372) B69, O31, R223, T056, M11 Exe: SMAN` RIC 112 (VIII, Antioch) 373) B69, O31, R223, T056, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 48 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 1148 374) B69, O31, R223, T056, M11 Exe: SMN`• RIC 57 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 1155 375) B70, O25, R009, T059, M04 Exe: X/`CON Rev. Stephen Knapp collection

449

Constantine I Busts

450 Constantine I Types

451 Constantine I Types (continued)

452

Helena

? - d.329

Constantine I Types (continued)

Mother of Constantine I. Helena was deeply involved with the early Christian church and canonized after her death.

Coins in her name were minted between 324 and 326 and then posthumously circa 340.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right

Obverses:

1) FL HELENA AVGVSTA 2) FL IVL HELENAE AVG 3) FLAVIA HELENA AVGVSTA 4) HELENA N F

Reverses:

1) PAX PVBLICA 2) PIETAS AVGVSTES 3) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE 4) No legend

Types:

1) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 2) Securitas standing left, holding branch 3) Wreath, star within.

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Arelate 4) Constantinopolis 5) Cyzicus

6) Heraclea 7) Londinium 8) Lugdunum 9) Nicomedia 10) Roma

11) Sirmium 12) Siscia 13) Thessalonica 14) Ticinum 15) Treveri

Over a dozen mints struck coins honoring Constantine’s mom over the length of several years. This ensured a healthy representation of coins in her name surviving to this day. However, the mints concentrated all their artistic efforts in relatively few reverse types. As with other Roman empresses of the period, bronzes will be plentiful and affordable even in relatively high grades while the silver and gold pieces will be prohibitively rare and expensive.

453

Fausta

b. ca.290 – d.326

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R3, T2, M09 Exe: SMNΔ RIC 80 (VII, Nicomedia) 2) B1, O1, R3, T2, M13 Exe: SMTS RIC 149 (VII, Thessalonica)

AE3

3) B1, O1, R3, T2, M01 Exe: =/A/SMAL 327-328 RIC 48 (VII, Alexandria) 4) B1, O1, R3, T2, M01 Exe: =/II/SMAL 329-330 RIC 53 (VII, Alexandria) 5) B1, O1, R3, T2, M01 Exe: SMALB 325-326 RIC 38 (VII, Alexandria) 6) B1, O1, R3, T2, M02 Exe: •SMANTB 328-329 RIC 82 (VII, Antioch) 7) B1, O1, R3, T2, M02 Exe: •SMANTS 328-329 RIC 82 (VII, Antioch) 8) B1, O1, R3, T2, M02 Exe: SMANTB 327-328 RIC 80 (VII, Antioch) 9) B1, O1, R3, T2, M02 Exe: SMANTS 327-328 RIC 80 (VII, Antioch) 10) B1, O1, R3, T2, M02 Exe: ΔE/•SMANT 11) B1, O1, R3, T2, M03 Exe: T*AR 324-325 RIC 278 (VII, Arles) 12) B1, O1, R3, T2, M05 Exe: •SMKΓ• 326-327 RIC 49 (VII, Cyzicus) 13) B1, O1, R3, T2, M05 Exe: SMKB 324-325 RIC 28 (VII, Cyzicus) 14) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: */SMH? RIC 109 (VII ,Heraclea) 15) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: •SMHE RIC 95 (VII ,Heraclea) 16) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: •SMHE• RIC 89 (VII ,Heraclea) 17) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: SMH?• RIC 85 (VII ,Heraclea) 18) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: SMHA 325-326 RIC 79 (VII ,Heraclea) 19) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: SMHB 325-326 RIC 79 (VII ,Heraclea) 20) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: SMHE 325-326 RIC 79 (VII ,Heraclea) 21) B1, O1, R3, T2, M06 Exe: SMHΔ 325-326 RIC 79 (VII ,Heraclea) 22) B1, O1, R3, T2, M08 Exe: ?LG RIC 234 (VII, Lyons) 23) B1, O1, R3, T2, M09 Exe: MNA 325-326 RIC 129 (VII ,Nicomedia) 24) B1, O1, R3, T2, M09 Exe: MNS 325-326 RIC 129 (VII ,Nicomedia) 25) B1, O1, R3, T2, M09 Exe: MNΔ 325-326 RIC 129 (VII ,Nicomedia) 26) B1, O1, R3, T2, M09 Exe: SMNE 324-325 RIC 95 (VII ,Nicomedia) 27) B1, O1, R3, T2, M09 Exe: SMNΓ 324-325 RIC 95 (VII ,Nicomedia) 28) B1, O1, R3, T2, M11 Exe: SIRM RIC 54 (VII ,Heraclea) 29) B1, O1, R3, T2, M12 Exe: ΓSIS§ 328-329 RIC 218 (VII, Siscia) 30) B1, O1, R3, T2, M13 Exe: SMTSA 326-328 RIC 159 (VII, Thessalonica) 31) B1, O1, R3, T2, M13 Exe: SMTSB 326-328 RIC 159 (VII, Thessalonica) 32) B1, O1, R3, T2, M13 Exe: SMTSE 326-328 RIC 159 (VII, Thessalonica) 33) B1, O1, R3, T2, M14 Exe: T©T 326 RIC 202 (VII, Ticinum) 34) B1, O1, R3, T2, M15 Exe: •PTRE 327-328 RIC 515 (VII, Trier) 35) B1, O1, R3, T2, M15 Exe: PTR¨ 326 RIC 481 (VII, Trier) 36) B1, O1, R3, T2, M15 Exe: STR¨ 326 RIC 481 (VII, Trier) 37) B1, O1, R3, T2, M15 Exe: STR© RIC 465 (VII, Trier) 38) B1, O4, R4, T3, M13 Exe: •TS•?• RIC 48 (VII, Thessalonica) 39) B1, O4, R4, T3, M13 RIC 50 (VII, Thessalonica)

AE4 (Posthumous)

40) B1, O2, R1, T1, M04 Exe: CONSE RIC 49 (VIII, Constantinople) 41) B1, O2, R1, T1, M04 Exe: CONSE• RIC 33 (VIII, Constantinople), L 1047 42) B1, O2, R1, T1, M10 Exe: R\P 43) B1, O2, R1, T1, M15 Exe: TRP• RIC 55 (VIII, Trier)

Helena Bust Helena Types

Second wife of Constantine I and daughter of Maximian. Fausta was blamed for presenting false accusations of intended rape against her by Crispus, her stepson. Constantine then had his son murdered as a result. When the plot was revealed Constantine avenged Crispus's innocence by having her boiled to death.

454 Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Draped bust right

Obverses:

1) FAVSTA N F 2) FAVSTAE NOBILISSIMAE FEMINAE 3) FLAV MAX FAVSTA AG 4) FLAV MAX FAVSTA AVG 5) FLAVIA MAXIMA FAVSTA AVGVSTA 6) No legend

Reverses:

1) PIETAS AVGVSTAE 2) PIETAS AVGVSTES 3) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 4) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE 5) SPES REIPVBLICAE 6) VENVS FELIX 7) No legend

Types:

1) Fausta standing on platform, facing, holding baby; Felicitas to left, holding caduceus, Pietas to right and a Genius holding wreath on either side of platform. 2) Legend FLAV MAX / FAVSTA / AVG 3) Spes (or Salus) standing, facing, holding a baby in each arm 4) Wreath, star within.

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis 6) Cyzicus

7) Heraclea 8) Londinium 9) Lugdunum 10) Nicomedia 11) Roma 12) Sirmium

13) Siscia 14) Thessalonica 15) Ticinum 16) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s)

1) B2, O4, R3, T3 Exe: SMT Two Solidi weight RIC 12 (VII, Constantinople)

AU Solidus

2) B2, O4, R3, T3 Exe: SMN RIC 77 (VII, Nicomedia), C 5

AE3

3) B1, O4, R5, T3, M14 Exe: SMTS` RIC 162 (VII, Thessalonica) 4) B2, O1, R7, T4, M14 Exe: TS` RIC 49 (VII, Thessalonica) 5) B2, O1, R7, T4, M14 RIC 51 (VII, Thessalonica) 6) B2, O4, R3, T3, M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 12 (VII, Constantinople) 7) B2, O4, R3, T3, M12 Exe: SIRM RIC 55 (VII, Sirmium) 8) B2, O4, R3, T3, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 459 (VII, Trier), L 27 9) B2, O4, R3, T3, M16 Exe: `TR¨ RIC 489 (VII, Trier), L 37 10) B2, O4, R5, T3, M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 40 (VII, Alexandria( 11) B2, O4, R5, T3, M02 Exe: SMANT` RIC 69 (VII, Antioch) 12) B2, O4, R5, T3, M06 Exe: .SMK`. RIC 50 (VII, Cyzicus) 13) B2, O4, R5, T3, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 29 (VII, Cyzicus) 14) B2, O4, R5, T3, M06 Exe: SMK`. 15) B2, O4, R5, T3, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 80 (VII, Heraclea) 16) B2, O4, R5, T3, M07 Exe: SMH`. RIC 86 (VII, Heraclea) 17) B2, O4, R5, T3, M10 Exe: MN` RIC 131 (VII, Nicomedia), L 1093 18) B2, O4, R5, T3, M13 Exe: .`SIS. RIC 205 (VII, Siscia) 19) B2, O4, R5, T3, M14 Exe: SMTS` RIC 161 (VII, Thessalonica) 20) B2, O4, R5, T3, M15 Exe: `©T RIC 204 (VII, Ticinum) 21) B2, O4, R5, T3, M15 Exe: Rª` RIC 294 (VII, Rome) 22) B2, O6, R7, T2, M02 Exe: SMANT` / . and ¦ above legend RIC 62 (VII, Antioch)

Fausta Busts Fausta Types

Fausta is perhaps a touch scarcer than a Helena but not by much. Like Helena, most of her run of coins are an example of art immobilisé as mints all across the Roman lands made coins with just one reverse type but, for what it’s worth, they were allowed a modicum of artistic liberty when rendering her portrait and hair style.

Gold is exceptionally rare, silver unknown and bronzes from a few dollars each to over $100 for gem-grade coins.

455

456

Alexander

Augustus c.308-311

Domitius Alexander was a high-ranking administrator in Carthage loyal to the Maxentius-Maximinus II alliance. It seems Maxentius ordered tribute from Alexander and he refused. The legions proclaimed him emperor and he held on for about a year before succumbing to loyalist soldiers.

Bust: 1) Laureate head right

Obverse: 1) IMP C ALEXANDER PF AVG

Reverses: 1) AFRICA AVG N 2) GLORIA EXERCIT KART 3) GLORIA EXERCITVS KART 4) INVICTA ROMA FEL KARTHAGO 5) INVICTA ROMA FELIX KARTHAGO 6) INVITA ROMA FEL KARTHAGO 7) IOVI CONSERVATORI 8) ROMAE AETERNAE 9) ROMAE AETERNAE AVG N 10) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI 11) VICTORIA ALEXANDRI AVG N 12) VICTORIA AVGVSTO NOSTRO

Types: 1) Africa standing, facing, holding standard and elephant tusk; lion and bull to lower left. 2) Alexander riding horse right, raising hand. 3) Alexander standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 4) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 5) Karthago standing, facing, holding fruits in either hand 6) Roma seated left, holding globe and spear. 7) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 8) Standards (3) 9) Temple with (6) columns, Roma within holding globe and spear. 10) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mint: 1) Karthago

AE Follis Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R03, T02 Exe: `K RIC 66 (VI, Carthago), C 2 2) B1, O1, R05, T05 Exe: `K RIC 68 (VI, Carhago) 3) B1, O1, R07, T07 RIC 69 (VI, Carthago), C 7 4) B1, O1, R08, T09 Exe: `•K 5) B1, O1, R10, T08 Exe: `K RIC 72 (VI, Carthago)

You might as well forget it. This usurper held sway over a small section in Africa in a mint not known for being very prolific in minting coins. There are a few bronzes left and they make the catalog auction rounds every now and then realizing four-figure hammer prices. But this is one of those cases where no amount of money can make one appear out of your coin dealer’s inventory “on demand”.

457

Alexander Bust

Alexander Types

458

Licinius I

Augustus 308-324

Licinius was a soldier and friend of Galerius. When Diocletian put the Tetrarchy into effect, Galerius became emperor of the East and he named his friend Maximian emperor of the West. Licinius cohabited the west with the usurper Maxentius whom he was unable to expel; his own rival Constantine I later getting the job done. When Galerius died in 311 Licinius moved out East becoming Galerius's successor and leaving the West to be

squabbled between Maxentius and Constantine. Within another year Constantine would defeat Maxentius and Licinius the usurper Maximinus Daia. From then on Licinius and Constantine would be on-again off-again enemies partly because Constantine was Christian while Licinius pagan and partly simply because each wished to be sole emperor. In the end several battles fought and lost to Constantine had him on the run until he could gather no more armies, abdicated and was soon found and executed.

Busts: 1) Bare head right 2) Bare head, draped and cuirassed bust facing 3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate bust left, holding spear and shield 6) Laureate bust left, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop 7) Laureate head right 8) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 9) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 10) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding thunderbolt and scepter 11) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 12) Laureate, draped bust left, holding mappa and globe 13) Laureate, draped bust left, holding mappa and scepter on globe 14) Laureate, draped bust left, holding thunderbolt and scepter on globe 15) Laureate, draped bust right 16) Laureate, draped bust right, holding scepter on globe and mappa 17) Laureate, draped bust right, holding spear over shoulder 18) Radiate head right 19) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

a) Licinius I and Constantine I facing each other, together holding up statue of Fortuna,

holding rudder and cornucopia b) Licinius I laureate, draped bust right facing Licinius II laureate, draped bust left, together

holding trophy

Obverses: 1) DD NN IOVII LICINII INVICT AVG ET CAES 2) DD NN LICINIVS PF AVG ET LICINIVS CAESAR 3) IMP C LIC LICINIVS PF AVG 4) IMP C LIC LICINNIVS PF AVG 5) IMP C VAL LIC LICINIVS PF AVG 6) IMP C VAL LIC LICINNIVS PF AVG 7) IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG 8) IMP C VAL LICINIAN LICINIVS PF AVG 9) IMP C VALER LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG 10) IMP L LICINIVS PF AVG 11) IMP LIC LICINIVS F AVG 12) IMP LIC LICINIVS PF AVG

13) IMP LICINIVS AVG 14) IMP LICINIVS P AVG 15) IMP LICINIVS PF AVG 16) IMP LICINIVS PIVS FELIX AVG 17) LICINIVS AVG 18) LICINIVS AVG OB D V FILII SVI 19) LICINIVS P AVG 20) LICINIVS AVGVSTVS 21) LICINIVS PF AVG 22) VAL LICINIVS PF AVG 23) VAL LICINNIANVS LICINNIVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) BONO GENIO P II IMPERATORIS 2) COMITI AAVVGG 3) CONCORDIA AVGG NN 4) CONSVL DD NN 5) CONSVL PP PROCONSVL 6) CONSVLI PP PRO COS 7) DN CONSTANTINI MAX AVG 8) DN LICINI AVGVSTI 9) DN LICINI INVICT AVG 10) DN LICINI MAX AVG 11) DOMINI N LICINI AVG 12) FVNDAT PACIS 13) GENIO AVGVSTI 14) GENIO AVGVSTI CMH 15) GENIO CAESARIS 16) GENIO IMPERATORIS 17) GENIO POP ROM 18) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 19) GLORIA EXERCITI AVGG NN 20) GLORIA PERPET

21) HERCVLI INVOCTORI 22) I O M ET FORT CONSER DD NN AVG ET CAES 23) I O M ET VICT CONSER DD NN AVG ET CAES 24) I O M VIRTVTI DD NN AVG ET CAES 25) IOVI CONS LICINI AVG 26) IOVI CONSERVATORI 27) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG 28) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG 29) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN 30) IOVI CONSERVATORI DD NN 31) IOVI CONSERVATORI LICINIORVM AVG ET CAES 32) LICINI AVG 33) LICINI AVGVSTI 34) MARTI CONSERVATORI 35) ORIENS AVGG 36) ORIENS AVGVSTORVM 37) PERPETVA VIRTVS AVG 38) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 39) PRINCIPIS PROVIDENTISSIMI 40) PROFECTIO AVGG

Due to the lengthy reign, there are many coins available for this emperor. The bronzes are particularly common and were minted throughout the empire with the exception of brief intervals when various emperors withheld official recognition. During his reign, the use of mintmarks becomes more systematic and complex. The assignment of various mintmark elements is somewhat arbitrary but this catalog follows convention and will designate the use of wreaths and palms as mintmark features while eagles and captives will be considered part of the reverse design. The reverses featuring Jupiter are the most commonly found.

459 41) PROVIDENTIAE AVGG 42) PROVIDENTIAE AVGG NN 43) ROMAE AETERNAE 44) SAECVLI FELICITAS 45) SALVS AVGG NN 46) SAPIENTIA PRINCIPIS 47) SECVRITAS AVGG 48) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 49) SOLE INVICTO 50) SOLI INVICTO 51) SOLI INVICTO COMITI 52) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI 53) VBIQVE VICTORES 54) VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP 55) VICTORIA AVGG NN 56) VICTORIA LAET P P

57) VICTORIAE LAET P P 58) VICTORIAE LAET PRINC PERP 59) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP 60) VICTORIAE MAXIMINI AVG 61) VIRT EXERC 62) VIRTVS AVGG 63) VIRTVS AVGG NN 64) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 65) VIRTVS EXERCIT 66) VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL 67) VIRTVTI EXERCITI 68) VIRTVTI EXERCITVS 69) VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET P R 70) VOTIS V MVLTIS X 71) No legend

Types: 1) Altar; eagle atop, shield to left, helmet to right and spear across in front. 2) Arles to right, holding scepter, receiving cornucopia from Victory to left, standing on galley prow. 3) City gate with (3) turrets 4) City gate with (4) turrets 5) Cippus reading XX / XXX / MVL / FEL 6) Concordia seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 7) Concordia standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 8) Crossroads in shape of “X”; Sol at juncture, raising hand and holding globe. 9) Fortuna standing to left, holding cornucopia and rudder on globe, facing Jupiter standing to right, holding scepter and Victory on globe. 10) Genius standing left, holding head of Serapis and cornucopia. 11) Genius standing left, holding head of Sol and cornucopia. 12) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 13) Genius standing left, holding Victory and cornucopia; eagle to left. 14) Genius standing left, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia 15) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia. 16) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia; eagle to left. 17) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 18) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia; eagle to left. 19) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and on club with lion skin. 20) Jupiter advancing right, aiming thunderbolt. 21) Jupiter riding eagle standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 22) Jupiter seated facing holding scepter and Victory on globe; eagle to left with wreath in beak. 23) Jupiter seated facing on platform reading SIC X / SIC XX, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle with wreath to left 24) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 25) Jupiter standing left on platform reading SIC X / SIC XX, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle with wreath to left. 26) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter 27) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 28) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left 29) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; trophy with seated captive on either side to left 30) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 31) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; captive to left. 32) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left 33) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left and seated captive to right. 34) Jupiter standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle with wreath in beak to left. 35) Legend VO / TIS / XX 36) Legend VOT / XX 37) Licinius I riding quadriga right, holding scepter. 38) Licinius I standing right, holding spear and globe. 39) Licinius I standing right, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side. 40) Licinius I standing, facing, holding globe and scepter. 41) Lion standing left, club above. 42) Mars advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy with shield. 43) Mars advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy. 44) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 45) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side. 46) Mars standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear with shield 47) Mars standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 48) Roma seated left, holding shield reading X / V 49) Roma seated right, holding shield reading X / V 50) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter. 51) Securitas standing left, leaning on cippus and with legs crossed, touching head. 52) Shield reading AVG on cippus 53) Sol advancing left, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding globe. 54) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding globe with whip. 55) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe with whip. 56) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe. 57) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to left. 58) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding head of Serapis. 59) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 60) Sol standing right, holding raising hand and holding globe. 61) Standards (3) 62) Trophy, seated captive on either side 63) Vexillum reading VOT / X; seated captive on either side. 64) Vexillum reading VOT / XX; seated captive on either side. 65) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / PR over altar. 66) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 67) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 68) Victory standing right, holding shield on cippus reading VI / CTO / RIA / AVG

460 69) Victory standing right, holding shield on cippus reading VOT / X / MVL / XX 70) Virtus advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy with shield. 71) Wreath, SIC X / SIC XX within 72) Wreath, VOT / V within 73) Wreath, VOT / X / MVL / XX within. 74) Wreath, VOT / XV / FEL / XX within. 75) Wreath, VOT / XV FEL / XX within. 76) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within. 77) Wreath, VOT / XX within 78) Wreath, VOT X / ET XV F within

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate

5) Cyzicus 6) Heraclea 7) Londinium 8) Lugdunum

9) Nicomedia 10) Ostia 11) Roma 12) Serdica

13) Siscia 14) Thessalonica 15) Ticinum 16) Treveri

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B02, O18, R25, T23, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 21 (VII, Nicomedia) 2) B07, O20, R25, T25, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 18 (VII, Nicomedia) 3) B07, O20, R26, T32, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 11 (VII, Nicomedia) 4) B07, O20, R28, T28, M14 Exe: `/•SM•TS• RIC 44a (VI, Thessalonica) 5) B07, O21, R26, T32, M13 Exe: X/SIS RIC 18 (VII, Siscia) 6) B07, O21, R53, T39, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 817c (VI, Trier)

AE3

7) B04, O12, R65, T64, M14 Exe: S/F/•TS•`• RIC 76 (VII, Thessalonica) 8) B04, O13, R65, T64, M03 Exe: S/F/AQ` RIC 51 (VII, Aquileia) 9) B04, O13, R65, T64, M13 Exe: S/F over ´/`SIS¦ RIC 129 (VII, Siscia) 10) B04, O13, R65, T64, M13 Exe: S/F/`SIS* RIC 110 (VII, Siscia) 11) B04, O13, R65, T64, M15 Exe: `*T RIC 123 (VII, Ticinum) 12) B04, O13, R65, T64, M15 Exe: `T RIC 166 (VII, Ticinum) 13) B04, O19, R65, T62, M16 Exe: •`TR RIC 259 (VII, Trier) 14) B07, O03, R16, T12, M01 Exe: K/` over P/ALE RIC 101b (VI, Alexandria) 15) B07, O03, R28, T27, M02 Exe: `/ANT RIC 13 (VII, Antioch) 16) B07, O03, R50, T58, M02 Exe: `/*/ANT RIC 167a (VI, Antioch) 17) B07, O04, R13, T14, M02 Exe: */`/ANT RIC 162a (VI, Antioch) 18) B07, O05, R26, T26, M06 Exe: =/SMHT` 19) B07, O05, R26, T26, M14 Exe: =/`/•SM•TS• RIC 49 (VI, Thessalonica) 20) B07, O07, R13, T12, M05 Exe: `/SMK RIC 102a (VI, Cyzicus) 21) B07, O07, R13, T17, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 71a (VI, Nicomedia) 22) B07, O07, R14, T15, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 66 (VI, Nicomedia) 23) B07, O07, R26, T26, M06 Exe: =/HT` RIC 65 (VII, Heraclea) 24) B07, O07, R26, T32, M05 Exe: `/SMK RIC 4 (VII, Cyzicus) 25) B07, O07, R26, T32, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 69a (VII, Nicomedia) 26) B07, O07, R26, T32, M09 Exe: N over `/SMN RIC 15 (VII, Nicomedia) 27) B07, O07, R28, T32, M01 Exe: = over ` over N/ALE RIC 10 (VII, Alexandria) 28) B07, O07, R28, T32, M02 Exe: = over Г over III/ANT RIC 8 (VII, Antioch) 29) B07, O07, R28, T32, M06 Exe: `/SMHT RIC 73 (VII, Heraclea) 30) B07, O08, R28, T26, M06 Exe: =/`/SMHT RIC 68 (VI, Heraclea) 31) B07, O12, R13, T12, M13 Exe: ©/`/SIS RIC 207b (VI, Cyzicus) 32) B07, O12, R26, T27, M13 Exe: =/`/SIS RIC 227a (VI, Siscia) 33) B07, O12, R26, T28, M03 Exe: AQ` 34) B07, O12, R26, T32, M13 Exe: `/•SIS• RIC 15 (VII, Siscia) 35) B07, O12, R26, T32, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 8 (VII, Siscia) 36) B07, O12, R26, T32, M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 22 (VII, Siscia) 37) B07, O12, R26, T32, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 57 (VII, Thessalonica) 38) B07, O12, R29, T32, M13 Exe: `/•SIS• RIC 229a (VI, Siscia) 39) B07, O12, R29, T32, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 4 (VII, Siscia) 40) B07, O13, R08, T77, M04 Exe: `¨A RIC 240 (VII, Arles) 41) B07, O13, R08, T77, M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 150 (VII, Siscia) 42) B07, O13, R08, T77, M13 Exe: `SIS* RIC 160 (VII, Siscia) 43) B07, O13, R11, T77, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 67 (VII, Aquileia) 44) B07, O13, R33, T35, M13 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 141 (VII, Siscia) 45) B07, O13, R54, T65, M13 Exe: I/`SIS* RIC 96 (VII, Siscia) 46) B07, O15, R26, T32, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 13 (VII, Nicomedia) 47) B07, O15, R26, T32, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 11 (VII, Siscia) 48) B07, O15, R29, T32, M13 Exe: `/SIS 49) B07, O15, R34, T47, M15 Exe: */`•T RIC 24 (VII, Ticinum) 50) B07, O22, R13, T15, M14 Exe: */`/SM•TS• RIC 30b (VI, Thessalonica) 51) B07, O22, R68, T44, M14 Exe: */`/SM•TS• RIC 37b (VI, Thessalonica) 52) B07, O23, R13, T12, M05 Exe: `/;/MKV RIC 66 (VI, Cyzicus) 53) B07, O23, R13, T16, M05 Exe: `/MKV RIC 83 (VI, Cyzicus) 54) B07, O23, R14, T12, M05 Exe: MKV` RIC 76 (VI, Cyzicus) 55) B07, O23, R16, T12, M05 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 57 (VI, Cyzicus) 56) B07, O23, R26, T15, M05 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 54 (VI, Cyzicus) 57) B07, O23, R49, T58, M05 Exe: `/MKV 58) B09, O12, R27, T21, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 210 (VII, Trier) 59) B09, O12, R29, T32, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 233a (VI, Siscia) 60) B09, O13, R27, T21, M04 Exe: `ARL RIC 196 (VII, Arles)

461 61) B09, O13, R55, T66, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 61 (VII, Thessalonica) 62) B09, O13, R58, T65, M08 Exe: 0 RIC 70 (VII, Lyons) 63) B09, O13, R71, T76, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 33 (VII, Thessalonica) 64) B09, O15, R17, T12, M07 Exe: */`LN RIC 249 (VI, Londinium) 65) B09, O13, R17, T12, M16 Exe: A/S/`TR 66) B09, O15, R17, T12, M07 Exe: S/F/`LN RIC 3 (VII, London) 67) B09, O15, R17, T12, M16 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 845b (VI, Treveri) 68) B09, O15, R51, T56, M04 Exe: S/F/`ARL RIC 59 (VII, Arles) 69) B09, O15, R51, T56, M11 Exe: R over X/F/R` RIC 30 (VII, Rome) 70) B09, O15, R51, T56, M11 Exe: R/F/R` RIC 4 (VII, Rome) 71) B09, O15, R51, T56, M11 Exe: R/F/R*` RIC 23 (VII, Rome) 72) B09, O15, R51, T56, M15 Exe: */`T RIC 9 (VII, Ticinum) 73) B09, O15, R52, T61, M11 Exe: R` RIC 349c (VI, Roma) 74) B11, O11, R29, T32, M14 Exe: •TS•`• 75) B11, O12, R27, T32, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 3 (VII, Thessalonica) 76) B11, O12, R29, T32, M02 Exe: `/ANT RIC 17 (VII, Antioch) 77) B11, O12, R29, T32, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 234a (VI, Siscia) 78) B11, O12, R29, T32, M14 Exe: `/•SM•TS• RIC 2 (VII, Thessalonica) 79) B11, O12, R29, T32, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 60 (VII, Thessalonica) 80) B11, O13, R54, T65, M13 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 86 (VII, Siscia) 81) B11, O15, R51, T56, M11 Exe: R over X/F/R` RIC 29 (VII, Rome) 82) B13, O12, R41, T03, M06 Exe: HT` RIC 15 (VII, Heraclea) 83) B13, O13, R27, T21, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 211 (VII, Trier) 84) B13, O13, R28, T26, M01 Exe: ©/`/SMAL RIC 23 (VII, Alexandria) 85) B13, O13, R28, T30, M05 Exe: =/`/SMK RIC 9 (VII, Cyzicus) 86) B13, O13, R28, T30, M09 Exe: ®/`/SMN RIC 24 (VII, Nicomedia) 87) B13, O13, R28, T31, M02 Exe: `/SMANT RIC 27 (VII, Antioch) 88) B13, O13, R41, T03, M06 Exe: •SMH` RIC 43 (VII, Heraclea) 89) B13, O13, R41, T03, M06 Exe: MH` RIC 17 (VII, Heraclea) 90) B14, O15, R27, T21, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 825 (VI, Treveri) 91) B16, O13, R41, T03, M06 Exe: Λ /SMH` 92) B19, O07, R26, T33, M05 Exe: X over IIГ/SMK` RIC 15 (VII, Cyzicus) 93) B19, O07, R26, T33, M06 Exe: X over IIГ/SMH` RIC 52 (VII, Heraclea) 94) B19, O07, R26, T33, M09 Exe: X over IIГ/SMN` RIC 44 (VII, Nicomedia) 95) Ba, O01, R22, T09, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 38 (VII, Nicomedia) 96) Bb, O01, R24, T29, M06 Exe: SMAT` RIC 50 (VII, Heraclea)

Licinius I Busts

462 Licinius I Types

463

Constantia

b. c.290 – d. ca.330

Wife of Licinius, daughter of Constantius I and sister of Constantine I. The political marriage between the two was effected to ease tensions between the two great rivals and for a long time it served the purpose well. When Licinius was beaten for the last time Constantia was able to have her husband's death sentence lifted thanks to her appeals and the love Constantine had for

her. Licinius would be dispatched shortly afterwards on trumped up charges but the short reprieve was all thanks to Constantia's efforts.

Constantia also takes an active role in the early Christian church finding favor with the Arian sect, the followers of which would be exiled and excommunicated after her death.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse:

1) CONSTANTIA N F

Reverse:

1) SOROR CONSTANTINI AVG

Type:

1) Wreath, PIET / AS PVB / LICA within

Mint:

1) Constantinopolis

AE3 Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: CONS` RIC 15 (VII, Constantinople), L 977

Coins of Constantia go into the beyond ultra-rare category. The fuzzy photo below is of one of only two or three known to the editors of RIC as of the late sixties. Even though massive amounts of Roman coins have appeared on the market since then, and particularly so from the area where her coins were most likely to have circulated, none have appeared either in published hoards nor at auctions in that time. Seeing that it is apparent that the coins made in her name were restricted to the lowest value of bronzes one might expect to find the next one among ordinary unrestored bronzes as found by metal detectorists in the Balkans and then offered for sale for a dollar or two each. But so far she remains elusive. Calculating a value for these coins is for all intents and purposes impossible given that there is no reference point. However, it seems all but likely that if one were available at auction it would easily reach into the tens of thousands of dollars.

464

Maximinus II

Augustus 308-313

The nephew of Galerius, Maximinus "Daia" was chosen as his eastern Caesar under the shaky Tetrarchy of Diocletian. He was sent to oversee Syria and Egypt where he awaited his turn at being emperor of the east half of the empire. Unfortunately for him, the western Caesar, Severus II, was defeated by Maxentius. This in turn forced Galerius to name Licinius as his replacement. Galerius died in 311 and Licinius, not Maximinus,

was elevated to Augustus totally sidelining Maximinus who was the senior Caesar. Maximinus was upset about this, to say the least, but somehow or other he and Licinius patched up their differences and the status quo was preserved for the time being.

Licinius would then stir up trouble again, however, by aligning himself with Constantine who would then go on to defeat the forces of Maximian and Maxentius (a secret ally of Maximinus). Maximinus could bear no more and realized that he was probably next on the chopping block. Taking the initiative, he went on the warpath and declared war on Licinius. Licinius had the upper hand militarily though and was able to defeat him in two separate battles. Maximinus was killed or committed suicide and Licinius had his family executed as well.

Busts:

1) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 2) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield 3) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding three spears and shield 4) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield 5) Laureate bust left wearing imperial mantle, holding Victory on globe and shield 6) Laureate bust right wearing imperial mantle, raising hand 7) Laureate head right 8) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 9) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe and shield 10) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 11) Laureate, draped bust right 12) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, raising hand and holding globe 13) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses:

1) GA VAL MAXIMINVS NOB C 2) GAL VAL MAXIMINVS N C 3) GAL VAL MAXIMINVS NOB C 4) GAL VAL MAXIMINVS NOB CAES 5) GAL VAL MAXIMINVS NOB CAESAR 6) GAL VAL MAXIMINVS NOBIL C 7) GAL VAL MAXIMINVS PF AVG 8) IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMINO PF INV AVG 9) IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMINVS PF AVG 10) IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMINVS PF INV AVG 11) IMP C GAL VALER MAXIMINVS PF AVG 12) IMP C GALER VAL MAXIMINVS PF AVG 13) IMP MAXIMINVS AVG 14) IMP MAXIMINVS P AVG 15) IMP MAXIMINVS PF AVG 16) MAXIMINVS AVG

17) MAXIMINVS CAES 18) MAXIMINVS CAESAR 19) MAXIMINVS FIL AVGG 20) MAXIMINVS N C 21) MAXIMINVS NOB C 22) MAXIMINVS NOB CAES 23) MAXIMINVS NOB CAESAR 24) MAXIMINVS NOB CS 25) MAXIMINVS NOBIL C 26) MAXIMINVS NOBILI CAES 27) MAXIMINVS NOBILIS C 28) MAXIMINVS NOBILIS CAES 29) MAXIMINVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES 30) MAXIMINVS NOBILISSIMVS CAESAR 31) MAXIMINVS PF AVG

Reverses:

1) BONO GENIO P II IMPERATORIS 2) COMITI AAVVGG 3) CONCORD IMPERI 4) CONCORD IMPERII 5) CONCORDIA CAESS NOSTR 6) CONCORDIA IMPERII 7) CONCORDIA MILITVM 8) CONSVL PP PROCONSVL 9) FELICITAS CAESS NOSTR 10) FELICITAS SAECVLI CAESS NN 11) GENIO AVGG ET CAESARVM NN 12) GENIO AVGVSTI 13) GENIO CAESARIS 14) GENIO IMPERATORIS 15) GENIO POP ROM 16) GENIO POPVLI ROMANI 17) HERCVLI COMITI CAESS NOSTR 18) HERCVLI CONSER AVGG ET CAESS NN 19) HERCVLI VICTORI 20) IOVI CONS CAES 21) IOVI CONSERVAT 22) IOVI CONSERVATORI 23) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG 24) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG

25) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG ET CAESS NN 26) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN 27) IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS NN 28) IOVIO PROPAGAT ORBIS TERRARVM 29) MARTI CONSERVATORI 30) MARTI PATRI PROPVGNATORI 31) MAXIMINVS NOBILISSIMVS CAESAR 32) ORIENS AVGG 33) PERPETVITAS AVGG 34) PM TR P PP PROCOS 35) PRINCIPI IVVENT B R P NAT 36) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 37) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 38) RESTITVTOR ROMAE 39) ROMA AETERNA 40) SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN 41) SACRA MONET AVGG ET CAESS NN 42) SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL KART 43) SALVS AVGG ET CAESS NN 44) SECVRIT PERPET DD NN 45) SECVRITAS AVGG NN 46) SOLE INVICTO 47) SOLI INVICTAE 48) SOLI INVICTO

Although not quite as common as a Constantine I or Licinius, his contemporary rivals, Maximinus does appear with regularity everywhere ancient Roman coins are sold. A look on eBay on any given day is bound to turn up at least a dozen or two. This, of course, goes for the various sized bronzes that are classified today as Folles and fractions thereof. Silver and gold coins are just as rare and expensive for Maximinus as anyone else during this period.

465 49) SOLI INVICTO AVGG 50) SOLI INVICTO COMITI 51) SOLI INVICTO CONSERVAT AVGG ET CAESS NN 52) SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI 53) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 54) VBIQVE VICTORES 55) VICTORIA AVGG 56) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG

57) VIRTVS AVGG ET CAESS NN 58) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 59) VIRTVS MILITVM 60) VIRTVTI EXERCITI 61) VIRTVTI EXERCITVS 62) VTILITAS PVBLICA 63) No legend

Types:

1) Carthago standing, facing, holding fruit in each hand 2) City gate, 3 turrets above 3) City gate, 4 turrets above 4) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 5) Concordia standing left, holding scepter 6) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 7) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 8) Genius standing left, holding head of Serapis and cornucopia 9) Genius standing left, holding head of Sol and cornucopia 10) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 11) Genius standing left, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia 12) Genius standing left, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia; eagle to left 13) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia 14) Genius standing left, pouring out patera and holding cornucopia; eagle to left. 15) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 16) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and leaning on club with lion skin 17) Hercules standing, facing, holding branch and club with lion skin. 18) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apples with lion skin 19) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin 20) Jupiter seated left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 21) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter 22) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 23) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left. 24) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter 25) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left 26) Mars advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy with shield 27) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 28) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy with shield 29) Mars standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield 30) Maximinus II advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy; seated captive to right 31) Maximinus II raising hand and holding scepter, two standards on either side. 32) Maximinus II riding horse left, spearing three enemies 33) Maximinus II riding horse right, spearing enemy. 34) Maximinus II riding horse right, spearing enemy; another lying under horse 35) Maximinus II standing left, holding globe and scepter 36) Maximinus II standing left, holding globe and scepter; two standards on either side 37) Maximinus II standing left, holding globe and scepter; two standards to right 38) Maximinus II standing left, holding standard and scepter 39) Maximinus II standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; two standards to right 40) Maximinus II standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 41) Maximinus II standing, facing, holding globe and scepter 42) Maximinus II standing, facing, holding globe and wand 43) Maximinus II standing, facing, holding spear and globe. 44) Maximinus II standing, facing, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side 45) Maximinus II standing, facing, holding Victory on globe 46) Maximinus II standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and spear 47) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 48) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 49) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake 50) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head 51) Sol advancing right, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding globe. 52) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand 53) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding globe 54) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding globe with whip 55) Sol riding quadriga left, raising hand and holding globe 56) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 57) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe with whip 58) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to left 59) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding head of Serapis 60) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding Victory on globe 61) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe 62) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding whip and globe 63) Standards (3) 64) Utilitas standing, facing 65) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VIC / CAES 66) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 67) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 68) Virtus standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and spear with shield 69) Virtus standing, facing, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 70) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS NN within 71) Wreath, VOT / X / CAESS within 72) Wreath, VOT / X / MVL / XX within 73) Wreath, VOTIS / X / SIC ET / XX within 74) Wreath, X / MAXI / MINI / AVG within

466 Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Cyzicus

5) Heraclea 6) Karthago 7) Londinium 8) Lugdunum

9) Nicomedia 10) Ostia 11) Roma 12) Serdica

13) Siscia 14) Thessalonica 15) Ticinum 16) Treveri

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B07, O15, R48, T59, M01 Exe: ALE RIC 132 (VI, Alexandria) 2) B07, O17, R10, T65, M03 Exe: SMAQ RIC 52 (VI, Aquileia) 3) B07, O21, R18, T19, M16 Exe: TR RIC 621 (VI, Treveri) 4) B07, O21, R25, T22, M16 Exe: TR RIC 625b (VI, Treveri) 5) B07, O22, R36, T38, M11 Exe: PR 6) B07, O22, R37, T37, M12 Exe: W over ©/•SM•SD• RIC 31 (VI, Serdica) 7) B07, O22, R37, T37, M12 Exe: W/•SM•SD• RIC 9b (VI, Serdica) 8) B07, O22, R37, T39, M12 Exe: W/•SM•SD• RIC 8b (VI, Serdica) 9) B07, O31, R08, T35, M02 Exe: ©SMA`* RIC 127a (VI, Antioch) 10) B07, O31, R63, T73, M02 Exe: SMA RIC 130 (VI, Antioch) 11) B07, O31, R63, T74, M02 Exe: SMA RIC 131 (VI, Antioch)

AR Argenteus

12) B12, O13, R50, T54, M16 Exe: PTR This issue struck on very poor silver RIC 826 (VI, Treveri)

AE Antoninianus (reduced)

13) B13, O04, R07, T40, M01 Exe: `/ALE RIC 60b (VI, Alexandria)

AE Follis

14) B01, O17, R47, T52, M02 Exe: ANT 15) B01, O22, R57, T34, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 68b (VI, Aquileia) 16) B05, O07, R16, T13, M12 Exe: `/•SM•SD• RIC 13b (VI, Serdica) 17) B07, O03, R13, T13, M04 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 55 (VI, Cyzicus) 18) B07, O03, R13, T13, M04 Exe: `/MK RIC 43 (VI, Cyzicus) 19) B07, O03, R13, T13, M09 Exe: SMN` “CMH” concatenated as ' at end of reverse legend RIC 55 (VI, Nicomedia) 20) B07, O03, R13, T13, M12 Exe: */`/•SM•SD• RIC 37 (VI, Serdica) 21) B07, O03, R61, T27, M04 Exe: `/MKV RIC 49 (VI, Cyzicus) 22) B07, O03, R61, T28, M04 Exe: `/*/MKV RIC 61 (VI, Cyzicus) 23) B07, O04, R06, T05, M01 Exe: S/B over `/ALE RIC 52 (VI, Alexandria) 24) B07, O04, R13, T13, M01 Exe: K/` over P/ALE RIC 99a (VI, Cyzicus) 25) B07, O04, R13, T13, M02 Exe: O over `/•ANT Reverse legends ends in a * RIC 110 (VI, Antioch) 26) B07, O04, R13, T13, M05 Exe: •HT`• RIC 36 (VI, Heraclea) 27) B07, O04, R16, T13, M05 Exe: HT` RIC 26b (VI, Heraclea) 28) B07, O04, R59, T03, M04 Exe: MK` RIC 40 (VI, Cyzicus) 29) B07, O07, R14, T13, M04 Exe: `/;/MKV RIC 70 (VI, Cyzicus) 30) B07, O08, R14, T13, M05 Exe: */HT` RIC 49 (VI, Heraclea) 31) B07, O09, R12, T08, M01 Exe: * over N over °/`/ALE Reverse legend ends in a • RIC 155b (VI, Alexandria) 32) B07, O09, R12, T08, M01 Exe: * over N over °/`/ALE RIC 160b (VI, Alexandria) 33) B07, O09, R12, T09, M02 Exe: */`/ANT RIC 164b (VI, Antioch) 34) B07, O09, R12, T11, M02 Exe: */` over Δ/ANT RIC 162b (VI, Antioch) 35) B07, O09, R12, T13, M09 Exe: SMN` “CMH” concatenated as ' at end of reverse legend RIC 66c (VI, Nicomedia) 36) B07, O09, R12, T14, M05 Exe: `/SMHT RIC 76 (VI, Heraclea) 37) B07, O09, R12, T14, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 72b (VI, Nicomedia) 38) B07, O09, R12, T15, M04 Exe: */SMK RIC 101a (VI, Cyzicus) 39) B07, O09, R12, T15, M09 Exe: * over `/SMN RIC 74b (VI, Nicomedia) 40) B07, O09, R12, T15, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 71b (VI, Nicomedia) 41) B07, O09, R14, T13, M01 Exe: K/S over `/ALE RIC 107c (VI, Alexandria) 42) B07, O09, R14, T13, M05 Exe: */HT` RIC 62 (VI, Heraclea) 43) B07, O09, R19, T16, M05 Exe: `/SMHT RIC 77 (VI, Heraclea) 44) B07, O09, R19, T16, M09 Exe: * over `/SMN RIC 75 (VI, Nicomedia) 45) B07, O09, R19, T16, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 68 (VI, Nicomedia) 46) B07, O09, R22, T24, M02 Exe: */`/ANT RIC 166b (VI, Antioch) 47) B07, O09, R22, T24, M04 Exe: `/MKV RIC 91a (VI, Cyzicus) 48) B07, O09, R22, T24, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 69b (VI, Nicomedia) 49) B07, O09, R46, T53, M02 Exe: `/ANT RIC 142 (VI, Antioch) 50) B07, O09, R48, T59, M02 Exe: `/*/ANT RIC 167b (VI, Antioch) 51) B07, O09, R48, T59, M09 Exe: * over `/©/SMN RIC 77b (VI, Nicomedia) 52) B07, O09, R48, T59, M09 Exe: `/SMN RIC 73a (VI, Nicomedia) 53) B07, O09, R61, T28, M02 Exe: ©/`/ANT RIC 155b (VI, Antioch) 54) B07, O10, R24, T21, M05 Exe: =/`/SMHT RIC 69a (VI, Heraclea) 55) B07, O12, R01, T10, M01 Exe: © over K/` over X/ALE RIC 144b (VI, Alexandria) 56) B07, O15, R12, T10, M13 Exe: ©/`/SIS RIC 207c (VI, Siscia) 57) B07, O15, R50, T56, M10 Exe: MOST` RIC 90a (VI, Ostia) 58) B07, O16, R12, T13, M14 Exe: `/SM•TS 59) B07, O19, R13, T13, M14 Exe: */`/•SM•TS• RIC 32a (VI, Thessalonica) 60) B07, O22, R57, T27, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 70b (VI, Aquileia) 61) B07, O23, R57, T27, M15 Exe: •/`T RIC 60b (VI, Ticinum) 62) B07, O31, R22, T21, M14 Exe: =/`/•SM•TS• RIC 50a (VI, Thessalonica) 63) B07, O31, R24, T23, M14 Exe: `/•SM•TS• RIC 47a (VI, Thessalonica) 64) B07, O31, R26, T25, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 61a (VI, Thessalonica) 65) B08, O03, R16, T10, M16 Exe: S/F/`TR RIC 667b (VI, Treveri)

467 66) B08, O14, R45, T50, M07 Exe: */`LN 67) B08, O15, R15, T10, M07 Exe: */`LN RIC 209b (VI, Londinium) 68) B08, O15, R15, T10, M16 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 845a (VI, Treveri) 69) B08, O15, R26, T25, M13 Exe: `/SIS RIC 233b (VI, Siscia) 70) B08, O15, R50, T61, M11 Exe: R` RIC 336b (VI, Roma) 71) B10, O13, R15, T10, M16 Exe: T/F/`TR 72) B10, O15, R50, T56, M11 Exe: R` RIC 323b (VI, Roma) 73) B10, O15, R50, T56, M15 Exe: `T RIC 129d (VI, Ticinum) 74) B10, O15, R52, T63, M11 Exe: R` RIC 350b (VI, Roma) 75) B10, O31, R26, T25, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 52a (VI, Thessalonica)

468

Maximinus II Busts

Maximinus II Types

469

Licinius II

Caesar 312-324

Unfortunate young son of Licinius who was sold into slavery and thereafter lost to history upon Constantine's final defeat over Licinius and his court.

Busts:

1) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust facing 2) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left holding spear over shoulder and shield 3) Laureate bust left, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle

atop 4) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding globe and scepter

with eagle atop 5) Laureate busts of Licinius II and Constantine II facing each other,

together holding Fortuna 6) Laureate head right 7) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 8) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 9) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 10) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right holding spear and Victory on

globe 11) Laureate, draped bust left, holding mappa and scepter on globe 12) Laureate, draped bust right, holding scepter on globe and mappa 13) Laureate, draped bust left, holding Victory on globe and mappa 14) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses:

1) DD NN LICINIVS ET CONSTANTINVS NOB CAESS 2) DN FL LICIN LICINIVS NOB C 3) DN LICINIVS NOB CAES 4) DN VAL CONST LICINIVS NOB C 5) DN VAL LICIN LICINIVS NOB C 6) FLA LICINIVS NOB CAES 7) LICINIAN LICINIVS IVN 8) LICINIVS IVN N C 9) LICINIVS IVN NOB C 10) LICINIVS IVN NOB CAES 11) LICINIVS IVN NOB CAESAR 12) LICINIVS NOB CAES 13) VA CO LICINIVS N CS 14) VA CO LICINIVS NOV CS 15) VAL CONSTANTINVS LICINIVS N CAES 16) VAL LICINIANVS LICINIVS IVNIOR 17) VAL LICINIVS NOB CAES

Reverses:

1) BEATA TRANQVILLITAS 2) CAESARVM NOSTRORVM 3) CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE 4) CONCORDIA AVGG NN 5) EXERC AVGVSTORVM 6) FELICIA 7) IOM ET FORT CONSER DD NN NOB CAESS 8) IOVI CONS DN NOB CAES 9) IOVI CONSERVATORI 10) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG 11) IOVI CONSERVATORI CAES 12) IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS 13) PAX PERPETVA

14) PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS 15) PROVIDENTIA CAESS 16) ROMAE AETERNAE 17) SAECVLI FELICITAS 18) SARMATIA DEVICTA 19) VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP 20) VICTORIA AVGG NN 21) VICTORIA LAET P P 22) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP 23) VIRTVS AVGG 24) VIRTVS EXERCIT 25) VIRTVS MILITVM DD NN 26) No legend

Types:

1) Altar reading VOT / IS / XX with globe atop; three stars above 2) City gate with (3) turrets 3) City gate with (4) turrets 4) Concordia standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 5) Crossroads in shape of “X”; Sol at juncture, raising hand and holding globe 6) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 7) Fortuna standing right on left, holding cornucopia, facing Jupiter to right, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 8) Jupiter advancing right, aiming thunderbolt 9) Jupiter seated facing on throne reading SIC V / SIC X, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left 10) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter. 11) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 12) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 13) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter, seated captive to left. 14) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter with eagle atop; eagle to left and seated captive to right.

Both Licinius senior and junior make up a fair portion of the extant coins of the early fourth century. Of the two, however, the elder is much better represented than the younger among the bronzes and somewhat more evenly so in the hard to find silver and gold issues. But the bronzes for Licinius II are never difficult to locate nor to afford. Being rather thin and small many survive in rather shabby condition but many, thankfully, have weathered pretty well and gem, fully silvered coins are found with some regularity as well. Even the top end coin need not cost more than $100 assuming one of the common types. Late Roman Bronze enthusiasts will hold out for fiendishly rare reverse types which are costly even when in poor shape.

470 15) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe; eagle to left 16) Legend VOT / I•S / •V• 17) Legend VOT / V 18) Licinius II standing left, holding globe, being crowned by Jupiter, holding thunderbolt. 19) Licinius II standing left, sacrificing, being crowned by soldier; citizen to left and soldier to right 20) Licinius II standing right, holding spear and globe 21) Licinius II standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 22) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 23) Pax standing, facing, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding branch and scepter. 24) Roma seated left, holding shield reading X / V 25) Roma seated right, holding shield reading X / V 26) Shield reading AVG on cippus. 27) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 28) Trophy; seated captive on either side 29) Vexillum reading VOT / X; seated captive on either side 30) Vexillum reading VOT / XX; seated captive on either side 31) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding shield reading VOT / PR on altar 32) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 33) Wreath, VOT / V within 34) Wreath, VOT / X within 35) Wreath, VOT / XV / FEL / XX within 36) Wreath, VOT / XV FEL / XX within 37) Wreath, VOT / XX within 38) Wreath, VOT V / MVLT X / CAESS 39) Wreath, VOT X / ET XV F within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate

5) Cyzicus 6) Heraclea 7) Nicomedia 8) Roma

9) Siscia 10) Thessalonica 11) Ticinum 12) Treveri

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B01, O05, R11, T09, M07 Exe: SMN` RIC 42 (VII, Nicomedia)

AE3

2) B02, O05, R09, T14, M02 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMANT` RIC 36 (VII, Antioch)

3) B02, O05, R09, T14, M06 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMH` RIC 54 (VII, Heraclea)

4) B02, O05, R09, T14, M07 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMN` RIC 49 (VII, Nicomedia) 5) B06, O09, R02, T33, M09 Exe: `SIS RIC 155 (VII, Siscia) 6) B06, O09, R02, T33, M09 Exe: `SIS* RIC 162 (VII, Siscia) 7) B06, O10, R02, T16, M09 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 143 (VII, Siscia) 8) B06, O10, R02, T17, M10 Exe: TS`VI RIC 107 (VII, Thessalonica) 9) B06, O10, R02, T33, M04 Exe: `A RIC 231 (VII, Arles) 10) B06, O11, R25, T22, M10 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 22 (VII, Thessalonica) 11) B06, O12, R02, T33, M04 Exe: `¦A RIC 242 (VII, Arles) 12) B08, O10, R02, T17, M10 Exe: TS`VI RIC 93 (VII, Thessalonica) 13) B08, O10, R02, T33, M10 Exe: TS`VI RIC 114 (VII, Thessalonica) 14) B08, O10, R24, T28, M12 Exe: T/F/•`TR RIC 287 (VII, Trier) 15) B08, O11, R02, T33, M10 Exe: TS`VI 16) B09, O05, R15, T12, M07 Exe: °/• over `/SMN RIC 34 (VII, Nicomedia) 17) B09, O09, R16, T25, M08 Exe: P/R/R` RIC 153 (VII, Rome) 18) B09, O09, R17, T26, M08 Exe: P/R/R` RIC 162 (VII, Rome) 19) B09, O09, R23, T03, M08 Exe: P/R/R` RIC 189 (VII, Rome) 20) B09, O10, R04, T06, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 12 (VII, Aquileia) 21) B09, O10, R26, T38, M10 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 41 (VII, Thessalonica) 22) B09, O11, R22, T31, M09 Exe: `SIS• RIC 69 (VII, Siscia) 23) B09, O17, R09, T08, M04 Exe: R/S/`ARL RIC 128 (VII, Arles) 24) B09, O17, R09, T11, M04 Exe: `¦A RIC 167 (VII, Arles) 25) B10, O09, R19, T31, M09 Exe: `SIS* “I” on altar RIC 98 (VII, Siscia) 26) B11, O05, R10, T12, M05 Exe: =/`/SMK 27) B11, O05, R12, T12, M05 Exe: =/`/SMK RIC 11 (VII, Cyzicus) 28) B11, O05, R12, T13, M02 Exe: `/SMANT RIC 29 (VII, Antioch) 29) B11, O05, R15, T02, M06 Exe: •/SMH` RIC 31 (VII, Heraclea) 30) B11, O05, R15, T02, M06 Exe: MHT` RIC 19 (VII, Heraclea) 31) B11, O05, R15, T02, M06 Exe: SMH` RIC 41 (VII, Heraclea) 32) B11, O05, R15, T12, M07 Exe: °/• over `/SMN RIC 33 (VII, Nicomedia) 33) B12, O05, R15, T02, M06 Exe: SMH` RIC 49 (VII, Heraclea)

34) B13, O09, R24, T30, M10 Exe: */TS` 35) B13, O10, R24, T29, M09 Exe: S/F over ´/`SIS¦ RIC 132 (VII, Siscia) 36) B13, O10, R24, T30, M03 Exe: S/F/AQ` RIC 55 (VII, Aquileia) 37) B14, O09, R24, T28, M12 Exe: `TR RIC 264 (VII, Trier) 38) B14, O09, R24, T30, M12 Exe: */`TR RIC 256 (VII, Trier)

471

Licinius II Busts

Licinius II Types

472

Crispus

Caesar 316-326

Crispus was the oldest son of Constantine. He was made Caesar in about 316 and groomed along the military and political ways to be expected of a future emperor. However, his career was cut short in 326 when his stepmother Fausta accused him of attempted rape. Her story must have sounded like an unspeakable atrocity for Constantine had his son put to death at once.

Some time later it was somehow found out that she'd made up the entire story and Constantine had her literally boiled to death. Fausta's motive most likely had to do with removing Crispus from the line of succession to make way for her own sons. This much she was successful at since they did indeed become emperors some ten years afterwards.

Busts:

1) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right 2) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Diademed head right, looking up 4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust facing, leading horse and holding spear over shoulder 5) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left 6) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 7) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder 8) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 9) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right 10) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield 11) Helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust left 12) Helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust right 13) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right 14) Laureate bust left, holding spear and shield 15) Laureate bust left, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop 16) Laureate bust left, wearing consular robes. 17) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop 18) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop and globe 19) Laureate head right 20) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 21) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 22) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and Victory on globe 23) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder 24) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 25) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and Victory on globe 26) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding two arrows and shield with arrow 27) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, leading horse and holding shield 28) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, leading horse and holding spear over shoulder 29) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 30) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield 31) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder and shield 32) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 33) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 34) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe and mappa 35) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe 36) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 37) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and globe 38) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and Victory on globe 39) Laureate, draped bust left, holding mappa and scepter on globe 40) Laureate, draped bust left, holding Victory on globe and mappa 41) Laureate, draped bust left, holding Victory on globe and scepter 42) Laureate, draped bust right, holding Victory on globe and mappa 43) Radiate head right 44) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses:

1) CAESARVM NOSTRORVM 2) CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS NOBB CC COSS II 3) CRISPVS N C COS II 4) CRISPVS NOB C 5) CRISPVS NOB CAES 6) CRISPVS NOB CAESAR 7) CRISPVS NOBIL C 8) CRISPVS NOBIL CAES 9) CRISPVS NOBIL CAESAR 10) CRISPVS NOBILISS CAES 11) CRISPVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES 12) DN CRISPO NOB CAES 13) DN CRISPVS NOB CAES 14) DN CRISPVS NOBILISS CAES 15) DN CRISPVS SEMPER VICTOR NOB C 16) DN FL IVL CRISPVS NOB CAES 17) DN IVL CRISPO N C 18) FL CL CRISPVS NOB CAES 19) FL IVL CRISPVS NOB C

20) FL IVL CRISPVS NOB CAES 21) FL IVL CRISPVS NOBIL C 22) FL VN CRISPVS NO CAS 23) IVL CRISPVS NOB C 24) IVL CRISPVS NOB CAES 25) IVL CRISPVS NOB CAESAR 26) No legend

Thanks to a lengthy 10 years as Caesar, we find that coins of Crispus are varied, interesting and surprisingly affordable so long as we steer clear of precious metal coinage. The bronzes, comprising once-silvered denominations now referred to as “reduced Folles” or simply AE3’s, turn up frequently in the “uncleaned” coins available on the internet for a dollar or two a piece. Although somewhat more rare, coins that retain most or even all of the fragile silver wash given at the mint may still be found and, happily, are not terribly expensive in most cases.

473 Reverses:

1) ALAMANNIA DEVICTA 2) BEAT TRANQLITAS 3) BEAT TRANQVILLITAS 4) BEATA TRANQVILLITAS 5) CAESARVM NOSTRORVM 6) CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE 7) CONCORDIA AVGG NN 8) CRISPVS CAESAR 9) CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS IVN NOBB CAESS 10) DN CONSTANTINI MAX AVG 11) DOMINOR NOSTROR CAESS 12) DOMINORVM NOSTRORVM CAESS 13) FELICITAS ROMANORVM 14) FELICITAS SAECVLI 15) FELIX PROCESSVS COS III 16) FELIX PROGENIES CONSTANTINI AVG 17) FELIX PROOESSVS COS III 18) GAVDIVM ROMANORVM 19) GLORIA ROMANORVM 20) IOVI CONSERVATORI 21) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG 22) IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS 23) IVVENTVS 24) MONETA AVGG ET CAESS NN 25) PAX PERPETVA 26) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 27) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 28) PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS 29) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 30) PROVIDENTIA CAES 31) PROVIDENTIA CAESS 32) ROMAE AETERNAE 33) SACRA MONETA VRBIS

34) SAECVLI FELICITAS 35) SARMATIA DEVICTA 36) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 37) SOLI INVICTO 38) SOLI INVICTO COMITI 39) VBERTAS SAECVLI 40) VBIQVE VICTORES 41) VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP 42) VICTORIA AVGG ET CAESS NN 43) VICTORIA BAEATISSIMORVM 44) VICTORIA CAESS NN 45) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG 46) VICTORIA CRISPI CAES 47) VICTORIAE LAET P P 48) VICTORIAE LAETA PRINC PERP 49) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP 50) VICTORIAE PERPETVAE 51) VIRT EXERC 52) VIRTVS AVG ET CAESS NN 53) VIRTVS AVGG 54) VIRTVS CAESAR NN 55) VIRTVS CAESARI 56) VIRTVS CAESARI N 57) VIRTVS CAESS 58) VIRTVS EXERCIT 59) VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL 60) VOT / V / MVLT / X 61) VOT / XV / FEL / XX 62) VOT V / MVLT X / CAESS 63) VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET P R 64) No legend

Types:

1) Alamannia seated left, weeping; trophy and shield behind. 2) Altar reading VO / TIS / XX with globe atop; three stars above 3) Altar reading VOT / IS / XX with globe atop; three stars above 4) Cippus with shield reading AVG 5) City gate with (2) turrets, star above. 6) City gate with (2) turrets. 7) City gate with (3) turrets. 8) City gate with (4) turrets, star above. 9) City gate with (4) turrets. 10) Concordia seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 11) Constantine I standing, facing, under archway, Crispus to right and Constantine II to left, each holding a scepter. 12) Crispus riding horse right, spearing barbarian 13) Crispus standing left, holding globe and scepter 14) Crispus standing left, holding standard and scepter, standard to right. 15) Crispus standing left, holding standard and spear, two standards to right. 16) Crispus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 17) Crispus standing right, holding spear and globe 18) Crispus standing right, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side. 19) Crispus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 20) Crispus standing, holding standard with seated captive on either side. 21) Crossroads in shape of “X”; Sol at juncture, raising hand and holding globe. 22) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and scepter. 23) Francia seated left, resting head on hands; trophy and shield behind. 24) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter. 25) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter 26) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left and seated captive to right. 27) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left. 28) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; seated captive to left. 29) Legend CRISPVS / CAESAR, star above 30) Legend VO / TIS / V 31) Legend VO / TIS / XX 32) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 33) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy, seated captive on either side. 34) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 35) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by their feet. 36) Pax standing, facing, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding branch and scepter. 37) Roma seated left, holding shield reading X / V 38) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter 39) Roma seated right, holding shield reading X / V 40) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, resting head on hand. 41) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 42) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe. 43) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe. 44) Trophy, seated captive on either side 45) Ubertas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 46) Vexillum reading VOT / X, seated captive on either side. 47) Vexillum reading VOT / XX, seated captive on either side. 48) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / PR on cippus. 49) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

474 50) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side. 51) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 52) Victory advancing right, stepping on captive, holding trophy and palm. 53) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X 54) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X together with Genius to lower right. 55) Wreath, VOT / V within 56) Wreath, VOT / X within 57) Wreath, VOT / XV FEL / XX within 58) Wreath, VOT V / MVLT X / CAESS within. 59) Wreath, VOT V CAESS NN within 60) Wreath, VOT X / ET XV F

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis 6) Cyzicus

7) Heraclea 8) Londinium 9) Lugdunum 10) Nicomedia 11) Roma 12) Sirmium

13) Siscia 14) Thessalonica 15) Ticinum 16) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B37, O20, R18, T23, M16 Exe: FRANCIA RIC 240 (VII, Trier)

AU Solidus 2) B03, O26, R08, T49, M10 Exe: N RIC 110 (VII, Nicomedia) 3) B14, O20, R07, T10, M02 Exe: SMAN RIC 50 (VII, Antioch) 4) B14, O20, R07, T10, M12 Exe: SIRM RIC 38 (VII, Sirmium) 5) B21, O20, R27, T17, M02 Exe: SMAN RIC 43 (VII, Antioch) 6) B34, O19, R27, T14, M03 Exe: AQ

AU 1½ Scripulum 7) B36, O05, R27, T17

AR Miliarense 8) B29, O20, R13, T11, M14 Exe: THES

AE3 9) B05, O07, R02, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 275 (VI, London) 10) B05, O07, R04, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 230 (VI, London) 11) B06, O07, R02, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 281 (VII, London) 12) B08, O07, R02, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 280 (VII, London) 13) B17, O23, R04, T02, M16 Exe: •`TR© RIC 405 (VII, Trier) 14) B17, O24, R04, T02, M16 Exe: •`TR RIC 376 (VII, Trier) 15) B19, O05, R05, T30, M04 Exe: `A RIC 210 (VII, Arles) 16) B19, O05, R05, T55, M04 Exe: `©A RIC 235 (VII, Arles) 17) B19, O05, R05, T55, M04 Exe: `A RIC 230 (VII, Arles) 18) B19, O05, R05, T56, M11 Exe: R` RIC 246 (VII, Rome) 19) B19, O20, R01, T52, M12 Exe: •SIRM• RIC 49 (VII, Sirmium) 20) B19, O23, R05, T55, M13 Exe: `SIS* RIC 161 (VII, Siscia) 21) B19, O23, R05, T56, M08 Exe: `LON© RIC 291 (VII, London) 22) B19, O23, R05, T56, M13 Exe: `SIS* RIC 165 (VII, Siscia) 23) B19, O23, R05, T56, M13 Exe: `SIS¨ RIC 169 (VII, Siscia) 24) B19, O23, R05, T56, M13 Exe: `SIS¯ RIC 175 (VII, Siscia) 25) B19, O23, R05, T56, M13 Exe: `SIS« RIC 181 (VII, Siscia) 26) B19, O23, R05, T56, M16 Exe: `TR© RIC 440 (VII, Trier) 27) B19, O23, R31, T05, M13 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 201 (VII, Siscia) 28) B21, O05, R58, T46, M03 Exe: S/F/AQ` RIC 43 (VII, Aquileia) 29) B21, O05, R58, T47, M03 Exe: £/AQ` RIC 61 (VII, Aquileia) 30) B21, O07, R02, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 279 (VII, London) 31) B21, O07, R04, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 250 (VII, London) 32) B21, O24, R03, T03, M16 Exe: `TR 33) B21, O24, R04, T02, M16 Exe: •`TR• RIC 372 (VII, Trier) 34) B21, O24, R04, T03, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 308 (VII, Trier) 35) B21, O24, R58, T46, M13 Exe: S/F over ´/`SIS¦ RIC 130 (VII, Siscia) 36) B21, O24, R58, T46, M13 Exe: S/F/`SIS* RIC 113 (VII, Siscia) 37) B24, O07, R02, T03, M08 Exe: `LON RIC 278 (VII, London) 38) B24, O24, R04, T02, M16 Exe: `TR• RIC 347 (VII, Trier) 39) B24, O24, R04, T03, M16 Exe: `TR• 40) B24, O24, R49, T48, M13 Exe: I/`SIS• RIC 78 (VII, Siscia) 41) B24, O24, R58, T47, M16 Exe: `TR RIC 68 (VII, Trier) 42) B24, O25, R49, T48, M13 Exe: `SIS• RIC 64 (VII, Siscia) 43) B29, O05, R04, T03, M09 Exe: C/R/`LG RIC 133 (VII, Lyons) 44) B29, O05, R05, T55, M03 Exe: •AQ`• RIC 89 (VII, Aquileia) 45) B29, O05, R11, T56, M15 Exe: `T RIC 156 (VII, Ticinum) 46) B29, O05, R11, T56, M15 Exe: ©/`T RIC 170 (VII, Ticinum) 47) B29, O05, R12, T55, M15 Exe: `T RIC 148 (VII, Ticinum) 48) B29, O05, R28, T16, M15 Exe: P/`T RIC 76 (VII, Ticinum)

475 49) B29, O05, R31, T05, M04 Exe: `*AR RIC 270 (VII, Arles) 50) B29, O05, R58, T46, M03 Exe: S/F/AQ` RIC 41 (VII, Aquileia) 51) B29, O05, R58, T47, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 77 (VII, Thessalonica) 52) B29, O08, R28, T32, M11 Exe: A/R` RIC 87 (VII, Rome) 53) B29, O20, R51, T21, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 68 (VII, Thessalonica) 54) B29, O23, R31, T05, M14 Exe: SMTS` RIC 155 (VII, Thessalonica) 55) B29, O24, R05, T56, M04 Exe: `*AR RIC 254 (VII, Arles) 56) B32, O05, R05, T55, M03 Exe: •AQ`• RIC 88 (VII, Aquileia) 57) B32, O05, R31, T08, M04 Exe: `A©RL RIC 292 (VII, Arles) 58) B32, O19, R31, T05, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 92 (VII, Nicomedia) 59) B32, O20, R05, T55, M14 Exe: TS`VI RIC 113 (VII, Thessalonica) 60) B32, O20, R05, T56, M14 Exe: TS`VI RIC 125 (VII, Thessalonica) 61) B32, O20, R05, T56, M09 Exe: •/•/•PLGC• 323-324 RIC 220 (VII, Lyons) 62) B32, O20, R31, T05, M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 35 (VII, Alexandria 63) B32, O20, R31, T05, M02 Exe: SMANT` RIC 64 (VII, Antioch) 64) B32, O20, R31, T05, M06 Exe: •SMK`• RIC 46 (VII, Cyzicus) 65) B32, O20, R31, T05, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 25 (VII, Cyzicus) 66) B32, O20, R31, T05, M11 Exe: R` RIC 266 (VII, Rome) 67) B32, O20, R31, T05, M11 Exe: R=` RIC 288 (VII, Rome) 68) B32, O26, R64, T29, M02 Exe: SMANT`/• RIC 53 (VII, Antioch) 69) B33, O05, R53, T09, M11 Exe: P/R/R` Rev. Stephen Knapp collection

70) B33, O05, R64, T60, M11 Exe: R` RIC 204 (VII, Rome) 71) B36, O05, R05, T55, M03 Exe: •AQ`• RIC 87 (VII, Aquileia) 72) B36, O05, R05, T55, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 69 (VII, Aquileia) 73) B36, O05, R05, T56, M03 Exe: ®/¯/•AQ`• RIC 108 (VII, Aquileia) 74) B36, O05, R11, T56, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 61 (VII, Heraclea) 75) B36, O05, R28, T16, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 9 (VII, Aquileia) 76) B36, O05, R28, T16, M04 Exe: C/S/`ARL RIC 143 (VII, Arles) 77) B36, O05, R28, T19, M04 Exe: R/S/`ARL RIC 132 (VII, Arles) 78) B36, O05, R31, T05, M05 Exe: A/CONS 326 RIC 8 (VII, Constantinople) 79) B36, O05, R31, T05, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 75 (VII, Heraclea) 80) B36, O06, R28, T19, M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 39 (VII, Siscia) 81) B36, O10, R28, T19, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 21 (VII, Thessalonica) 82) B36, O10, R64, T58, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 38 (VII, Thessalonica) 83) B36, O11, R28, T19, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 20 (VII, Thessalonica) 84) B36, O12, R04, T03, M09 Exe: `LG RIC 203 (VII, Lyons) 85) B36, O16, R20, T26, M06 Exe: X over IIГ/SMK` RIC 17 (VII, Cyzicus) 86) B36, O16, R31, T25, M10 Exe: ®/• over `/SMN RIC 32 (VII, Nicomedia) 87) B36, O16, R44, T49, M14 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 62 (VII, Thessalonica) 88) B36, O16, R64, T58, M14 Exe: •TS•`• 89) B36, O23, R41, T48, M13 Exe: S/•`SIS• RIC 87 (VII, Siscia) 90) B36, O25, R49, T48, M13 Exe: `SIS• RIC 63 (VII, Siscia) 91) B39, O16, R22, T25, M06 Exe: ?/`/SMK RIC 10 (VII, Cyzicus) 92) B39, O16, R22, T28, M02 Exe: `/SMANT RIC 28 (VII, Antioch) 93) B39, O16, R31, T07, M07 Exe: •MH`• RIC 23 (VII, Heraclea) 94) B39, O16, R31, T07, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 30 (VII, Heraclea) 95) B39, O16, R31, T07, M07 Exe: MHT` RIC 18 (VII, Heraclea) 96) B39, O16, R31, T25, M10 Exe: ®/• over `/SMN RIC 31 (VII, Nicomedia) 97) B44, O19, R49, T48, M15 Exe: C/ST 319 RIC 93 (VII, Ticinum) 98) B44, O19, R49, T48, M15 Exe: C/TT 319 RIC 93 (VII, Ticinum)

Crispus Busts

476

Crispus Types

477

Valerius Valens

Augustus 316

Valens was one of Licinius's best generals. During the first major confrontation with Constantine I, Licinius named Valens co-emperor to spite him. As the inevitable war came to an unsuccessful close for Licinius the two arranged for a truce which found him not only losing more territory to Constantine but also called for the ousting and execution of Valens. Valens remained in power for too brief a time for any appreciable

amount of coins to be made in his name. They are thus exceedingly rare today. However, with the fall of the Iron Curtain traffic in antiquities from the regions where those coins would most likely be found has resumed. It may therefore be expected that more coins of Valens will eventually be found. Bust: 1) Laureate head right

Obverse: 1) IMP C AVR VAL VALENS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) IOVI CONSERVATORI 2) IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG

Type: 1) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter;

eagle to left

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Cyzicus

AE3 Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: I/SKM RIC 7 (VII, Cyzicus)

The coin pictured below sold at a CNG auction in the early 90’s for $45,000 before closing fees. It is apparently the only coin of this emperor in private hands and there is only one other which is in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, France. However rare at the moment, this is a prime candidate of an emperor whose coins may become (somewhat) more plentiful as time goes on because the region where this coin circulated in antiquity is now being heavily harvested for coins and other antiquities at the moment. Already it is not inconceivable that a number of them may have turned up but passed along as ordinary coins of Licinius whose legends would only be a few letters off anyway. Many others are probably unattributable because that part of the legend is unreadable. Portraits, of course, are by now only “placeholder” effigies that were used interchangeably among the incumbent emperors and not intended to portray what the person looked like in real life.

478

Martinian

Augustus 324

Martinian was a short-lived emperor appointed to the post to symbolically disfranchise Constantine. Constantine and Licinius met in battle with the latter suffering a resounding defeat. Licinius and Martinian fled to Byzantium. Constantine chased them both here and another battle was fought and again they were defeated. The two were captured and exiled separately where sometime later they were executed.

Busts: 1) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) DN M MARTINIANVS PF AVG 2) DN M MARTINIANO PF AVG 3) DN MARTINIANVS PF AVG 4) IM CS MAR MARTINIANVS PF AVS

Reverse: 1) IOVI CONSERVATORI

Type: 1) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle with wreath in beak to left and seated captive to right.

Mints: 1) Cyzicus 2) Nicomedia

AE Follis Reference(s) 1) B1, O4, R1, T1, M1 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMK` RIC 16 (VII, Cyzicus) 2) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMN` RIC 45 (VII, Nicomedia) 3) B1, O2, R1, T1, M2 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMN` RIC 46 (VII, Nicomedia)

Martinian’s coins are exceptionally rare despite a year when the eastern mints were minting coins as fas as humanly possible. The only possible explanation therefore is that Martinian must have been emperor for a matter of weeks before mint officials were apprised of his downfall. While it’s entirely conceivable that thousands of his bronzes could be slowly dissolving away in Balkan fields the fact is that very few have been recovered, restored and put on the market. And when they do they’re invariably a couple thousand dollars (at least). Except for the obverse legend, these coins look indistinguishable from Licinius’s own dime-a-dozen Folles featuring Jupiter on the reverse, holding a Victory in one hand and a scepter in the other.

479

Constantine II

Augustus 337-340

Constantine II was the oldest son of Constantine I and inherited all the Western portions of the empire except for Africa and Italy. Not content with this much he bullied his brother Constans and tried wresting these possessions away from him. When Constans had had enough and cut off communications with Constantine the elder reacted by bringing his army into Northern Italy. But Constans had anticipated these events and was well prepared to meet him.

Caught off-guard by this counter-offensive, Constantine was killed in the fight and his possessions passed to Constans.

Busts:

1) Bare head right 2) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right 3) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Diademed (laurels and rosettes) head right 5) Diademed (laurels and rosettes) head right, looking up 6) Diademed (laurels and rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 7) Diademed (pearls) head right 8) Diademed (pearls) head right, gazing up 9) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left 10) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 11) Diademed (rosettes) head right 12) Diademed (rosettes) head right, gazing up 13) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 14) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left 15) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right 16) Helmeted, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 17) Helmeted, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 18) Laureate bust left, wearing consular robes, holding globe 19) Laureate bust left, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop 20) Laureate bust right, wearing consular robes, holding scepter with eagle atop 21) Laureate head right 22) Laureate head right, gazing up 23) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 24) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding globe 25) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder 26) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, leading horse and holding spear over shoulder 27) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, leading horse and holding spear with shield 28) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand 29) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 30) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, holding globe 31) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, leading horse and holding spear over shoulder 32) Laureate, cuirassed bust right, raising hand 33) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 34) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe and spear over shoulder 35) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe 36) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 37) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and globe 38) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding Victory on globe and spear over shoulder 39) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, raising hand and holding globe 40) Laureate, draped bust left, holding mappa and scepter on globe 41) Laureate, draped bust left, holding spear over shoulder 42) Laureate, draped bust left, holding Victory on globe and mappa 43) Laureate, draped bust left, holding Victory on globe and scepter 44) Laureate, draped bust right, holding Victory on globe and mappa 45) Laureate, draped bust right, holding Victory on globe and scepter 46) Radiate bust left, wearing consular robes and Victory on globe 47) Radiate bust left, wearing consular robes, raising hand and holding globe 48) Radiate head right 49) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 50) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 51) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left 52) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding Victory on globe and scepter 53) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses:

1) CAESAR 2) CONSTANTINVS AVG 3) CONSTANTINVS IVN AVG 4) CONSTANTINVS IVN COS II 5) CONSTANTINVS IVN N C 6) CONSTANTINVS IVN NB C 7) CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C 8) CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB CAES 9) CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB CAESAR 10) CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG 11) CONSTANTINVS NOB C 12) CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES 13) CONSTANTINVS V M AVG 14) CONSTANTNIVS IVN NOB C

15) DN CONSTANTINO IVN N C 16) DN CONSTANTINO IVN NOB C 17) DN CONSTANTINO IVN NOB CAES 18) DN CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB CAES 19) DN CONSTANTINVS IVNIOR NOB C 20) DN CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 21) DN FL CL CONSTANTINVS NOB C 22) F CL CONSTANTINVS NOV CS 23) FL CL CONSTANTINVS AVG 24) FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVN N C 25) FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C 26) FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB CAES 27) FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVNIOR NOBILISS CAES 28) FL CL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES

Despite the relatively short reign as Augustus, the coins of this emperor are among the cheapest and easiest to locate… so long as you stick to the AE3’s. Coinage in other metals is reserved strictly for the big leagues. Not surprisingly, the vast majority of the AE3’s will be of the young Constantine during his early years as Caesar and of these again the majority will be the ultra-common Gloria Exercitus types with either one or two standards. Those having the two standards will be the most common but the one-standard subtype is hardly a rarity. The so-called “camp gates” and votive issues are also very common. All of these may be found in collectible grades for as low as a dollar a piece although, of course, the better the grade the higher the cost.

480 29) FL CL CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 30) FL CL CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX AVG 31) FL IVL CONSTANTINVS PERP AVG

32) IMP CONSTANTINVS AVG 33) VIC CONSTANTINVS AVG 34) No legend

Reverses:

1) ALAMANNIA DEVICTA 2) BEAT TRANQLITAS 3) BEAT TRANQVILLITAS 4) BEATA TRANQVILLITAS 5) CAESARVM NOSTRORVM 6) CLARITAS REIPVB 7) CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE 8) CONSTANTINI CAES 9) CONSTANTINVS AVG 10) CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS 11) CONSTANTINVS CAES 12) CONSTANTINVS CAESAR 13) CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C 14) DEBELLATORI GENTIVM BARBARVM 15) DN CONSTANTINI MAX AVG 16) DOMINOR NOSTROR CAESS 17) DOMINORVM NOSTRORVM CAESS 18) FELICITAS PERPETVA AVG ET CAESS NN 19) FELICITAS ROMANORVM 20) FELICITAS SAECVLI 21) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N 22) FIDIS MILITVM 23) GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI 24) GAVDIVM ROMANORVM 25) GLORIA EXERCITVS 26) GLORIA ROMANORVM 27) IOVI CONSERVATORI 28) IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS

29) MONETA VRBIS VESTRAE 30) PAX AETERNA AVG 31) PAX AVGVSTORVM 32) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 33) PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS 34) PROVIDENTIAE CAES 35) PROVIDENTIAE CAESS 36) ROMAE AETERNAE 37) SACRA MONETA VRBIS 38) SAECVLI FELICITAS 39) SALVS ET SPES REIPVBLICAE 40) SARMATIA DEVICTA 41) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 42) SOLI INVICTO COMITI 43) VBERTAS SAECVLI 44) VBIQVE VICTORES 45) VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP 46) VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM 47) VICTORIA AVG 48) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 49) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 50) VICTORIA BEATISSIMORVM CAESS 51) VICTORIA CAESAR NN 52) VICTORIA CAESARVM 53) VICTORIA CAESS 54) VICTORIA CAESS NN 55) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG 56) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI CAES

57) VICTORIA CONSTANTINI CAESAR 58) VICTORIA DD NN AVGG 59) VICTORIA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET P R 60) VICTORIA LAETAE PRINC PERP 61) VICTORIAE LAET PRINC PERP 62) VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP 63) VIRT EXERC 64) VIRTVS AVG ET CAESS NN 65) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 66) VIRTVS AVGG 67) VIRTVS AVGG NN 68) VIRTVS CAESARVM 69) VIRTVS CAESS 70) VIRTVS CONST AVG 71) VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAES 72) VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAVS 73) VIRTVS EXERCIT 74) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 75) VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL 76) VOTA CAESS 77) VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET PR 78) VOTIS DECENN DN CONSTANTINI CAES 79) No legend

Types:

1) Alamannia seated left, resting head on hand; trophy behind. 2) Altar reading VOT / IS / XX with globe atop; three stars over globe. 3) Altar with cippus atop, reading XX / XXX / AVG; star on either side. 4) Altar with lit cippus atop, reading XX / XXX / MVL / FEL; star on either side. 5) City gate with (2) turrets, star above. 6) City gate with (2) turrets. 7) City gate with (3) turrets, star above. 8) City gate with (3) turrets. 9) City gate with (4) turrets, star above. 10) City gate with (4) turrets. 11) Constantine I seated, facing, with one of his sons on either side, each holding scepter; sons also resting hand on shield. 12) Constantine I standing together with sons Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans, holding scepter and globe; all under arch. 13) Constantine I standing together with two of his sons, each holding scepter and globe; all under arch. 14) Constantine II advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side. 15) Constantine II advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and trophy. 16) Constantine II dragging captive right, holding trophy. 17) Constantine II riding horse right over two barbarians. 18) Constantine II standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Roma(?) to left 19) Constantine II standing left, holding labarum 20) Constantine II standing left, holding labarum and scepter; two standards behind. 21) Constantine II standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 22) Constantine II standing left, holding standard and resting hand on shield, two captives with raised hands to left, another seated to right. 23) Constantine II standing left, holding standard and scepter; another to standard to right. 24) Constantine II standing left, holding standard and scepter; two standards to right. 25) Constantine II standing left, stepping on kneeling barbarian, holding globe and spear 26) Constantine II standing right, holding spear and globe 27) Constantine II standing right, holding spear and globe; seated captive on either side. 28) Constantine II standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 29) Constantine II standing right, holding spear and trophy; seated cative on either side 30) Constantine II standing right, touching trophy and holding spear; seated captive at base of trophy. 31) Crossroads in shape of “X”; Sol at juncture, raising hand and holding globe. 32) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and scepter 33) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding branch 34) Genii (2) facing each other, holding together garland 35) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 36) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left, seated captive to right. 37) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; kneeling captive to left. 38) Legend CONSTA / NTINVS / IVN NOB C 39) Legend CONSTAN / TINVS / CAESAR 40) Legend CONSTAN / TINVS / IVN NOB C 41) Legend VOT / V 42) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side. 43) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by their feet. 44) Monetae (3) standing, holding scale and cornucopia 45) Palms (3) 46) Pax standing, facing, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding branch and scepter. 47) Roma seated left on shield, holding spear and Victory on globe. 48) Roma seated right, holding shield reading X / V 49) Sarmatia seated left, resting head on hand; trophy behind.

481 50) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding spear. 51) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, resting head on hand. 52) Sol advancing left, holding globe and whip 53) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe 54) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe with whip 55) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 56) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe. 57) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe. 58) Soldiers (2) standing either side of one standard, each holding a spear and resting hand on a shield 59) Soldiers (2) standing either side of two standards, each holding a spear and resting hand on a shield 60) Standards (3) 61) Standards (4) 62) Trophy, seated captive on either side 63) Vexillum reading VOT / X; seated captive on either side. 64) Vexillum reading VOT / XX; seated captive on either side. 65) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield reading VOT / PR on altar. 66) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield reading VOT / X 67) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield reading VOT / XXX 68) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield reading SIC / XX / SIC / XXX 69) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / PR on altar 70) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOTIS / XX / MVLTIS / XXX 71) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / XX / MVLTIS / XXX 72) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and palm. 73) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 74) Victory advancing right, stepping on captive, holding shield reading VOT / XXX 75) Victory advancing right, stepping on captive, holding trophy and palm. 76) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; Genius below and to right also holding shield. 77) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X; Genius below and to right also holding shield. 78) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX; Genius below and to right also holding shield. 79) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX; Genius below and to right also holding shield. 80) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXX; Genius below and to right also holding shield. 81) Wreath, CONSTAN / TINVS / AVG within; star above. 82) Wreath, CONSTAN / TINVS / CAESAR within 83) Wreath, SIC / XX / SIC / XXX 84) Wreath, VO / TIS / V within 85) Wreath, VOT / V within 86) Wreath, VOT / X within 87) Wreath, VOT / XV / FEL / XX within 88) Wreath, VOT / XV FEL / XX within 89) Wreath, VOT / XV within 90) Wreath, VOT / XX within 91) Wreath, VOT V / MVLT X / CAESS within 92) Wreath, VOT V CAESS NN within 93) Wreath, VOT X / ET XV F within 94) Wreath, VOTIS / X / CAESS / NN within 95) Wreath, VOTIS / X within 96) Wreath, XX within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate

5) Constantinopolis 6) Cyzicus 7) Heraclea 8) Londinium

9) Lugdunum 10) Nicomedia 11) Roma 12) Sirmium

13) Siscia 14) Thessalonica 15) Ticinum 16) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s)

1) B29 O07 R71 T29 M10 Exe: SMN 1½ Solidus 2) B36 O08 R44 T27 M13 Exe: SIS 1½ Solidus 3) B36 O18 R32 T24 M12 Exe: SIRM 1½ Solidus RIC 2 (VII, Sirmium)

AU Solidus 4) B21 O24 R32 T26 M16 Exe: TR RIC 500 (VII, Trier) 5) B29 O07 R71 T29 M10 Exe: SMN RIC 105 (VII, Nicomedia) 6) B36 O02 R47 T72 M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 6 (VIII, Antioch) 7) B36 O08 R51 T73 M07 Exe: SMH RIC 101 (VII, Heraclea)

AU 1½ Scripulum 8) B36 O07 R32 T26 M10 Exe: N

AR Miliarense 9) B05 O34 R10 T73 M05 Exe: C•Z RIC 16 (VIII, Constantinople) 10) B31 O07 R25 T58 M13 Exe: SIS

AR Siliqua 11) B05 O34 R10 T73 M05 Exe: C•Z RIC 15 (VIII, Constantinople)

482 AE3 Reference(s) 12) B02 O24 R07 T56 M16 Exe: F/T/`TR RIC 181 (VII, Trier) 13) B03 O05 R32 T26 M16 Exe: F/T/`TR RIC 180 (VII, Trier) 14) B03 O05 R32 T26 M16 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 144 (VII, Trier) 15) B03 O08 R33 T28 M11 Exe: A/R` RIC 91 (VII, Rome) 16) B03 O24 R07 T56 M16 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 154 (VII, Trier) 17) B04 O02 R25 T58 M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 16 (VIII, Heraclea) 18) B09 O07 R35 T05 M02 Exe: SMANT` RIC 73 (VII, Antioch) 19) B14 O05 R02 T02 M08 Exe: `LON RIC 287 (VII, London) 20) B15 O05 R02 T02 M08 Exe: `LON RIC 286 (VII, London) 21) B20 O07 R04 T02 M16 Exe: `TR© RIC 412 (VII, Trier) 22) B21 O07 R05 T41 M14 Exe: TS`VI RIC 95 (VII, Thessalonica) 23) B21 O07 R05 T85 M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 74 (VII, Aquileia) 24) B21 O07 R05 T85 M04 Exe: `A RIC 227 (VII, Arles) 25) B21 O07 R05 T85 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 157 (VII, Siscia) 26) B21 O07 R05 T85 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 163 (VII, Siscia) 27) B21 O07 R05 T86 M08 Exe: `LON© RIC 292 (VII, London) 28) B21 O07 R05 T86 M13 Exe: SIS¨ 29) B21 O07 R05 T86 M13 Exe: SIS§ RIC 170 (VII, Siscia) 30) B21 O07 R05 T86 M13 Exe: `SIS- RIC 172 (VII, Siscia) 31) B21 O07 R05 T86 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 166 (VII, Siscia) 32) B21 O07 R05 T86 M13 Exe: `SIS¯ RIC 176 (VII, Siscia) 33) B21 O07 R05 T86 M13 Exe: `SIS« RIC 182 (VII, Siscia) 34) B21 O07 R05 T86 M16 Exe: `TR© RIC 441 (VII, Trier) 35) B21 O07 R35 T05 M13 Exe: `SIS§ RIC 216 (VII, Siscia) 36) B21 O20 R25 T58 M06 Exe: SMK RIC 6 (VIII, Cyzicus) 37) B25 O07 R79 T91 M14 Exe: TS` RIC 47 (VII, Thessalonica) 38) B29 O05 R25 T58 M11 Exe: R=` RIC 382 (VII, Rome) 39) B29 O07 R05 T85 M14 Exe: TS`VI RIC 116 (VII, Thessalonica) 40) B29 O07 R25 T59 M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 87 (VII, Antioch) 41) B29 O07 R25 T59 M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 97 (VII, Cyzicus) 42) B29 O07 R25 T59 M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 80 (VII, Cyzicus) 43) B29 O07 R25 T59 M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 189 (VII, Nicomedia) 44) B29 O07 R25 T59 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 253 (VII, Siscia) 45) B29 O07 R25 T59 M14 Exe: SMTS` RIC 184 (VII, Thessalonica) 46) B29 O07 R35 T05 M07 Exe: /SMH` RIC 107 (VII, Heraclea) 47) B29 O07 R63 T31 M14 Exe: TS` RIC 71 (VII, Thessalonica) 48) B29 O33 R65 T28 M11 Exe: R\` RIC 14 (VIII, Rome), L 589 49) B33 O07 R05 T86 M14 Exe: TS`VI RIC 128 (VII, Thessalonica) 50) B33 O07 R35 T05 M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 35 (VII, Alexandria) 51) B33 O07 R35 T05 M02 Exe: SMANT` RIC 65 (VII, Antioch) 52) B33 O07 R35 T05 M06 Exe: /SMK` RIC 52 (VII, Cyzicus) 53) B33 O07 R35 T05 M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 26 (VII, Cyzicus) 54) B33 O07 R35 T05 M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 37 (VII, Cyzicus) 55) B33 O07 R35 T05 M10 Exe: MN` RIC 123 (VII, Nicomedia) 56) B33 O07 R35 T05 M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 93 (VII, Nicomedia) 57) B33 O07 R35 T05 M11 Exe: R?` RIC 289 (VII, Rome) 58) B33 O07 R35 T05 M11 Exe: R` RIC 267 (VII, Rome) 59) B33 O07 R35 T05 M14 Exe: SMTS` RIC 157 (VII, Thessalonica) 60) B33 O07 R35 T05 M16 Exe: `TR§ RIC 479 (VII, Trier) 61) B33 O07 R53 T73 M14 Exe: TS` RIC 65 (VII, Thessalonica) 62) B33 O07 R69 T09 M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 322 (VII, Constantinople) 63) B33 O07 R73 T64 M14 Exe: /TS` Rev. Stephen Knapp collection 64) B33 O07 R73 T64 M14 Exe: S/F/TS` RIC 80 (VII, Thessalonica) 65) B33 O21 R07 T55 M15 Exe: P/`T RIC 80 (VII, Ticinum) 66) B33 O34 R79 T39 M02 Exe: SMANT`/ RIC 59 (VII, Antioch) 67) B33 O34 R79 T40 M11 Exe: SMR` RIC 282 (VII, Rome) 68) B36 O05 R45 T65 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 92 (VII, Siscia) 69) B36 O07 R01 T75 M12 Exe: SIRM RIC 51 (VII, Sirmium) 70) B36 O07 R05 T85 M11 Exe: R` RIC 236 (VII, Rome) 71) B36 O07 R06 T53 M11 R/S/`ARL RIC 120 (VII, Arles) 72) B36 O07 R07 T56 M04 Exe: C/S/`ARL RIC 141 (VII, Arles) 73) B36 O07 R07 T56 M11 Exe: P/`¦A RIC 166 (VII, Arles) 74) B36 O07 R16 T85 M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 63 (VII, Heraclea) 75) B36 O07 R16 T86 M15 Exe: `T RIC 162 (VII, Ticinum) 76) B36 O07 R16 T86 M15 Exe: ©/`T RIC 176 (VII, Ticinum) 77) B36 O07 R25 T58 M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 109 (VII, Antioch) 78) B36 O07 R25 T58 M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 123 (VII, Cyzicus) 79) B36 O07 R25 T59 M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 60 (VII, Constantinople) 80) B36 O07 R25 T59 M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 74 (VII, Constantinople) 81) B36 O07 R25 T59 M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 112 (VII, Heraclea) 82) B36 O07 R25 T59 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 236 (VII, Siscia) 83) B36 O07 R25 T59 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 220 (VII, Siscia) 84) B36 O07 R25 T59 M14 Exe: SMTS` RIC 182 (VII, Thessalonica) 85) B36 O07 R35 T05 M04 Exe: `ARL RIC 273 (VII, Arles) 86) B36 O07 R35 T05 M05 Exe: `/CONS RIC 20 (VII, Constantinople) 87) B36 O07 R35 T05 M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 77 (VII, Heraclea) 88) B36 O07 R35 T05 M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 83 (VII, Heraclea) 89) B36 O07 R35 T05 M09 Exe: `LG RIC 230 (VII, Lyons) 90) B36 O07 R35 T05 M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 157 (VII, Nicomedia) 91) B36 O07 R35 T07 M07 Exe: /SMH` RIC 67 (VII, Heraclea) 92) B36 O07 R35 T07 M07 Exe: /SMH` RIC 96 (VII, Heraclea) 93) B36 O07 R35 T07 M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 88 (VII, Heraclea) 94) B36 O07 R45 T65 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 91 (VII, Siscia) 95) B36 O07 R79 T91 M14 Exe: TS` RIC 44 (VII, Thessalonica) 96) B36 O08 R01 T75 M12 Exe: SIRM RIC 50 (VII, Sirmium)

483 97) B36 O08 R07 T05 M14 Exe: TS` RIC 23 (VII, Thessalonica) 98) B36 O08 R07 T56 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 37 (VII, Siscia) 99) B36 O08 R62 T65 M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 72 (VII, Siscia) 100) B36 O14 R66 T08 M11 Exe: P/R/R` RIC 183 (VII, Rome) 101) B36 O16 R62 T65 M09 Exe: `0L RIC 90 (VII, Lyons)

102) B36 O21 R27 T36 M06 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMK` RIC 19 (VII, Cyzicus)

103) B36 O21 R28 T36 M07 Exe: X over IIΓ/SMH` RIC 55 (VII, Heraclea) 104) B36 O21 R35 T05 M15 Exe: `©T RIC 200 (VII, Ticinum) 105) B36 O21 R35 T35 M10 Exe: ®/ over `/SMN RIC 36 (VII, Nicomedia) 106) B36 O24 R42 T56 M08 Exe: ©/`LN RIC 145 (VII, London) 107) B36 O24 R42 T56 M08 Exe: S/P/`LN RIC 117 (VII, London) 108) B40 O21 R28 T35 M06 Exe: =/`/SMK RIC 12 (VII, Cyzicus) 109) B40 O21 R28 T39 M02 Exe: `/SMANT RIC 30 (VII, Antioch) 110) B40 O21 R35 T08 M07 Exe: /SMH` RIC 32 (VII, Heraclea) 111) B40 O21 R35 T08 M07 Exe: MHT` RIC 20 (VII, Heraclea) 112) B42 O07 R04 T02 M16 Exe: `TR RIC 312 (VII, Trier) 113) B42 O07 R04 T02 M16 Exe: `TR RIC 353 (VII, Trier) 114) B42 O07 R73 T02 M16 Exe: `TR RIC 274 (VII, Trier) 115) B42 O07 R73 T62 M16 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 289 (VII, Trier) 116) B42 O07 R73 T62 M16 Exe: T/F/`TR RIC 289 (VII, Trier) 117) B42 O07 R73 T63 M13 Exe: S/F over ´/`SIS RIC 126 (VII, Siscia) 118) B42 O07 R73 T63 M13 Exe: S/F/`SIS RIC 118 (VII, Siscia) 119) B42 O07 R73 T64 M16 Exe: `TR RIC 300 (VII, Trier) 120) B49 O05 R02 T02 M08 Exe: F/B/`LON RIC 257 (VII, London) 121) B51 O05 R02 T02 M08 Exe: `LON RIC 284 (VII, London) 122) B51 O05 R03 T02 M08 Exe: `LON RIC 236 (VII, London) 123) B51 O05 R03 T02 M08 Exe: F/B/`LON RIC 255 (VII, London) 124) B51 O05 R73 T64 M08 Exe: `LN RIC 190 (VII, London) 125) B51 O07 R62 T65 M08 Exe: `LN RIC 182 (VII, London) 126) B51 O24 R62 T65 M08 Exe: `LN RIC 181 (VII, London)

Constantine II Busts

Constantine II Types

484

485

Delmatius

Caesar 335-337

Delmatius was part of Constantine's extended family, in this case one of his nephews. He was made Caesar in 335 but murdered along with several other family members shortly after Constantine died in 337 in a purge engineered by Constantius II (and presumably with the aid and consent of his surviving brothers).

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses:

1) FL DALMATIVS NOB C 2) FL DALMATIVS NOB CAES 3) FL DELMATIVS NOB C 4) FL DELMATIVS NOB CAES 5) FL IVL DELMATIVS NOB C

Reverses:

1) DELMATIVS CAESAR 2) DELMATIVS NOB CAESAR 3) GLORIA EXERCITVS 4) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 5) VIRTVS CAESARVM NN

Types:

1) Delmatius standing left, holding vexillum and scepter; two standards to right. 2) Delmatius standing right, holding standard and parazonium, seated captive to either side. 3) Soldiers (2) standing either side of a standard; each holding a spear and resting a hand on a shield. 4) Soldiers (2) standing either side of two standards; each holding a spear and resting a hand on a shield. 5) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis

6) Cyzicus 7) Heraclea 8) Lugdunum 9) Nicomedia 10) Roma

11) Siscia 12) Thessalonica 13) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B3, O4, R4, T1, M04 Exe: CONS RIC 113 (VII, Constantinople)

AE3

2) B2, O3, R3, T3, M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 69 (VII, Alexandria), L 1439 3) B2, O3, R3, T3, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 112 (VII, Antioch) 4) B2, O3, R3, T4, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 90 (VII, Antioch), L 1362 5) B2, O3, R3, T4, M10 Exe: R*` RIC 369 (VII, Rome) 6) B3, O1, R3, T3, M12 Exe: SMTS` RIC 227 (VII, Thessalonica) 7) B3, O3, R3, T3, M03 Exe: •AQ` RIC 147 (VII, Aquileia) 8) B3, O3, R3, T3, M04 Exe: `CONST £ within standard RIC 399 (VII, Arelate) 9) B3, O3, R3, T3, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 141 (VII, Constantinople) 10) B3, O3, R3, T3, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 204 (VII, Nicomedia), L 1129a 11) B3, O3, R3, T3, M11 Exe: `SIS RIC 256 (VII, Siscia), L 758 12) B3, O3, R3, T3, M11 Exe: `SIS* RIC 266 (VII, Siscia) 13) B3, O3, R3, T3, M12 Exe: SMTS` RIC 228 (VII, Thessalonica) 14) B3, O4, R3, T3, M04 Exe: `CONST £ within standard RIC 398 (VII, Arelate) 15) B3, O4, R3, T3, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 155 (VII, Heraclea) 16) B3, O5, R3, T3, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 132 (VII, Cyzicus)

Although Delmatius didn’t stick around long enough to make much of a mark on history he did manufacture many coins bearing his name. As with the case with other caesars and emperors of the period, most of the available coins will be the small bronzes. In fact, in his case most of them will be of only one type, that being the ultra-common Gloria Exercitus type with the two-soldiers-and-standard(s) theme. But that’s not to say his coins are ultra-common. They appear rather rarely among the unrestored Roman bronzes sold on the Internet. For $15 or so one can buy a lower grade one and prices have gone into the hundreds for the same types but better preserved. Coinage in precious metals is virtually unheard of.

486

Hanniballianus

Rex Regum 335 - 337

Delmatius Busts

One of Constantine's relatives, Hanniballianus was given domain of the Roman province of Pontica and given the unusual title of King. He ruled for two years until shortly after his father's death at which time a family conspiracy headed by Constantine II and Constantius II eliminated him as well as several other family members.

Bust:

1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses:

1) FL ANNIBALIANO REGI 2) FL HANNIBALIANO REGI

Reverse:

1) SECVRITAS PVBLICA

Type:

1) Euphrates lying left, holding scepter.

Mint:

1) Constantinopolis

AE3 Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R1, T1, M1 Exe: CONS` RIC 147 (VII, Constantinople)

While not great rarities, the AE3’s of this ruler are fairly expensive and especially so in high grades. Expect around $100 for a marginally preserved coin and prices go up rather quickly from there. With patience and a bit of luck $300-$500 should score a nice one. All known coins appear to share one reverse and precious metal denominations are not known nor are likely to be discovered.

487

Constans

Augustus 337-350

The middle child of Constantine's three surviving sons, Constans inherited the domains of Italy and the Roman provinces in Africa after the death of his father in 337. No sooner than this happened Constans and Constantine II began squabbling over who got what and the latter meant to settle the issue with his army. However, luck remained with Constans who easily appropriated all of Constantine II's former territories when Constantine died in

battle; thus becoming the de facto ruler of the West. He held on to power for another ten years until the embattled Constantius II raised eyebrows within his own army and his top general, Magnentius, proclaimed himself the emperor. Bereft of an army, Constans had no real power and escaped as best he could. His former soldiers found him hiding in a temple, dragged him out of it and killed him.

Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls) head right 2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left 3) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left, holding globe 4) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right, holding globe 6) Diademed (plain band) head right 7) Diademed (rosettes) bust left, wearing consular robes, raising hand and holding mappa 8) Diademed (rosettes) head right 9) Diademed (rosettes) head right, looking upwards 10) Diademed (rosettes), cuirassed bust right 11) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left 12) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left, holding globe 13) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe 14) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 15) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right, holding globe 16) Laureate head right 17) Laureate head right, looking upwards 18) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 19) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 20) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 21) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding globe 22) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand 23) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) CONSTANS AVG 2) CONSTANS AVGVSTVS 3) CONSTANS IVN NOB C 4) CONSTANS IVN NOB CAES 5) CONSTANS MAX AVG 6) CONSTANS NOB CAES 7) CONSTANS NOB CAESAR 8) CONSTANS PF AVG 9) DN CONSTANS MAX AVGVSTVS 10) DN CONSTANS PF AVG 11) DN FL CONSTANS AVG 12) FL CONSTANS NOB C 13) FL CONSTANS NOB CAES 14) FL CONSTANS NOB CAESAR 15) FL CONSTANTIS BEA C 16) FL CONSTANTIS BEA CAES 17) FL I CONSTANS NOB CAES 18) FL IVL CONSTANS AVG 19) FL IVL CONSTANS NOB C 20) FL IVL CONSTANS NOB CAES 21) FL IVL CONSTANS PERP AVG 22) FL IVL CONSTANS PF AVG 23) FL IVL CONSTANS PF AVGG 24) FL IVL CONSTANS PIVS FELIX AVG 25) FL IVL CONSTANTIS NOB C 26) IMP CONSTANS AVG 27) No legend

Reverses: 1) CONSTANS AVG 2) CONSTANS AVGVSTVS 3) CONSTANS CAESAR 4) CONSTANS NOB CAESAR 5) FEL TEMP REPARATIO 6) FELICIA DECENNALIA 7) FELICITAS PERPETVA 8) FELICITAS REIPVBLICE 9) GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI 10) GAVDIVM ROMANORVM

11) GLORIA EXERCITVS 12) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE 13) GLORIA ROMANORVM 14) OB VICTORIAM TRIVMFALEM 15) PAX AVGVSTORVM 16) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 17) ROMAE AETERNAE 18) SALVS ET SPES REIPVBLICAE 19) SECVRITAS PERPETVA 20) SECVRITAS REIP

21) SECVRITAS REIPVB 22) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 23) SPES REIPVBLICAE 24) TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARVM 25) VICT AVG 26) VICT AVGG 27) VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM 28) VICTORIA AVG 29) VICTORIA AVGG 30) VICTORIA AVGG NN

Among the commonest of ancient coins, Constans joins the ranks of his Dad Constantine I and his brothers Constantine II and Constantius II as one of the fourth century’s most prolific issuer of coins. His bronzes are sold by the handful along with other coins of this age still covered in the dirt accumulated over 1,600 years after being casually lost the same way one might lose small change at a park or beach today. However, even though collectively these coins are common there are innumerable issues, well beyond what this catalog lists, that make each individual issue if not rare then at least not outright common. The most common bronzes will fall into the Gloria Exercitus and Fel Temp Reparatio strikes. With coordinated designs that reached every corner of the empire there were over a dozen mints making these across several decades guaranteeing a significant number of them remain today. In silver we have the Siliqua and Miliarense which are fairly rare and expensive, sometimes more so than the more common of the gold Solidus issues. Other than common and not-so-good-looking Siliquae you can expect to pay several hundred dollars a piece and going into the thousands of dollars.

488 31) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 32) VICTORIA AVGVSTI NOSTRI 33) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 34) VICTORIA CAESAR NN 35) VICTORIA CAESARVM 36) VICTORIA CONSTANTIS AVG 37) VICTORIA DD NN AVGG

38) VICTORIA DN CONSTANTIS AVG 39) VICTORIAE D N AVG 40) VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN 41) VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG 42) VICTORIAE DDD NNN AVGGG 43) VIRTVS AVGG NN 44) VIRTVS CAESARVM

45) VIRTVS CAESARVM NN 46) VIRTVS DD NN AVGG 47) VIRTVS EXERCITVM 48) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 49) VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL 50) VOTA PVBLICA 51) No legend

Types: 1) Constans riding horse right, spearing two barbarians. 2) Constans riding oncoming quadriga, dropping coins and holding scepter with eagle atop 3) Constans standing facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 4) Constans standing left on galley, holding phoenix on globe and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering. 5) Constans standing left on galley, holding Victory and labarum; Victory seated right, steering. 6) Constans standing left, holding labarum and resting hand on shield 7) Constans standing left, holding labarum and resting hand on shield; two captives to left. 8) Constans standing left, holding labarum and scepter; being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 9) Constans standing left, holding labarum and scepter; seated captive to right. 10) Constans standing left, holding labarum and scepter; two standards behind. 11) Constans standing left, holding labarum and spear. 12) Constans standing left, holding standard and resting hand on shield; two captives to left and one to right. 13) Constans standing left, holding trophy and resting hand on shield; seated captive on either side 14) Constans standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding labarum, being crowned by Victory. 15) Constans standing right, holding spear and globe. 16) Constans standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and globe 17) Constans standing right, touching trophy and holding spear; seated captive at base of trophy. 18) Constans standing, facing, holding labarum 19) Constans, Constantine II and Constantius II standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 20) Constantine I standing, facing, holding vexillum and parazonium; Constans, Constantine II and Constantius II standing on either side, facing, each holding a

spear and resting hand on shield 21) Constantine II seated, facing, raising hand and resting feet on stool reading VOT V; Constans and Constantius II on either side also seated, facing. 22) Constantinopolis seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory on globe with wreath and palm and scepter. 23) Genii (2) facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX. 24) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side. 25) Palm branches (3), star above. 26) Phoenix standing right on globe 27) Phoenix standing right on pile of ashes 28) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding between them shield reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX 29) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter 30) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, holding scepter. 31) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, resting head on hand. 32) Soldier advancing right, dragging captive from hut under tree and holding spear 33) Soldier standing left, spearing falling horseman 34) Soldiers (2) standing either side of one standard, each holding a spear and resting hand on shield 35) Soldiers (2) standing either side of two standards, each holding a spear and resting hand on shield 36) Standards (3) 37) Standards (4) 38) Vexillum reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; seated captive on either side. 39) Vexillum reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV; seated captive on either side. 40) Vexillum reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; seated captive on either side. 41) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, each holding wreath and palm. 42) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV 43) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / X / MVL / XV 44) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX 45) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / X / MVL / XX 46) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / X / MVLTIS / XX 47) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVLTIS / X 48) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X 49) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVL / X 50) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and palm. 51) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and dragging captive 52) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 53) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; captive to right. 54) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy 55) Victory advancing left, holding wreath in each hand 56) Victory advancing left, holding wreath reading XXV and trophy; seated captive to left. 57) Victory advancing right, stepping on captive, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X. 58) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; Genius to right also holding shield. 59) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / VX / MVLT / XX; Genius to right also holding shield. 60) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV 61) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX 62) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; Genius to right. 63) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X; Genius to right also holding shield. 64) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XV / MVLT / XX; Genius to right also holding shield. 65) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XV; Genius to right. 66) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXX; Genius to right also holding shield. 67) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VOT / XX; Genius to right also holding shield 68) Wreath, CONSTANS / AVG within 69) Wreath, SIC / V / SIC / X within. 70) Wreath, SIC / X / SIC / XX within. 71) Wreath, SIC / XX / SIC / XXX within. 72) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within. 73) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within. 74) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within. 75) Wreath, VOT / XXV / MVLT / XXX within.

489 Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis

6) Cyzicus 7) Heraclea 8) Lugdunum 9) Nicomedia 10) Roma

11) Sirmium 12) Siscia 13) Thessalonica 14) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B13, O21, R19, T20, M05 Exe: CONS Nine Solidi weight RIC 67 (VIII, Constantinople)

2) B14, O22, R41, T45, M12 Exe: ∘SIS• 1-1/2 Solidi weight RIC 110 (VIII, Siscia) 3) B14, O24, R09, T08, M03 Exe: SMAQ Two Solidi weight RIC 1a (VIII, Aquileia)

AU Solidus 4) B04, O02, R41, T44, M14 Exe: TR RIC 135 (VIII, Trier)

5) B14, O02, R41, T45, M12 Exe: ∘SIS• Obverse and reverse within wreath RIC 132 (VIII, Siscia) 6) B14, O22, R41, T45, M12 Exe: *SIS* RIC 124 (VIII, Siscia) 7) B14, O22, R47, T13, M13 Exe: TES RIC 34 (VIII, Thessalonica) 8) B14, O24, R09, T68, M13 Exe: TS` RIC 7 (VIII, Thessalonica) 9) B23, O01, R28, T50, M02 Exe: */LXXII/SMAN• LXXII, the Roman numeral for 72, is a mark of value RIC 5 (VIII, Antioch) 10) B23, O13, R04, T52, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 97 (VII, Constantinople)

AR Miliarense 11) B06, O27, R04, T37, M13 Exe: TS` 12) B14, O18, R24, T06, M13 Exe: TES RIC 91 (VIII, Thessalonica)

AR Siliqua 13) B04, O22, R41, T52, M14 Exe: TR RIC 176 (VIII, Trier) 14) B09, O27, R02, T52, M05 Exe: C•` RIC 20 (VIII, Constantinople) 15) B14, O22, R01, T25, M12 Exe: SIS¨ RIC 68 (VIII, Siscia) 16) B14, O22, R41, T51, M10 Exe: R RIC 69 (VIII, Rome) 17) B16, O18, R16, T16, M14 Exe: TR` RIC 35 (VIII, Trier) 18) B17, O27, R02, T52, M05 Exe: C•`

AE2 19) B03, O10, R05, T07, M01 Exe: */ALE` RIC 64 (VIII, Alexandria), L 2823 20) B03, O10, R05, T07, M12 Exe: `SIS RIC 224 (VIII, Siscia)

21) B03, O10, R05, T32, M02 Exe: AN` RIC 126 (VIII, Antioch), L 2615 22) B03, O10, R05, T32, M03 Exe: AQ`• RIC 103 (VIII, Aquileia), L 888 23) B03, O10, R05, T32, M05 Exe: CONS`* RIC 88 (VIII, Constantinople)

24) B03, O10, R05, T32, M05 Exe: Γ/CONS`* RIC 92 (VIII, Constantinople) 25) B03, O10, R05, T32, M06 Exe: */SMK` RIC 79 (VIII, Cyzicus) 26) B03, O10, R05, T32, M06 Exe: •SMK` RIC 81 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2477 27) B03, O10, R05, T32, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 72 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2475 28) B03, O10, R05, T32, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 71 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1886 29) B03, O10, R05, T32, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 70 (VIII, Nicomedia) 30) B03, O10, R05, T32, M12 Exe: `SIS`R RIC 218 (VIII, Sirmium) 31) B04, O10, R05, T33, M12 Exe: A/`SIS• “A” behind bust RIC 254 (VIII, Siscia) 32) B05, O10, R05, T33, M13 Exe: TS`* Rev. Stephen Knapp collection 33) B12, O10, R05, T07, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 56 (VIII, Alexandria), L 2816

34) B12, O10, R05, T32, M10 Exe: R` “N” behind bust RIC 157 (VIII, Rome)

AE3 35) B01, O10, R11, T34, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 33 (VIII, Cyzicus) 36) B01, O10, R25, T52, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 66 (VIII, Antioch) 37) B01, O10, R26, T52, M01 Exe: SMAL` RIC 31 (VIII, Alexandria) 38) B04, O06, R11, T34, M13 Exe: SMTS` RIC 225 (VII, Thessalonica) 39) B04, O06, R11, T35, M13 Exe: SMTS` RIC 201 (VII, Thessalonica) 40) B04, O08, R05, T26, M02 Exe: */AN` RIC 131 (VIII, Antioch) 41) B04, O08, R05, T27, M12 Exe: `SIS• RIC 232 (VIII, Siscia) 42) B04, O08, R05, T27, M14 Exe: TR`* RIC 230 (VIII, Trier), L 36 43) B04, O08, R11, T35, M07 Exe: SMH`* RIC 139 (VII, Heraclea) 44) B04, O10, R05, T04, M12 Exe: `SIS` Second officina is a Greek cursive letter equivalent to the Latin on left RIC 244 (VIII, Siscia), L 1136 45) B04, O10, R05, T04, M12 Exe: `SIS• RIC 198 (VIII, Siscia), L 1140 46) B04, O10, R05, T04, M12 Exe: `SIS`• Second officina is a Greek cursive letter equivalent to the Latin on left RIC 201 (VIII, Siscia), L 1142 47) B04, O10, R05, T04, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 120 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1642 48) B04, O10, R05, T05, M13 Exe: A/TS` “A” behind bust RIC 122 (VIII, Thessalonica) 49) B04, O10, R05, T26, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 88 (VIII, Cyzicus) 50) B04, O10, R05, T27, M12 Exe: `SIS` Second officina is a Greek cursive letter equivalent to the Latin on left RIC 241 (VIII, Siscia), L 1134 51) B04, O10, R05, T34, M14 Exe: TR` RIC 215 (VIII, Trier) 52) B04, O13, R11, T34, M13 Exe: SMTS` RIC 226 (VII, Thessalonica) 53) B04, O19, R11, T35, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 87 (VII, Cyzicus) 54) B08, O10, R11, T34, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 29 (VIII, Constantinople), L 1057

490 55) B14, O08, R11, T34, M04 Exe: `ARL “G” within standard RIC 58 (VIII, Arles), L 443 56) B14, O08, R11, T34, M12 Exe: `SIS £ within standard RIC 88 (VIII, Siscia), L 781 57) B14, O08, R11, T34, M12 Exe: `SIS¨ £ within standard RIC 100 (VIII, Siscia) 58) B14, O08, R11, T34, M12 Exe: `SIS© £ within standard RIC 93 (VIII, Siscia) 59) B14, O08, R11, T34, M14 Exe: TR`© “M” within standard RIC 111 (VIII, Trier) 60) B14, O10, R05, T04, M02 Exe: AN` RIC 96 (VIII, Antioch) 61) B14, O10, R05, T04, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 68 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2485 62) B14, O10, R05, T04, M10 Exe: A/R` “A” behind bust RIC 152 (VIII, Rome) 63) B14, O10, R11, T04, M12 Exe: `SIS`R Second officina is a Greek cursive letter equivalent to the Latin on left RIC 206 (VIII, Siscia) 64) B14, O10, R11, T34, M12 Exe: •`SIS• £ within standard RIC 103 (VIII, Siscia), L 784 65) B14, O11, R20, T29, M10 Exe: R\` RIC 11 (VIII, Rome), L 588 66) B14, O11, R21, T29, M10 Exe: R\` RIC 8 (VIII, Rome), L 584 67) B15, O10, R05, T33, M10 Exe: A*/R` “A” behind bust RIC 136 (VIII, Rome) 68) B16, O10, R11, T34, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 28 (VIII, Constantinople), L 1045 69) B20, O13, R11, T35, M05 Exe: •CONS`• RIC 83 (VII, Constantinople) 70) B23, O11, R11, T34, M10 Exe: ®R`¯ RIC 52 (VIII, Rome), L 620 71) B23, O13, R11, T35, M10 Exe: R*` RIC 367 (VII, Rome) 72) B23, O15, R11, T34, M12 Exe: `SIS RIC 255 (VII, Siscia), L 757 73) B23, O15, R11, T35, M12 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 238 (VII, Siscia)

AE4 Reference(s) 74) B01, O08, R51, T73, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 116 (VIII, Antioch), L 1399 75) B01, O10, R51, T74, M01 Exe: SMAL`• RIC 34 (VIII, Alexandria) 76) B01, O10, R51, T74, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 50 (VIII, Cyzicus) 77) B01, O10, R51, T74, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 51 (VIII, Nicomedia) 78) B04, O08, R11, T41, M12 Exe: °/`SIS RIC 196 (VIII, Siscia) 79) B04, O08, R41, T41, M03 Exe: F/AQ` RIC 83 (VIII, Aquileia), L 707 80) B04, O08, R41, T41, M13 Exe: °/SMTS` RIC 106 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 864 81) B04, O08, R41, T41, M13 Exe: SMTS` RIC 100 (VIII, Thessalonica) 82) B04, O08, R41, T41, M14 Exe: D/TR` RIC 196 (VIII, Trier) 83) B08, O10, R51, T74, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 52 (VIII, Nicomedia) 84) B14, O08, R41, T41, M12 Exe: •/`SIS RIC 183 (VIII, Siscia), L 791 85) B14, O08, R41, T41, M12 Exe: ³/`SIS RIC 192 (VIII, Siscia) 86) B14, O08, R41, T41, M12 Exe: °/`SIS RIC 195 (VIII, Siscia) 87) B14, O08, R41, T41, M13 Exe: •/•`SIS• RIC 185 (VIII, Siscia), L 793 88) B14, O08, R41, T41, M13 Exe: •/SMTS` RIC 101 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 861 89) B14, O08, R41, T41, M14 Exe: \/TR` RIC 185 (VIII, Trier), L 140

Constans Busts

491

Constans Types

492

Constantius II

Augustus 337-361

Constantius joins the lengthy list of emperors whose career was marked by a seemingly endless series of wars both domestic and foreign. He served as Caesar from 324 until his father's death in 337 at which time he shared the title of Augustus with two other brothers, Constantine II and Constans. To make sure no more Johnny-come-latelies in his family would try their hand at being emperor too it is thought that he engineered a bloodbath that left

nary a relative. Constantine II died in battle and Constans was murdered by the men of Magnentius, the first of several usurpers. This left Constantius finally as sole legitimate emperor and he moved quickly to suppress Magnentius, an endeavor he eventually accomplished. The strife didn't end there, however, as he still had to deal with other revolts and wars on every corner of the empire. Caught in these never-ending battles he died while on his way to battle Julian II.

Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls) bust left, wearing consular robes, holding mappa and scepter 2) Diademed (pearls) bust left, wearing consular robes, holding Victory on globe and scepter 3) Diademed (pearls) head right 4) Diademed (pearls), cuirassed bust right 5) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left 6) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left, holding globe 7) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe 8) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 9) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right, holding globe 10) Diademed (plain) head right, looking up 11) Diademed (rosettes and laurels), draped and cuirassed bust right 12) Diademed (rosettes) head right 13) Diademed (rosettes) head right, looking up 14) Diademed (rosettes) torso left, wearing consular robes, raising hand and holding mappa 15) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left 16) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left, holding globe 17) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding Victory on globe 18) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 19) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding spear over shoulder and shield 20) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust facing, holding Victory and spear 21) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 22) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atopt 23) Laureate head right 24) Laureate head right, looking up 25) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 26) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 27) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 28) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 29) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe 30) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 31) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and globe 32) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, raising hand and holding Victory on globe 33) Laureate, draped bust left, holding spear and shield

Obverses: 1) CONSTANTIVS AVG 2) CONSTANTIVS ET CONSTANS AVGG 3) CONSTANTIVS AVGVST 4) CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS 5) CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG 6) CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 7) CONSTANTIVS PF AVG 8) DN CONSTANTIVS 9) DN CONSTANTIVS AVG 10) DN CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG 11) DN CONSTANTIVS MAX AVGVSTVS 12) DN CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 13) DN CONSTANTIVS PF AVG

14) FL CONSTANTIVS NOB C 15) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS AVG 16) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C 17) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 18) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS PERP AVG 19) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS PF AVG 20) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS PIVS FELIX AVG 21) FL IVL CONSTIVS PF AVG 22) FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB C 23) FLA CONSTANTIVS NOB C 24) IMP CONSTANTIVS AVG 25) IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C 26) No legend

Reverses: 1) CAESARVM NOSTRORVM 2) CONCORDIA MILITVM 3) CONSTANTIVS AVG 4) CONSTANTIVS CAES 5) CONSTANTIVS CAESAR 6) CONSTANTIVS PF AVG 7) D N CONSTANTIVS VICTOR SEMPER AVG 8) DD NN CONSTANTIVS ET CONSTANS AVGG 9) DEBELLATOR HOSTIVM 10) DEBELLATORI GENTIVM BARBARVM 11) FEL TEMP REPARATIO

12) FELICITAS PEPRETVA 13) FELICITAS R P 14) FELICITAS REIPVBLICE 15) FELICITAS ROMANORVM 16) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N 17) GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI 18) GAVDIVM ROMANORVM 19) GLORIA CONSTANTI AVG 20) GLORIA EXERCITVS 21) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE 22) GLORIA ROMANORVM

23) HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS 24) IN HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS 25) OB VICTORIAM TRIVMPHALEM 26) PAX AVGVSTORVM 27) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 28) PROVIDENTIAE CAESS 29) SALVS AVG NOSTRI 30) SALVS ET SPES REIPVBLICAE 31) SECVRITAS PERPETVA 32) SECVRITAS REIPVB 33) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE

Newcomers to the hobby of Roman coin collecting usually learn right away that the Late Roman bronze class of coins are the most common and affordable. And among these, Constantius II is quite likely the easiest emperor to find. From the Fel Temp Reparatio to the Gloria Exercitus to the campgates and many other popular reverses make for a very prominently featured emperor. And even though the coins are often very cheap due to being so common there is a complex world to discover in the varied mintmarks, legend arrangements, bust types and other minutiae that, one soon realizes, add up to a fascinating and educational challenge for student and collector alike.

493 34) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE 35) SPES REIPVBLICE 36) TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARVM 37) TRIVMFVS CAESARVM 38) VICT AVG 39) VICT AVGG 40) VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM 41) VICTORIA AVG NOSTRI 42) VICTORIA AVGG 43) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 44) VICTORIA AVGVSTI N 45) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 46) VICTORIA CAESAR NN 47) VICTORIA CAESARIS 48) VICTORIA CAESARVM

49) VICTORIA CONSTANTI AVG 50) VICTORIA CONSTANTI CAES 51) VICTORIA CONSTANTI CAESAR 52) VICTORIA DD NN AVG 53) VICTORIA DD NN AVGG 54) VICTORIA DDD NNN AVG 55) VICTORIA NOSTRI 56) VICTORIAE D N AVG 57) VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN 58) VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG 59) VIRTVS AVG 60) VIRTVS AVGG NN 61) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM 62) VIRTVS CAES 63) VIRTVS CAESARVM

64) VIRTVS CAESARVM NN 65) VIRTVS CAESS 66) VIRTVS CONSTANTI AVG 67) VIRTVS CONSTANTI CAES 68) VIRTVS EXERCITVM 69) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 70) VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL 71) VOTA PVBLICA 72) VRBS ROMA 73) No legend

Types: 1) Chi-Rho; A and ω across fields 2) City gate with (2) turrets, star above 3) City gate with (3) turrets 4) City gate with (4) turrets, star above 5) Constantinopolis seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 6) Constantius II advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy. 7) Constantius II advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side. 8) Constantius II advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and trophy. 9) Constantius II and Constans standing, facing, each holding a scepter and globe 10) Constantius II and Constantine I, raising hand, together riding oncoming elephant quadriga; lictor on either side. 11) Constantius II and Constantius Gallus standing under arch, facing, each holding a spear. 12) Constantius II riding horse left, raising hand 13) Constantius II riding horse left, raising hand; snake under horse. 14) Constantius II riding horse right, facing bowing Roma to right, holding torch. 15) Constantius II riding horse right, spearing barbarian. 16) Constantius II riding horse right, spearing two barbarians. 17) Constantius II riding oncoming quadriga, dropping coins and holding scepter with eagle atop; Christogram in upper right field. 18) Constantius II standing left on galley, holding phoenix on globe and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering galley. 19) Constantius II standing left on galley, holding Victory on globe and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering galley. 20) Constantius II standing left on right, holding globe and spear, facing Victory to left, holding wreath and palm 21) Constantius II standing left, holding globe and spear 22) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum 23) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum and resting hand on shield; two kneeling captives to left (near one being stepped on) 24) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum and resting hand on shield; two standing captives to left 25) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum and scepter; seated captive to right. 26) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum and scepter; two standards to right 27) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum and scepter; Victory to right, crowning Constantius and holding palm 28) Constantius II standing left, holding labarum and spear. 29) Constantius II standing left, holding scepter and vexillum; standard to right. 30) Constantius II standing left, holding standard and resting hand on shield; two captives to left and one to right. 31) Constantius II standing left, holding standard and scepter; standard to right. 32) Constantius II standing left, holding vexillum and scepter; two standards to right. 33) Constantius II standing left, holding vexillum reading VOT / XX and spear; seated captive to right 34) Constantius II standing left, stepping on captive, holding Victory on globe and labarum; seated captive to left 35) Constantius II standing left, touching trophy and holding scepter; shield at trophy base. 36) Constantius II standing right, holding globe and spear. 37) Constantius II standing right, holding spear and globe. 38) Constantius II standing right, holding spear and globe; seated captive to right 39) Constantius II standing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side 40) Constantius II standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and globe 41) Constantius II standing right, touching trophy and holding spear; seated captive at trophy base. 42) Constantius II standing, facing, holding labarum in each hand; star above. 43) Constantius II standing, facing, holding legionary eagle and scepter; standard to right 44) Constantius II standing, facing, holding trophy and resting hand on shield; seated captive on either side 45) Constantius II standing, facing, holding vexillum reading VOT / XX and scepter; seated captive to right 46) Constantius II, Constantine II and Constans standing, facing, each holding a spear and resting hand on shield. 47) Genii (2) standing, facing, together holding wreath reading VOTIS / XX / MVLTIS / XXX. 48) Legend CONSTAN / TIVS / CAESAR, star above 49) Legend CONSTAN / TIVS / NOB CAES, star above 50) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive on either side. 51) Palm branches (3); star above 52) Pax standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding branch and scepter 53) Phoenix standing right on globe 54) Phoenix standing right on pile of ashes. 55) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear 56) Roma seated to left, facing, and Constantinopolis seated left on right, stepping on galley prow, each holding Victory on globe and scepter. 57) Roma seated to left, facing, holding shield reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter 58) Roma seated to left, facing, holding shield reading VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXxX together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter 59) Roma seated to left, facing, holding shield reading VOT / XXXV / MVLT / XXXX together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding

scepter 60) Roma seated to left, facing, holding wreath reading FEL / ICI / TER / V together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter 61) Roma seated to left, facing, holding wreath reading VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding

scepter 62) Roma seated to left, facing, holding wreath reading VOT / XXXX together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter 63) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, holding scepter 64) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, touching head. 65) Securitas standing, facing, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding spear. 66) Soldier advancing right, dragging captive from hut under tree and holding spear 67) Soldier standing left, spearing falling horseman

494 68) Soldiers (2) standing on either side of one standard, each holding a spear and resting hand on shield 69) Soldiers (2) standing on either side of two standards, each holding a spear and resting hand on shield 70) Standards (3) 71) Standards (4) 72) Vexillum reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV; seated captive on either side. 73) Vexillum reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; seated captive on either side. 74) Vexillum reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX; seated captive on either side. 75) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, each holding a wreath and palm 76) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX. 77) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / X / MVL / XX. 78) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XV. 79) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX. 80) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV. 81) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XXX’ Chi-Rho over wreath. 82) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX (all within wreath) 83) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX 84) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX (all within wreath) 85) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XX / MVL / XXX 86) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XX / MVL / XXX (all within wreath) 87) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding wreath reading VOT / XXV / MVL / XXX (all within wreath) 88) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and palm 89) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 90) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy. 91) Victory advancing left, holding wreath in each hand 92) Victory advancing left, holding wreath reading XXV and trophy; seated captive to left. 93) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and palm. 94) Victory riding oncoming quadriga, holding wreath and globe 95) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / VX / MVLT / XV; Genius to right also holding shield. 96) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV; Genius to right also holding shield. 97) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; Genius to right also holding shield. 98) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XV / MVLT / XX; Genius to right also holding shield. 99) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XV; Genius to right also holding shield. 100) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX; Genius to right also holding shield. 101) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / XX; Genius to right also holding shield. 102) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXX; Genius to right also holding shield. 103) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXXX; Genius to right also holding shield. 104) Victory seated right, holding wreath reading VOT / X; Genius to right also holding shield. 105) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield held up by kneeling Genius reading VOT / XX 106) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on column reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX (all within wreath) 107) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on column reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX 108) Virtus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 109) Wreath, CONSTAN / TIVS / AVG within 110) Wreath, SIC / X / SIC / XX within 111) Wreath, SIC / XX / SIC / XXX within 112) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within. 113) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within. 114) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within. 115) Wreath, VOT / XXXX within 116) Wreath, VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX within 117) Wreath, VOTIS / XXV / MVLTIS / XXX within. 118) Wreath, VOTIS / XXX / MVLTIS / XXXX within. 119) Wreath, VOTIS / XXXV / MVLTIS / XXXX within

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Ambianum 3) Antioch 4) Aquileia 5) Arelate 6) Constantinopolis

7) Cyzicus 8) Heraclea 9) Londinium 10) Lugdunum 11) Mediolanum 12) Nicomedia

13) Roma 14) Sirmium 15) Siscia 16) Thessalonica 17) Ticinum 18) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B05, O18, R73, T017, M03 Exe: SMAN Two Solidi weight RIC 78 (VIII, Antioch) 2) B08, O16, R02, T039, M12 Exe: SMN Two Solidi weight RIC 35 (VII, Nicomedia) 3) B14, O04, R08, T009, M03 Exe: SMANT Two Solidi weight 4) B15, O01, R24, T055, M03 Exe: SMANT Two Solidi weight

AU Solidus 5) B03, O13, R21, T062, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 100 (VIII, Nicomedia) 6) B03, O16, R21, T062, M03 Exe: ANT` RIC 172 (VIII, Antioch) 7) B08, O11, R21, T058, M04 Exe: •TES• RIC 150 (VIII, Thessalonica) 8) B08, O11, R21, T058, M04 Exe: *TES* RIC 195 (VIII, Thessalonica) 9) B08, O13, R41, T020, M18 Exe: TR RIC 329 (VIII, Trier) 10) B08, O18, R21, T057, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 81 (VIII, Antioch) 11) B08, O18, R21, T057, M03 Exe: SMAN`• RIC 86 (VIII, Antioch) 12) B08, O18, R21, T057, M06 Exe: CONS RIC 57 (VIII, Constantinople) 13) B08, O18, R21, T058, M04 Exe: SMAQ RIC 179 (VIII, Aquileia) 14) B08, O18, R21, T059, M04 Exe: SMAQ RIC 210 (VIII, Aquileia) 15) B08, O18, R44, T098, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 25 (VIII, Antioch) 16) B08, O19, R15, T116, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 31 (VIII, Antioch) 17) B10, O26, R05, T089, M16 Exe: SMTS RIC 148 (VII, Thessalonica)

495 18) B11, O04, R58, T100, M04 Exe: SMAQ Both the obverse and reverse design is enclosed within a wreath RIC 44 (VIII, Aquileia) 19) B11, O05, R19, T033, M15 Exe: SIS RIC 5 (VIII, Siscia) 20) B11, O07, R17, T110, M15 Exe: SIS* RIC 20 (VIII, Siscia) 21) B11, O18, R21, T057, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 33 (VIII, Nicomedia) 22) B11, O18, R21, T057, M15 Exe: SIS RIC 297 (VIII, Siscia) 23) B12, O07, R49, T099, M06 Exe: CONS RIC 6 (VIII, Constantinople) 24) B18, O19, R53, T088, M16 Exe: TES RIC 26 (VIII, Thessalonica) 25) B18, O19, R68, T044, M16 Exe: TES 26) B19, O18, R21, T058, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 74 (VIII, Nicomedia) 27) B19, O18, R21, T058, M14 Exe: *SIRM* RIC 8 (VIII, Sirmium) 28) B19, O19, R21, T058, M13 Exe: ®RSM`¯ RIC 291 (VIII, Rome) 29) B26, O17, R27, T026, M15 Exe: SIS 30) B30, O01, R42, T088, M03 Exe: */LXXII/SMAN` LXXII is a mark of value denoting 1/72th of a pound of gold RIC 7 (VIII, Antioch) 31) B30, O16, R27, T026, M16 Exe: TS` RIC 173 (VII, Thessalonica) 32) B30, O16, R27, T043, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 133 (VII, Thessalonica) 33) B30, O16, R46, T089, M15 Exe: SIS

AU Semissis Reference(s) 34) B08, O01, R45, T103, M12 Exe: SMN RIC 101 (VIII, Nicomedia)

AU ½ Scripulum 35) B08, O01, R44, T103, M12 Exe: SMN RIC 36 (VIII, Nicomedia) 36) B30, O16, R27, T037, M12 Exe: N

AR Siliqua 37) B03, O13, R73, T117, M12 Exe: SMN RIC 40 (VIII, Nicomedia) 38) B07, O13, R45, T089, M15 Exe: SIS RIC 266 anecdotal (VIII, Siscia) 39) B08, O13, R52, T089, M10 Exe: LVG RIC 214 (VIII, Lyons) 40) B08, O13, R73, T118, M05 Exe: `CON RIC 207 (VIII, Arles) 41) B08, O13, R73, T118, M06 Exe: C¯` RIC 184 (VIII, Constantinople) 42) B08, O13, R73, T118, M06 Exe: C•` RIC 102 (VIII, Constantinople) 43) B08, O13, R73, T118, M10 Exe: LVG RIC 216 (VIII, Lyons) 44) B08, O13, R73, T118, M12 Exe: SMN RIC 103 (VIII, Nicomedia) 45) B08, O13, R73, T118, M14 Exe: •SIRM RIC 17 (VIII, Sirmium) 46) B08, O13, R73, T118, M14 Exe: •SIRM• RIC 66 (VIII, Sirmium) 47) B08, O13, R73, T118, M14 Exe: SIRM RIC 15 (VIII, Sirmium) 48) B08, O13, R73, T118, M15 Exe: SIS RIC 360 (VIII, Siscia) 49) B10, O26, R04, T089, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 128 (VIII, Constantinople) 50) B10, O26, R05, T089, M06 Exe: C•` 51) B18, O07, R03, T051, M15 Exe: •SIS¨ RIC 62 (VIII, Siscia) 52) B18, O13, R34, T113, M06 Exe: C•`

AE Medallion 53) B11, O13, R59, T038, M13 RIC 400 (VII, Rome) 54) B30, O16, R37, T094, M06 Exe: CONS

AE2 55) B06, O13, R11, T016, M13 Exe: N/R` “N” behind bust RIC 154 (VIII, Rome) 56) B06, O13, R11, T023, M03 Exe: AN` RIC 125 (VIII, Antioch), L 2614 57) B06, O13, R11, T023, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 84 (VIII, Constantinople) 58) B06, O13, R11, T023, M06 Exe: Γ/CONS`* RIC 89 (VIII, Constantinople) 59) B06, O13, R11, T023, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 70 (VIII, Cyzicus) 60) B06, O13, R11, T023, M08 Exe: */SMH` RIC 72 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1887 61) B06, O13, R11, T023, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 69 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1884 62) B06, O13, R11, T023, M12 Exe: */SMN` RIC 71 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 2292 63) B06, O13, R11, T023, M12 Exe: *SMK` RIC 75 (VIII, Cyzicus) 64) B06, O13, R11, T023, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 67 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 2289 65) B06, O13, R11, T024, M06 Exe: CONS`* RIC 87 (VIII, Constantinople) 66) B06, O13, R11, T024, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 223 (VIII, Siscia), L 1115 67) B06, O13, R11, T066, M04 Exe: AQ`• RIC 102 (VIII, Aquileia) 68) B06, O13, R11, T066, M06 Exe: Γ/CONS`* RIC 88 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2014 69) B06, O13, R11, T066, M07 Exe: */SMK` RIC 87 (VIII, Cyzicus) 70) B06, O13, R11, T066, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 69 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 2290 71) B08, O13, R02, T042, M14 Exe: III/*SIRM “A” behind bust RIC 21 (VIII, Sirmium) 72) B08, O13, R02, T042, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 280 (VIII, Siscia), L 1167 73) B08, O13, R11, T018, M04 Exe: AQ`• RIC 97 (VIII, Aquileia) 74) B08, O13, R11, T018, M16 Exe: TES` RIC 107 (VIII, Thessalonica) 75) B08, O13, R11, T018, M16 Exe: Γ/*/*TS`* RIC 168 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1668 76) B08, O13, R11, T067, M01 Exe: Γ/ALE` RIC 72 (VIII, Alexandria), L 2836 77) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: Γ/•/CONS` RIC 106 (VIII, Constantinople) 78) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: Γ/CONS` RIC 79 (VIII, Constantinople) 79) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: Γ/CONS`* RIC 81 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2026 80) B08, O13, R11, T067, M07 Exe: Γ/•SMK` RIC 95 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2488 81) B08, O13, R11, T067, M07 Exe: Γ/SMK` RIC 93 (VIII, Cyzicus) 82) B08, O13, R11, T067, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 82 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1893 83) B08, O13, R11, T067, M12 Exe: */SMN` RIC 62 (VIII, Nicomedia) 84) B08, O13, R11, T067, M12 Exe: •SMN` RIC 86 (VIII, Nicomedia) 85) B08, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: A/TS` “A” behind bust RIC 129 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1650

496 86) B08, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: TS` “Δ” behind bust RIC 180 (VIII, Thessalonica) 87) B08, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: Γ/*/*TS`* RIC 171 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1670 88) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: A/`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 278 (VIII, Siscia), L 1165 89) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: A/`SIS* “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 286 (VIII, Siscia), L 1173 90) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 291 (VIII, Siscia), L 1197 91) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS• “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 284 (VIII, Siscia), L 1171 92) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: III/`SIS© “A” behind bust RIC 302 (VIII, Siscia), L 1188 93) B08, O13, R29, T001, M18 Exe: TR`* RIC 332 (VIII, Trier), L 67 94) B09, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: TS`* RIC 115 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1646

AE3 Reference(s) 95) B04, O16, R20, T069, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 85 (VII, Cyzicus) 96) B05, O26, R73, T048, M03 Exe: SMANT` RIC 55 (VII, Antioch) 97) B05, O26, R73, T048, M03 Exe: SMANT`/• 98) B05, O26, R73, T048, M18 Exe: `TR RIC 490 (VII, Trier) 99) B06, O07, R11, T066, M04 Exe: AQ`• RIC 104 (VIII, Aquileia) 100) B06, O13, R11, T023, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 80 (VIII, Cyzicus) 101) B06, O13, R11, T066, M16 Exe: TES` RIC 117 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1635 102) B08, O01, R20, T068, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 42 (VIII, Antioch), L 1377 103) B08, O07, R20, T068, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 55 (VIII, Thessalonica) 104) B08, O13, R02, T042, M15 Exe: A/`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 276 (VIII, Siscia), L 1163 105) B08, O13, R02, T042, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 284 (VIII, Siscia) 106) B08, O13, R02, T042, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 280 (VIII, Siscia) 107) B08, O13, R02, T042, M15 Exe: III/`SIS© “A” behind bust RIC 301 (VIII, Siscia) 108) B08, O13, R11, T018, M04 Exe: AQ`• RIC 97 (VIII, Aquileia) 109) B08, O13, R11, T018, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 197 (VIII, Siscia) 110) B08, O13, R11, T018, M16 Exe: TES` RIC 107 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1637 111) B08, O13, R11, T018, M16 Exe: Γ/*/*TS`* RIC 168 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1668 112) B08, O13, R11, T018, M18 Exe: TR` RIC 212 (VIII, Trier) 113) B08, O13, R11, T019, M15 Exe: III/*/`SIS “A” behind bust RIC 327 (VIII, Siscia) 114) B08, O13, R11, T034, M16 Exe: Γ/*/*TS`* RIC 172 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1671 115) B08, O13, R11, T034, M16 Exe: Γ/*/*TS`• RIC 178 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1674 116) B08, O13, R11, T053, M03 Exe: */AN` RIC 129 (VIII, Antioch), L 2618 117) B08, O13, R11, T053, M06 Exe: CONS`* RIC 93 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2019 118) B08, O13, R11, T053, M08 Exe: */SMH` RIC 79 (VIII, Heraclea) 119) B08, O13, R11, T054, M15 Exe: `SIS` Second officina marking is the equivalent letter in Greek cursive RIC 240 (VIII, Siscia) 120) B08, O13, R11, T067, M03 Exe: II/AQ`* RIC 207 (VIII, Aquileia) 121) B08, O13, R11, T067, M03 Exe: M/ANA RIC 191 (VIII, Antioch), L 2637 122) B08, O13, R11, T067, M03 Exe: Γ/AQ` RIC 199 (VIII, Aquileia) 123) B08, O13, R11, T067, M05 Exe: D/`CON RIC 215 (VIII, Arles), L 455 124) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: •/CONS` RIC 121 (VIII, Constantinople) 125) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 118 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2039 126) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: CONS`• RIC 89 (VIII, Constantinople) 127) B08, O13, R11, T067, M06 Exe: X•/CONS` RIC 123 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2046 128) B08, O13, R11, T067, M07 Exe: */SMK` RIC 113 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2500 129) B08, O13, R11, T067, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 110 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2498 130) B08, O13, R11, T067, M07 Exe: Γ/•SMK` RIC 96 (VIII, Cyzicus) 131) B08, O13, R11, T067, M07 Exe: Γ/SMK` RIC 92 (VIII, Cyzicus) 132) B08, O13, R11, T067, M08 Exe: C/SMH` RIC 104 (VIII, Heraclea) 133) B08, O13, R11, T067, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 90 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1900 134) B08, O13, R11, T067, M08 Exe: Γ/SMH` RIC 82 (VIII, Heraclea) 135) B08, O13, R11, T067, M10 Exe: `LG Rev. Stephen Knapp collection 136) B08, O13, R11, T067, M12 Exe: */SMN` RIC 60 (VIII, Nicomedia) 137) B08, O13, R11, T067, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 104 (VIII, Nicomedia) 138) B08, O13, R11, T067, M13 Exe: R` RIC 272 (VIII, Rome), L 677 139) B08, O13, R11, T067, M14 Exe: [/`SIRM RIC 50 (VIII, Sirmium) 140) B08, O13, R11, T067, M14 Exe: `SIRM RIC 48 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1603 141) B08, O13, R11, T067, M14 Exe: `SIRM• RIC 52 (VIII, Sirmium) 142) B08, O13, R11, T067, M14 Exe: M/`SIRM• RIC 73 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1610 143) B08, O13, R11, T067, M14 Exe: N/•`SIRM• RIC 75 (VII, Sirmium), L 1612 144) B08, O13, R11, T067, M14 Exe: S•/A/`SIRM RIC 44 (VIII, Sirmium) 145) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: */`SIS RIC 210 (VIII, Siscia), L 1148 146) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 350 (VIII, Siscia), L 1218 147) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: `SIS- RIC 361 (VIII, Siscia), L 1228 148) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: `SIS• RIC 367 (VIII, Siscia), L 1245 149) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: I/`SIS•S• “A” behind bust RIC 347 (VIII, Siscia) 150) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: III/`SIS “A” behind bust RIC 332 (VIII, Siscia), L 1202 151) B08, O13, R11, T067, M15 Exe: M/`SIS- RIC 369 (VIII, Siscia), L 1234 152) B08, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: `/SMTS RIC 189 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1681 153) B08, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: II/*TS` “Δ” behind bust RIC 184 (VIII, Thessalonica) 154) B08, O13, R11, T067, M16 Exe: M/SMTS` RIC 208 (VIII, Thessalonica) 155) B08, O13, R18, T028, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 293 (VIII, Siscia) 156) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 282 (VIII, Siscia), L 1169 157) B08, O13, R23, T027, M15 Exe: A/•`SIS• “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 281 (VIII, Siscia), L 1173 158) B08, O13, R42, T091, M15 Exe: £/*`SIS* RIC 180 (VIII, Siscia), L 788 159) B08, O13, R61, T038, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 295 (VIII, Siscia) 160) B08, O16, R20, T069, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 86 (VII, Cyzicus) 161) B11, O07, R20, T068, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 86 (VIII, Siscia) 162) B11, O07, R20, T068, M15 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 101 (VIII, Siscia) 163) B11, O13, R11, T067, M04 Exe: LXXII/AQ` “A” behind bust RIC 188 (VIII, Aquileia) 164) B11, O15, R20, T068, M13 Exe: R*` RIC 25 (VIII, Rome), L 614 165) B23, O01, R20, T068, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 5 (VIII, Nicomedia) 166) B23, O13, R20, T068, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 16 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 1280 167) B26, O15, R20, T068, M18 Exe: •TR`• RIC 58 (VIII, Trier), L 108 168) B26, O16, R20, T069, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 88 (VII, Antioch)

497 169) B26, O16, R20, T069, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 113 (VIII, Heraclea) 170) B26, O16, R20, T069, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 221 (VII, Siscia) 171) B26, O16, R20, T069, M15 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 237 (VII, Siscia) 172) B26, O16, R20, T069, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 185 (VII, Thessalonica) 173) B26, O16, R20, T069, M18 Exe: TR`• RIC 528 (VII, Trier) 174) B27, O07, R42, T089, M04 Exe: AQ` RIC 72 (VIII, Aquileia) 175) B27, O16, R28, T002, M03 Exe: •/SMANT` RIC 174 (VII, Antioch) 176) B27, O16, R28, T002, M03 Exe: SMANT` RIC 66 (VII, Antioch) 177) B27, O16, R28, T002, M05 Exe: `A©RL RIC 323 (VII, Arles) 178) B27, O16, R28, T002, M05 Exe: ARL` RIC 312 (VII, Arles) 179) B27, O16, R28, T002, M05 Exe: T/F/`CONST RIC 330 (VII, Arles) 180) B27, O16, R28, T002, M06 Exe: `/CONS RIC 21 (VII, Constantinople) 181) B27, O16, R28, T002, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 27 (VII, Cyzicus) 182) B27, O16, R28, T002, M07 Exe: SMK`• RIC 38 (VII, Cyzicus), L 1175 183) B27, O16, R28, T002, M08 Exe: */SMH` RIC 108 (VII, Heraclea) 184) B27, O16, R28, T002, M08 Exe: */SMH`• RIC 65 (VII, Heraclea) 185) B27, O16, R28, T002, M08 Exe: •/SMH` RIC 97 (VII, Heraclea) 186) B27, O16, R28, T002, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 78 (VII, Heraclea) 187) B27, O16, R28, T002, M08 Exe: SMH`• RIC 84 (VII, Heraclea) 188) B27, O16, R28, T002, M12 Exe: MN` RIC 124 (VII, Nicomedia) 189) B27, O16, R28, T002, M12 Exe: MN`• RIC 128 (VII, Nicomedia) 190) B27, O16, R28, T002, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 78 (VII, Nicomedia) 191) B27, O16, R28, T002, M15 Exe: `SIS§ RIC 217 (VII, Siscia) 192) B27, O16, R28, T002, M15 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 202 (VII, Siscia) 193) B27, O16, R28, T002, M18 Exe: •`TR RIC 506 (VII, Trier) 194) B27, O16, R28, T004, M05 Exe: `A©RL RIC 297 (VII, Arles) 195) B27, O16, R65, T004, M05 Exe: S/F/ARL` RIC 316 (VII, Arles) 196) B27, O22, R28, T002, M13 Exe: R?` RIC 290 (VII, Rome) 197) B30, O01, R20, T068, M04 Exe: AQ` £ on standard RIC 28 (VIII, Aquileia) 198) B30, O16, R20, T068, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 126 (VII, Cyzicus) 199) B30, O16, R20, T068, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 254 (VII, Siscia) 200) B30, O16, R20, T068, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 224 (VII, Thessalonica) 201) B30, O16, R20, T069, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 61 (VII, Constantinople) 202) B30, O16, R20, T069, M06 Exe: CONS`• RIC 75 (VII, Constantinople) 203) B30, O16, R20, T069, M07 Exe: •SMK` RIC 99 (VII, Cyzicus) 204) B30, O16, R20, T069, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 80 (VII, Cyzicus) 205) B30, O16, R20, T069, M07 Exe: SMK`• RIC 69 (VII, Cyzicus) 206) B30, O16, R20, T069, M08 Exe: •SMH` RIC 118 (VII, Heraclea) 207) B30, O16, R20, T069, M08 Exe: SMH`* RIC 138 (VII, Heraclea) 208) B30, O16, R20, T069, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 191 (VII, Nicomedia) 209) B30, O16, R20, T069, M13 Exe: RF` RIC 329 (VII, Rome) 210) B30, O16, R20, T069, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 186 (VII, Thessalonica) 211) B30, O16, R28, T002, M05 Exe: `*AR RIC 276 (VII, Arles) 212) B30, O16, R28, T002, M16 Exe: `/SMTS RIC 172 (VII, Thessalonica) 213) B30, O16, R28, T002, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 158 (VII, Thessalonica)

AE4 Reference(s) 214) B03, O13, R38, T089, M07 Exe: •SMK` 215) B03, O13, R73, T114, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 113 (VIII, Antioch) 216) B08, O07, R57, T075, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 182 (VIII, Siscia), L 790 217) B08, O07, R57, T075, M15 Exe: •`SIS• RIC 184 (VIII, Siscia) 218) B08, O07, R57, T075, M16 Exe: °/SMTS` RIC 103 (VIII, Thessalonica) 219) B08, O13, R35, T021, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 149 (VIII, Constantinople) 220) B08, O13, R35, T021, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 117 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2504 221) B08, O13, R35, T021, M07 Exe: Ä/SMK` RIC 121 (VIII, Cyzicus) 222) B08, O13, R35, T021, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 98 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1905 223) B08, O13, R35, T021, M14 Exe: `SIRM RIC 80 (VIII, Sirmium) 224) B08, O13, R35, T021, M15 Exe: •`SISR RIC 408 (VIII, Siscia), L 1254 225) B08, O13, R35, T021, M15 Exe: `SIS RIC 390 (VIII, Siscia) 226) B08, O13, R35, T021, M15 Exe: `SIS• RIC 393 (VIII, Siscia), L 1245 227) B08, O13, R35, T021, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 213 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1689 228) B08, O13, R73, T114, M03 Exe: ANT` RIC 118 (VIII, Antioch) 229) B12, O13, R73, T114, M03 Exe: SMAN` RIC 114a (VIII, Antioch) 230) B12, O13, R73, T114, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 72 (VIII, Constantinople) 231) B12, O13, R73, T114, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 48 (VIII, Cyzicus) 232) B12, O13, R73, T114, M12 Exe: SMN` RIC 49 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 1149 233) B18, O07, R57, T075, M15 Exe: N/`SIS RIC 188 (VIII, Siscia) 234) B18, O07, R57, T075, M16 Exe: SMTS` RIC 99 (VIII, Thessalonica)

498

Constantius II Busts

Constantius II Types

499

Constantius II Types (continued)

498

Magnentius

Augustus 350-353

Magnentius was one of the generals under the command of Constans. Early in the year 350 he gathered that the tide of wars was turning against the dominion of the Constantines and declared himself emperor. On hearing of the news Constans was dispossessed and took flight. He found temporary shelter in a temple he hoped would be his sanctuary. Magnentius sent a few of his men for him, tracked him down then breached the temple and

murdered him. The rule of the whole western empire was now under his control. Constantius II was thousands of miles away embroiled in a difficult war with the Parthians in Syria and it took several months to hear of what happened out west. He had the difficult choice of following through with this war or take care of the dangerous usurpation of Magnentius. He decided to sign a hasty peace treaty with the Parthians which ceded vast sections of territory and zoomed westwards to deal with Magnentius. For his part, Magnentius tried in vain to seek a diplomatic solution to the problem with Constantius as he wanted to avoid an open armed conflict with his army at all costs. This not only did not pan out but he also had to deal with a revolt launched by a relative of Constantius within Rome itself. This strained Magnentius's resources while the main arm of Constantius's army inexorably approached. The revolt was eventually crushed but his forces were weakened. In the end he was unable to avoid the inevitable and faced several losing battles against Constantius. As he retreated farther into his heartland he realized it was a lost cause and committed suicide. Busts: 1) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Diademed (laurels and rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) DN MAG MAGNENTIVS PF AVG 2) DN MAGNENTIO PERPETVO AVG 3) DN MAGNENTIVS AVG 4) DN MAGNENTIVS PF AG 5) DN MAGNENTIVS PF AVG 6) FL MAGNENTIVS PF AVG 7) IM CAE MAGNENTIVS AVG 8) IMP CAE MAGNENTIVS AVG 9) IMP CAES MAGNENTIVS AVG 10) MAG MAGNENTIVS AVG 11) MAGNENTIVS AVG

Reverses: 1) BEATITVDO PVBLICA 2) BIS RESTITVTA LIBERTAS 3) FEL TEMP REPARATIO 4) FELICITAS PERPETVA 5) FELICITAS REIPVBLICE 6) GLORIA ET REPARATIO TEMPORVM 7) GLORIA ROMANORVM 8) LIBERATOR REIPVBLICAE 9) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 10) RESTITVTOR LIBERTATIS 11) SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES 12) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 13) TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARVM 14) VICT AVG LIB ROM ORB 15) VICT CAES LIB ROM ORB 16) VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES 17) VICTORIA AVG ET CAES 18) VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR 19) VICTORIA DD NN AVGG 20) VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE 21) VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAES 22) VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG 23) VIRTVS AVG NOSTRI 24) VIRTVS AVGVSTI NOSTRI 25) VIRTVS EXERCITI 26) VRBS ROMA

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Chi-Rho, A and ω across fields 3) Magnentius advancing right, dragging captive and holding bow with spear. 4) Magnentius advancing right, dragging captive and holding spear with shield 5) Magnentius riding horse right, facing bowing Aquileia, holding scroll and cornucopia 6) Magnentius riding horse right, spearing barbarian; shield and broken spear under horse.

For the average collector coins of Magnentius will be restricted to the relatively scarce bronzes which come in the bigger AE1, 2 and 3 size classes. These are typically fairly low grade but not very expensive. Many will have the telltale crude styling associated with non-official strikes by Celtic tribes living within or near Roman towns. These semi-autonomous people closely copied the themes of Roman coins but with their own distinct style. Because they were typically illiterate the legends are often blundered or completely nonsensical. All in all these coins are neither rare nor especially valuable. Due to their very wide variance in styling they defy cataloguing and so are often simply sold as “barbarous imitations”. Of those bronzes that can be classified as having come from a regular mint, most of the available ones are in rather poor shape but they carry correspondingly palatable price tags, perhaps only a few dollars each. The top grade bronzes are rare and can cost up to two or three hundred dollars each. The collector with a more generous budget may expect to acquire a silver or gold piece but by and large these are extremely rare.

499 7) Magnentius riding horse right, spearing two kneeling barbarians. 8) Magnentius standing left on galley, holding Victory on globe and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering galley. 9) Magnentius standing left with foot on kneeling captive, holding Victory on globe and labarum 10) Magnentius standing left, holding globe and scepter 11) Magnentius standing left, holding globe and scepter; kneeling captive to left. 12) Magnentius standing left, holding labarum and resting hand on shield; two captives to left. 13) Magnentius standing left, holding labarum and spear 14) Magnentius standing left, holding standard and labarum 15) Magnentius standing left, holding Victory on globe and labarum 16) Magnentius standing left, holding Victory on globe and standard 17) Magnentius standing left, raising hand and holding branch; labarum to left and kneeling captive to right 18) Magnentius standing left, stepping on seated captive, holding eagle on globe and spear. 19) Magnentius standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and branch. 20) Magnentius standing, facing, resting hand on kneeling captive and holding labarum 21) Securitas standing, facing, with legs crossed and leaning on column with elbow, resting head on hand. 22) Soldier standing left, spearing falling horseman. 23) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding wreath reading VOT / V / MVL / X on column 24) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X 25) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X on column 26) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding wreath reading VOT / X 27) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 28) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy 29) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X 30) Victory seated right, holding wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X 31) Victory standing right on left, holding palm, facing Libertas to right, holding scepter, together holding trophy 32) Virtus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 33) Wreath, Chi-Rho with A to left and ω to right within 34) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within

Mints: 1) Ambianum 2) Aquileia 3) Arelate 4) Lugdunum 5) Roma 6) Siscia 7) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B1, O9, R08, T05, M02 Exe: SMAQ Three Solidi weight RIC 122 (VIII, Aquileia)

AU Solidus 2) B1, O5, R18, T31, M7 Exe: TR RIC 276 (VIII, Trier) 3) B1, O8, R18, T31, M7 Exe: TR RIC 247 (VIII, Trier)

AR Miliarense 4) B1, O7, R23, T11, M7 Exe: TR RIC 257 (VIII, Aquileia)

AR Siliqua 5) B1, O5, R04, T28, M2 Exe: AQ• RIC 146 (VIII, Aquileia) 6) B1, O7, R25, T32, M7 Exe: TR RIC 256 (VIII, Trier)

AE1 7) B1, O5, R11, T02, M1 Exe: AMB RIC 122 (VIII, Aquileia)

AE2 8) B1, O5, R11, T02, M3 Exe: S`AR RIC 198 (VIII, Arles) 9) B1, O5, R20, T24, M1 Exe: AMB* “A” behind bust RIC 14 (VIII, Amiens), L 10 10) B1, O5, R20, T24, M7 Exe: TR` “A” behind bust RIC 307 (VIII, Trier) 11) B1, O5, R20, T25, M1 Exe: AMB “A” behind bust RIC 5 (VIII, Amiens) 12) B1, O9, R18, T19, M5 Exe: A/•R•F•` RIC 179 (VIII, Rome), L 635

AE3 13) B1, O5, R07, T06, M2 Exe: B/*/®AQ`¯ “A” behind bust RIC 160 (VIII, Aquileia), L 906 14) B1, O5, R07, T06, M3 Exe: */`AR RIC 150 (VIII, Arles), L 421 15) B1, O5, R07, T06, M4 Exe: R`LG RIC 115 (VIII, Lyons), L 214 16) B1, O5, R11, T02, M4 Exe: L`LG RIC 154 (VIII, Lyons), L 238 17) B1, O5, R11, T02, M7 Exe: TR` RIC 320 (VIII, Trier), L 62 18) B1, O5, R21, T24, M4 Exe: * over SV/R`LG “A” behind bust RIC 123 (VIII, Lyons) 19) B1, O5, R21, T24, M7 Exe: TR` “A” behind bust RIC 312 (VIII, Trier), L 60

500

Decentius

Caesar 351-353

Magnentius Bust

Magnentius Types

Brother of Magnentius, the ill-fated usurper who almost upset the Constantine dynasty. Decentius was made Caesar shortly after Magnentius had gained control of Italy in a clear signal that he meant to start an imperial dynasty of his own. Unfortunately, the war did not go well for Magnentius and, following a devastating defeat in battle, committed suicide rather than test the mercy of

Constantius II. On hearing of Magnentius' suicide Decentius followed suit and hanged himself.

Busts:

1) Bare headed, cuirassed bust right 2) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses:

1) DECENTIVS FOR CAES 2) DN DECENTIVS CAESAR 3) DN DECENTIVS FORT CAES 4) DN DECENTIVS NOB CAES

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVG NOSTRI 2) GLORIA ROMANORVM 3) MAG DECENTIVS N CS 4) MAG DECENTIVS NOB CAES 5) MAGNVS DECENTIVS NOB CAES 6) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 7) PRINCITI IVVENTVTIS 8) SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES 9) VICT CAES LIB ROM ORB 10) VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES 11) VICTORIA AVG ET CAES 12) VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR 13) VICTORIA CAES LIB ROMANOR 14) VICTORIA DD NN AVGG 15) VICTORIA DN CAES

A bit harder to find than the coins of Magnentius but not significantly so. Most coins available will be bronzes that have been found in Spain. Due to the overall arid soil conditions in this region the coins will often sport attractive, sandy “patinas” that most collectors choose to leave alone as it tends to enhance contrast. While the coins are not generally hard to find, finding them in tip top shape is another matter. The greater part of the bronzes available, regardless of attractive patinas, will lack full, readable legends and often have significant porosity or flan defects. For this reason prices overall are depressed. A well-preserved bronze is a rather rare sight and these coins are typically sold via the bigger auction houses and prices reach into the low hundreds even for common issues. Silver and gold coins are very rare.

501 16) VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE 17) VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAES

18) VIRTVS EXERCITI 19) VIRTVS EXERCITVS

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Decentius advancing right, holding spear and globe. 3) Decentius riding horse right, spearing barbarian; shield under horse. 4) Decentius standing left, holding globe and scepter 5) Decentius standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and spear. 6) Large Chi-Rho; A and ω across fields 7) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; shield to side. 8) Securitas standing, facing, leaning on column, resting head on hand. 9) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVL / X on column 10) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X on column. 11) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X 12) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVL / X 13) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; Chi-Rho over wreath. 14) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 15) Victory standing right on left, holding trophy together with Libertas to right, holding scepter.

Mints:

1) Ambianum 2) Aquileia 3) Arelate

4) Lugdunum 5) Roma 6) Siscia

7) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O3, R13, T15, M7 Exe: TR RIC 294 (VIII, Trier), C 31

AE2

2) B1, O4, R08, T06, M4 Exe: P`LG• RIC 159 (VIII, Lyons), L 243 3) B1, O4, R16, T10, M1 Exe: AMB “A” behind bust RIC 6 (VIII, Amiens), L 6 4) B1, O4, R16, T12, M4 Exe: • over SV/R`LG 5) B1, O4, R16, T12, M4 Exe: * over SV/R`LG RIC 187 (VIII, Lyons) 6) B1, O4, R16, T12, M4 Exe: SP/R`LG RIC 137 (VIII, Lyons) 7) B2, O2, R16, T12, M3 Exe: IS/`AR “A” behind bust RIC 178 (VIII, Arles) 8) B2, O3, R08, T06, M7 Exe: TR` RIC 319 (VIII, Trier), L 63 9) B2, O3, R17, T11, M2 Exe: ®AQ`¯ “A” behind bust RIC 171 (VIII, Aquileia), L 910 10) B2, O4, R16, T10, M4 Exe: R`LG RIC 122 (VIII, Lyons), L 218 11) B2, O4, R16, T10, M4 Exe: S/V/R`LG RIC 124 (VIII, Lyons)

AE3

12) B1, O4, R16, T11, M4 Exe: SP/R`LG RIC 137 (VIII, Lyons), L 228

Decentius Busts

Decentius Types

502

Nepotian

Augustus 350

On hearing of the murder of Constans and the usurpation of the title by his former general Magnentius, the citizens of Rome named Nepotian emperor instead. He was a nephew of Constantius II who, because of his very young age, escaped the massacre of his family some twelve years before. By holding out on Magnentius the city hoped to cut off key

supplies while Constantius and his armies hurried from Persia to meet the threat of Magnentius. Unfortunately for Nepotian and his fellow rebels, Magnentius quickly set out to plug this loophole and was able to enter Rome with his own army and then find and execute him. Because Nepotian ruled for only a month what few coins were struck in his name are highly sought after by collectors today.

Busts: 1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) DN IVL NEPOTIANVS PF AVG 2) FL NEP CONSTANTINVS AVG 3) FL POP NEPOTIANVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) GLORIA ROMANORVM 2) VRBS ROMA

Types: 1) Nepotian riding hosre right, spearing enemy; star above 2) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.

Mint: 1) Roma

AE2 Reference(s) 1) B1, O3, R1, T1 Exe: R` RIC VIII 200, L 643 2) B1, O3, R2, T2 Exe: R` RIC VIII 202, L 645

AE3 3) B2, O2, R2, T2 Exe: R` RIC VIII 203, L 644

Nepotian Busts Nepotian Types

Well, here‟s one emperor likely to never grace your collection. Sorry. You can thank the fact that his coin-striking days lasted all of three weeks or so (if that). He rebelled on June 3, 350 and was handed off to the executioner on the 30

th of the

same month. We may probably assume that the mint in Rome took a few days to even begin issuing coins with his name so that gives one pause as to the meager amount of time left to make a handful of coins. And let‟s not forget this was a millennium and a half ago! Nevertheless, if shelling out ten grand or so on a coin is not distressing you only need wait til the next one shows up at auction. If past history is any indication this seems to happen about once every other year or two.

503

Vetranio

Augustus 350

When word of Constans' fate got out Constantius II was too far away to be immediately effective. However, his sister Constantina was an ardent supporter of his and was able to incite a revolt in Rome on her brother's behalf. This gave rise to the short-lived rule of Nepotian. At her insistence she was also able to convince Vetranio to go on the rebel warpath as well. Unlike Nepotian, however, Magnentius resisted the urge to squash this impostor

and instead tried to have Vetranio recognize him. Not much came of these talks because Constantius was by now nearby and he met Vetranio in person to discuss the situation. After their meeting was over Vetranio abdicated and retired as private citizen along with a generous pension from Constantius. This left Magnentius diplomatically isolated again and the two would confront each other in battle soon after. Bust:

1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust

right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust

right 3) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust

right, holding spear and shield

Obverse:

1) DN VETRANIO PF AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA MILITVM 2) GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI 3) GLORIA ROMANORVM 4) HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS 5) SALVATOR REIPVBLICAE 6) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 7) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM 8) VIRTVS EXERCITVM

Types:

1) Vetranio standing left, holding labarum and spear. 2) Vetranio standing left, holding labarum and spear, being crowned Victory to right, holding palm. 3) Vetranio standing right, holding spear and globe; seated captive to right. 4) Vetranio standing, facing, holding a labarum in each hand; star above. 5) Vetranio standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield. 6) Vetranio standing, facing, holding trophy and spear; seated captive to lower left. 7) Victory advancing left, holding palm and trophy 8) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 9) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy 10) Wreath VOT / V / MVL / X within

Mints:

1) Siscia 2) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B3, O1, R5, T02, M1 Exe: SIS

AR Miliarense

2) B2, O1, R6, T08, M1 Exe: ®/SIS RIC 262 (VIII, Siscia)

AR Siliqua

3) B2, O1, R6, T09, M1 Exe: SIS RIC 267 (VIII, Siscia)

AE2

4) B1, O1, R1, T04, M1 Exe: A/`SIS* “A” behind bust 5) B1, O1, R1, T04, M2 Exe: A/B/•TS`• RIC 131 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1658

AE3 Reference(s)

6) B1, O1, R1, T04, M1 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 281 (VIII, Siscia), L 1168

Vetranio is about the most difficult emperor that can be (reasonably) expected to be found among ordinary uncleaned Roman coins as sold in bulk. And that‟s not to say that he appears often. For having been minting coins less than a year he is naturally not very easily available. While a few silver coins rear up now and then most available will be the AE2‟s and AE3‟s bearing his name. Some collectors will be satisfied to own a “Constantius II by Vetranio”; that is, a coin bearing the name of Constantius II issued under the authority of Vetranio. These are considerably cheaper and are most often found with the Hoc Signo Victor Eris reverse. This type refers to Constantine‟s vision of The Cross prior to the Milvian Bridge battle of 312 after which he became a Christian and to which he credited his victory over Maxentius. Altogether, his bronzes trade in a rather wide price margin from under $100 for the less well preserved to over $1,000 for “gem” coins. The silver issues are too rare to pin a going rate for but will most likely exchange hands for multiple thousands of dollars.

504

Constantius Gallus

Caesar 351-354

7) B1, O1, R1, T04, M1 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 290 (VIII, Siscia), L 1176 8) B1, O1, R1, T04, M1 Exe: A/•`SIS•* “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 285 (VIII, Siscia), L 1172 9) B1, O1, R3, T01, M1 Exe: `SIS RIC 294 (VIII, Siscia), L 1180 10) B1, O1, R4, T02, M1 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 281 (VIII, Siscia), L 1170 11) B1, O1, R4, T02, M1 Exe: A/•`SIS* “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 292 (VIII, Siscia), L 1178 12) B1, O1, R4, T02, M1 Exe: A/•`SIS•* “A” behind bust, * in front RIC 287 (VIII, Siscia), L 1174 13) B1, O1, R4, T02, M1 Exe: A/`SIS* “A” behind bust RIC 279 (VIII, Siscia), L 1166 14) B1, O1, R7, T03, M1 Exe: `SIS RIC 296 (VIII, Siscia), L 1182 15) B1, O1, R8, T05, M2 Exe: TES` RIC 138 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1652

Vetranio Busts

Vetranio Types

Gallus was one of the few who escaped the family massacre initiated by Constantine's sons in order to weed out possible future contestants to the throne. When Constantius II was unable to deal with lesser rebellions out east because more pressing issues required his presence elsewhere, he decided it would be served best if a family member was given the task. So

he summoned Gallus, made him Caesar and sent him on his mission. Although he was successful in dealing with the revolts, his methods were found to be so cruel that they would likely spawn new revolts. Word of his heavy-handed manners reached Constantius and he had him recalled. Being led to believe that he was going to be promoted to full Augustus, the happy Gallus arrived at court only to find out he was under arrest. He was then sent to an island, tried and executed.

Busts:

1) Bare head right 2) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust left 3) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses:

1) CONSTANTIVS CAE 2) CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 3) DN CONSTANTIVS FORT CAES 4) DN CONSTANTIVS IVN NOB C 5) DN CONSTANTIVS IVN NOB CAES 6) DN CONSTANTIVS NOB C

Like most of the rest of the members of the Constantine clan, Constantius Gallus still has thousands of his coins lingering around in dusty museum bins and collectors‟ collections. Most of these, not surprisingly, will be the ever-popular Fel Temps that were produced by the millions, and probably hundreds of millions, during the 350‟s for several emperors. Silver Siliquae are also fairly frequent as are the odd Solidus or two.

505 7) DN CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 8) DN CONSTANTIVS NOB CS 9) DN FL CL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES 10) FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA MILITVM 2) FEL TEMP REPARATIO 3) FELICITAS ROMANORVM 4) GLORIA EXERCITVS 5) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE

6) GLORIA ROMANORVM 7) HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS 8) VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES 9) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 10) VICTORIA CAESARIS

11) VICTORIA ROMANORVM 12) VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG 13) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 14) No legend

Types: 1) Constantinopolis seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 2) Constantius Gallus advancing left, stepping on captive, holding Victory on globe and labarum. 3) Constantius Gallus and Constantius II standing under arch, each holding a spear. 4) Constantius Gallus standing left, holding labarum and spear, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 5) Constantius Gallus standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 6) Constantius Gallus standing left on galley, holding Victory and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering galley. 7) Constantius Gallus standing under arch, holding spear and globe, next to Victory, holding wreath and palm. 8) Constantius Gallus standing, facing, holding a labarum in each hand. 9) Constantius Gallus standing, facing, holding a labarum in each hand; star above. 10) Constantius Gallus standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 11) Phoenix standing on rock pile 12) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding Victory on globe and scepter. 13) Roma, holding scepter, seated, facing and Constantinopolis, stepping on galley prow and holding scepter, seated left, together holding shield reading VO /

TIS / V 14) Roma, holding scepter, seated, facing and Constantinopolis, stepping on galley prow and holding scepter, seated left, together holding shield reading VOT /

V / MVLT / X 15) Roma standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear with shield. 16) Soldier standing left, spearing fallen horseman. 17) Standards (3) 18) Standards (4) 19) Victory advancing left, holding palm and trophy 20) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 21) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; kneeling captive to left 22) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side. 23) Victory advancing left, holding wreath in each hand. 24) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VO / TIS/ V 25) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X 26) Wreath, star within 27) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within. 28) Wreath, VOTIS / V/ MVLTIS / X within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Ambianum 3) Antioch 4) Aquileia 5) Arelate

6) Constantinopolis 7) Cyzicus 8) Heraclea 9) Lugdunum 10) Nicomedia

11) Roma 12) Sirmium 13) Siscia 14) Thessalonica 15) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s)

1) B2, O07, R06, T01, M03 Exe: SMANT Five Solidi weight RIC 71a (VIII, Antioch)

AU Solidus

2) B3, O07, R05, T14, M03 Exe: SMAN`• RIC 90 (VIII, Antioch) 3) B3, O07, R05, T14, M14 Exe: *TES* RIC 149 (VIII, Thessalonica) 4) B3, O09, R05, T13, M10 Exe: SMN RIC 75 (VIII, Nicomedia)

AR Siliqua

5) B1, O07, R14, T28, M12 Exe: •SIRM RIC 18 (VIII, Sirmium) 6) B3, O04, R10, T19, M13 Exe: SIS RIC 299 (VIII, Siscia) 7) B3, O07, R14, T26 RIC 237 (VIII, Constantinople)

AE2

8) B3, O04, R01, T09, M12 Exe: `SIRM “Δ” behind bust RIC 34 (VIII, Sirmium) 9) B3, O04, R01, T16, M13 Exe: II/•`SIS• “A” behind bust RIC 345 (VIII, Siscia), L 1215 10) B3, O04, R02, T06, M11 Exe: III/*/R` “A” behind bust RIC 250 (VIII, Rome), L 661 11) B3, O04, R02, T16, M12 Exe: [/`SIRM RIC 51 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1608 12) B3, O04, R02, T16, M12 Exe: •S•/`SIRM “Δ” behind bust RIC 46 (VIII, Sirmium) 13) B3, O04, R02, T16, M12 Exe: `SIRM RIC 49 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1604 14) B3, O04, R02, T16, M12 Exe: A/`SIRM “Δ” behind bust RIC 41 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1598 15) B3, O04, R02, T16, M13 Exe: I/`SIS•S• “A” behind bust RIC 347 (VIII, Siscia), L 1217

506 16) B3, O07, R02, T02, M14 Exe: Γ/*/TS`• 17) B3, O07, R02, T16, M01 Exe: Γ/ALE` RIC 74 (VIII, Alexandria) 18) B3, O07, R02, T16, M03 Exe: Γ /AN` RIC 137 (VIII, Antioch) 19) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: B•/CONS` “Δ” behind bust RIC 113 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2034 20) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 120 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2040 21) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: Γ•/CONS` RIC 107 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2029 22) B3, O10, R01, T08, M14 Exe: Γ/*TS`* RIC 167 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1667

AE3 Reference(s)

23) B3, O04, R01, T09, M13 Exe: `SIS• “A” behind bust RIC 308 (VIII, Siscia) 24) B3, O04, R02, T16, M04 Exe: LXXII/S/AQ` RIC 193 (VIII, Aquileia), L 924 25) B3, O04, R02, T16, M12 Exe: `SIRM “Δ” behind bust RIC 36 (VIII, Sirmium) 26) B3, O04, R02, T16, M12 Exe: `SIRM• RIC 53 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1606 27) B3, O04, R02, T16, M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 351 (VIII, Siscia), L 1219 28) B3, O04, R02, T16, M13 Exe: `SIS- RIC 354 (VIII, Siscia) 29) B3, O04, R02, T16, M13 Exe: I/`SIS•S• “A” behind bust RIC 347 (VIII, Siscia) 30) B3, O04, R07, T04, M12 Exe: III/*SIRM “A” behind bust RIC 24 (VIII, Sirmium) 31) B3, O04, R10, T20, M12 Exe: `SIRM 32) B3, O06, R02, T16, M08 Exe: SMH` RIC 91 (VIII, Sirmium) 33) B3, O07, R02, T16, M11 Exe: R`¯ RIC 284 (VIII, Rome) 34) B3, O07, R02, T16, M14 Exe: `/SMTS RIC 190 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1682 35) B3, O08, R02, T16, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 107 (VIII, Cyzicus) 36) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: •/CONS` RIC 122 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2044 37) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: •S•/*/CONS` RIC 117 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2038 38) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: CONS` RIC 120 (VIII, Constantinople) 39) B3, O09, R02, T16, M06 Exe: X/ •/CONS` RIC 124 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2047 40) B3, O09, R02, T16, M07 Exe: SMK` RIC 99 (VIII, Cyzicus) 41) B3, O09, R02, T16, M07 Exe: Γ/SMK` RIC 94 (VIII, Sirmium) 42) B3, O09, R02, T16, M14 Exe: TS` RIC 181 (VIII, Thessalonica)

Constantius Gallus Busts

Constantius Gallus Types

507

Julian II

Augustus 360-363

Julian was the son of Constantius Gallus and made Caesar by his own father's murderer, Constantius II. Constantius then assigned him an army and sent to suppress yet another German invasion. Upon the successful completion of this task, however, his own soldiers promoted him to the rank of Augustus. Chafing still from his father's fate he was well-prepared to meet Constantius in battle. But the battle was never meant to be because Constantius

died of an illness on the way there and was able to rule uncontested. Reversing the growing momentum of Christianity within the empire, Julian attempted to bring back the old pagan gods and its rituals. Again, it can be suspected that this was done as much out of personal conviction as to his efforts in countering the legacy of the Constantines who decimated his family. Taking his army to deal with a new round of Persian invasions, however, left him little time to dwell on eradicating Christianity. He died in 363 from a javelin wound fighting the Persians.

Busts: 1) Bare-headed, cuirassed bust right 2) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust left 3) Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Diademed (pearls and rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 6) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 7) Diademed bust right, wearing consular robes, holding mappa and scepter 8) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding spear and shield 9) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield

Obverses: 1) DN CL IVLIANVS AVG 2) DN CL IVLIANVS N C 3) DN CL IVLIANVS NOB CAES 4) DN FL CL IVLIANVS NOB CS 5) DN FL CL IVLIANVS PF AVG 6) DN FL CL IVLIANVS PP AVG 7) DN IVLIANVS NOB C 8) DN IVLIANVS NOB CAES 9) DN IVLIANVS NOB CAESAR 10) DN IVLIANVS PF AVG 11) FL CL IVLIANVS AVG 12) FL CL IVLIANVS NOB CAES 13) FL CL IVLIANVS PER AVG 14) FL CL IVLIANVS PERP AVG 15) FL CL IVLIANVS PF AVG 16) FL CL IVLIANVS PF P AVG 17) FL CL IVLIANVS PP AVG 18) IVLIANVS AVG 19) IVLIANVS CAES

Reverses: 1) DN IVLIANVS CAES 2) DN IVLIANVS NOB CAES 3) FEL TEMP REPARATIO 4) FIDES EXERCITVVM 5) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE 6) GLORIA ROMANORVM 7) MONETA AVG 8) REPARATIO GALLIARVM 9) SECVRITAS REIPVB 10) SPES REIPVBLICE 11) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 12) VICTORIA DD NN AVG 13) VICTORIA IVLIANI 14) VICTORIA PERPETV 15) VICTORIA ROMANOR 16) VICTORIA ROMANORVM 17) VICTORIA RONANORVM 18) VICTORIAE D N AVG 19) VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG 20) VIRTVS AVG N 21) VIRTVS CAESARIS 22) VIRTVS EXERC GALL 23) VIRTVS EXERCITVM 24) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 25) VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANI 26) VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANORVM 27) No legend

Julian II‟s coins are very common among the bronzes. These can be found unrestored among “uncleaned” coin lots sold on Ebay and elsewhere though far fewer in number than the Constantines and family predating him or the Valentinian clan that would follow. For political and/or religious reasons he sought to stand apart from the legacy of Constantius II and, by extension, the Constantine house that had dominated the fourth century so far. Among his various edicts to this end he re-introduced a Sestertius-sized (but much lighter) coin with the old silver sheen begun with Claudius II‟s Antoninianus that had largely fallen out of use by the 320‟s. Although its purchasing power in relation to the familiar AE3‟s remains to us a mystery they must have been a breath of fresh air to the public that had been forced to rely on ever smaller coins for the needs of commerce. But this “AE1” was short-lived and the AE3 would continue to be the coin that, in the end, the public had to make do with like it or not. If anything, within another generation this public would be forced into the even smaller “AE4” class of coins… but that‟s another story. Government and the military still traded in silver and gold and here too Julian is fairly well represented. A siliqua may only cost a couple hundred dollars but the gold pieces will be significantly harder to find and be costlier.

508 Types: 1) Bull standing right, two stars above 2) Bull standing right, two stars above; eagle with wreath to right 3) Julian II advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy. 4) Julian II standing left, holding globe and spear 5) Julian II standing left, holding spear and Victory on globe 6) Julian II standing under arch, facing, holding spear and globe, being crowned with wreath by Victory. 7) Roma seated, facing, holding scepter and shield with star within together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter 8) Roma seated, facing, holding scepter and shield with wreath and star within together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter 9) Roma seated, facing, holding scepter and wreath reading VO / TIS / V together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter 10) Roma seated, facing, holding scepter and wreath reading VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX together with Constantinopolis to right, stepping on galley prow, holding

scepter 11) Soldier standing left, spearing falling horseman 12) Spes standing left, holding globe and scepter 13) Standards (3) 14) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 15) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V; genius to lower right also holding shield. 16) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X; genius to lower right also holding shield. 17) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX; genius to lower right also holding shield. 18) Victory seated right, holding shield with star; genius to lower right also supporting shield. 19) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; genius to lower right also supporting shield. 20) Virtus standing right, holding head of kneeling captive and trophy. 21) Virtus standing right, holding head of kneeling captive and trophy; eagle with wreath to right. 22) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 23) Wreath, star within 24) Wreath, VO / TIS / V within 25) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within 26) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within 27) Wreath, VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X within 28) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLT / XX within 29) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX within

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis

6) Cyzicus 7) Heraclea 8) Lugdunum 9) Nicomedia 10) Roma

11) Sirmium 12) Siscia 13) Thessalonica 14) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B3, O08, R05, T07, M02 Exe: •SMAN`• RIC 171 (VIII, Antioch) 2) B3, O08, R05, T07, M02 Exe: SMAN` RIC 167 (VIII, Antioch) 3) B5, O15, R26, T03, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 201 (VIII, Antioch) 4) B5, O17, R26, T03, M05 Exe: ®CONS`¯ RIC 157 (VIII, Constantinople) 5) B5, O17, R26, T03, M10 Exe: R` RIC 323 (VIII, Rome) 6) B5, O17, R26, T03, M11 Exe: *SIRM= RIC 95 (VIII, Sirmium)

AU Scripulum 7) B5, O17, R17, T17, M02 Exe: ANT RIC 207 (VIII, Antioch)

AR Siliqua 8) B3, O08, R27, T23, M02 Exe: ANT RIC 187 (VIII, Antioch) 9) B3, O08, R27, T27, M04 Exe: `CON RIC 264 (VIII, Arles) 10) B5, O01, R27, T27, M14 Exe: TR RIC 364 (VIII, Trier) 11) B5, O05, R27, T26, M04 Exe: `CONST RIC 309 (VIII, Arles) 12) B5, O05, R27, T26, M04 Exe: `CONST RIC 312 (VIII, Arles) 13) B5, O05, R27, T26, M05 Exe: CP•` RIC 159 (VIII, Constantinople) 14) B5, O05, R27, T26, M08 Exe: `LVG RIC 234 (VIII, Lyons) 15) B5, O10, R27, T27, M04 Exe: `CON RIC 295 (VIII, Arles) 16) B5, O15, R27, T27, M11 Exe: SIRM 17) B5, O17, R12, T08, M08 Exe: LVG RIC 215a (VIII, Lyons) 18) B6, O15, R27, T25, M08 Exe: LVG RIC 218 (VIII, Lyons)

AE1 19) B5, O05, R09, T01, M02 Exe: ®ANT`¯ RIC 216 (VIII, Antioch), L 2640 20) B5, O05, R09, T01, M03 Exe: •AQVIL` RIC 243 (VIII, Aquileia) 21) B5, O05, R09, T01, M05 Exe: •CONSP`• RIC 162 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2058 22) B5, O05, R09, T01, M05 Exe: ®CONSP`¯ RIC 163 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2059 23) B5, O05, R09, T01, M06 Exe: CVZ` RIC 127 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2058 24) B5, O05, R09, T01, M07 Exe: •HERACL•` over • RIC 104 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1910 25) B5, O05, R09, T01, M08 Exe: LVGDOFF` RIC 236 (VIII, Lyons) 26) B5, O05, R09, T01, M09 Exe: ®NIK`¯ RIC 121 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 2319 27) B5, O05, R09, T01, M09 Exe: ®NIK`•¯ RIC 122 (VIII, Nicomedia) 28) B5, O05, R09, T01, M11 Exe: *`SIRM= RIC 106 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1621 29) B5, O05, R09, T01, M11 Exe: *`SIRM¯ RIC 107 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1622

509 30) B5, O05, R09, T01, M11 Exe: `SIRM= RIC 105 (VIII, Sirmium) 31) B5, O05, R09, T01, M12 Exe: ®`SIS¯ RIC 411 (VIII, Siscia) 32) B5, O05, R09, T01, M12 Exe: ®`SISC¯ RIC 418 (VIII, Siscia), L 1261 33) B5, O05, R09, T01, M12 Exe: ®`SISC= RIC 419 (VIII, Siscia) 34) B5, O05, R09, T01, M13 Exe: ®TES`¯ RIC 225 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1696

AE3 Reference(s) 35) B3, O07, R03, T11, M05 Exe: •M•/CONS` RIC 140 (VIII, Constantinople) 36) B3, O07, R03, T11, M11 Exe: `SIRM• RIC 70 (VIII, Sirmium) 37) B3, O07, R03, T11, M11 Exe: M/`SIRM• RIC 74 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1611 38) B3, O07, R03, T11, M12 Exe: `SIS RIC 365 (VIII, Siscia), L 1232 39) B3, O07, R03, T11, M12 Exe: M/`SIS- RIC 371 (VIII, Siscia), L 1235 40) B5, O05, R10, T04, M05 Exe: */CON` RIC 160 (VIII, Constantinople) 41) B5, O05, R27, T26, M04 Exe: `CONST RIC 325 (VIII, Arles) 42) B9, O05, R27, T26, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 90 (VIII, Alexandria), L 2853 43) B9, O05, R27, T26, M02 Exe: SMANT` RIC 219 (VIII, Antioch), L 2643 44) B9, O05, R27, T26, M05 Exe: ®CONSP`¯ RIC 166 (VIII, Constantinople) 45) B9, O05, R27, T26, M05 Exe: •CONSP`¯ RIC 167 (VIII, Constantinople) 46) B9, O05, R27, T26, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 131 (VIII, Cyzicus) 47) B9, O05, R27, T26, M07 Exe: HERACL` RIC 105 (VIII, Heraclea) 48) B9, O05, R27, T26, M07 Exe: HERACL•` RIC 106 (VIII, Heraclea) 49) B9, O05, R27, T26, M09 Exe: NIK` RIC 123 (VIII, Nicomedia) 50) B9, O05, R27, T26, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 122a (VIII, Nicomedia) 51) B9, O05, R27, T26, M10 Exe: VRB•ROM•` RIC 329 (VIII, Rome), L 695 52) B9, O05, R27, T26, M11 Exe: `SIRM RIC 108 (VIII, Sirmium) 53) B9, O05, R27, T26, M13 Exe: ®TES`¯ RIC 227 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1697

AE4 54) B3, O04, R10, T04, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 118 (VIII, Cyzicus)

Julian II Busts

Julian II Types

510

Jovian

Augustus 363-364

Jovian succeeded Julian II as emperor when the latter died of battlefield wounds. The general realized that their army was on the brink of falling apart under the pressures of renewed attacks by the Persians who were deep within their own territory. Upon this analysis as well as the fact that supply columns could never hope to reach them effectively, he settled a truce with the Persians giving over all the territory the Romans had just won under Julian.

Jovian died on the return from this episode as a result of carbon monoxide poisoning.

Busts: 1) Diademed (laurels and rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (laurels and rosettes), draped bust right, with cornucopia on left shoulder 3) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left 4) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 6) Diademed bust right, wearing consular robes, holding globe and scepter with eagle

atop

Obverses: 1) DN IOVIANVS PEP AVG 2) DN IOVIANVS PERP AVG 3) DN IOVIANVS PF AVG 4) DN IOVIANVS PF AVG COS 5) DN IOVIANVS PF P AVG 6) DN IOVIANVS PF PERP AVG 7) DN IOVIANVS PF PP AVG

Reverses: 1) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 2) GAVDIVM ROMANORVM 3) GLORIA ROMANORVM 4) RESTITVTOR REIP 5) SECORITAS REIPVBLICAE 6) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 7) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE 8) VICTORI AVGVS 9) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 10) VICTORIA ROMANORVM 11) VOTA PVBLICA 12) VRBS ROMA 13) No legend

Types: 1) Jovian standing under arch, facing, holding spear and globe 2) Jovian standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; seated captive to left. 3) Jovian standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe. 4) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding together wreath reading VOT / V 5) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVL / X 6) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding together wreath reading VOT / V / MVLT / X 7) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X; Genius to right also holding shield. 8) Wreath, VOT / V / MVL / X within 9) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within. 10) Wreath, VOT / V within 11) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within 12) Wreath, VOTIS / V / MVLT / X within

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis

6) Cyzicus 7) Heraclea 8) Lugdunum 9) Nicomedia 10) Roma

11) Sirmium 12) Siscia 13) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B4, O1, R05, T05, M02 Exe: ANT` 2) B4, O1, R06, T05, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 223 (VIII, Antioch) 3) B4, O3, R06, T02, M11 Exe: SIRM RIC 110 (VIII, Sirmium) 4) B4, O3, R06, T02, M13 Exe: TES RIC 229 (VIII, Thessalonica) 5) B4, O5, R06, T05, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 224 (VIII, Antioch) 6) B4, O5, R06, T06, M09 Exe: SMN` RIC 126 (VIII, Nicomedia)

Comparable in scarcity to the coins of Julian II, Jovian continues issuing money with little substantial change in the patterns set by his predecessor. However, he‟s not long for this world and the Valentinian dynasty is about to begin which would introduce an altogether new “flavor” of coinage. Silver and gold coins can be found with reasonable frequency; the Siliqua being the most commonly seen denomination among the precious metals.

511 7) B4, O5, R07, T06, M11 Exe: SIRM¯ RIC 115 (VIII, Sirmium) 8) B4, O7, R07, T06, M13 Exe: SMTES RIC 233 (VIII, Thessalonica) 9) B5, O6, R06, T06, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 464 (VIII, Constantinople)

AR Siliqua Reference(s)

10) B4, O3, R13, T09, M02 Exe: ANT RIC 227 (VIII, Antioch) 11) B4, O3, R13, T09, M04 Exe: `CONST RIC 329 (VIII, Arles) 12) B4, O3, R13, T09, M05 Exe: CP` RIC 173 (VIII, Constantinople) 13) B4, O3, R13, T09, M09 Exe: SMN RIC 127 (VIII, Nicomedia) 14) B4, O3, R13, T11, M04 Exe: `CONST RIC 330 (VIII, Arles)

AE1

15) B1, O2, R10, T03, M13 Exe: TES` 16) B1, O3, R10, T03, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 228 (VIII, Antioch), L 2645 17) B1, O7, R10, T03, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 238 (VIII, Thessalonica) 18) B1, O7, R10, T03, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 235 (VIII, Thessalonica) 19) B4, O7, R10, T03, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 236 (VIII, Thessalonica) 20) B4, O7, R10, T03, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 234 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1698 21) B5, O7, R10, T03, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 237 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1700

AE3

22) B3, O3, R13, T09, M05 Exe: CONSP` RIC 179 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2064 23) B3, O3, R13, T09, M07 Exe: HERAC` RIC 111 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1914 24) B3, O3, R13, T09, M07 Exe: HERAC` RIC 110 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1913 25) B3, O3, R13, T09, M12 Exe: `SISC RIC 426 (VIII, Siscia), L 1267 26) B3, O3, R13, T10, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 92 (VIII, Alexandria), L 2855 27) B3, O3, R13, T10, M05 Exe: CONSPA RIC 178 (VIII, Constantinople), L 2063 28) B3, O3, R13, T10, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 132 (VIII, Cyzicus), L 2513 29) B3, O3, R13, T10, M07 Exe: HERAC` RIC 109 (VIII, Heraclea) 30) B3, O3, R13, T10, M07 Exe: HERAC` RIC 108 (VIII, Heraclea), L 1912 31) B3, O3, R13, T10, M12 Exe: `SISC RIC 424 (VIII, Siscia) 32) B4, O3, R13, T08, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 230 (VIII, Antioch), L 2647 33) B4, O3, R13, T09, M03 Exe: AQVIL` RIC 247 (VIII, Aquileia), L 960 34) B4, O3, R13, T09, M09 Exe: NIK` RIC 128 (VIII, Nicomedia) 35) B4, O3, R13, T09, M11 Exe: `SIRM RIC 118 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1623 36) B4, O5, R13, T08, M02 Exe: ANT` 37) B4, O7, R13, T09, M13 Exe: TES` RIC 239 (VIII, Thessalonica), L 1699 38) B5, O3, R13, T09, M11 Exe: `SIRM RIC 119 (VIII, Sirmium), L 1624

Jovian Busts

Jovian Types

512

Valentinian I

Augustus 364-375

Valentinian became emperor after Jovian's death. He was a capable general and performed admirably on behalf of the empire given the advanced state of decay it was currently under. To start things off he named his brother Valens co-emperor and was handed over the east half of the empire. A couple of years later he named his young son Gratian co-ruler of the West as well in case anything happened while he was campaigning against the ever-

present barbarians. That something happened in 375 when he suffered a stroke after becoming angry at a group of barbarian peacemakers (presumably for offering unfavorable terms).

Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left 2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Diademed bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding mappa and scepter 5) Diademed bust left, wearing imperial mantle, raising hand and holding scepter 6) Diademed, cuirassed bust right 7) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield

Obverses: 1) DN VALENTINIANS PF AVG 2) DN VALENTINIANVS PF AVG 3) VALENTINIANVS AVG

Reverses: 1) CONCORDIA AVGGG 2) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG M 3) FELIX ADVENTVS AVGGG 4) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE 5) GLORIA ROMANORVM 6) MONETA AVGG 7) PAX PERPETVA 8) PERPETVITAS IMPERII 9) RESTITVTOR REIP 10) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE 11) SALVS REIP 12) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 13) SECVRITAS REIP 14) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 15) SPES R P 16) TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB 17) VICTORES AVGVSTI 18) VICTORIA AVG 19) VICTORIA AVGG 20) VICTORIA AVGVSTE 21) VICTORIA AVGVSTI N 22) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 23) VICTORIA DD NN AVG 24) VICTORIA DN AVGVSTI 25) VICTORIAE DN AVG 26) VICTORIAS AVGVSTORVM 27) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 28) VIRTVS EXSERCITI 29) VIRTVS ROMANI EXERCITVS 30) VIRTVS ROMANORVM 31) VOTA PVBLICA 32) VRBS ROMA 33) No legend

Types: 1) City gate with (2) turrets, letter S above. 2) Constantinopolis seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 3) Monetae (3) standing, facing, holding scale and cornucopia. 4) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding scepter and together shield reading VOT / X / MVL / XX 5) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding scepter and together shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X 6) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 7) Roma seated, facing, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia next to Constantinopolis, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 8) Standards (4) 9) Valentinian I advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum 10) Valentinian I and Valens seated, facing, each holding globe and scepter; shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X placed on genius in between them. 11) Valentinian I and Valens seated, facing, each holding mappa and scepter. 12) Valentinian I and Valens seated, facing, each holding mappa and scepter; seated captive on either side. 13) Valentinian I and Valens seated, facing, each holding mappa and together globe; Victory above and between them. 14) Valentinian I and Valens seated, facing, holding together globe; in between, Victory above and palm below. 15) Valentinian I and Valens seated, facing, holding together globe; Victory hovering above, crowning them both. 16) Valentinian I and Valens standing under arch, facing, each holding globe and scepter.

More than any other emperor of this or the following century, the coins of Valentinian I (along with those of his brother Valens) are the most commonly available and affordable. While Constantine I and his family were prolific issuers of low denomination bronzes their precious metal coinage is much scarcer. With Valentinian, and again Valens, Solidi and Siliquae are quite readily available. In particular, their gold coins are perhaps the easiest to locate except for some late fifth century eastern issues. If surviving quantity is plentiful enough, the same cannot be said for richness in variety of types. Continuing the trend begun decades before, legends and bust types become more standardized and the portraiture indistinct. The vast majority of bronzes will be of just two types: Gloria Romanorum and Securitas Reipublicae both of which were clearly of a militarily propagandist nature. If this bit of numismatic ennui is disappointing it is at least compensated by a wonderfully complex mintmarking system that spanned his entire reign. It is quite possibly the most elaborate mintmark system ever devised for coins and may present the collector with the challenge of completing a set of all known varieties (referred to as “emissions”); a difficult proposition given that there are dozens of different combinations!

513 17) Valentinian I and Valens standing, facing, each holding globe and labarum. 18) Valentinian I and Valens standing, facing, each holding labarum and globe. 19) Valentinian I and Valens standing, facing, each holding labarum and together a Victory on globe crowning both. 20) Valentinian I and Valens standing, facing, each holding scepter and together a Victory on globe crowning both. 21) Valentinian I riding horse left, raising hand. 22) Valentinian I riding oncoming quadriga, dropping coins and holding Victory on globe 23) Valentinian I standing right, receiving shield from Hand of God above. 24) Valentinian I standing under arch, facing, holding spear and globe. 25) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; Victory to right crowning him and seated captive to left. 26) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield. 27) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe. 28) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe; kneeling captive to left. 29) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe; eagle with wreath in beak to lower right. 30) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield 31) Valentinian I standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and labarum; captive on either side. 32) Valentinian I standing, facing, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe. 33) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / V 34) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 35) Victory advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy. 36) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X 37) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 38) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; Genius to lower right also holding shield 39) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 40) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVL / XX 41) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX 42) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / VOT / XV 43) Victory standing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and trophy. 44) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV on column. 45) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and shield on column reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; captive on either side. 46) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath in each hand. 47) Wreath, VOT / V within. 48) Wreath, VOT / V / MVL / X within 49) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within 50) Wreath, VOT / VX / MVLT / XX within 51) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XV within. 52) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within. 53) Wreath, VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X within 54) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XV within 55) Wreath, VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX within

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis

6) Cyzicus 7) Heraclea 8) Lugdunum 9) Mediolanum 10) Nicomedia

11) Roma 12) Sirmium 13) Siscia 14) Thessalonica 15) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O2, R10, T27, M02 Exe: ANT`• RIC 2a (IX, Antiochia) 2) B2, O2, R10, T27, M04 Exe: KONST RIC 1a (IX, Arelate) 3) B2, O2, R10, T27, M08 Exe: SMLVG RIC 1a (IX, Lugdunum) 4) B2, O2, R10, T27, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 2a (IX, Nicomedia) 5) B2, O2, R10, T27, M11 Exe: •R`¯ RIC 11 (IX, Roma) 6) B2, O2, R19, T14, M15 Exe: TR•OB• RIC 17a (IX, Treveri) 7) B2, O2, R30, T20, M05 Exe: ®CONS¯ RIC 5a (IX, Constantinopolis) 8) B3, O2, R10, T27, M02 Exe: •ANT`• RIC 2b (IX, Antiochia) 9) B3, O2, R19, T14, M15 Exe: TROB` RIC 17b (IX, Treveri) 10) B3, O2, R22, T41, M05 Exe: £/CONOB 11) B3, O2, R22, T42, M02 Exe: £/ANOB` RIC 22b (IX, Antiochia) 12) B4, O2, R11, T32, M13 Exe: */SMSISC¯ RIC 1a (IX, Siscia) 13) B4, O2, R31, T11, M09 Exe: MED RIC 3a (IX, Mediolanum) 14) B4, O2, R31, T12, M05 Exe: *CONS= RIC 29a (IX, Constantinopolis) 15) B7, O2, R17, T15, M15 Exe: TR•OB RIC 16b (IX, Treveri)

AU 1½ Scripulum 16) B2, O2, R07, T37, M14 Exe: TES• RIC 15 (IX, Thessalonica)

AR Miliarense 17) B2, O2, R22, T44, M11 Exe: R` RIC 8a corrected (IX, Roma) 18) B2, O2, R27, T26, M13 Exe: •SISC` RIC 10a (IX, Siscia) 19) B6, O2, R26, T33, M05 Exe: CONSP` RIC 10 (IX, Constantinopolis)

AR Siliqua 20) B2, O2, R32, T06, M11 Exe: R` RIC 11a (IX, Roma) 21) B2, O2, R32, T06, M15 Exe: TRP` RIC 27a (IX, Treveri) 22) B2, O2, R33, T47, M05 Exe: CP•` RIC 13a (IX, Constantinopolis) 23) B2, O2, R33, T50, M05 Exe: C£S RIC 38a (IX, Constantinopolis)

514 24) B2, O2, R33, T52, M05 Exe: ®C£S= RIC 37a (IX, Constantinopolis)

AE1 Reference(s) 25) B2, O2, R10, T27, M05 Exe: CONSP` RIC 15 (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2065 26) B2, O2, R10, T27, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 1a (IX, Heraclea), L 1915 27) B2, O2, R10, T27, M10 Exe: SMN` L 2321

AE3 28) B2, O2, R05, T09, M03 Exe: •SMAQ`• RIC 11a.15 (IX, Aquileia), L 1023 29) B2, O2, R05, T09, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 3a (IX, Heraclea), L 1919 30) B2, O2, R05, T09, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 9a (IX, Nicomedia), L 2334 31) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: * over A/D`SISC RIC 5a.7 (IX, Siscia), L 1294 32) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: */•`SISC RIC 5a.9 (IX, Siscia) 33) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: •`SISC RIC 5a.2 (IX, Siscia), L 1275 34) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: D/*`SISC RIC 14a.11 (IX, Siscia), L 1305 35) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: D`SISC RIC 5a.4 (IX, Siscia), L 1290 36) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: F/A over K/`SISCV RIC 14a.33 (IX, Siscia), L 1390 37) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: F/D over K/`SISC_ RIC 14a.43 (IX, Siscia), L 1478 38) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: F/D over P/`SISC_ RIC 14a.44a (IX, Siscia) 39) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: M over •/* over R over O/`SISC RIC 14a.21 (IX, Siscia), L 1349 40) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: M/* over F/`SISC RIC 14a.16 (IX, Siscia), L 1327 41) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: M/* over P/`SISC RIC 14a.17 (IX, Siscia), L 1331 42) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: Q/* over K/`SISCV RIC 14a.37 (IX, Siscia) 43) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: Q/A over !/`SISCV RIC 14a.30 (IX, Siscia), L 1384 44) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: S over •/C over !/`SISC_ RIC 14a.38 (IX, Siscia), L 1450 45) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: S/* over F/`SISC RIC 14a.15 (IX, Siscia), L 1323 46) B2, O2, R05, T09, M13 Exe: S/D/`SISC RIC 14a.13 (IX, Siscia), L 1315 47) B2, O2, R05, T09, M14 Exe: * over `/TES RIC 26a (IX, Thessalonica), L 1744 48) B2, O2, R05, T09, M14 Exe: */* over `/TES RIC 16a.17 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1749 49) B2, O2, R05, T09, M14 Exe: */• over D/TES 50) B2, O2, R05, T09, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 16a.1 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1704 51) B2, O2, R05, T09, M14 Exe: V/* over `/TES RIC 16a.38 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1803 52) B2, O2, R09, T27, M05 Exe: CONSP` RIC 20a.1 (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2066 53) B2, O2, R09, T27, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 10a (IX, Cyzicus), L 2515 54) B2, O2, R09, T27, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 4a (IX, Heraclea), L 1916 55) B2, O2, R09, T27, M12 Exe: `SIRM RIC 6a (IX, Sirmium), L 1627 56) B2, O2, R09, T27, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 17a (IX, Thessalonica), L 1702 57) B2, O2, R14, T34, M03 Exe: SMAQ` RIC 11a.16 (IX, Aquileia), L 1015 58) B2, O2, R14, T34, M04 Exe: `CONST RIC 7a.1 (IX, Arelate), L 477 59) B2, O2, R14, T34, M04 Exe: SMK` RIC 11a (IX, Cyzicus), L 2529 60) B2, O2, R14, T34, M05 Exe: •/CONS` RIC 42a.8 (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2109 61) B2, O2, R14, T34, M05 Exe: CONSP` RIC 21a (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2071 62) B2, O2, R14, T34, M11 Exe: R` Officina is spelled out in Latin; PRIMA, SECVNDA, TERTIA or QVARTA RIC 23 (IX, Roma), L 712 63) B2, O2, R14, T34, M11 Exe: SM\R` RIC 24a.10 (IX, Roma), L 730 64) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: * over D/S/`SISC RIC 15a.14 (IX, Siscia), L 1321 65) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: * over F/M/`SISC RIC 15a.16 (IX, Siscia) 66) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: * over K/Q/`SISCV RIC 15a.27 (IX, Siscia), L 1370 67) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: K over K/Q/`SISCV RIC 15a.32 (IX, Siscia), L 1389 68) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: * over P/M/`SISC RIC 15a.17 (IX, Siscia) 69) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: * over R over O/M/`SISC RIC 15a.22 (IX, Siscia) 70) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: •`SISC RIC 7a.2 (IX, Siscia), L 1277 71) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: A`SISC RIC 7a.1 (IX, Siscia), L 1271 72) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: C over !/S over •/`SISC- RIC 15a.38 (IX, Siscia)

73) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: D over P/F/`SISC_ RIC 15a.44 (IX, Siscia), L 1489 74) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: D`SISC RIC 7a.1 (IX, Siscia), L 1292 75) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: D/*`SISC RIC 15a.11 (IX, Siscia), L 1305 76) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: D/S/`SISC RIC 15a.13 (IX, Siscia), L 1317 77) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: K over P/Q/`SISCV RIC 15a.29 (IX, Siscia) 78) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: R over K/F/`SISC_ RIC 15a.35 (IX, Siscia), L 1424 79) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: R over K/F/`SISCS RIC 15a.35 (IX, Siscia), L 1426 80) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: R over !/F/`SISCS RIC 15a.37 (IX, Siscia), L 1444 81) B2, O2, R14, T34, M13 Exe: R over K/S over •/`SISCK RIC 15a.36 (IX, Siscia), L 1432 82) B2, O2, R14, T34, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 18a.1 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1706 83) B2, O2, R33, T49, M12 Exe: `SIRM RIC 8 (IX, Sirmium), L 1629

515

Valentinian I Busts

Valentinian I Types

516

Valens

Augustus 364-378

Valens was the younger brother of Valentinian who made him co-emperor soon after his own accession. He then sent Valens off to take care of the eastern portion of the empire. Making Constantinople his capital, he dealt with the Persian factor as best he could which wasn't all that great and saw his borders shrink as a consequence. His ineptitude showed most compellingly at the battle of Adrianople in 378. Resettled barbarians had been allowed

within the nominal borders of the empire but were allowed to keep their arms. As the barbarians became squeezed from the double whammy of external tribes pushing against their lands and the systematic and extra-official hard-line policies of lower Roman government officials they became aggressive once more and aimed to push southward.

Near the city of Adrianople they gathered with the intention of making war and Valens prepared to meet them in battle. He sent for reinforcements from Gratian but before these could arrive he figured in a bout of short-sighted arrogance that he could go at it alone and claim the glory all to himself afterward. On an exceedingly poorly executed attack plan the Romans attacked the barbarians. In what apparently was meant to be a surprise attack, he rushed the barbarians before getting his soldiers into formation and before they had eaten. It was also a very hot and dusty day making their attack that much more energy-sapping. The barbarians watched as their counterparts fumbled and figured out their strategy. Their general sent his cavalry in an outflanking maneuver and managed to encircle Valens's infantry and subsequently slaughtered most. Valens himself perished in battle and the loss of the army along with the demoralizing effect to the rest of the military was another step in the inexorable fall of the empire almost one hundred years later.

Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left 2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left 4) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Diademed bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding mappa and scepter 6) Diademed bust left, wearing imperial mantle, raising hand and holding scepter 7) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield

Obverses: 1) DN VALENS AVG 2) DN VALENS MAX AVGVSTVS 3) DN VALENS PER AVG 4) DN AVLENS PF AVG 5) DN VALENS PER F AVG 6) DN VALENS PF AVG 7) IMP CE VALENS PF AVG 8) VALENS AVGVS

Reverses: 1) CONCORDIA AVGGG 2) DN VALENS VICTOR SEMPER 3) FELICITAS ROMANORVM 4) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N 5) FELIX ADVENTVS AVGGG 6) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE 7) GLORIA MORANORVM 8) GLORIA ROMANORVM 9) MONETA AVGG 10) MONETA AVGGG 11) PAX PERPETVA 12) PIETAS DDD NNN AVGVSTORVM 13) RESTITVTOR REIP 14) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE 15) SALVS REIP 16) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 17) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE

18) SPES RP 19) TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB 20) VICT DD NN AVGG 21) VICTORES AVGVSTI 22) VICTORIA AVG 23) VICTORIA AVGG 24) VICTORIA AVGGG 25) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 26) VICTORIA DD NN AVG 27) VICTORIA DN AVG 28) VICTORIA DN AVGVSTI 29) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 30) VIRTVS ROMANORVM 31) VOTA PVBLICA 32) VRBS ROMA 33) No legend

Types: 1) City gate with (2) turrets; S above. 2) Monetae (3) standing, facing, each holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding scepter and together holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV 4) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding scepter and together holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX 5) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding scepter and together holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X 6) Roma seated left on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and spear

As was just mentioned with Valentinian, his brother Valens shares an almost identical run of issues. Neither one is represented more than the other while the two reigned though Valens, outliving Valentinian for three years or so, has a longer time in which to strike coins. Still, seeing that both are so common to begin wth rarity is not a concern. Although quite rare, both brothers were to strike the last hefty bronze coins, the AE1 class, the empire would see until Anastasius‟ reform of 498 kicks off the Byzantine coinage period. From here onwards the bronzes will only get smaller and increasingly shoddier.

517 7) Roma seated left on throne, holding Victory on globe and spear 8) Standards (3) 9) Standards (4) 10) Valens advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum. 11) Valens advancing right, dragging captive and holding standard. 12) Valens and Valentinian I seated, facing, each holding a globe and scepter; shield on Genius between them reading VOT / V / MVL / X. 13) Valens and Valentinian I seated, facing, each holding a mappa and scepter; two hunched captives below. 14) Valens and Valentinian I seated, facing, each holding a mappa. 15) Valens and Valentinian I seated, facing, each raising hand and holding globe 16) Valens and Valentinian I seated, facing, holding together globe; Victory above and palm between them. 17) Valens and Valentinian I standing under arch, facing, each holding a scepter and globe. 18) Valens riding horse left, raising hand 19) Valens standing under arch, facing, holding spear and globe. 20) Valens standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; kneeling captive to left. 21) Valens standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield 22) Valens standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe. 23) Valens standing, facing, holding mappa and scepter. 24) Valens standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 25) Valens standing, facing, holding standard and Victory on globe. 26) Valens standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and labarum. 27) Valens standing, facing, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe 28) Valens, Gratian and Valentinian II standing, facing, each holding scepter. 29) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield reading VOT / V 30) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 31) Victory advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy. 32) Victory seated right, holding shield on column reading VOT / V / MVL / X 33) Victory seated right, holding shield on column reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX 34) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; Genius to right also holding shield. 35) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V; Genius to right also holding shield. 36) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVL / XX 37) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; Genius to right also holding shield. 38) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XV / MVLT / XXV 39) Victory standing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and trophy. 40) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on column reading VOT / V / MVLT / X 41) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on column reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV 42) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on column reading VOT / V / MVLTIS / X 43) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath in each hand 44) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within. 45) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLTIS / X within 46) Wreath, VOT / V within 47) Wreath, VOT / VX / MVLT / XX within 48) Wreath, VOT / X / MVL / XX within 49) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XV within. 50) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within. 51) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within. 52) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within 53) Wreath, VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X within 54) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XV within 55) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX within 56) Wreath, VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX within

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis

6) Cyzicus 7) Heraclea 8) Lugdunum 9) Mediolanum 10) Nicomedia

11) Roma 12) Sirmium 13) Siscia 14) Thessalonica 15) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O5, R14, T22, M02 Exe: ¤/ANT` RIC 2c (IX, Antiochia) 2) B2, O5, R14, T22, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 2d.19 (IX, Antiochia) 3) B2, O6, R14, T22, M05 Exe: CONS= RIC 3d (IX, Constantinopolis) 4) B2, O6, R14, T22, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 2b (IX, Nicomedia) 5) B2, O6, R23, T16, M15 Exe: TROB` RIC 39b (IX, Treveri) 6) B2, O6, R25, T37, M02 Exe: AN RIC 24b (IX, Antiochia) 7) B4, O5, R25, T38, M02 Exe: £/ANOB` 8) B4, O6, R14, T22, M05 Exe: *CONS= RIC 25b (IX, Constantinopolis) 9) B4, O6, R23, T16, M15 Exe: TR•OB• RIC 17 (IX, Treveri) 10) B5, O6, R08, T04, M02 Exe: ANOB` RIC 16d (IX, Antiochia) 11) B5, O6, R15, T27, M14 Exe: * over */SMTES` RIC 3b (IX, Thessalonica) 12) B5, O6, R31, T13, M10 Exe: S/I/MN RIC 16b.5 (IX, Nicomedia)

AU Scripulum 13) B2, O6, R25, T36, M02 Exe: ¢/ANOB` RIC 26.2 (IX, Antiochia) 14) B2, O6, R25, T38, M02 Exe: ANT

AR Miliarense 15) B2, O6, R29, T21, M13 Exe: •SISC` RIC 10b (IX, Siscia) 16) B2, O6, R29, T21, M15 Exe: SMTR RIC 26b.1 (IX, Treveri) 17) B2, O6, R29, T21, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 42a (IX, Treveri)

518 18) B2, O6, R33, T50, M02 Exe: ANT*

AR Siliqua Reference(s) 19) B2, O6, R32, T06, M03 Exe: AQPS RIC 15a (IX, Aquileia) 20) B2, O6, R32, T07, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 27e (IX, Treveri) 21) B2, O6, R32, T07, M15 Exe: TRPS• RIC 45b (IX, Treveri) 22) B2, O6, R33, T50, M02 Exe: •ANT* RIC 34d.3 (IX, Antiochia) 23) B2, O6, R33, T50, M02 Exe: •ANT` RIC 34d.6 (IX, Antiochia) 24) B2, O6, R33, T50, M02 Exe: ANT•• RIC 34d.1 (IX, Antiochia) 25) B2, O6, R33, T50, M05 Exe: ®C£S= RIC 37b (IX, Constantinopolis) 26) B2, O6, R33, T51, M13 Exe: SISCPS RIC 13a (IX, Siscia) 27) B2, O6, R33, T52, M05 Exe: CONCM RIC 42 (IX, Constantinopolis) 28) B4, O6, R33, T46, M05 Exe: C•` RIC 13d.8 (IX, Constantinopolis)

AE1 29) B2, O6, R14, T22, M03 Exe: SMAQ` RIC 6b (IX, Aquileia), L 962

AE2 30) B2, O6, R14, T22, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 7b (IX, Nicomedia), L 2322

AE3 31) B1, O6, R07, T01, M05 Exe: COMTM 32) B2, O6, R08, T10, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 10b (IX, Antiochia) 33) B2, O6, R08, T10, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 16c.7 (IX, Constantinopolis) 34) B2, O6, R08, T10, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 8b (IX, Cyzicus) 35) B2, O6, R08, T10, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 3b (IX, Heraclea) 36) B2, O6, R08, T10, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 9b (IX, Nicomedia) 37) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: * over A/D`SISC RIC 5b.7 (IX, Siscia) 38) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: `SISC RIC 5b.1 (IX, Siscia) 39) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: •`SISC RIC 5b.2 (IX, Siscia) 40) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: D/*SISC` RIC 14b.11 (IX, Siscia), L 1306 41) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: D`SISC RIC 5b.4 (IX, Siscia), L 1291 42) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: M/* over P/`SISC 43) B2, O6, R08, T10, M13 Exe: R/•`SISC RIC 14b.10 (IX, Siscia), L 1300 44) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: */* over `/TES RIC 26b.17 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1750 45) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: M/* over `/TES RIC 26b.30 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1781 46) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: M/`/TES RIC 26b.28 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1775 47) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 26b.1 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1705 48) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: V/* over `/TES RIC 26b.38 (IX, Thessalonica) 49) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: Z/* over `/TES RIC 26b.35 (IX, Thessalonica) 50) B2, O6, R08, T10, M14 Exe: Z/• over `/TES RIC 26b.34 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1790 51) B2, O6, R08, T30, M15 Exe: */TR` RIC 31.8 (IX, Treveri), L 107 52) B2, O6, R13, T22, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 20b (IX, Constantinopolis) 53) B2, O6, R13, T22, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 4c (IX, Heraclea) 54) B2, O6, R13, T22, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 17b (IX, Thessalonica), L 1703 55) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: */•/•SMAQ` RIC 18b.19 (IX, Aquileia) 56) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: */SMAQ` RIC 12b.18 (IX, Aquileia), L 1036 57) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: ¨/SMAQ` RIC 11b.9 (IX, Aquileia) 58) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: ¤/SMAQ` RIC 9b.7 (IX, Aquileia), L 987 59) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: A/SMAQ` RIC 9b.1 (IX, Aquileia), L 968 60) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: B over •/SMAQ` RIC 9b.3 (IX, Aquileia), L 976 61) B2, O6, R17, T30, M03 Exe: SMAQ` RIC 11b.16 (IX, Aquileia), L 1015 62) B2, O6, R17, T30, M04 Exe: OF/III/CONST RIC 17b (IX, Arelate) 63) B2, O6, R17, T30, M05 Exe: •/CONS` RIC 21c (IX, Constantinopolis) 64) B2, O6, R17, T30, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 11b (IX, Cyzicus) 65) B2, O6, R17, T30, M07 Exe: */=/SMH` RIC 10b (IX, Heraclea) 66) B2, O6, R17, T30, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 5b (IX, Heraclea) 67) B2, O6, R17, T30, M08 Exe: OF over ¶ / I over R RIC 21b.29 (IX, Lugdunum) 68) B2, O6, R17, T30, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 12b (IX, Nicomedia) 69) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: * over A/D`SISC RIC 7b.7 (IX, Siscia) 70) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: * over D/S/`SISC RIC 15b.14 (IX, Siscia), L 1322 71) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: * over K/Q/`SISCR RIC 15b.29 (IX, Siscia) 72) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: * over P/M/`SISC RIC 15b.17 (IX, Siscia) 73) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: •`SISC RIC 7b.2 (IX, Siscia) 74) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: A over K/Q/`SISCR RIC 15b.30 (IX, Siscia), L 1383 75) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: C over !/S over •/`SISCE RIC 15b.38 (IX, Siscia) 76) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: D`SISC RIC 7b.4 (IX, Siscia), L 1293

77) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: K over P/Q/`SISCR RIC 15b.27 (IX, Siscia) 78) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: R over !/S over •/`SISCE RIC 15b.36 (IX, Siscia) 79) B2, O6, R17, T30, M13 Exe: R over K/Q/`SISCR RIC 15b.32 (IX, Siscia) 80) B2, O6, R17, T30, M14 Exe: * over Z/A/TES` RIC 27b.25 (IX, Thessalonica) 81) B2, O6, R17, T30, M14 Exe: */TES` RIC 27b.3 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1714 82) B2, O6, R17, T30, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 27b.1 (IX, Thessalonica), L 1707 83) B2, O6, R17, T30, M14 Exe: Δ/=/TES` RIC 27b.20 (IX, Thessalonica) 84) B2, O6, R17, T39, M11 Exe: */SMR` (star is in left field) RIC 28a.9 (IX, Roma) 85) B2, O6, R17, T39, M11 Exe: R•` Officina is spelled out in Latin; PRIMA, SECVNDA, TERTIA or QVARTA RIC 23b (IX, Roma), L 719

519

Valens Busts

Valens Types

520

Procopius

Augustus 365-366

Some contemporary historians of Procopius claim that Julian II had meant for the general to succeed him instead of Jovian. Whether true or not, Jovian gained the throne and Procopius, an otherwise well-regarded general, dimmed in the background. Jovian soon died, however, and Valentinian became the next emperor. Procopius still had an itch for the position and began to make his moves. Biding his time

carefully, he waited for Valentinian's brother and colleague, Valens, to leave on an expedition and with the help of a few key conspirators had himself proclaimed emperor. Because now Valens was away with the bulk of his troops there was nothing that could be immediately done about the insurrection and Procopius was able to hold on to Constantinopolis and a few adjacent provinces.

By the time Valens had wrapped up with his initial conflict, Procopius had been unable to secure the loyalty of several leading generals and his power base dwindled as Valens approached. Seeing that all was lost he fled but was captured and executed.

Busts: 1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left 2) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Diademed, cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) DN PROCOPIVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) REPARATIO FEL TEMP 2) No legend

Types: 1) Procopius standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on

shield 2) Procopius standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on

shield; Chi-Rho in upper right field 3) Procopius standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on

shield; Chi-Rho in upper right field and object to lower left. 4) Procopius standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on

shield; object to lower left. 5) Procopius standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on

shield. 6) Wreath, VOT / V within

Mints: 1) Constantinopolis 2) Cyzicus 3) Heraclea 4) Nicomedia

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: CONS RIC 2b (IX, Constantinopolis)

AR Siliqua 2) B2, O1, R2, T6, M1 Exe: .C.` RIC 13e.11 (IX, Constantinopolis) 3) B2, O1, R2, T6, M1 Exe: C.` RIC 13e.6 (IX, Constantinopolis) 4) B2, O1, R2, T6, M2 Exe: KV` RIC 3a (IX, Cyzicus)

AE3 5) B1, O1, R1, T2, M2 Exe: *SMH` RIC 7.8 (IX, Cyzicus) 6) B1, O1, R1, T2, M2 Exe: ./SMH` RIC 7.5 (IX, Cyzicus) 7) B1, O1, R1, T2, M2 Exe: ./SMN` RIC 10.3 (IX, Nicomedia) 8) B1, O1, R1, T3, M1 Exe: CONS`* RIC 17a (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2082 9) B1, O1, R1, T3, M2 Exe: *SMK` RIC 7 (IX, Cyzicus), L 2525

Procopius is quite a bit tougher to find than either Julian II or Jovian who came just before his own rise to power. Part of the reason is that as usurper Procopius had access to fewer mints and, of course, he was in power only for a year. But even with these two factors considered the fact is that Procopius struck far fewer coins than either of those emperors. Even for a one year reign this was a prolific age in the minting of coins, especially out of the central Constantinoplis mint. One might be tempted to suspect that upon Valens‟s retaking of the city in 366 much of the precious coinage in the name of Procopius might have been recalled, melted and reissued but even if this was the case no emperor would have bothered with the bronzes which are correspondingly scarce as well. The AE3‟s feature a primary design with the emperor facing and holding a labarum and shield. Typically these are accompanied by a Christogram and an object on the floor that look like two stacked globes or similar shapes. While a tentative identification could be a helmet it is not a very convincing one. The design that includes this object is unique to his reign. One of these bronzes, if not very attractive, can be found every now and then on eBay for $50-$100 with nicer grades going for twice or three times that much. Siliquae are rare and expensive although not prohibitively so.

521 10) B2, O1, R1, T4, M1 Exe: CONS` 11) B2, O1, R1, T5, M1 Exe: CONS` RIC 19 (IX, Constantinopolis)

Procopius Busts

Procopius Types

522

Gratian

Augustus 367-383

An early supporter of Christianity, Gratian vigorously and systematically rooted out paganism wherever he could and went so far as to refuse the title of Pontifex Maximus, the highest religious position, feeling that this title belonged to a true religious leader. His early career was marked by his competent dealing with the troublesome barbarians north of Italy while later in his career he withdrew somewhat from his duties to pursue personal

ambitions. He died at the hands of his own soldiers in hopes of appeasing the presumed superior forces of Magnus Maximus who were approaching to a deciding battle. Busts:

1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left 2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Diademed (rosettes), cuirassed bust right 4) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust left 5) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 6) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding mappa and scepter 7) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield

Obverse:

1) DN GRATIANVS PF AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVGG 2) CONCORDIA AVGGG 3) FELICITAS REIPVBLICAE 4) FELICITAS ROMANORVM 5) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N 6) GLORIA NOVI SAECVLI 7) GLORIA REIPVB 8) GLORIA ROMANORVM 9) MONETA AVGG 10) PERPETVETAS 11) PRINCIPIVM IVVENTVTIS 12) REPARATIO REIPVB 13) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE 14) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 15) SPES RP 16) VICTORIA DN AVG 17) VICTORIA AVGG 18) VICTORIA AVGGG 19) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 20) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 21) VIRTVS ROMANORVM 22) VOTA PVBLICA 23) VRBS ROMA 24) No legend

Types:

1) City gate with (2) turrets; S above. 2) Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding scepter and cornucopia. 3) Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding spear. 4) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and globe. 5) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding globe and spear. 6) Gratian advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum. 7) Gratian and Theodosius I (or Valentinian II) seated, facing, each holding mappa and

scepter. 8) Gratian and Theodosius I (or Valentinian II) seated, facing, each holding mappa and globe. 9) Gratian and Theodosius I (or Valentinian II) seated, facing, each holding a globe and scepter; genius between them holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X 10) Gratian and Theodosius I (or Valentinian II) seated, facing, together holding globe over palm and each a mappa; Victory above them both. 11) Gratian riding horse left, raising hand 12) Gratian standing left on galley, raising hand; Victory seated to right, steering galley. 13) Gratian standing right, holding spear and globe. 14) Gratian standing, facing, holding hand of kneeling woman with cornucopia to left and labarum. 15) Gratian standing, facing, holding hand of kneeling woman with cornucopia to left and Victory on globe. 16) Gratian standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield. 17) Gratian standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe; eagle with wreath in beak to lower right. 18) Gratian standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and labarum with Victory atop. 19) Monetae (3) standing, facing, holding scale and cornucopiae. 20) Phoenix on globe 21) Roma seated left, holding globe and spear. 22) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 23) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and scepter. 24) Roma seated, facing, holding scepter and globe. 25) Roma, holding Victory on globe and scepter and Constantinopolis, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia, stepping on galley prow; both seated, facing. 26) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 27) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X

As far as bronzes go, Gratian‟s coins are only slightly harder to find than those of the contemporary brother duo of Valentinian I and Valens. Coins are also comparatively plentiful in silver and gold as well. Nice Siliquae may be found in the low hundreds of dollars while the typical Solidus may run only two or three times as much. Numismatically more significant, Gratian‟s reign – in tandem with Valentinian II and Theodosius I – initiates the shift away from AE3‟s towards the smaller AE4 module. While small bronze denominations had intermittently been issued for the whole of the imperial period, under Gratian they become for the first time the predominant form of coinage for civilians in general. This last phase would go on for over 100 years more all the meanwhile the coins growing smaller and cruder in design and craftsmanship. Well into the reign of Anastasius I, a full generation after the fall of Rome, he would finally do away with these wretched little things and begin minting the first hefty bronzes to be seen since the Folles of the late 200‟s. These Folles, as they were again to be called, marked the beginning of the Byzantine period, at least as it‟s understood within the field of numismatics.

523 28) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X 29) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX 30) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; genius to right also holding shield. 31) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X; genius to right also holding shield. 32) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield on cippus reading VOT / V / MVLT / X 33) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within 34) Wreath, VOT / V within 35) Wreath, VOT / VX / MVLT / XX within. 36) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XV within. 37) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within. 38) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within. 39) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within. 40) Wreath, VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X within. 41) Wreath, VOTIS / V within. 42) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX within. 43) Wreath, VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX within.

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis

6) Cyzicus 7) Heraclea 8) Lugdunum 9) Mediolanum 10) Nicomedia

11) Roma 12) Sirmium 13) Siscia 14) Thessalonica 15) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s)

1) B5, O1, R08, T10, M15 Exe: TROB` Double Solidus 2) B5, O1, R08, T25, M02 Exe: ANTOB` Double Solidus

AU Solidus

3) B2, O1, R02, T04, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 43a (IX, Constantinopolis) 4) B2, O1, R11, T13, M05 Exe: *CONS= RIC 24 (IX, Constantinopolis) 5) B2, O1, R17, T10, M15 Exe: TROB` RIC 39d (IX, Treveri) 6) B2, O1, R19, T28, M02 Exe: £/ANOB` RIC 21a (IX, Antioch) 7) B5, O1, R02, T04, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 44a (IX, Constantinopolis) 8) B5, O1, R17, T10, M15 Exe: TROB` RIC 17g (IX, Treveri)

AU Scripulum

9) B2, O1, R16, T26, M05 Exe: CONS

AR Miliarense

10) B2, O1, R20, T16, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 53a (IX, Treveri)

AR Siliqua

11) B2, O1, R21, T23, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 58a (IX, Treveri), C 54 12) B2, O1, R23, T22, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 27f (IX, Treveri), C 86 13) B2, O1, R23, T22, M15 Exe: TRPS• RIC 45c (IX, Treveri), C 86 14) B2, O1, R23, T33, M05 Exe: ®C£` RIC 36e (IX, Constantinopolis) 15) B2, O1, R23, T37, M02 Exe: ANT* RIC 34f (IX, Antiochia) 16) B2, O1, R24, T36, M13 Exe: SISCPS RIC 25 (IX, Siscia), C 72

AE1

17) B2, O1, R23, T21, M11 Exe: R` RIC 42a (IX, Roma), C 88

AE2

18) B2, O1, R12, T15, M08 Exe: LVG` RIC 28a (IX, Lugdunum) 19) B2, O1, R12, T15, M08 Exe: S/LVG` RIC 28a (IX, Lugdunum) 20) B2, O1, R12, T15, M11 Exe: R` RIC 43a (IX, Roma) 21) B2, O1, R12, T15, M11 Exe: SMR` RIC 43a (IX, Roma) 22) B2, O1, R12, T15, M13 Exe: *`SISC RIC 26a (IX, Siscia) 23) B2, O1, R12, T15, M13 Exe: *`SISC• RIC 26a (IX, Siscia) 24) B2, O1, R12, T15, M13 Exe: `SISC RIC 26a (IX, Siscia) 25) B2, O1, R12, T15, M13 Exe: `SISC• RIC 26a (IX, Siscia) 26) B2, O1, R12, T15, M14 Exe: `/SMTES RIC 37a (IX, Thessalonica) 27) B2, O1, R14, T26, M11 Exe: SM\R` RIC 28a (IX, Roma) 28) B7, O1, R08, T12, M02 Exe: =/ANT` RIC 40a (IX, Antiochia) 29) B7, O1, R08, T12, M05 Exe: =/CON` RIC 52a (IX, Constantinopolis) 30) B7, O1, R08, T12, M06 Exe: =/SMK` RIC 14a (IX, Cyzicus) 31) B7, O1, R08, T12, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 11a (IX, Heraclea)

524 AE3 Reference(s)

32) B2, O1, R02, T23, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 56a (IX, Constantinopolis) 33) B2, O1, R02, T23, M06 Exe: ¢/SMK` RIC 17a (IX, Cyzicus) 34) B2, O1, R02, T23, M13 Exe: `SISC RIC 27a (IX, Siscia) 35) B2, O1, R02, T24, M07 Exe: *SMH` RIC 15a (IX, Heraclea) 36) B2, O1, R02, T24, M07 Exe: ¢/SMH` RIC 14a (IX, Heraclea) 37) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: • over M/* over P/`SISC RIC 14c.18 (IX, Siscia) 38) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: • over M/* over R over O/`SISC RIC 14c.20 (IX, Siscia) 39) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: D/*`SISC RIC 14c.11 (IX, Siscia) 40) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: F/D over P/`SISCE RIC 14c.44a (IX, Siscia) 41) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: F/R over !/`SISCE RIC 14c.35 (IX, Siscia) 42) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: M/* over F/`SISC RIC 14c.16 (IX, Siscia) 43) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: M/* over P/`SISC RIC 14c.17 (IX, Siscia) 44) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: Q/* over K/`SISCE RIC 14c.27 (IX, Siscia) 45) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: Q/* over K/`SISCR RIC 14c.27 (IX, Siscia) 46) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: Q/* over R over O/`SISCR RIC 14c (IX, Siscia) 47) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: Q/A over K/`SISCE RIC 14c.30 (IX, Siscia) 48) B2, O1, R08, T06, M13 Exe: Q/K over K/`SISCE RIC 14c.32 (IX, Siscia) 49) B2, O1, R08, T06, M14 Exe: V/* over `/TES RIC 31c (IX, Thessalonica) 50) B2, O1, R14, T26, M04 Exe: `CON RIC 19b (IX, Arelate) 51) B2, O1, R14, T26, M11 Exe: R•` Officina is spelled out in Latin; PRIMA, SECVNDA, TERTIA or QVARTA RIC 23c (IX, Roma), L 720 52) B2, O1, R14, T26, M11 Exe: SMR` RIC 28c (IX, Roma) 53) B2, O1, R14, T26, M13 Exe: D/*`SISC RIC 15c (IX, Siscia), L 1310 54) B2, O1, R21, T23, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 50a (IX, Antiochia)

AE4

55) B2, O1, R24, T38, M04 Exe: `CON RIC 24 (IX, Arelate), L 552 56) B2, O1, R24, T38, M13 Exe: `SISC RIC 31a (IX, Siscia), L 1539 57) B2, O1, R24, T39, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 58a (IX, Antiochia) 58) B2, O1, R24, T39, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 20a (IX, Heraclea)

Gratian Busts

Gratian Types

525

Valentinian II

Augustus 375-392

Valentinian II was the son of Valentinian I and became emperor when his father died. He was still only a child at the time and the Western empire was divided between him and his half-brother Gratian. However, while Gratian ruled at his will, Valentinian was too young and, instead, several behind-the-scenes characters exercised the real power on his behalf.

After Gratian's death Valentinian faced a major threat from Magnus Maximus who was gobbling up the Western empire and had no room for him in his quest. He solicited and then received help from Theodosius, the emperor of the East, who subsequently came to his aid and defeated Maximus. However, Valentinian was still unable to shake the web of control that others had over him. Theodosius lingered in Italy after the defeat of Maximus and essentially ruled the entire empire from Valentinian's own court while simultaneously relegating Valentinian to the background. When he finally left, he appointed one of his commanders, Arbogastes, as an administrative aide for Valentinian II.

This would be a thinly veiled puppet of Theodosius. Valentinian, not being the wiser, complained to Theodosius by correspondence about his situation and lack of empowerment. The complaints fell on deaf ears as this was, naturally, all part of Theodosius's plans. When he saw nothing would be done about the issue he summoned the courage to force Arbogastes to retire only to have the general tear up the resignation letter in his face. He then sneered and derided Valentinian with a comment to the effect that he wasn't taking orders from him. In a fit of anger Valentinian grabbed a sword and started for Arbogastes but was held back by guards. Two days later he was found hung in a room. Whether he committed suicide in despair over his powerlessness or was assassinated directly on account of Arbogastes is left to speculation.

Busts:

1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Diademed bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding mappa and scepter 4) Diademed, cuirassed bust right 5) Diademed, draped bust left, holding mappa and scepter 6) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right, holding scepter with Chi-Rho atop and shield 7) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield

Obverses:

1) DN VALENTINIANS PF AVG 2) DN VALENTINIANVS IVN PF AVG 3) DN VALENTINIANVS PF AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVGGG 2) CONCORDIA AVGGGG 3) FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N 4) GLORIA REIPVBLICE 5) GLORIA ROMANORVM 6) PERPETVETAS 7) REPARATIO REIPVB 8) RESTITVTOR REIP 9) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE 10) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 11) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 12) SPES REIPVBLICAE 13) TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB 14) VICTORIA AVG 15) VICTORIA AVGG 16) VICTORIA AVGGG 17) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 18) VIRTVS AVGGG 19) VIRTVS EXERCITI 20) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 21) VIRTVS ROMANORVM 22) VOTA PVBLICA 23) VRBS ROMA 24) VRBS ROMA FELIX 25) No legend

Types:

1) City gate with two turrets 2) Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV 3) Constantinopolis seated, facing, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX

Like other guys from this period, one finds many coins of this emperor on the market. Most newer collectors will be introduced by way of the many, many AE4‟s available. These comprise one of two main types: the Victory advancing left, hauling a captive and the quintessentially Roman “Vota” issue. Coins with these Vota themes are religious commitments made in exchange for time served. For example, an emperor who has made it five years on the throne might issue a commemorative of that milestone with a simple VOT/V encased in a wreath. A more optimistic emperor may go ahead and issue coins with various numerals followed by a “MVLT”, or multiplier, of however many more years he thinks he will stay in power… and then, if that term is achieved, to be renewed again. Asides from bronzes, the silver Siliqua and the gold Solidus are also easy to find and comparatively affordable with rough estimates for common types costing $150 and $500, respectively.

526 4) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on globe, holding scepter and globe. 5) Phoenix standing left on globe. 6) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 7) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and spear 8) Roma, holding scepter and Constantinopolis, stepping on galley prow, holding shield reading VOT / XV / MVLT / XX and scepter; both seated, facing. 9) Roma, holding Victory on globe and scepter and Constantinopolis, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory on globe and cornucopia, bothe seated, facing. 10) Valentinian II advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum. 11) Valentinian II and Gratian (or Theodosius I) seated, facing, each holding a mappa and scepter. 12) Valentinian II and Gratian (or Theodosius I) seated, facing, together holding globe over palm; Victory above and in between them. 13) Valentinian II riding horse left, raising hand. 14) Valentinian II standing left on galley, holding Phoenix on globe; Victory seated to right, steering galley. 15) Valentinian II standing left on galley, raising hand; Victory seated to right, steering galley. 16) Valentinian II standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe 17) Valentinian II standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe. 18) Valentinian II standing, facing, holding hand of kneeling woman with cornucopia to left and labarum. 19) Valentinian II standing, facing, holding hand of kneeling woman with cornucopia to left and Victory on globe. 20) Valentinian II standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; captive to left. 21) Valentinian II standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield. 22) Valentinian II standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe. 23) Valentinian II standing, facing, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe. 24) Victories (2) standing, facing, each holding wreath and palm. 25) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive. 26) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 27) Victory advancing left, holding wreath in each hand. 28) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe. 29) Victory advancing right, holding wreath in each hand. 30) Victory advancing right, stepping on globe, holding wreath and cross on globe. 31) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V 32) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X 33) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX 34) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within. 35) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLTIS / X within 36) Wreath, VOT / V within 37) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XV within 38) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within 39) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within 40) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within 41) Wreath, VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X within. 42) Wreath, VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XV within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis

6) Cyzicus 7) Heraclea 8) Lugdunum 9) Mediolanum 10) Nicomedia

11) Roma 12) Sirmium 13) Siscia 14) Thessalonica 15) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R02, T04, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 67a (IX, Constantinopolis) 2) B1, O2, R15, T12, M14 Exe: TESOB • at end of reverse legend RIC 34b (IX, Thessalonica) 3) B1, O2, R15, T12, M15 Exe: TROB` RIC 49c (IX, Treveri) 4) B1, O3, R15, T12, M09 Exe: COM RIC 8a (IX, Mediolanum) 5) B1, O3, R15, T12, M14 Exe: TESOB RIC 34e (IX, Thessalonica) 6) B1, O3, R15, T12, M15 Exe: T/R/COM RIC 90a (IX, Treveri) 7) B2, O3, R02, T04, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 45b (IX, Constantinopolis) 8) B3, O3, R22, T11, M09 Exe: M/D/COM RIC 9 (IX, Mediolanum)

AR Siliqua

9) B1, O2, R16, T26, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 57a (IX, Treveri) 10) B1, O3, R21, T06, M15 Exe: TRPS RIC 94a (IX, Treveri) 11) B1, O3, R23, T06, M08 Exe: LVGPS RIC 43a (IX, Lugdunum) 12) B1, O3, R23, T06, M09 Exe: AQPS• RIC 15d (IX, Aquileia) 13) B1, O3, R25, T38, M05 Exe: CONS• RIC 77a (IX, Constantinopolis)

AE2

14) B1, O2, R07, T19, M03 Exe: SMAQ` RIC 30b (IX, Aquileia) 15) B1, O2, R07, T19, M13 Exe: *`SISC RIC 26b.5 (IX, Siscia) 16) B1, O2, R07, T19, M13 Exe: *`SISC• RIC 26b.7 (IX, Siscia) 17) B1, O2, R07, T19, M13 Exe: `SISC RIC 26b.1 (IX, Siscia) 18) B1, O2, R07, T19, M13 Exe: `SISC• RIC 26b.3 (IX, Siscia) 19) B1, O3, R07, T19, M11 Exe: SMR` RIC 43c (IX, Roma) 20) B1, O3, R07, T19, M14 Exe: `/SMTES RIC 37b (IX, Thessalonica) 21) B1, O3, R19, T23, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 18a (IX, Alexandria) 22) B1, O3, R19, T23, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 63b (IX, Antiochia) 23) B1, O3, R19, T23, M05 Exe: ¤/CONS` RIC 83a (IX, Constantinopolis) 24) B1, O3, R19, T23, M07 Exe: */•SMH` RIC 24a (IX, Heraclea) 25) B7, O3, R05, T14, M02 Exe: =/ANT` RIC 40b (IX, Antiochia) 26) B7, O3, R05, T15, M05 Exe: =/CON` RIC 52b (IX, Constantinopolis) 27) B7, O3, R05, T15, M07 Exe: T/SMH` RIC 21a (IX, Heraclea)

527 AE3 Reference(s)

28) B1, O1, R01, T07, M13 Exe: `/SISC RIC 27b (IX, Siscia) 29) B1, O2, R23, T06, M10 Exe: */SMN` RIC 31 (IX, Nicomedia) 30) B1, O2, R23, T06, M10 Exe: °/*/SMN` RIC 34 (IX, Nicomedia) 31) B1, O3, R01, T07, M01 Exe: O/ALE`

32) B1, O3, R01, T07, M02 Exe: / over K/ANT` RIC 45b (IX, Antiochia), L 2696 33) B1, O3, R01, T07, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 56b (IX, Constantinopolis) 34) B1, O3, R01, T07, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 14b (IX, Heraclea) 35) B1, O3, R05, T10, M03 Exe: SMAQ` RIC 45b (IX, Aquileia) 36) B1, O3, R05, T10, M13 Exe: `SISC• RIC 38a (IX, Siscia)

37) B2, O3, R01, T07, M02 Exe: / over K/ANT` RIC 45c (IX, Antiochia) 38) B7, O3, R05, T15, M05 Exe: =/CON` RIC 52b (IX, Constantinopolis) 39) B7, O3, R05, T15, M06 Exe: =/SMK` RIC 14b (IX, Cyzicus) 40) B7, O3, R05, T15, M07 Exe: T/SMH` RIC 21a (IX, Heraclea)

AE4

41) B1, O2, R10, T25, M05 Exe: ¤/CONS` RIC 86a (IX, Constantinopolis) 42) B1, O2, R16, T25, M03 Exe: ¤/AQ` RIC 58a (IX, Aquileia), L 1105 43) B1, O2, R16, T26, M14 Exe: `SIS RIC 39a (IX, Siscia) 44) B1, O2, R25, T34, M14 Exe: `SISC RIC 29c.1 (IX, Siscia), L 1545 45) B1, O2, R25, T34, M14 Exe: `SISC• RIC 29c.3 (IX, Siscia), L 1549 46) B1, O3, R10, T25, M06 Exe: ¤/SMK` RIC 26a (IX, Cyzicus) 47) B1, O3, R14, T24, M14 Exe: TES` RIC 63a (IX, Thessalonica), L 1863 48) B1, O3, R25, T38, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 19a (IX, Alexandria) 49) B1, O3, R25, T38, M02 Exe: AN` RIC 65a (IX, Antiochia) 50) B1, O3, R25, T38, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 21b (IX, Cyzicus) 51) B1, O3, R25, T38, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 19b (IX, Heraclea) 52) B1, O3, R25, T38, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 38a (IX, Nicomedia)

Valentinian II Busts

528

Theodosius I

Augustus 375-395

Valentinian II Types

The son of a famous general, Theodosius's own military prowess caught the eye of Gratian who sent him off with an army to deal with the various barbarian hordes making regular excursions into Roman territory. After scoring some impressive victories on the battlefield Gratian gave Theodosius the ultimate reward by crowning him emperor and formal successor to Valens.

Theodosius then went on to settle a peace treaty with the barbarians and conferred upon them "federate" status and allowed them to occupy Roman territory under the condition that they would defend it against other intruders. The benefit, in principle at least, was that this settlement created a buffer zone for the Romans. In the following years he put down the rebellions headed by Magnus Maximus and then, literally with a little help from the weather, by the puppet emperor Eugenius. During the waning years of his life he became the first Roman emperor to turn full circle on the issue of religious persecution. After centuries of Christian persecution and then another three quarters of a century whereby Christianity coexisted mostly peacefully with Pagan rituals, Theodosius began the active persecution and steady elimination of all non-Christian sects and their temples. This policy would be vigorously followed by all succeeding emperors. He died in 395 leaving behind a split empire to be ruled by his sons Honorius and Arcadius. Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Helmeted, diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield 4) Helmeted, diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield

529 Obverses: 1) DN THEODOSIVS PF AVG 2) DN THEODOSVIS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) CONCORDIA AVGG 2) CONCORDIA AVGGG 3) CONCORDIA AVGGGG 4) GLORIA REIPVB 5) GLORIA REIPVBLICE 6) GLORIA ROMANORVM 7) PERPETVETAS 8) REPARATIO REIPVB 9) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE 10) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICE 11) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 12) SPES REIPVBLICAE 13) SPES ROMANORVM 14) TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB 15) VICTORIA AVG 16) VICTORIA AVGG 17) VICTORIA AVGGG 18) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 19) VIRTVS EXERCITI 20) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 21) VIRTVS ROMANORVM 22) VOTA PVBLICA 23) VRBS ROMA 24) VRBS ROMA FELIX 25) No legend

Types: 1) City gate with (2) turrets. 2) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding globe and scepter. 3) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter 4) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and cornucopia 5) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and globe 6) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X 7) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / X / MVL / XV 8) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV 9) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding spear 10) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and cornucopia. 11) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 12) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and spear. 13) Roma standing, facing, holding trophy and Victory on globe; shield by feet. 14) Theodosius I advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy. 15) Theodosius I and Gratian seated, facing, together holding globe over palm; Victory above and between them. 16) Theodosius I and Valentinian II seated, facing, each holding a scepter. 17) Theodosius I riding horse right, raising hand. 18) Theodosius I standing left, holding hand of kneeling woman with cornucopia and labarum 19) Theodosius I standing left, holding hand of kneeling woman with cornucopia and Victory on globe 20) Theodosius I standing left on galley, holding phoenix on globe and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering galley. 21) Theodosius I standing left on galley, raising hand; Victory seated to right, steering galley. 22) Theodosius I standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe 23) Theodosius I standing, facing, holding labarum and globe 24) Theodosius I standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; seated captive to left. 25) Theodosius I standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield 26) Theodosius I standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and labarum. 27) Theodosius I standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe 28) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, each holding a wreath and a palm 29) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive. 30) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 31) Victory advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy. 32) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X on lap 33) Victory standing right, holding wreath and cross on globe 34) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within 35) Wreath, VOT / V within 36) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within 37) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XXX within 38) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLTIS / XX within 39) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within 40) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis 6) Cyzicus

7) Heraclea 8) Londinium 9) Lugdunum 10) Mediolanum 11) Nicomedia 12) Roma

13) Sirmium 14) Siscia 15) Thessalonica 16) Treveri

Theodosius leaves a strong numismatic legacy, by fourth century standards, with a myriad of different denominations, sizes and weights of his coins. For several decades coinage in general had inexorably tended towards smaller coins made of cheaper metal alloys while at the same time maintaining or increasing their nominal value. In other words, inflation. While the economic maladies ailing the empire were far greater than Theodosius could hope to remedy he does temporarily increase the size and heft of the bronzes. He also introduces the Tremissis, a small but versatile coin that is successful enough to continue being used for the next 200 years. These measures, at least symbolically, aim to strengthen the shrinking empire. Asides from their historical significance, the collector will be pleased to find that obtaining high-grade “type” sets of this emperor is an easy and surprisingly affordable task. The small bronzes are particularly plentiful and make up a sizeable proportion of “uncleaned” coins as available on the Internet and most coin dealers.

530 AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R02, T05, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 43b (IX, Constantinopolis) 2) B1, O1, R02, T06, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 70b (IX, Constantinopolis) 3) B1, O1, R02, T08, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 71A (IX, Constantinopolis) 4) B1, O1, R16, T15, M10 Exe: COM RIC 5b (IX, Mediolanum) 5) B1, O1, R16, T15, M10 Exe: M/D/COM RIC 8b.2 (IX, Mediolanum) 6) B1, O1, R16, T15, M13 Exe: SIROB RIC 9c (IX, Sirmium) 7) B1, O1, R16, T15, M16 Exe: TROB` RIC 50 (IX, Treveri) 8) B1, O1, R17, T22, M13 Exe: S/M/CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 15 (IX, Sirmium) 9) B2, O1, R02, T05, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 45d (IX, Constantinopolis) 10) B2, O1, R02, T06, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 44b (IX, Constantinopolis) 11) B2, O1, R02, T08, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 71b (IX, Constantinopolis) 12) B2, O1, R03, T08, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 47b (IX, Constantinopolis)

AU Tremissis 13) B1, O1, R18, T33, M05 Exe: */CONOB 14) B1, O1, R18, T33, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 75b (IX, Constantinopolis)

AR Siliqua 15) B1, O1, R02, T03, M16 Exe: TRPS RIC 55a (IX, Treveri) 16) B1, O1, R21, T11, M16 Exe: TRPS RIC 94b (IX, Treveri) 17) B1, O1, R25, T36, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 87a (IX, Constantinopolis) 18) B1, O1, R25, T36, M10 Exe: MDPS RIC 14b (IX, Mediolanum)

AE2 19) B1, O1, R06, T22, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 68a (IX, Antiochia) 20) B1, O1, R06, T22, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 27a (IX, Heraclea) 21) B1, O1, R06, T23, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 21a (IX, Alexandria) 22) B1, O1, R08, T19, M12 Exe: SMR` RIC 43d (IX, Roma) 23) B1, O1, R08, T19, M14 Exe: *`SISC RIC 26c.5 (IX, Siscia), L 1527 24) B1, O1, R08, T19, M14 Exe: *`SISC• RIC 26c.7 (IX, Siscia), L 1533 25) B1, O1, R08, T19, M14 Exe: `SIS• 26) B1, O1, R08, T19, M14 Exe: `SISC RIC 26c.1 (IX, Siscia), L 1514 27) B1, O1, R08, T19, M14 Exe: `SISC• RIC 26c.3 (IX, Siscia), L 1521 28) B1, O1, R19, T22, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 25b (IX, Cyzicus) 29) B1, O1, R19, T22, M07 Exe: */•SMH` RIC 24b.2 (IX, Heraclea) 30) B1, O1, R19, T22, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 24b.1 (IX, Heraclea) 31) B1, O1, R19, T22, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 44b (IX, Nicomedia), L 2394 32) B2, O1, R06, T05, M05 Exe: °/I/CONS` RIC 57d (IX, Constantinopolis) 33) B2, O1, R19, T22, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 18c (IX, Alexandria) 34) B3, O1, R06, T21, M02 Exe: =/ANT` RIC 40d (IX, Antiochia) 35) B3, O1, R06, T21, M05 Exe: =/CON` RIC 52c (IX, Constantinopolis) 36) B3, O1, R06, T21, M05 Exe: T/CON` RIC 79b (IX, Constantinopolis) 37) B3, O1, R06, T21, M06 Exe: =/SMK` RIC 14c (IX, Cyzicus) 38) B3, O1, R06, T21, M06 Exe: T/SMK` RIC 23 (IX, Cyzicus) 39) B3, O1, R06, T21, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 11c (IX, Heraclea) 40) B3, O1, R06, T21, M07 Exe: T/SMH` RIC 21b (IX, Heraclea) 41) B3, O1, R06, T21, M11 Exe: =/•SMN` RIC 25c (IX, Nicomedia) 42) B3, O1, R06, T21, M15 Exe: =/•TES` RIC 44b (IX, Thessalonica)

AE3 43) B1, O1, R01, T01, M15 Exe: `/TES RIC 62b (IX, Thessalonica) 44) B1, O1, R02, T02, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 29 (IX, Nicomedia) 45) B1, O1, R02, T02, M14 Exe: `SISC RIC 27d (IX, Siscia) 46) B1, O1, R02, T05, M05 Exe: O/CONS` RIC 57a (IX, Constantinopolis) 47) B1, O1, R06, T14, M14 Exe: `SISC• RIC 28 (IX, Siscia), L 1558 48) B1, O1, R06, T14, M15 Exe: `/TES RIC 60b (IX, Thessalonica) 49) B1, O1, R06, T17, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 89a (IX, Constantinopolis) 50) B1, O1, R06, T23, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 88a (IX, Constantinopolis) 51) B1, O1, R17, T20, M15 Exe: `/TES RIC 61b (IX, Thessalonica)

AE4 52) B1, O1, R05, T01, M15 Exe: `/TES RIC 62b (IX, Thessalonica) 53) B1, O1, R11, T29, M02 Exe: ¢/ANT` RIC 70a (IX, Antiochia) 54) B1, O1, R11, T29, M02 Exe: ¤/ANT` RIC 67b.2 (IX, Antioch) 55) B1, O1, R11, T29, M05 Exe: ¤/CONS RIC 86b (IX, Constantinopolis) 56) B1, O1, R11, T29, M06 Exe: ¤/SMK` RIC 27b (IX, Cyzicus), L 1984 57) B1, O1, R11, T29, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 26b (IX, Heraclea) 58) B1, O1, R11, T29, M11 Exe: SMN` RIC 45b (IX, Nicomedia), L 2404 59) B1, O1, R11, T29, M15 Exe: ¤/TES` RIC 65 (IX, Thessalonica) 60) B1, O1, R17, T30, M04 Exe: `CON RIC 30d (IX, Arelate), L 563 61) B1, O1, R17, T30, M14 Exe: `SIS RIC 39b.1 (IX, Siscia), L 1576 62) B1, O1, R17, T30, M14 Exe: `SIS• RIC 39b.3 (IX, Siscia), L 1580 63) B1, O1, R25, T34, M14 Exe: `SISC RIC 29d (IX, Siscia), L 1546 64) B1, O1, R25, T35, M07 Exe: SMH` 65) B1, O1, R25, T36, M05 Exe: CON` RIC 63b (IX, Constantinopolis)

531 66) B1, O1, R25, T36, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 19 (IX, Cyzicus), L 2557 67) B1, O1, R25, T36, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 19c (IX, Heraclea) 68) B1, O1, R25, T36, M14 Exe: `SISC RIC 30b (IX, Siscia)

Theodosius I Busts

Theodosius I Types

532

Aelia Flaccilla

? - d.386

Wife of Theodosius I and mother of Honorius and Arcadius.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right, wearing ear rings and necklace

Obverse:

1) AEL FLACCILLA AVG

Reverses:

1) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 2) SALVS REIPVBLICAES 3) SALVS REPVBLICAE 4) No legend

Types:

1) Aelia Flaccilla standing, facing, hands braced over chest. 2) Victory seated right, holding shield with Chi-Rho on column 3) Wreath, Chi-Rho within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Constantinopolis 4) Cyzicus

5) Heraclea 6) Nicomedia 7) Siscia 8) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T2, M3 Exe: CONOB RIC 72 (IX, Constantinopolis)

AR Siliqua

2) B1, O1, R4, T3, M3 Exe: CON` RIC 78 (IX, Constantinopolis)

AE2

3) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: ALE` RIC 4 (IX, Alexandria) 4) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: ANT` RIC 62 (IX, Antioch), L 2760 5) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: ¤/CON` RIC 82 (IX, Constantinopolis) 6) B1, O1, R1, T1, M3 Exe: T/CONS` RIC 82 (IX, Constantinopolis) 7) B1, O1, R1, T1, M4 Exe: SMK` RIC 24 (IX, Cyzicus) 8) B1, O1, R1, T1, M6 Exe: SMN` RIC 25 (IX, Nicomedia) 9) B1, O1, R1, T2, M2 Exe: T/ANT` RIC 43 (IX, Antioch) 10) B1, O1, R1, T2, M3 Exe: CON` RIC 55 (IX, Constantinopolis) 11) B1, O1, R1, T2, M3 Exe: T/CON` RIC 81 (IX, Constantinopolis) 12) B1, O1, R1, T2, M5 Exe: T/SMH` RIC 23 (IX, Heraclea) 13) B1, O1, R1, T2, M5 Exe: T/SMH`* 14) B1, O1, R1, T2, M7 Exe: SISC. RIC 35 (IX, Siscia)

AE4

15) B1, O1, R1, T2, M2 Exe: AN` L 2744 16) B1, O1, R1, T2, M3 Exe: CON` RIC 61 (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2162 17) B1, O1, R1, T2, M5 Exe: . SMH` RIC 36 (IX, Heraclea) 18) B1, O1, R1, T2, M7 Exe: SISC. RIC 35 (IX, Siscia)

Fifty years had passed with emperor coming and going and not a one of them having the decency to promote their wives to a formal “Augusta”. And if any of them did for some reason no coins with their effigy appeared during this time. This is all changed during the reign of Theodosius when Aelia is given a modest share of the total output of coins. Her name, just as was the case with Julius Caesar and Augustus, will become an honorary title bestowed upon future empresses. Although Siliquae and even Solidi are known they are so rare they‟re catalogued here for the sake of completeness but it‟s very doubtful they‟ll ever appear in significant quantities. Bronzes on the other hand are if not plentiful at least accessible enough. “Starter” coppers can be had for $20 or less and nicer ones climbing steadily up to around $100.

533

Magnus Maximus

Augustus 383-388

Aelia Flaccilla Bust

It's uncertain exactly how Magnus Maximus came to power. At the time he was a general in Britain and whether by his own will or that of his troops he was hailed as emperor. Gratian moved quickly to put down the revolt and bring Maximus to justice but, his troops mutinied, switched sides and had Gratian executed instead. Maximus then sought to have his claim recognized throughout the rest of the empire and to this

end he sent a delegation to the court of Theodosius. If not outright enthusiastic, Theodosius was at least initially cooperative and accepted Maximus. However, the situation changed when Maximus upset the balance of power by intending to appropriate Italy which was under the control of Valentinian II. Suddenly, Theodosius realized that Maximus was intent on becoming the sole ruler of the West and possibly the East as well. Theodosius then rescinded his recognition of Maximus and sent a large army against him. The two sides met roughly halfway between their courts and Maximus was defeated. Maximus was then captured and executed in Aquileia.

Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG 2) DN MAG MAXINVS PF AVG 3) DN MAXIMVS PF AVG 4) DN MAXIMVS PF AVS

Reverses: 1) CONCORDIA AVGGG 2) REPARATIO REIPVB 3) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE 4) SPES ROMANORVM 5) VICTORIA AVGG 6) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 7) VIRTVS EXERCITI 8) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 9) VIRTVS ROMANORVM

Types: 1) City gate with (2) turrets, star above 2) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and globe 3) Magnus Maximus and Theodosius I seated, facing, together holding globe 4) Magnus Maximus and Theodosius I seated, facing, together holding globe; Victory above them, palm below 5) Magnus Maximus standing left, holding hand of kneeling woman and Victory on globe. 6) Magnus Maximus standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe. 7) Magnus Maximus standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield. 8) Magnus Maximus standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe. 9) Magnus Maximus standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and labarum. 10) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and spear. 11) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 12) Wreath, VO / TIS / V within. 13) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within

Bronzes for this emperor are typically found in very poor condition but, thankfully, with the low grade comes a correspondingly affordable price tag. Nicely preserved bronzes will easily cost well over $100. At those prices you might as well consider the silver. Siliquae are available, though not very abundantly, for $100-$200 as a starting point. “Gem” Siliquae will cost two or three times that much and will usually be offered only through specialized auction houses rather than corner shop dealers. Gold coins in any denomination are really, really rare.

534 Mints: 1) Aquileia 2) Arelate 3) Constantinopolis 4) Londinium (Augusta)

5) Lugdunum 6) Mediolanum 7) Roma 8) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O1, R3, T08, M8 Exe: */SMTR RIC 2 (IX, Treveri) 2) B2, O1, R5, T03, M8 Exe: TROB RIC 77b (IX, Treveri) 3) B2, O4, R1, T02, M3 Exe: CONOB

AR Miliarense 4) B1, O1, R8, T07, M8 Exe: TRPS RIC 82 (IX, Treveri)

AR Siliqua Reference(s) 5) B1, O1, R9, T10, M8 Exe: TRPS RIC 84b (IX, Treveri)

AE2 6) B1, O1, R2, T05, M2 Exe: `CON RIC 26a (IX, Arelate)

AE4 7) B1, O1, R4, T01, M1 Exe SMAQ` RIC 55a (IX, Aquileia), L 1103 8) B1, O1, R4, T01, M2 Exe: `CON RIC 29a (IX, Arelate) 9) B1, O1, R4, T01, M8 Exe: SMTR RIC 87a (IX, Treveri), L 156 10) B1, O2, R4, T01, M5 Exe: LVG`

Magnus Maximus Busts

Magnus Maximus Types

535

Flavius Victor

Augustus 384-388

Not yet old enough to be in kindergarten, Flavius Victor was the unfortunate victim of a very brutal and violent age. His father Magnus Maximus named him co-Augustus soon after he was born and then was off on his quest to become the Western Emperor. Although he met with success initially, Maximus was no match for Theodosius once he made a concerted effort to oust him. Victor, on the other hand, was sent for after Maximus's final defeat and

was slain to end any possibility of future contests from this quarter.

Bust: 1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) DN FL VICTOR PF AVG 2) DN FL ICTOR PF AVG

Reverses: 1) BONO REIPVBLICE NATI 2) SPES ROMANORVM 3) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 4) VIRTVS ROMANORVM

Types: 1) City gate with (2) turrets, star above 2) Magnus Maximus and Flavius Victor seated, facing, holding together globe; Victory between them. 3) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and spear. 4) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mints: 1) Aquileia 2) Arelate 3) Lugdunum 4) Mediolanum 5) Treveri

AR Siliqua Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R4, T3, M4 Exe: MDPS RIC 19b (IX, Mediolanum) 2) B1, O1, R4, T3, M5 Exe: TRPS RIC 84d (IX, Treveri)

AE4 3) B1, O1, R2, T1, M1 Exe: SMAQ` RIC 55b (IX, Aquileia), L 1004 4) B1, O1, R2, T1, M2 Exe: `CON RIC 29b (IX, Mediolanum), L 561

Flavius Victor Bust Flavius Victor Types

You‟re not likely to come across a coin of Flavius Victor by accident. It‟s either an AE4 “camp gate” or a silver Siliqua both of which routinely sell for hundreds of dollars even when they appear mediocre. A sharp eye and some patience can score one of the AE4‟s for around $100 on eBay.

536

Eugenius

Augustus 392-394

After the death of Valentinian II followed one of the most embarrassing low-points in Roman history. Italy and what was left of the Roman empire was left leaderless. The barbarian warlord Arbogast wielded power but was unable to call himself the emperor because to do so would have been an outrage so scandalous that it would likely throw the entire empire into complete turmoil. Thus evaluating his response over what to do next, a period that lasted

over a year, he decided to name Eugenius the emperor. Needless to say, Eugenius served merely as a figurehead for Arbogast's desires. To the end of making it all seem legitimate, he sent a series of diplomats to the court of Theodosius in hopes of gaining Eugenius the East's blessing. Theodosius prepared an army instead and eventually the two met in battle. When the dust settled, Eugenius was dead and Arbogast fled the scene, reportedly committing suicide. This left Theodosius himself as emperor of the entire empire; this being the last such time this would happen.

Eugenius himself was apparently a scholar and respected former government administrator. He might have found favor with Theodosius had his pedigree not been tainted with Arbogast's role and had he not shown inclinations to favor paganism instead of Christianity. He is reported to have meant to turn the church in Mediolanum (Milan) into a stable for Arbogast's horses! This anecdote, however, might be but propaganda from the enemies of Eugenius.

Bust: 1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) DN EVGENIVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) GLORIA ROMANORVM 2) SPES ROMANORVM 3) VICTORIA AVGG 4) VICTORIA AVGGG 5) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 6) VIRTVS ROMANORVM 7) VOT / V / MVLT / X 8) VRBS ROMA

Types: 1) Eugenius and Theodosius I seated, facing, together holding globe; between them, Victory above and palm below. 2) Eugenius standing left, holding labarum and resting hand on shield. 3) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 4) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mints: 1) Aquileia 2) Arelate 3) Lugdunum 4) Mediolanum 5) Roma 6) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R3, T1, M3 Exe: L/D/COM RIC 45 (IX, Lugdunum), C 6 2) B1, O1, R3, T1, M4 Exe: M/D/COM RIC 28 (IX, Mediolanum), C 6

AU Tremissis 3) B1, O1, R5, T4, M6 Exe: T/R/COM RIC 103 (IX, Treveri), C 10

AR Miliarense 4) B1, O1, R1, T2, M6 Exe: TRPS RIC 104 (IX, Treveri), C 2

By the late fourth century the mints throughout the western empire begin shutting down one by one. Those that remain open for business slow production to a trickle. Rome, once the most prolific and important of mints also limps along with a skeleton crew that manufacture increasingly less skillfully made coins and then only erratically as metal becomes available. Eugenius may be one of the first emperors who becomes rare not on account of his length in office, over a year‟s time, but rather because there just weren‟t many coins made during this time. A few hardscrabble, tiny copper coins turn up on the market with some frequency. Silver siliquae, the most commonly found of his coins, tend to go from $200 to over $1,000 a piece.

537 AR Siliqua Reference(s) 5) B1, O1, R6, T3, M4 Exe: MDPS RIC 32c (IX, Mediolanum), C 14b 6) B1, O1, R6, T3, M6 Exe: TRPS RIC 106d (IX, Treveri), C 14a 7) B1, O1, R8, T3, M3 Exe: LVGPS RIC 46 (IX, Lugdunum), C 18a

AE4 8) B1, O1, R2, T4, M1 Exe: AQ` RIC 59 (IX, Aquileia), L 1108 9) B1, O1, R4, T4, M2 Exe: CON RIC 30f (IX, Arelate), C 8

Eugenius Bust

Eugenius Types

538

Honorius

Augustus 394-423

Honorius was born to Theodosius and Aelia Flaccilla in 384 and inherited the western part of the empire on his father's death (with the eastern half going to his elder brother Arcadius). During his lifetime Honorius witnessed wave after wave of barbarian invasions, each one more devastating than the previous one. In 404 he moved the imperial palace to a fortress in Ravenna. On cue, Rome was then sacked in 410 by the barbarian forces under

the command of Alaric; a first in over 800 years. The Vandals would seize Northern Africa (Italy's bread basket) and various usurpers, most importantly Constantine III, sliced off huge sections of what remained of the Western empire for themselves. In the face of all these military and political catastrophes, Honorius was helpless and he never personally led any armies to counter the invasions and revolts. Still, against all odds, he managed to somewhat stabilize his dwindling domains by diplomatic means with the barbarians and by military action with the help of Constantius III against the usurpers. But he died in 423 leaving the empire significantly weaker and much smaller than when he became emperor.

Busts:

1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left 2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Diademed bust left wearing consular robes, holding mappa and scepter with eagle atop 5) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right, raising hand and holding Victory on globe 6) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right 7) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust facing holding spear and shield 8) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust facing holding spear over shoulder and spear

Obverses:

1) DN HONORI AVG 2) DN HONORIIVS PF AVG 3) DN HONORIVS PF AVG 4) DN ONORIVS PF AVG 5) HONORIO AVGVSTO

Reverses:

1) ADVENTVS FN AVG 2) CONCORDIA AVG 3) CONCORDIA AVGG 4) CONCORDIA AVGGG 5) CONCORDIA NVGGG 6) CONCORIA AVGG 7) GLORIA ROMANORVM 8) REPARATIO REIPVBL 9) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 10) TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB 11) VICTORIA AAVGGG 12) VICTORIA AVGG 13) VICTORIA AVGGG 14) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 15) VICTORIA ROMANORVM 16) VIRTVS EXERCITI 17) VIRTVS EXERCITVM 18) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 19) VIRTVS ROMANORVM 20) VOT / V / MVLT / X 21) VOT / X / MVLT / XX 22) VOT XX MVLT XXX 23) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX 24) VOTA PVBLICA 25) VRBS ROMA 26) VRBS ROMA FELIX 27) No legend

Types:

1) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and Victory on globe 2) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading XX/ VOT / XXX 3) Cross 4) Honorius and Arcadius seated, facing, each holding a mappa and scepter with eagle atop; palm between them. 5) Honorius and Arcadius standing, facing, each holding a scepter and resting hand on shield. 6) Honorius riding horse right, raising hand. 7) Honorius riding six-horse chariot, oncoming, raising hand and holding globe 8) Honorius seated, facing, holding mappa and scepter with eagle atop. 9) Honorius standing left, holding scepter and resting hand on shield; being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm 10) Honorius standing left, holding Victory on globe and labarum

During the reign of Honorius Roman coinage begins its final artistic slide. Already for over the last hundred years portraiture engraving had stopped the realistic representation of the emperor‟s facial features. Instead, these portraits were now mere effigies frozen in time regardless of the emperor‟s age. In fact, they all begin to look identical from emperor to emperor with the only thing changing being what‟s written between the DN and the PF AVG. In the fifth century the engraving artistry not only stops concerning itself with realistic portraiture but with everything else as well. Thus the designs become ever more abstract. Epigraphy, too, is another casualty of carelessness. Finally, the coins themselves are made on ever smaller and thinner modules made of increasingly cheaper alloys. The gold denominations, while suffering all the above faults in terms of artistic merit and overall craftsmanship, hold on meticulously to their customary weights and fineness because, being the army‟s pay, the life of the emperor himself depended on it. Blessed with a long if troubled reign, Honorius appears frequently and cheaply in the bronzes. These are by and large of the late fourth century. With the start of the fifth these too mostly disappear from the radar and those that are left in attributable condition are the small AE4 class which often measure no more than 7-10mm across and often smaller. Siliquae are not rare but are typically found heavily clipped making certain attribution difficult or impossible. And then there are the gold Solidi and Tremisses which while not exactly plentiful are always available. The Solidus is the more common of the two and a typical specimen usually goes for between $400-$600.

539 11) Honorius standing right, dragging captive and raising hand; kneeling captive to right 12) Honorius standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe 13) Honorius standing right, stepping on captive, holding vexillum reading VOT / X and shield reading MVL / XX 14) Honorius standing, facing, holding labarum and globe 15) Honorius standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; kneeling captive to left 16) Honorius standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 17) Honorius standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe 18) Honorius standing, facing, stepping on lion, holding scepter with christogram atop and parazonium, being crowned by Hand of God 19) Honorius, Theodosius II and Arcadius standing, facing, each holding a scepter 20) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing each other, together holding shield reading VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX; palm between them. 21) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 22) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and spear 23) Roma seated, facing, holding Victory on globe and spear 24) Roma standing, facing, holding trophy and Victory; shield to right 25) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and globe 26) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive. 27) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 28) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe. 29) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / V / MVLT / X; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 30) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX 31) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 32) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 33) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 34) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XV / XX 35) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XX / XXX 36) Victory standing left, holding cross 37) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within 38) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XV within 39) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within 40) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis

6) Cyzicus 7) Heraclea 8) Lugdunum 9) Mediolanum 10) Nicomedia

11) Ravenna 12) Roma 13) Sirmium 14) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O3, R13, T12, M11 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1287 (X, Honorius) 2) B2, O3, R13, T12, M12 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 1252 (X, Honorius) 3) B2, O3, R13, T12, M09 Exe: M/D/COMOB RIC 1206 (X, Honorius) 4) B2, O3, R13, T12, M13 Exe: S/M/COMOB RIC 2 (X, Arcadius) 5) B6, O3, R13, T18, M11 Exe: R/V/COB RIC 1310 (X, Honorius) 6) B7, O3, R27, T20, M11 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1332 (X, Honorius) 7) B8, O3, R03, T01, M05 Exe: */CONOB 8) B8, O3, R03, T01, M05 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 8 (X, Arcadius) 9) B8, O3, R03, T01, M14 Exe: */COMOB RIC 348 (X, Theodosius II) 10) B8, O3, R03, T01, M14 Exe: */TES•OB• RIC 359 (X, Theodosius II) 11) B8, O3, R03, T01, M14 Exe: COMOB RIC 38 (X, Arcadius) 12) B8, O3, R04, T01, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 24 (X, Arcadius)

AU Semissis

13) B2, O3, R14, T31, M11 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1334 (X, Honorius)

AU Tremissis

14) B2, O3, R14, T28, M09 Exe: M/D/COMOB RIC 1215 (X, Honorius) 15) B2, O3, R14, T28, M11 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1289 (X, Honorius)

AR Miliarense

16) B1, O3, R07, T17, M05 Exe: */CON RIC 369 (X, Theodosius II)

AR Siliqua

17) B2, O3, R13, T27, M09 Exe: MD RIC 1234 (X, Honorius) 18) B2, O3, R19, T21, M09 Exe: MDPS RIC 32d (IX, Mediolanum) 19) B2, O3, R19, T21, M12 Exe: RMPS RIC 1267 (X, Honorius)

AE2

20) B2, O3, R07, T14, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 68e (IX, Antioch), L 2784 21) B2, O3, R07, T14, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 28c (IX, Cyzicus) 22) B2, O3, R07, T14, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 27c (IX, Heraclea), L 1988 23) B2, O3, R07, T14, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 46c (IX, Nicomedia) 24) B2, O3, R07, T15, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 88c (IX, Constantinopolis)

540 AE3 Reference(s)

25) B2, O3, R07, T05, M05 Exe: CONS` * behind bust RIC 399 (X, Theodosius II), L 2223 26) B2, O3, R07, T05, M14 Exe: TES` * behind bust RIC 395 (X, Theodosius II), L 1876 27) B2, O3, R07, T06, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 69e (IX, Antiochia) 28) B2, O3, R07, T11, M12 Exe: SMR` RIC 1357 (X, Honorius), L 827 29) B2, O3, R07, T19, M02 Exe: ANT` * behind bust RIC 153 (X, Arcadius), L 2802 30) B2, O3, R07, T19, M06 Exe: SMK` * behind bust RIC 149 (X, Arcadius), L 2591 31) B2, O3, R16, T09, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 76 (X, Arcadius), L 2913 32) B2, O3, R16, T09, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 72 (X, Arcadius), L 2793 33) B2, O3, R16, T09, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 61c (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2206 34) B2, O3, R16, T09, M05 Exe: SMK` RIC 68 (X, Arcadius) 35) B2, O3, R16, T09, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 63 (X, Arcadius) 36) B8, O3, R03, T01, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 87 (X, Arcadius)

AE4

37) B2, O3, R07, T05, M06 Exe: SMK` * behind bust RIC 403 (X, Theodosius II), L 2598 38) B2, O3, R09, T26, M03 Exe: AQ` RIC 1238 (X, Honorius), L 1113

Honorius Busts

Honorius Types

541

Constantine III

Augustus 407-411

Of no relation whatsoever to the Constantinian dynasty of the previous century, Constantine was a common soldier based in Britain. He was acclaimed emperor by his fellow soldiers in 407 after Germanic tribes posed an imminent threat that Rome was unwilling to deal with. It seems he then gathered these soldiers, abandons Britain and settles in Arelate. Soon after he names his son co-emperor, renames him Constans (again, to keep

appearances) and sets off to consolidate and expand his territory. Constantine is then able to subdue Spain into his domain but loses it shortly afterwards when a revolt has Maximus (son of a powerful general) named emperor. Unable to meet this new threat, Constantine then flees but is captured and executed.

Busts:

1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) DN CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 2) FL CL CONSTANTINVS PF AVG 3) FL CL CONSTANTINVS AVG

Reverses: 1) CONCORDIA AVGGGG 2) RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE 3) VICTORIA AAAVGGGG 4) VICTORIA AAVGGG 5) VICTORIA AVGGG

Types: 1) Constantine III standing right, holding labarum and Victory on globe. 2) Constantine III standing right, stepping on seated captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe. 3) Cross; Alpha and Omega on either side. 4) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 5) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 6) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.

Mints: 1) Arelate 2) Lugdunum

3) Trier 4) Uncertain

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R4, T2, M3 Exe: TROBS RIC X 1514 2) B2, O1, R3, T2, M2 Exe: L/D/COMOB RIC X 1505

AR Siliqua 3) B1, O1, R4, T4, M1 Exe: SMAR RIC X 1538 4) B1, O1, R4, T4, M2 Exe: SMLD RIC X 1531 5) B1, O1, R4, T4, M3 Exe: TRMS RIC X 1533

Constantine III Busts Constantine III Types

As with most other usurpers, this renegade emperor also depended on provincial mints to strike coins. Fifth century usurpers are all the more rare because the Roman economy was in a tailspin. For this reason base metal coinage, that which is most suitable for small-scale commerce, is rarest of all while precious metal coins just had to be made to pay the soldiers. Without a supply of silver and gold no man would risk his life on the battlefield and, in fact, when the strongmen ran out of gold they had to assume they were in grave danger. Considering all this a coin of Constantine III is not surprisingly a rarity. However, among rarities his are not among the rarest. There are a fair number of Solidi and Siliquae still extant and they come to market fairly regularly. A Siliqua may be expected to cost $500-$1,000 while the Solidus trades between $2,500 to over $5,000.

542

Constans II

Augustus c.409-411

Not to be confused with the better known "Constans II" of the Byzantine period, Constans was the son of usurper Constantine III who rebelled against Honorius from his base in Britain. Constantine III racked up several early military successes and added Gaul and Spain to his domains. At the height of his glory days he elevated his son to co-emperor clearly showing his dynastic aspirations.

Constans, whose real name prior to accession is unknown, was sent to Spain to quell a loyalist revolt. While the revolt was suppressed in short order, Constans left the independent-minded Gerontius in charge of the region before returning to Gaul. This proved a mistake for Gerontius would within another year declare his own independence and inveigh his son, Maximus, with the imperial title. This break in rank played into Honorius' game plan as the two factions began warring each other and weakening in the process. When the time was right Honorius sent his ablest general, Constantius III, to deal the final blow to both and thereby recoup all lost territories with the exception of Britain which he decided to abandon for lack of resources.

Bust: 1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) DN CONSTANS PF AVG

Reverse: 1) VICTORIA AVGGG

Type: 1) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.

Mints: 1) Arelate 2) Treveri

AR Siliqua Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: KONT RIC 1540 (X, Constantine III)

Making the top 10 list of rarest of Roman emperors is this Constans person of whom we know only that he was the son of the rank-and-file soldier-turned-emperor Constantine III. There is but one worn coin of his in the entire British Museum collection. It is like this one pictured below which went unsold on Ebay in 2003 because it did not meet a reserve set at $7,000. It would have been a steal at that price considering no other coins of this emperor have been offered for sale by any major auction house for several decades.

543

Maximus

Augustus 409-411

Following the usurpation of Constantine III, Spain was caught in the difficult decision of whether to support the insurgency or remain loyal to Rome. Constantine III abandoned Britain carrying with him most of his forces to settle in Gaul so as to consolidate his power base in the region. He sent a detachment into Spain and the province readily seceded and sided with Constantine.

However, the occupying forces of Constantine in Spain soon faced internal power struggles with local barbarian tribes. When word of this strife reached Constantine a delegation was sent to Spain to intervene. Gerontius, leader of the occupying forces, feared that this delegation was nothing but a secondary force sent for his own head. In a pre-emptive move he elevated one of his handpicked men, Maximus, who was possibly his own son, to Augustus.

Maximus and Gerontius then went on the offensive and managed to capture and kill Constans, Constantine's son and co-emperor, and then went on to siege Constantine himself. However, Constantius III arrived with a much larger army and Gerontius abandoned the siege knowing that to Honorius Maximus was a usurper just as much as Constantine. They then rushed back to Spain where Gerontius was finally located by Honorius's men and committed suicide. Maximus himself escaped with his life and blended into the barbarian background. Some years later a Maximus, possibly this same one, was captured and executed for trying to instigate a rebellion.

Bust: 1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) DN MAXIMVS PF AVG

Reverse: 1) VICTORIA AVGGG

Types: 1) Maximus standing left, holding hand of kneeling woman and Victory on globe. 2) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear 3) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm

Mint: 1) Barcino

AR Siliqua Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R1, T2 Exe: SMBA RIC X 1601

AE3 2) B1, O1, R1, T3 Exe: SMBA RIC X 1604

Maximus Bust Maximus Types

Supposedly there are only 20 or so coins extant for this short-lived emperor. And there‟s no reason to think that their owners are much in a hurry to part with their treasures. In fact, a good portion of these are in museums, not private hands. When they come up for sale, which is not that often, it‟s a seller‟s market with prices going well into the thousands.

544

Priscus Attalus

Augustus 409-410 & 414-415

Priscus Attalus was the first of several puppet emperors in the final lap of the Roman empire. He was a prominent Senator when Rome fell under Alaric's siege. In the wake of the pillaging that ensued, Alaric appointed him to the post in usurpation of Honorius whose court and castle was in Ravenna. While Honorius tentatively recognized Attalus as a colleague he wouldn't cave in to Alaric's demands for territory

handover. Militarily unable to topple Honorius and unsatisfied with mere diplomatic recognition, Alaric seized what he could and left Rome with Attalus and Galla Placidia, Honorius's sister. Diplomatic activity continued between the two but Alaric died and negotiations continued under Ataulf, Alaric's brother-in-law.

Ataulf was stonewalled by Honorius in much the same fashion and saw that he'd have to switch strategies if his ends were to be met. He tried an alliance with Jovinus, usurper under Guntiarius, but these negotiations failed as well. So he moved his forces against the Jovinus-Sebastianus coalition, defeated them and re-installed Attalus as emperor. But by this time Honorius had recovered somewhat and was able to move against Ataulf under the leadership of Constantius III. Constantius blockaded Ataulf's supply route and, seeing that his position was untenable, retreated leaving Attalus to fend for himself. Attalus was captured in short order, mutilated and then exiled.

Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP PRISCVS ATTALVS PF AVG 2) PRISC ATTALVS PF AVG 3) PRISCVS ATTALVS AVG

Reverses: 1) INVICTA ROMA AETERNA 2) RESTITVTIO REIP 3) VICTORIA AVGG 4) VICTORIA AVGGG 5) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 6) VICTORIA ROMANORVM 7) No legend

Types: 1) Priscus Attalus standing left, holding hand of kneeling woman and labarum 2) Priscus Attalus standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe. 3) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 4) Roma seated, facing, holding Victory on globe and spear. 5) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 6) Victory advancing right, holding trophy and shield 7) Wreath, VOT / V / MVLT / X within

Mints: 1) Narbo Martius 2) Roma

AR Medallion Reference(s) 1) B2, O2, R1, T4, M2 Exe: RMPS RIC X 1408

AR Siliqua 2) B1, O2, R1, T3, M2 Exe: */PST RIC X 1412

AE3 3) B1, O2, R6, T5, M2 Exe: * over OF/`/SMVRM RIC X 1414

Making the top twenty list of rarest emperors, and maybe the top ten, is Priscus Attalus whose accounted-for coins number less than 50 across all denominations and metal types. Every few years one turns up and passes, presumably, from one wealthy collector‟s bank vault into the next. The Siliqua pictured in this section was purchased by the author on eBay for $2,700 in 2003 which is an aberration both on price (a bargain) as well as venue as this sort of rarity usually appears as highlight offerings by elite coin firms and auction houses.

545

Jovinus

Augustus 411-413

Priscus Attalus Busts Priscus Attalus Types

An obscure emperor whose rise to power coincided with most troubling times for the empire. Rome had just been sacked for the first time in over 800 years, Spain had seceded under their own ruler as had Britain under Constantine III and the Vandals were overruning Northern Africa. To add to this loss, Guntiarius, leader of several barbarian bands seized control of parts of Gaul and Germany when Constantius III defeated the forces of Constantine

III but had to head back towards Italy for problems there. Guntiarius chose Jovinus, an aristocrat of Gallic origins, to act as figurehead and diplomatic chip. Before he had had enough time to exhaust recognition or an alliance with Honorius, Ataulf, a rival barbarian leader, decimated his forces and captured Jovinus who was subsequently beheaded along with his brother and co-Augustus Sebastianus.

Bust: 1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) DN IOVINVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) RESTITVTOR REIP 2) VICTORIA AVGG 3) No legend

Types: 1) Cross, Alpha and Omega on either side. 2) Jovinus standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe. 3) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear.

Mints: 1) Arelate 2) Lugdunum 3) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R1, T2, M1 Exe: A/R/KONOB

AR Siliqua 2) B1, O1, R2, T3, M1 Exe: KONT RIC X 1721 3) B1, O1, R2, T3, M2 Exe: SMLDV RIC X 1717 4) B1, O1, R2, T3, M3 Exe: TRMS RIC X 1711 5) B1, O1, R2, T3, M3 Exe: TRPS RIC X 1710

Among the very rare set of emperors in the fifth century who ruled out of Italy, Jovinus is one of the easier to find and “affordable”. His Siliquae make appearances once or twice a year among the better stocked coin dealers and on the major coin catalogs. The going rate for one of these seems to be from $1,000 to $3,000 with condition only playing a minor role. When wealthy collectors fight with their wallets over a lonely coin that can‟t be found elsewhere illogical things tend to happen! This reign, which extends to encompass that of Sebastianus, either did not make any bronze coins or those that were made were so few that none have survived. None, at least, in any sort of condition that would allow one to attrinbute them.

546

Sebastianus

Augustus c.412-413

Jovinus Bust Jovinus Types

Shadowiest of the shadow emperors, all that is known about Sebastianus is that he was the brother of equally obscure Jovinus. Jovinus was the puppet emperor of a conglomeration of germanic and gallic tribes loosely headed by a certain Guntiarius. With their help and in the interest of keeping political formalities, they elevated him to "emperor" and coinage was struck in his name. But there was little, if any

power to be wielded by him beyond palace gesturing. It was under these conditions that one of the few acts as emperor would be to crown his brother as "co-emperor". Still, Honorius and a host of other tribes took the happenings seriously enough and considered the German-Gallic area under their nominal custody a runaway province. Ataulf, now in league with Honorius, sent a large force which easily located and defeated Sebastianus and then Jovinus (along with another brother, Sallustius). They were beheaded and their heads triumphantly paraded all the way to the court of Honorius in Ravenna.

Bust: 1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) DN SEBASTIANVS PF AVG

Reverse: 1) VICTORIA AVGG

Type: 1) Roma seated left on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and spear.

Mint: 1) Arelate

AR Siliqua Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: KON

Another impossibly rare emperor, Sebastianus is likely the rarest of the fifth century Roman emperors though it is difficult to tell for certain; the other contenders in this category being Constans II, Glycerius and Olybrius none of whom appear in even the most eclectic auction venues except for very rare occasions. In November of 2000 the auction firm Numismatik Lanz sold the coin below for $19,074 minus buyer‟s fees.

547

Constantius III

Augustus 421

Constantius III was a general under Honorius. It was thanks to him and his armies that the usurpers Constantine III, Constans II and Maximus were defeated and their domains returned to the empire. As recognition for these triumphs Honorius gave him his sister, Galla Placidia, in marriage and made him co-emperor in 421. However, Theodosius II out in the eastern half of the empire would not recognize Constantius. To assert his title, Constantius then

prepared to take on Theodosius but became ill and died before plans could materialize. Galla became pregnant before his death and their son Valentinian III would in a few years become emperor himself.

Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) DN CONSTANTIVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) VICTORIA AVGGG 2) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 3) VICTORIA ROMANORVM

Types: 1) Constantius III standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum

and Victory on globe. 2) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 3) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe.

Mint: 1) Narbo Martius 2) Ravenna

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1325 (X, Honorius)

AR ½ Siliqua 2) B1, O1, R3, T2, M1 Exe: SMN

Constantius III Busts

Constantius III Types

In power for only about half a year, and a year in which not many coins seem to have been struck at that, adds up to one of the great rarities in Roman Imperial coinage. Over the last several years only two seem to have come up for sale. One was a Solidus sold at auction for over $24,000 and the other a controversial Siliqua for a tenth that much. The controversy stems around an odd exergue marking, SMN, which would possibly indicate Sacra Moneta Narbonensis. Priscus Attalus had used the city as an imperial seat a few years before and had struck some coins from here. However, Honorius, Constantius III‟s patron, is not known to have minted any coins from here himself so it seems odd. The coin itself appears genuine however. It is listed here with the caveat that the exergue, which is only partially readable, may read something else entirely or have an unconventional arrangement that indicates Ravenna which would be the most likely location. It certainly does not refer to Nicomedia which was very far from his sphere of control.

548

Galla Placidia

b.388 - d.450

Galla Placidia led probably the most dramatic life of any empress. She was the daughter of Theodosius and half-sister of both Honorius and Arcadius. While living in Rome during the sacking of 410, she was kidnapped by Alaric and taken to Carthage. Although Alaric died soon afterwards, his successor, Athaulf, went on to Gaul with the intention of eventually deposing Honorius. In transit

he forcibly married Galla, most likely to strengthen his claim to a would-be throne. He was defeated and chased out of Gaul, along with her, into Spain where he died in 415. At this point another rival barbarian leader, Singeric, captured her and the remaining Roman entourage that left Rome five years previously. However, Singeric and his forces were outmaneuvered by Constantius III, key general under Honorius and forced into a treaty which gained Galla's release. She then married Constantius III as part of his reward for his battle successes. But Constantius III died a couple of years later and, in what was to be a scandal not seen since the days of Commodus, Honorius took a rather unhealthy liking to his half sister. The scandal only ended with his death for unrelated reasons.

Galla, who Honorius had exiled just prior to his death (as part of his damage control program), now wandered towards Constantinople with her son Valentinian III. She arrived at the court of Theodosius II who saw a perfect pretext to meddle in the affairs of the West. By proclaiming his support of her through Valentinian as the rightful heir to the throne, he moved militarily in a coup that deposed Johannes, Honorius's successor. Johannes was executed and Valentinian III was restored as the nominal emperor although it was understood that Galla was the real power behind the throne. In turn, Theodosius was able to exert considerable influence over both. With Valentinian's growing older and external pressures her influence waned. Not long after Valentinian married she retired from politics and spent the rest of her life devoted to charitable works.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Diademed, draped bust right, being crowned by Hand of God

Obverses:

1) AEL PLACIDIA AVG 2) DN GALLA PLACIDIA AVG 3) GALLA PLACIDIA AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVG 2) IMP XXXXII COS XVII PP 3) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 4) SALVS REIPVBLICE 5) VOT XX MVLT XXX 6) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX 7) No legend

Types:

1) Constantinopolis seated left, holding cross on globe and scepter; shield to side. 2) Cross 3) Galla Placidia seated, facing 4) Roma seated left, holding cross on globe and scepter 5) Valentinian III seated, facing, holding mappa 6) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 7) Victory seated right, holding shield with Chi-Rho design 8) Victory standing left, holding cross; star above. 9) Wreath, Chi-Rho within 10) Wreath, cross within

Mints:

1) Constantinopolis 2) Ravenna 3) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R5, T08, M1 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 230 (X, Theodosius II) 2) B2, O2, R3, T07, M2 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1333 (X, Valentinian III) 3) B2, O2, R5, T08, M2 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 2012 (X, Valentinian III)

Difficult to find and expensive to obtain about sums it up for this and following First Ladies of the later Roman empire.

Curiously, the least expensive (and rare) coins will be the gold denominations followed by silver and last the lowly bronze which by now is next to impossible to find in anything but crude lumps of cheap, leaded alloys that have only the faintest portrait outlines and legends. When that rare one comes up for sale that has halfway decent features collectors line up to get their hands on it.

A Tremissis will start at around $1,000 and a Solidus for $2,500 to over $10,000.

549

Johannes

Augustus 423-425

4) B2, O2, R5, T08, M3 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 2007 (X, Valentinian III) 5) B2, O3, R6, T04, M1 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 263 (X, Theodosius II)

AU Tremissis

6) B1, O2, R7, T09, M2 Exe: COMOB RIC 1343 (X, Valentinian III)

AR Siliqua

7) B1, O2, R3, T07, M2 Exe: RVPS RIC 2082 (X, Valentinian III) 8) B1, O2, R7, T09, M2 Exe: RV RIC 2092 (X, Valentinian III)

AE4

9) B2, O2, R4, T2, M3 Exe: R¢M RIC 2113 (X, Valentinian III), L 857

Galla Placidia Busts

Galla Placidia Types

Johannes was a high-ranking civil servant under Honorius. When the emperor died there was no clear successor and Johannes was proclaimed Augustus with the help and approval of a former Honorius general. Johannes's title was immediately contested by Theodosius II who stood to gain politically by aligning himself with Constantius III's widow, Galla Placidia, and her infant son Valentinian III. Accordingly, an army was sent to crush Johannes

and he was captured, publicly ridiculed, mutilated and then executed.

During the latter part of Honorius‟s reign and after his death a slew of obscure emperors had been taking their turn at claiming the imperial title. However, Johannes is the first successor who manages to stay on the position long enough for any appreciable amount of coins to be struck for him. But that‟s not to say a coin of Johannes is trivially easy to come by. While a bronze of Honorius is cheap and easy to find that generally holds true because early in his reign small bronzes were still being made in great quantities. By the time of his death however the production of base coinage had slowed to a trickle. And these are decidedly cruder in style and craftsmanship. Oddly enough one‟s best hope of finding a coin of his is among the very small coins offered for sale as “uncleaned”. Among these very difficult to restore coins a Johannes turns up every now and then. Almost never will they have more than a few letters visible but sometimes can be positively ID‟d based on a portrait that is bearded or the abstracted form of a Victory on the reverse coupled with misshapen letters; that is, if any are still legible! These coins, when attributable, are always worth a few hundred dollars with surviving condition being the most important variable. A coin with a readable part of his name will command a hefty premium. Silver and gold coins will appear with some regularity on the catalogs of coin dealers and auction houses but priced well out of reach of the budget of most collectors.

550 Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) DN IOHANNES PF AVG

Reverses: 1) SALVS REIPVBLICE 2) VICTORIA AVGG 3) VICTORIA AVGGG

4) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 5) VRBS ROMA

Types: 1) Johannes standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe. 2) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear 3) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive 4) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 5) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe 6) Victory seated right, holding shield on column with Chi-Ro inside; Genius below and to right also holding shield. 7) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm

Mints: 1) Arelate 2) Mediolanum

3) Ravenna 4) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O1, R3, T1, M3 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC X 1901

AU Semissis 2) B2, O1, R4, T6 Exe: COMOB RIC X 1903

AU Tremissis 3) B2, O1, R4, T5, M3 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC X 1904

AE4 4) B1, O1, R2, T4, M4 Exe: `/RM RIC X 1910 5) B1, O1, R1, T3, M4 Exe: ¤ over `/RM RIC X 1916, L 833 6) B1, O1, R1, T3, M4 Exe: `RM RIC X 1920, L 837 7) B1, O1, R1, T3, M4 Exe: ¤/RM` RIC X 1923, L 838

Johannes Busts

Johannes Types

551

Valentinian III

Augustus 425-455

The grandson of Valentinian II, Valentinian III was the son of Constantius III (who in turn had no relation to the Constantines). He grew up like royalty and became Caesar, then emperor very early in life. However, he had no real power as first his mother and then the general Aetius restricted his ability to rule by imposing their own will. Apparently in an effort to rid himself of the influence of Aetius he managed to get the general assassinated but rather

than free him, Aetius's bodyguard avenged his murder by killing the emperor a few months later. Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust

right 3) Diademed bust left, wearing consular robes,

holding mappa and cross 4) Diademed bust left, wearing consular robes,

holding mappa and scepter with eagle atop 5) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust

facing, holding spear and shield 6) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust

right, holding spear and shield 7) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust

right

Obverses: 1) DN PL VALENTINIANVS PF AG 2) DN PL VALENTINIANVS PF AVG 3) DN PLA VALENTINIANVS PF AVG 4) DN PLACIDVS VALENTINIANVS PF AVG 5) DN VAL CHA 6) DN VALEN AVG 7) DN VALENTINIANO PF AVG 8) DN VALENTINIANVS PF AVG

Reverses:

1) ADVENT S S DN AVG 2) CAS VIC 3) CONCORDIA AVG 4) CONCORDIA AVGV 5) FELICITER NVBTIIS 6) GLORIA ROMANORVM 7) IMP XXXXII COS XVII PP 8) INVICTISSIMO 9) ROMA

10) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 11) SALVS REIPVBLICE 12) VICTO AVG 13) VICTOR AVGVS 14) VICTORIA AGG 15) VICTORIA AVG 16) VICTORIA AVGG 17) VICTORIA AVGGG 18) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM

19) VIRTVS ROMANORVM 20) VOT PVB 21) VOT X MVLT XX 22) VOT XX MVLT XXX 23) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX 24) VOTIS XXX MVLTIS XXXX 25) VRBIS ROMA 26) VRBS ROMA 27) No legend

Types: 1) City gate with (2) turrets. 2) Constantinopolis seated left, holding cross on globe and scepter; shield to side. 3) Cross 4) Roma seated left on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and spear 5) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and cross. 6) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and scepter. 7) Valentinian III advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum. 8) Valentinian III and Licinia Eudoxia standing, facing, holding hands with Theodosius II between and behind them, hands on their shoulders 9) Valentinian III and Theodosius II seated, facing, each holding mappa and cross; star above. 10) Valentinian III and Theodosius II seated, facing, each holding spear and cross between them 11) Valentinian III and Theodosius II standing, facing, together holding a cross and each a spear 12) Valentinian III riding horse left, raising hand 13) Valentinian III seated, facing, holding mappa and cross 14) Valentinian III seated, facing, holding mappa and scepter with eagle atop. 15) Valentinian III standing, facing, holding hand of kneeling person to left and holding scepter with crossed tip. 16) Valentinian III standing, facing, holding labarum and Christogram on globe 17) Valentinian III standing, facing, stepping on human-headed snake, holding cross and Victory on globe. 18) Valentinian III to left, standing, facing, holding mappa and scepter with crossed tip and Licinia Eudoxia to right, standing, facing, holding cross 19) Valentinian III to right, standing, facing, holding cross on globe and globe, being crowned by Hand of God, facing Theodosius II to left, standing, facing,

holding cross and globe 20) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding palm 21) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe. 22) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath in each hand 23) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 24) Victory advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy 25) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe. 26) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT/X/MVLT/XX on column; Genius below and to right also holding shield. 27) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XV/ XX 28) Victory standing left, holding cross 29) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath in each hand.

Although the listings below show a rather lengthy corpus the fact is that outside of a Solidus or two the coins of Valentinian III are much rarer than a thirty-year reign might suggest. And if that Solidus could be considered “common”, which it really isn‟t, it is only because it was being struck by prolific moneyer Theodosius II in faraway Constantinople. The issues struck in Italy are for the most part pretty rare and expensive. Bronzes are also difficult to come by. Oddly, it is easier to find an AE4 of Johannes, who ruled less than two years, than one of Valentinian. Even odder, despite being rarer the Johannes AE4‟s are always worth a lot more anyway! However, affordability aside, do not expect his bronzes to be exactly objets d‟art as they are invariably poorly preserved and with most features obliterated. Whatever is left will likely have been shoddily done in the first place making attribution a nightmare. Well, at least there‟s that eastern-mint Solidus which is found easily enough and should cost around $600 each.

552 30) Wreath, Chi-Rho within 31) Wreath, cross within 32) Wreath, VOT / XV within 33) Wreath, VOT / XX within

Mints: 1) Aquileia 2) Constantinopolis 3) Cyzicus

4) Mediolanum 5) Ravenna 6) Roma

7) Thessalonica 8) Treveri

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B1, O7, R01, T12, M02 Exe: */CONOB

AU Solidus 2) B1, O3, R16, T19, M06 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 2002 (X, Valentinian III) 3) B1, O3, R17, T17, M06 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 2005 (X, Valentinian III) 4) B2, O3, R17, T17, M04 Exe: M/D/COMOB RIC 2025 (X, Valentinian III) 5) B2, O3, R17, T17, M05 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 2010 (X, Valentinian III) 6) B2, O3, R17, T17, M06 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 2006 (X, Valentinian III) 7) B3, O3, R21, T13, M06 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 2034 (X, Valentinian III) 8) B5, O8, R07, T02, M02 Exe: */COMOB RIC 315 (X, Theodosius II) 9) B7, O3, R05, T08, M07 Exe: COMOB

AU Semissis 10) B2, O3, R18, T26, M05 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 2050 (X, Valentinian III)

AU Tremissis 11) B1, O3, R27, T31, M04 Exe: COMOB RIC 2031 (X, Valentinian III) 12) B1, O8, R18, T21, M02 Exe: */COMOB RIC 251 (X, Theodosius II) 13) B2, O3, R27, T31, M05 Exe: COMOB RIC 2064 (X, Valentinian III)

AR ½ Siliqua 14) B1, O3, R16, T23, M05 Exe: RV RIC 2085 (X, Valentinian III)

AE3 15) B6, O8, R04, T11, M02 Exe: CON RIC 461 (X, Theodosius II)

AE4 16) B1, O3, R11, T23, M06 Exe: `/RM RIC 2110 (X, Valentinian III) 17) B1, O5, R16, T23, M06 Exe: ROM RIC 2158 (X, Valentinian III), L 865 18) B1, O8, R15, T23, M06 Exe: */RM RIC 2122 (X, Valentinian III) 19) B1, O8, R16, T20, M06 Exe: `/RM RIC 2132 (X, Valentinian III), L 860 20) B1, O8, R20, T01, M06 Exe: RSM RIC 2123 (X, Valentinian III)

553

Valentinian III Busts

Valentinian III Types

554

Licinia Eudoxia

? – c.493

The wife of Valentinian III, when her husband was killed, Petronius Maximus, the successor, forced her to marry him. This outrage she never forgave him. In fact, she made an appeal to Gaiseric of the Vandals and all of the Roman empire was to suffer for her vengeance. Gaiseric sailed off from his home base in Africa and plundered Rome and its few remaining cities. Licinia was carried off

as part of the loot but was later returned to the emperor Leo in Constantinople where she lived for the remainder of her life.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Diademed, draped bust right, being crowned by Hand of God 3) Diademed, facing bust wearing necklace and imperial dress

Obverses:

1) AEL EVDOXIA AVG 2) DN ELIA EVDOXIA PF AVG 3) LICINIA EVDOXIA PF AVG

Reverses:

1) IMP XXXXII COS XVII PP 2) SALVS ORIENTIS FELICITAS OCCIDENTIS 3) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 4) VICTORIA AVGG 5) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 6) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX 7) No legend

Types:

1) Constantinopolis seated left, holding cross on globe and scepter. 2) Licinia Eudoxia and Valentinian III standing, facing; she holds scepter, he holds mappa and scepter. 3) Licinia Eudoxia seated, facing, holding cross on globe and scepter with crossed tip. 4) Victory standing left, holding cross. 5) Wreath, Chi-Rho within 6) Wreath, cross within.

Mints:

1) Constantinopolis 2) Ravenna 3) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R6, T1, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC 264 (X, Theodosius II) 2) B2, O2, R3, T4, M2 Exe: R/V/COMOB 3) B3, O3, R6, T2, M3 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC 2046 (X, Valentinian III)

Licinia Eudoxia Busts Licinia Eudoxia Types

On the whole, coins featuring Roman empresses are rare. Of these, those of the Western half of the empire are considerably rarer than the Eastern. And of the paltry few coins left of Western Roman empresses those of Licinia are exceptionally rare. Only Euphemia, the wife of Anthemius, is more elusive. Her known coins are all gold denominations and the lucky few collectors who can say they own one will not part with these minor treasures for cheap. On the occasions they show up at auction these coins always realize prices in excess of $5,000 regardless of condition.

555

Honoria

? - d.454

Justa Gratia Honoria was the sister of Valentinian III and daughter of Galla Placidia.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Diademed, draped bust right; Hand of God above

Obverse:

1) DN IVST GRAT HONORIA PF AVG

Reverses:

1) BONO REIPVBLICAE 2) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 3) No legend

Types:

1) Victory standing left, holding cross; star above. 2) Wreath, cross within

Mints:

1) Ravenna 2) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 2022 (X, Valentinian III)

AU Tremissis

2) B1, O1, R3, T2, M2 Exe: COMOB RIC 2068 (X, Valentinian III)

Honoria Busts

Honoria Types

The house of Valentinian III was not short on women involved in the politics of the day. But it was short on those same women‟s likenesses being cast onto coins. Like Licinia Eudoxia in the previous section, Honoria is known through a handful of gold coins but no bronzes.

A Tremissis or Solidus comes up for sale every once in a great while for a few thousand dollars each.

556

Petronius Maximus

Augustus 455

Petronius Maximus was one of the most powerful and wealthy politicians of Rome during the fifth century. Following Valentinian III's assassination there was little indication who would succeed the imperial throne. Maximus positioned himself as the likeliest candidate and probably with a fair dose of palm greasing within the Senate achieved the succession. Immediately after, he

forced the marriage to Valentinian's own widow to validate his imperial claim. It proved to be political suicide.

Licinia Eudoxia, a powerful and well-connected noble in her own right, harbored intense resentment over Maximus whom she had good reason of suspecting foul play in her former husband's death. And now the forced marriage was the last straw. Secretly, she appealed for help to the weakening empire's greatest adversary at the moment, the Vandals of Africa. Led by King Gaiseric, the Vandals needed little incentive to go on a looting rampage and thus set the wheels in motion for a major invasion of Italy. As the invasion became known in Rome a panic ensued and turned into a desperate mob. Unraveling what had happened and what was surely to become, they tracked down Maximus in his palace and stoned him to death with the tiles of his own roof after a reign of only about two months.

Gaiseric wasn't long in coming, pillaging Rome a second time and hauling off with whatever loot it could find including, ironically enough, Licinia Eudoxia herself.

Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) DN PETRONIVS MAXIMVS PF AVG

Reverse: 1) VICTORIA AVGGG

Type: 1) Petronius Maximus standing, facing, stepping on serpent, holding cross and Victory on globe.

Mints: 1) Ravenna 2) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R1, T1, M2 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC X 2201

The western Roman empire during the fifth century produced relatively few coins. Precious metal coinage was struck erratically as specie became available and then mostly to pay off barbarian tribes in tribute or its own rag-tag band of soldiers. Having ruled from March 16 through May 31

st, Petronius

Maximus barely had any time in office. Given these two variables it‟s hardly a wonder that he easily makes the top ten list of rarest of Roman emperors to be featured on a coin. The few that do make it to auction will invariably reach five or six figures.

557

Avitus

Augustus 455-456

Avitus was the leading commander under Petronius Maximus and was elevated to the throne when Maximus was killed. He held on to power for almost a year before the citizens of Rome revolted over one of the now-common food shortages. Taking advantage of the unrest, the general Ricimer and his aide Majorian mutinied and Avitus fled towards Gaul, which is where his main powerbase was. However, the forces of Ricimer caught up with him and his

entourage was defeated. Avitus attempted to gain sanctuary in a nearby temple but Ricimer laid siege to it until Avitus either committed suicide or starved to death.

Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) DN AVITVS PERP AG 2) DN AVITVS PERP AVG 3) DN AVITVS PERP F AVG 4) DN AVITVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) VICTORIA AVG 2) VICTORIA AVGG 3) VICTORIA AVGGG 4) VRBIS ROMA 5) No legend

Types: 1) Avitus standing right, stepping on captive, holding cross and Victory on globe. 2) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 3) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm 4) Wreath, cross within

Mints: 1) Arelate 2) Mediolanum 3) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O3, R3, T1, M1 Exe: A/R/COMOB RIC X 2401

AU Tremissis 2) B1, O2, R5, T4, M1 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2402

AE4 3) B1, O4, R1, T3, M3 Exe: */RM RIC X 2412 4) B1, O4, R1, T3, M3 Exe: `/RM RIC X 2413

Avitus Busts Avitus Types

Despite clocking a little more time at the top than Petronius Maximus, Avitus‟s coins are hardly any more abundant. The fact remains that the western section of the empire is rapidly collapsing and there is neither need nor resources for minting money. As always, what little gold can be scrounged up to pay for critical government and military services is coined anyway and a few vestigial mementos therefore remain of this troubled ruler. Surprisingly enough, even a handful of crude bronzes have been identified as well. All of these coins are extreme rarities.

558

Majorian

Augustus 457-461

Majorian ruled for a comparatively lengthy four-year reign at the end of the Roman empire. Having been associated in his youth with Aetius, the commander slain by Valentinian III, his imperial title came at the disposition of the general Ricimer with whom he was also involved. Ricimer would have loved to make himself emperor but his barbarian blood prevented him from the post. His discretion in not forcing the issue meant he

wouldn't have to quell any revolts within Italy and his choice to appoint his friend Majorian would have been the next best thing.

Majorian himself appears to have had a commendable character. Widespread discontent had been rampant ever since tax collectors refused the legal tender of the day and instead demanded payment in money minted by second-century emperors! So in a bid to ease tensions in the moribund empire he nullified past debts owed to the state treasury. By resetting the public balance sheet Majorian could only have gained a good deal of popularity and perhaps this explains why his tenure as emperor lasted so long compared to his two immediate predecessors. However, his downfall was soon to come just at the height of his glory.

With the newfound unity among Romans, Majorian set out to reclaim the north African coast lost to the Vandals and which had been for the past 50 years its single biggest loss. Carthage and its adjoining provinces was Italy's breadbasket and without it the Roman empire was slowly starving. Majorian and Ricimer devised a plan to drive the Vandals out of Africa by building a powerful new navy from scratch. As the army set sail by way of Spain someone double-crossed the two and the navy ships were ambushed while in port at Carthagena. Majorian and Ricimer's grand scheme crumbled without a way to mount an invasion. Suddenly his formerly grateful subjects turned on him and threatened rebellion. Whether Ricimer let him resign or Majorian himself abdicated is unsure. Several days later he was found dead and although the historical references point to disease the timing seems to favor an alternate, more violent end.

Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Diademed bust facing, wearing consular robes, holding mappa and scepter 4) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield

Obverses: 1) DN IVL MAIORIANVS C 2) DN IVL MAIORIANVS PE AVG 3) DN IVL MAIORIANVS PER AVG 4) DN IVL MAIORIANVS PF 5) DN IVL MAIORIANVS PF A 6) DN IVL MAIORIANVS PF AVG 7) DN IVLIVS MAIORIANVS 8) DN IVLIVS MAIORIANVS F AVG 9) DN IVLIVS MAIORIANVS PE AVG 10) DN IVLIVS MAIORIANVS PF AV 11) DN IVLIVS MAIORIANVS PF AVG 12) DN MAIORIANE PF AVG 13) DN MAIORIANE PT AVG 14) DN MAIORIANVS PF AVG 15) DN MAIORIANVS PT AVG

Reverses: 1) VICTORIA AVGG 2) VICTORIA AVGGG 3) VOTIS MVLTIS 4) No legend

Types: 1) Majorian and Leo I seated, facing, each holding mappa and scepter with crossed tip. 2) Majorian standing left, holding spear and shield 3) Majorian standing, facing, resting hand on head of captive and holding labarum 4) Majorian standing, facing, stepping on snake, holding cross and Victory on globe. 5) Victory standing left, holding cross 6) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 7) Wreath, cross within

Under Majorian‟s four year reign the social, political and economic upheavals of the previous years get a much needed period of rest. Coins, however, continue to be struck in very limited quantities and no significant effort is expended in halting the artistic slide committed into their production. A few small coppers survive and these are the “cheapest”. They still run quite pricey at a minimum of $500 each and for this one should expect no more than a barely identifiable specimen. Silver and, of course, gold coins hold up better with full- or near-full legends being the norm. When available, they will cost at least a thousand dollars and, more typically, several thousand.

559

Libius Severus

Augustus 461-465

Mints: 1) Arelate 2) Mediolanum

3) Ravenna 4) Roma Suspected, but not yet confirmed

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B4, O11, R2, T4, M1 Exe: A/R/COMOB. RIC X 2627 2) B4, O11, R2, T4, M3 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC X 2614

AU Tremissis 3) B1, O06, R4, T7, M3 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2611

AR ½ Siliqua 4) B4, O07, R1, T5, M2 RIC X 2650

AE3/AE4 5) B1, O06, R2, T6, M2 Exe: MD RIC X 2646, L 582 6) B1, O06, R2, T6, M3 Exe: RV RIC X 2616, L 586

Majorian Busts

Majorian Types

After the execution of Majorian in 461 the general Ricimer placed Severus as emperor. Only emperor in name, Ricimer remained the true power in the quickly deteriorating Roman Empire. Little else is known about this emperor other than the fact that he died in office of natural causes, in itself a remarkable feat for this turbulent period.

Bust: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) DN LIB SEVERVS PF AVG 2) DN LIBIVS SEVERVS PE AVG 3) DN LIBIVS SEVERVS PERPE AVG 4) DN LIBIVS SEVERVS PERPETV AG 5) DN LIBIVS SEVERVS PERPETV AVG 6) DN LIBIVS SEVERVS PF AV 7) DN LIBIVS SEVERVS PF AVG 8) No legend

A four year reign could be considered lengthy and yet finding a coin of Libius Severus outside of a museum is a rare sight indeed. In terms of rarity one could compare him with Didius Julianus or Laelianus both of whom had much, much briefer reigns. Still, the collector will find that for the period his coins are that much easier to locate than those of his immediate predecessors and succesors. The collector will also begin to see Rome‟s final lap in the crudeness of the designs and the carelessness of the strikings. Any coin of Libius Severus may be expected to cost at least several hundreds of dollars and from there up, up, up.

560 Reverses:

1) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 2) VICTO AVG 3) VICTORIA AVGGG 4) VRBIS ROMA 5) No legend

Types: 1) Monogram 2) Roma seated left on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and spear 3) Severus standing, facing, stepping on snake, holding cross and Victory on globe 4) Wreath, christogram within 5) Wreath, cross within 6) Wreath, monogram within

Mints: 1) Arelate 2) Mediolanum

3) Ravenna 4) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O4, R3, T3, M2 Exe: M/D/COMOB RIC X 2724 2) B2, O7, R3, T3, M3 Exe: R/V/CONOB RIC X 2719 3) B2, O7, R3, T3, M4 Exe: R/M/C RIC X 2706

AU Tremissis 4) B1, O1, R5, T5 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2709 5) B1, O6, R5, T3 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2726 6) B2, O1, R5, T3 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2710

AR ½ Siliqua 7) B2, O1, R5, T4, M4 Exe: RM RIC X 2713

AE4 8) B2, O8, R5, T1 RIX X 2716

Libius Severus Busts

Libius Severus Types

561

Anthemius

Augustus 467-472

Unlike at any other time in Roman history up until this point, following the death of Libius Severus there was no one to take his place in imperial succession. Ricimer was the powerful general in charge of the army and for over a year and a half he handled the administrative duties of the empire. Not that that changed anything. Ricimer had been the real power in the Western Empire for several years. Severus had just been his charade of an emperor placed

there to appease the Senate and the rest of the Roman world which expected a Roman leader (Ricimer himself being of barbarian descent). However, Ricimer had no one else in mind as window dressing after Severus' passing. Still, appearances or no an emperor had to be formally named sooner or later. In the camp of Ricimer a Roman of barbarian sympathies, Olybrius, had been proposed and it seemed as though he would be elevated. But out east Leo I had had ample time to hear of the developments in Rome. Being far more powerful politically and militarily, he decided to appoint a puppet of his own, Anthemius, to head the Western court. Deciding not to risk a civil war he could definitely not win, Ricimer stepped aside and welcomed Anthemius. But Anthemius was no idle pretender. He had served Leo faithfully as a general and had won several key battles on his behalf. In fact, he was so popular over there that he was expected to be the one to succeed Marcian. So Leo in effect rid himself of a future potential problem by both promoting Anthemius and removing him from the spotlight. But the new emperor was like a fish out of water. He lacked the resources to mount an effective campaign to regain Gaul or Spain and the whole of Africa had now been decidedly lost to the Romans following the fiasco of the expedition led by Basiliscus. He ruled for five uneasy years with Ricimer until tensions strained past the breaking point. Ricimer marched towards Rome at the head of a large army and laid siege to a weakened Rome. As expected, the meager forces of Anthemius gave way and the emperor was captured and executed.

Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Helmeted, diademed (pearls), cuirassed bust facing, holding

spear over shoulder and shield 4) Helmeted, diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust

facing, holding spear over shoulder

Obverses: 1) DN ANTHEMIVS PE AVG 2) DN ANTHEMIVS PERP AVG 3) DN ANTHEMIVS PERPE AVG 4) DN ANTHEMIVS PERPET AV 5) DN ANTHEMIVS PERPET AVG 6) DN ANTHEMIVS PERPETV AG 7) DN ANTHEMIVS PERPETV AVG 8) DN ANTHEMIVS PF AG 9) DN ANTHEMIVS PF AVG 10) DN PROC ANTHEMIVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE 2) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 3) VICTORIA AVGGG 4) VRBIS ROMA 5) No legend

Types: 1) Anthemius and Leo I seated, facing, each holding mappa and scepter with crossed tip. 2) Anthemius and Leo I standing, facing each other, holding together cross and each a globe. 3) Anthemius and Leo I standing, facing, together holding cross and each a spear 4) Anthemius and Leo I standing, facing, together holding cross on globe and each a spear. 5) Anthemius and Leo I standing, facing, together holding cross on globe reading PAX; emperor on right hold Victory on globe. 6) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 7) Victory standing left, holding cross. 8) Wreath, Chi-Rho within. 9) Wreath, cross within 10) Wreath, cross within with pellets at each tip 11) Wreath, monogram within

Among the various Rome-based emperors left after the fall of Valentinian III, Anthemius will be the easiest for whom to find a coin. But don‟t rush to your corner coin shop just yet. He comes in a really long distant second after Valentinian III and will be an invariably rare offering today. Among these the most common will be the Solidus and Tremissis which will easily cost over a thousand dollars a piece when available. To make things a bit more interesting the official mints are now making gold coins of an artistic style so crude that they often get confused with imitative contemporary coins known to be made by the various tribes at the edges of the empire like the Vandals and Ostrogoths. These apparently co-mingled with the official strikes back then as long as they were of appropriate weight and purity and today sell for neither a premium nor a penalty on the market but simply make attribution a bit more difficult. Bronzes exist in an almost theoretical plane… such as catalog listings like in this book! The real-life chances of finding an honest-to-goodness, fully identifiable Anthemius copper coin is about on a par with finding a Van Gogh at a yard sale.

562 Mints: 1) Mediolanum 2) Ravenna 3) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O10, R2, T03, M2 Exe: RV/COMOB RIC X 2866 2) B3, O05, R2, T04, M1 Exe: MD/COMOB RIC X 2890 3) B3, O08, R2, T04, M1 Exe: MD/COMOB RIC X 2889 4) B3, O08, R2, T04, M2 Exe: £/COMOB RIC X 2816 5) B3, O08, R2, T04, M3 Exe: £/CORMOB 6) B3, O08, R2, T05, M2 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC X 2872 7) B3, O10, R2, T03, M2 Exe: RV/COMOB RIC X 2868 8) B4, O08, R2, T04, M3 Exe: RM over •/COMOB RIC X 2831

AU Semissis 9) B2, O08, R2, T08 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2837

AU Tremissis 10) B1, O08, R5, T09 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2847 11) B1, O08, R5, T10 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2852 12) B2, O08, R5, T09 Exe: COMOB RIC X 2842

AE4 13) B1, O08, R5, T11 RIC X 2859

Anthemius Busts

Anthemius Types

563

Euphemia

? - ?

Wife of Anthemius. Euphemia was a noble related to the house of Valentinian III. When this emperor was murdered (Anthemius was highly suspected of being involved) Anthemius forcibly married Eufemia in a bid to legitimize his claim to the throne. This marriage proved a constant irritant and continuing insult to the memory of Valentinian and she sought to undermine her new husband by any means possible. Her last and boldest attempt

proved successful in a sense. By inciting a Vandal king to come to her aid and free her he found the little pretext he needed and proceeded to raid and sack Rome.

Bust: 1) Diademed, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) DN AEL MARC EVEEMIAE PP AVG 2) DN AEL MARC EVFEMIAE PP AVG 3) DN AEL MARC EVFEMIAE PF AVG 4) DN AEL MARC EVFIMIAE AVG 5) DN AEL MARC EVFYMIAE PP AVG 6) DN AELIA MARCIAE EVFIMI AG 7) DN EVFYMIA PF AVG

Reverses: 1) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE 2) VICTORIA AVGGG 3) VRBIS ROMA

Types: 1) Anthemius and Euphemia standing, holding long crosses. 2) Roma seated on throne, holding Victory on globe and spear. 3) Victory standing left, holding cross.

Mints: 1) Mediolanum 2) Ravenna 3) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R2, T3, M3 Exe: CORMOB * at end of reverse legend 2) B1, O3, R2, T3, M3 Exe: COMOB * at end of reverse legend RIC 2827 (X, Anthemius)

Forget about it. Like most other Roman empresses, especially those from the Western court, the coins of this ephemeral entity are impossibly rare. So much so that one is not likely to find any of her coins in any of the major numismatic auctions. The coin pictured below is from the British Museum and it is the only one in their possession as of this writing.

564

Anicius Olybrius

Augustus 472

One of the shadowier of the "shadow emperors", Olybrius was the last of Ricimer's puppet emperors having been appointed to the post in the spring of 472. Ricimer died soon afterwards but Olybrius, an otherwise well-placed Roman aristocrat, failed to leave his mark on history independent of Ricimer's own wishes because he, too, would die later that year. As can be expected, his coins are excessively rare and

sought after by affluent collectors.

Bust: 1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) DN ANICIVS OLYBRIVS AVG 2) DN ANICIVS OLYBRIVS AG

Reverse: 1) SALVS MVNDI 2) No legend

Types: 1) Cross, jeweled 2) Cross, plain 3) Wreath, cross within

Mints: 1) Mediolanum 2) Roma

AU Tremissis Reference(s) 1) B1, O2, R1, T1 Exe: COMOB RIC X 3003

Another member of the top ten most difficult and rarest of emperors means you won‟t be seeing a coin with his name on it this side of a museum – if it‟s even available there. For example, the British Museum with its unequalled collection of ancient coins has only one coin of his, a lonely Tremissis, a cast of which is pictured below.

565

Glycerius

Augustus 473-474

Glycerius was one of the inconsequential emperors holding office during the Western empire's last heartbeats. He was a puppet of the barbarian general Gundobad who, apparently seeking a stable relationship with the much more powerful Eastern half of the empire, caved in to formalities and chose to exercise his power over Italy through this chosen puppet.

But Leo I was not fooled and he nominated his own candidate, Julius Nepos, and sent him off towards Italy. Gundobad evaporated and Glycerius, not wishing to confront Leo's will, abdicated peacefully to Nepos. For his peaceful disposition in surrender he escaped execution and was subsequently made Bishop of Salona and then Milan.

Busts:

1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) DN GLVCERIVS F P AVG 2) DN GLVCERIVS PF AVG 3) DN GLYCERIVS F P AVG 4) DN GLYCERIVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) VICTORIA AVGG 2) VICTORIA AVGGG 3) No legend

Types: 1) Glycerius standing with foot on step, holding cross and Victory on globe. 2) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 3) Wreath, cross within

Mints: 1) Ravenna 2) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O3, R1, T1 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 3101

AU Tremissis 2) B1, O3, R3, T3 Exe: COMOB RIC 3108

Glycerius Busts

Glycerius Types

Although on the throne for a full year Glycerius seems to have minted remarkably few coins. Hardly any remain today in private or public hands. The British Museum, with the world‟s largest collection of Roman coins numbering into the hundreds of thousands has but one coin of his. Although a few are in private hands none has come to market in years.

566

Julius Nepos

Augustus 474-475

Julius Nepos rose to power at the behest of Leo, the eastern emperor. The then current ruler, Glycerius, was but a palace court appointee and puppet of a conquering barbarian general. On the approach of Nepos' army, Glycerius abdicated and was allowed to retire without bloodshed. Nepos himself was to hold on to power for barely a year before he fled another approaching army of barbarians. Although without an army, subjects or any legislative

power, Nepos would linger in near anonymity in Northern Italy until he was murdered in 480 by men from his own bodyguard. From the time he fled Rome until his death he was, however, diplomatically recognized by the court of Leo as the emperor of the West. Technically at least, he was thus the last emperor outlasting the brief rule of Romulus Augustus.

Busts: 1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding spear over shoulder and

shield

Obverses: 1) DN IVL NEPOS PF AG 2) DN IVL NEPOS PF AVG 3) DN IVLI NEPOS PF AVG 4) DN IVLI NEPOS PF VAG 5) No legend

Reverses: 1) GLORIA ROMANORVM 2) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 3) VICTORIA AVGGG 4) VRBIS ROMA 5) No legend

Types:

1) Roma seated, facing, holding globe and spear 2) Roma seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and cornucopia. 3) Roma standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and cornucopia. 4) Victory standing left, holding cross 5) Wreath, Chi-Rho within 6) Wreath, cross within 7) Wreath, monogram within

Mints: 1) Arelate 2) Mediolanum 3) Ravenna 4) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O2, R3, T4, M2 Exe: M/D/•COMOB• : at end of reverse legend RIC X 3235 2) B2, O2, R3, T4, M2 Exe: M/D/CONOB RIC X 3217 3) B2, O2, R3, T4, M3 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC X 3212 4) B2, O2, R3, T4, M4 Exe: */COMOB RIC X 3206

AU Tremissis 5) B1, O2, R5, T6 Exe: COMOB RIC X 3211 6) B1, O2, R5, T6 Exe: COMOB The AV in obverse legend is concatenated as ~ RIC X 3221

AR ½ Siliqua 7) B1, O2, R5, T3 R in left field, V in right RIC X 3216

AE4 8) B1, O5, R5, T7 RIC X 3222

During the last twenty years or so the Western Roman empire‟s entire coin output seems to have been less than, for example, the brief three-month reigns of Otho or Florian. Of the several rulers that were left to sit on the imperial throne following Valentinian III‟s death only Libius Severus and Julius Nepos made enough coins to classify today as something other than “exceedingly rare” or some similar adjective. But finding a coin of either of these two makes for a challenging task. Still, a few Tremisses and the odd Solidus or two turn up with some frequency among the more exclusive auction firms. A rough ball park figure for an “entry level” grade Tremissis might be two or three thousand dollars.

567

Julius Nepos Busts

Julius Nepos Types

568

Romulus Augustus

Augustus 475-476

Romulus Augustus was the last named emperor of the Roman empire. He was the son of Orestes, a barbarian king that overran the Italian peninsula and who named his son emperor only to keep appearances of legitimacy. Barely in his teens, this last emperor was to be thoroughly inconsequential with the exception of being the last. Soon another barbarian king, Odoacer,

loomed on the horizon and the two kings fought and Odoacer emerged victorious. With Orestes dead, Odoacer decided to spare the life of Augustus on account of his age but stripped him of his titles and exiled him to a rural estate to live with relatives. His imperial dress and other related accoutrements were packed and sent to Zeno, the eastern emperor, along with several senators and they were made to hand over his resignation along with terse notice to the effect that Rome no longer needed an emperor. And with this the Western Roman empire was finished as such and began its ultimate slide into the medieval age.

Busts: 1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust facing holding spear over shoulder and shield

Obverses: 1) DN ROMVL AVGVSTVS PF AG 2) DN ROMVL AVGVSTVS PF AVG 3) DN ROMVLVS AGVSTVS P AVG 4) DN ROMVLVS AGVSTVS PF AVG 5) DN ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS PF A 6) DN ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS PF AG 7) DN ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS PF AVG 8) DN ROMVLVS AVSTVS PF AG

Reverses: 1) VICTORIA AVGGG 2) No legend

Types: 1) Roma holding scepter and cornucopia 2) Victory standing left, holding cross 3) Wreath, cross within.

Mints: 1) Arelate 2) Mediolanum 3) Ravenna 4) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O7, R1, T2, M4 Exe: R/M/COMOB RIC X 3405

AU Tremissis 2) B2, O5, R2, T3, M4 RIC X 3409

Romulus Augustus Busts Romulus Augustus Types

The Roman empire ends not with a bang but with a whimper. Money is the lifeblood of commerce and there is hardly any of that in the year 476 anywhere in Italy. The glorious city that was Rome, with a population estimated at over one million people when Julius Caesar and Augustus reigned, was now a decrepit near-ghost town of perhaps less than 25,000 souls. So there was little money needed for the empty marketplaces nor for soldiers who by and large weren‟t even Roman. But, of course, a few were struck regardless. And of those that survived meltdown or other loss through time they are very, very highly prized today. On the few occasions a Romulus Augustus has been offered at auction hammer prices go well over $20,000.

569

The Byzantine Period

The Byzantine age may be said to have been born when Constantinople refounded the already ancient city of Byzantium into a capital the equal of Rome in the year 330 complete with imperial palaces, a treasury and autonomous administrative bodies. Already a generation before Diocletian had set the wheels in motion by splitting the empire into two halves in his Tetrarchy scheme. But while the western emperor always called the great city of Rome his homebase his eastern associate migrated from one province city to the next without a true capital to equal Rome‟s splendour and political prominence. It was not until Constantine‟s reign that he addressed this last need and celebrated the event in an extensive coinage series the likes of which were unprecedented in Roman history. These are the commonly found today Urbs Roma and Constantinopolis bronzes and the complete issue spanned several years and was struck at every operating mint. While Constantine gave the east a capital to rival Rome he still presided over both halves as the empire‟s ultimate power figure and each of his successors attempted, if not achieved, to be the primary Augustus. When Valentinian I and later Theodosius ascended the throne they each saw that the two halves had become so different from one another that it was impractical to rule both effectively at once. What its citizens had until then viewed each other as countrymen they now regarded more as associates and occasionally as rivals. Culturally, the two had parted ways long before they had done so at a political level. And upon Theodosius‟s death the split became permanent as his sons Honorius and Arcadius assumed the titles of Augustus and went on to rule their assigned halves separately. Numismatically, the Byzantine period is usually attributed as having started under the reign of Anastasius I who in 498 put into effect a complete overhaul of the currency system. Traditionally and up until this point the mint at Rome served as the model for all other provincial mints and the major issues were carefully coordinated throughout the empire so that a coin made in London appeared much the same as one from Alexandria. This coordination and standardization facilitated commerce and lent credibility to the concept of a unified empire. However, as the importance of Rome‟s mint waned in the 4

th century, and became downright trivial in the 5

th,

Constantinople took increasingly less concern over keeping in tune with Rome‟s way of producing currency. Little by little Greek letters began replacing Latin ones and other design motifs became differentiated and acquired a style more readily identifiable to Constantinople and its satellite mints. Within a century after Anastasius‟ reform few of the quintessentially Roman conventions would remain untampered. Latin, perhaps the most pervasive and tangible of Roman institutions, would be relegated to the language of religious scholars and political hopefuls but would practically disappear from coin legends. As has been pointed out above, the eastern and western halves of the empire had gone their own ways in a cultural sense long before the formal partitioning. In fact, the east had always proven to be much more resistant to Romanization than the west or Northern Africa. For much of the Roman imperial period the Greeks had been allowed special concessions in striking their own money using Greek legends and implementing design elements of local significance. When the western half finally collapsed the vestigial political hierarchy inherited from the Romans continued under an infrastructure that would have been considered foreign to an ordinary Roman be he contemporary or ancient. Thus the Byzantines retained the imperial legacy, incorporating even a nominal Senate, but discarded most of the other cultural trappings one associates with the ancient Roman culture. And yet they still identified with the Roman cachet and adopted its name, more often so than Greek, to distinguish themselves from outsiders. In an ironical twist, as the might of the Byzantines grew in the 6

th and 7

th centuries they were able to

recapture the Italian peninsula and proceeded to „Byzantify‟ their newly reconquered areas. The implementation of many of these policies must have seemed wholly foreign to the Romans living there despite the occupiers claims of a close kinship. Once the two cultures deviated so much from one another, and these changes reflected on the coins being covered, it would be improper to consider both cultures chronologically. Rather the previous section follows the lineage of Honorius through Rome‟s downfall in 476 and the following short section introduces the Byzantine, or rather proto-Byzantine one which begins neatly under Arcadius and closes with Anastasius I whose reform precipitates new changes that deviate significantly from the more mainstream Roman coinage. However, it is worth noting that while each successive Byzantine reign distances itself from its former Roman roots the coins themselves continue to appear familiar for several centuries after to any student or collector of Roman coins.

570

Arcadius

Augustus 383-408

Arcadius was given the title of Augustus when only six years of age. After his father Theodosius died in 395 he and his brother Honorius remained the only emperors, Arcadius being the emperor in the eastern half. It seems he spent his whole life ineffectually trying to rid himself of one regent after another who wielded the true power. Even his wife Eudoxia has more on record for being politically active and influential than he and, as a result, little of

what he personally desired came through amid all the background noise. He died in his early 30's of unknown causes.

Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield; Hand of God above 3) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Diademed, cuirassed bust right 5) Helmeted, diademed (pearls), cuirassed bust facing, holding spear and shield 6) Helmeted, diademed (rosettes), cuirassed bust facing, holding spear and shield

Obverses: 1) DN ARCADI AVG 2) DN ARCADIVS PF AVG 3) DN ARCADIVS PF AVGVSTVS 4) DN ARCDIVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) CONCORDIA AVG 2) CONCORDIA AVGG 3) CONCORDIA AVGGG 4) CONCORDIA AVGGGG 5) GLORIA REIPVBLICE 6) GLORIA ROMANORVM 7) NOVA SPES REIPVBLICAE 8) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 9) SPES REIPVBLICAE 10) TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB 11) VICTORIA AVG 12) VICTORIA AVGG 13) VICTORIA AVGGG 14) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 15) VICTORIA ROMANORVM 16) VIRTVS AVGGG 17) VIRTVS EXERCITI 18) VIRTVS EXERCITVM 19) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 20) VIRTVS ROMANORVM 21) VOTA PLVRIA 22) VRBS ROMA 23) VRBS ROMA FELIX 24) No legend

Types: 1) Arcadius advancing right, dragging captive and holding labarum 2) Arcadius and Honorius seated, facing, together holding shield reading VOT / XV / MVLT / XX; in between them cross above and palm below. 3) Arcadius and Theodosius seated, facing; in between them Victory above and palm below. 4) Arcadius riding horse right, raising hand 5) Arcadius riding oncoming chariot with six horses, raising hand and holding globe 6) Arcadius standing left on galley, stepping on captive, holding phoenix on globe and labarum; Victory seated to right, steering galley. 7) Arcadius standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 8) Arcadius standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe 9) Arcadius standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and Victory on globe 10) Arcadius standing, facing, holding labarum and globe 11) Arcadius standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; seated captive to left. 12) Arcadius standing, facing, holding labarum and globe; seated captive to right. 13) Arcadius standing, facing, holding labarum and resting hand on shield; seated captive to left. 14) Arcadius standing, facing, holding labarum and Victory on globe; shield to right 15) Arcadius standing, facing, holding Victory on globe and labarum 16) Arcadius standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe. 17) Arcadius, Honorius and Theodosius II standing, facing, each holding spear and the two outer emperors also resting hand on shield 18) City gate with (2) turrets 19) City gate with (2) turrets, Christogram above 20) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and globe. 21) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and Victory on globe. 22) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / V / MVL / X 23) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / V / MVL T/ X 24) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading VOT / X / MVL / XV 25) Cross

During the time Arcadius had coins minted in his name the Roman empire‟s money making machinery began scaling back operations. In the span of twenty years six mints had closed their doors for good and the coins themselves were manufactured ever more shoddily. While coins in silver and gold still deserve some level of care in their crafting, the bronzes, the people‟s coins so to speak, suffer the most. Sizes shrink rapidly, the strikings are poor and off-center and the very chemical makeup of the bronze has been compromised by the significant addition of lead and tin which made the coin more vulnerable to wear, warping and corrosion. But there are still plenty of Arcadius‟ coins available. For gold a Solidus will run about $500 for a common type. Silver is mostly represented by the Siliqua which is also fairly common but tough to find in mint condition. A good one will cost between $100-$200. And there are many, many bronzes available from early in his reign which can often be bought for just a dollar or two a piece. A portrait type first introduced by Constantius II is reawakened in a big way by both Arcadius and Honorius. The image of the facing bust holding his spear and shield must have so flattered these and following emperors that it remains in continuous use all the way into the eighth century. In fact, it is even used on the earliest coins of Theodosius II who was still a baby!

571 26) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, together holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX. 27) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 28) Roma standing, facing, holding trophy and Victory on globe. 29) Victories (2), facing each other, holding wreath. 30) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe 31) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive. 32) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and cross on globe 33) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 34) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe. 35) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XV; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 36) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX 37) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VOT / X / MVLT / XX; Genius to lower right also holding shield. 38) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XX / XXX 39) Wreath, VOT / V within. 40) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within 41) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Arelate 5) Constantinopolis 6) Cyzicus

7) Heraclea 8) Lugdunum 9) Mediolanum 10) Nicomedia 11) Ravenna 12) Roma

13) Siscia 14) Sirmium 15) Thessalonica 16) Treveri

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B1, O2, R04, T20, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 46f (IX, Constantinopolis) 2) B1, O2, R13, T09, M09 Exe: M/D/COMOB RIC 35b (IX, Mediolanum) 3) B1, O2, R13, T09, M11 Exe: R/V/COMOB RIC 1286 (X, Honorius) 4) B1, O2, R13, T09, M14 Exe: S/M/COMOB RIC 1 (X, Arcadius) 5) B3, O2, R03, T22, M05 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 70c (IX, Constantinopolis) 6) B5, O2, R02, T21, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 7 (X, Arcadius) 7) B5, O2, R02, T21, M15 Exe: COMOB RIC 37 (X, Arcadius) 8) B5, O2, R03, T21, M09 Exe: */COMOB RIC 39 (IX, Mediolanum) 9) B5, O2, R07, T38, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 22 (X, Arcadius)

AU Tremissis 10) B1, O2, R14, T30, M05 Exe: CONOB RIC 19 (X, Arcadius) 11) B1, O2, R14, T32, M05 Exe: */COMOB RIC 34 (X, Arcadius) 12) B1, O2, R14, T34, M09 Exe: M/D/COMOB RIC 1214 (X, Honorius)

AR Siliqua 13) B1, O2, R20, T27, M09 Exe: MDPS RIC 1227 (X, Honorius) 14) B1, O2, R22, T27, M08 Exe: LVGPS RIC 43c (IX, Lugdunum) 15) B1, O2, R24, T40, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 87b (IX, Constantinopolis)

AE2 16) B1, O2, R06, T10, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 68c (IX, Antiochia) 17) B1, O2, R06, T10, M07 Exe: */SMH` RIC 27b (IX, Heraclea) 18) B1, O2, R17, T08, M02 Exe: ANT` 19) B1, O2, R17, T08, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 25c (IX, Cyzicus) 20) B1, O3, R17, T08, M05 Exe: ¤/CONS` 21) B1, O3, R17, T08, M05 Exe: ¢/CONS` 22) B2, O2, R06, T13, M05 Exe: CON` RIC 53a (IX, Constantinopolis) 23) B2, O2, R06, T13, M05 Exe: CON`* 24) B2, O2, R06, T13, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 15 (IX, Cyzicus) 25) B2, O2, R06, T13, M07 Exe: T /SMH` RIC 22 (IX, Heraclea)

AE3

26) B1, O2, R06, T01, M13 Exe: `SISC RIC 38c (IX, Siscia) 27) B1, O2, R06, T01, M15 Exe: TES 28) B1, O2, R06, T17, M02 Exe: AN` * behind bust RIC 151 (X, Arcadius) 29) B1, O2, R06, T17, M06 Exe: SMK` * behind bust 30) B1, O2, R16, T06, M15 Exe: `/TES RIC 61c (IX, Thessalonica) 31) B1, O2, R17, T07, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 60 (X, Arcadius) 32) B1, O2, R17, T07, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 66 (X, Arcadius) 33) B1, O2, R17, T07, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 62 (X, Arcadius) 34) B1, O2, R17, T08, M05 Exe: ¢/CONS` RIC 83c (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2173 35) B1, O2, R17, T08, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 24c (IX, Heraclea) 36) B1, O4, R23, T14, M12 Exe: OF/`/SMROM 37) B5, O2, R02, T21, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 97 (X, Arcadius), L 2797 38) B5, O2, R02, T21, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 85 (X, Arcadius) 39) B5, O2, R02, T21, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 94 (X, Arcadius), L 2586 40) B5, O2, R02, T21, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 91 (X, Arcadius), L 2442 41) B6, O2, R02, T21, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 98 (X, Arcadius)

572

AE4 Reference(s) 42) B1, O2, R01, T25, M05 Exe: CONS RIC 119 (X, Arcadius) 43) B1, O2, R03, T25, M06 Exe: SMK` RIC 132 (X, Arcadius), L 2594 44) B1, O2, R03, T25, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 123 (X, Arcadius) 45) B1, O2, R05, T18, M15 Exe: `/TES RIC 62c (IX, Thessalonica) 46) B1, O2, R05, T18, M15 Exe: TES RIC 62c (IX, Thessalonica) 47) B1, O2, R08, T31, M02 Exe: ¤/ANT` 48) B1, O2, R08, T31, M02 Exe: ¤/ANT` RIC 67a (IX, Antiochia) 49) B1, O2, R08, T31, M03 Exe: ¤/AQ` RIC 1237 (X, Honorius) 50) B1, O2, R08, T31, M05 Exe: ¤/CONS` RIC 86c (IX, Constantinopolis) 51) B1, O2, R08, T31, M05 Exe: CONS` RIC 86c (IX, Constantinopolis), L 2193 52) B1, O2, R08, T31, M06 Exe: ¤/SMK` RIC 26c (IX, Cyzicus) 53) B1, O2, R08, T31, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 26c (IX, Heraclea) 54) B1, O2, R13, T33, M13 Exe: `SIS RIC 39d (IX, Siscia) 55) B1, O2, R24, T39, M05 Exe: CON` RIC 62b (IX, Constantinopolis) 56) B1, O2, R24, T39, M07 Exe: •SMH` RIC 18b.4 (IX, Heraclea) 57) B1, O2, R24, T39, M07 Exe: SMH` RIC 18b.1 (IX, Heraclea) 58) B1, O2, R24, T39, M10 Exe: SMN` RIC 37c (IX, Nicomedia) 59) B1, O2, R24, T39, M13 Exe: `SIS• RIC 36 (IX, Siscia) 60) B1, O2, R24, T40, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 65c (IX, Antioch), L 2735

573 Arcadius Busts

Arcadius Types

574

Eudoxia

b.380 – d.404

Wife The wife of Arcadius, Eudoxia had no desire to remain in the political background that was expected of an empress. Instead, she thoroughly dominated not only the will of Arcadius (who was, incidentally, content to relax well out of the limelight) but also play an active role in the political issues of the day and the religious ones as well. In this light she was resented by many who saw

her self-acquired role unwelcome and was denounced as arrogant and materialistic. Those who had the nerve to condemn her could always count on swift retribution on her orders and this only served to further alienate those who weren't on her "good side". Honorius himself was said to complain to his brother Arcadius about the situation but the eastern emperor apparently never took any steps to suppress his wife's activities.

Despite the negative view of her that has survived it seems apparent that she took advantage of her imperial position to live life to its fullest as she saw fit without regard for keeping appearances.

She died at the age of only 21 due to complications following childbirth.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Diademed, draped bust right, being crowned by Hand of God

Obverses:

1) AEL EVDIXIA AVG 2) AEL EVDOXIA AVG

Reverses:

1) GLORIA ROMANORVM 2) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 3) VIRTVS EXERCITI 4) No legend

Types:

1) Arcadius standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield; being crowned by Victory, holding palm.

2) Eudoxia seated, facing 3) Victory seated right, holding shield with Chi-Rho design 4) Victory seated right, holding shield with Chi-Rho design on column 5) Wreath, Chi-Rho within 6) Wreath, cross within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Constantinopolis 4) Cyzicus 5) Nicomedia

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O2, R2, T4, M3 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 14 (X, Arcadius)

AU Tremissis

2) B1, O2, R4, T6, M3 Exe: CON RIC 21 (X, Arcadius) 3) B1, O2, R4, T6, M3 Exe: CONOB*

AR Miliarense

4) B1, O2, R4, T6, M3 Exe: CONS RIC 46 (X, Arcadius)

AE3

5) B2, O2, R1, T2, M1 Exe: ¢/ALE` RIC 84 (X, Arcadius), L 2926

Appearing every now and then among “uncleaned” Roman coins, Eudoxia ranks about fourth most common empresses among the 4

th- and 5

th-century

coins. This would be behind Helena, Fausta, Galeria Valeria and, perhaps, Aelia Flaccilla none of whom had very extensive coin runs despite being in otherwise very prolific minting periods.

It is often possible to identify her bronzes even when the obverse details have been obliterated or worn smooth because the reverses are unique to her during this period.

The silver and gold coins will be much rarer and valuable. The by now venerable Tremissis will be the most often found denomination. Relative to the entire output of Solidi for these years, these small coins featured empresses much more frequently.

One such Tremissis will still cost a few hundred dollars with $1,000 not being uncommon. Being rather thin and flimsy they tend to have slight bends and scratches. Of course, the flawless coin will fetch the highest prices at auction.

An “entry-level” bronze need only cost around $20.

575

Pulcheria

b.399 – d.453

6) B2, O2, R1, T2, M2 Exe: ¢/ANT` RIC 83 (X, Arcadius), L 2805 7) B2, O2, R1, T2, M3 Exe: ¢/CONS` RIC 77 (X, Arcadius), L 2218 8) B2, O2, R1, T2, M4 Exe: ¢/SMK` RIC 81 (X, Arcadius), L 2593 9) B2, O2, R2, T4, M2 Exe: ANT` RIC 104 (X, Arcadius), L 2218 10) B2, O2, R2, T4, M3 Exe: CONS` RIC 101 (X, Arcadius), L 2210 11) B2, O2, R2, T4, M4 Exe: SMK` RIC 103 (X, Arcadius), L 2589 12) B2, O2, R2, T4, M5 Exe: SMN` RIC 102 (X, Arcadius), L 2445

Eudoxia Busts

Eudoxia Types

A fervent Christian, the daughter of Arcadius spent the greater portion of her life working for the early Christian church and using her imperial title to this end. When Arcadius died prematurely in 408 she was left in de facto charge over the empire as her brother, Theodosius II was still a minor. At the time he married, however,

Eudocia, demanded that she withdraw from her high-profile public role. While still keeping her title and retinue, she spent the next several decades in Alexandria continuing her work in the church. She returned to Constantinople upon the death of Theodosius at which time she presided over the succession of Marcian to whom she agreed to marry symbolically in an act to legitimize his accession.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Diademed, draped bust right, being crowned by Hand of

God

Obverse:

1) AEL PVLCHERIA AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVG 2) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 3) VOT XX MVLT XXX 4) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX 5) CONCORDIA AVG 6) IMP XXXXII COS XVII PP 7) No legend

Types:

1) Constantinopolis seated left, holding cross on globe and scepter; shield to side.

2) Pulcheria seated, facing, crossing arms over chest. 3) Victory seated right, holding shield with Chi-Rho design. 4) Victory standing left, holding cross

Curiously, in the case of a few emperors and empresses, their precious metal coinage is more common than bronzes. Considering that at one point the official tariff of a single Solidus was an extraordinary 7,200 AE4‟s (or more properly, Nummi) one might be forgiven for thinking that this would mean they would be available literally thousands of times more so.

No chance. In the case of Pulcheria there are a few bronze coins attributed to her but they are downright rare and seldom offered for sale. Taking into account the fact that her husband reigned for nearly half a century and then survived him and went on to become Marcian‟s wife as well (both of whom struck truly prodigious amounts of these small bronzes) the only explanation is that they must have been rare in her day as well. Most Pulcherias therefore will be of the usual gold and silver denominations without much variety in terms of reverse types or legends.

Prices start at about an even $1,000 for your average Tremissis and about twice that for a Solidus. The good news is that they‟re rather plentiful if you can afford them.

576 5) Victory standing left, holding cross; star above. 6) Wreath, Chi-Rho within 7) Wreath, cross within

Mints:

1) Constantinopolis 2) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R2, T3 Exe: CONOB RIC 205 (X, Theodosius II) 2) B2, O1, R3, T4 Exe: CONOB RIC 220 (X, Theodosius II) 3) B2, O1, R3, T5 Exe: CONOB RIC 226 (X, Theodosius II) 4) B2, O1, R6, T1 Exe: */COMOB RIC 295 (X, Theodosius II0

AU Semissis

5) B1, O1, R7, T6 Exe: CONOB* RIC 211 (X, Theodosius II)

AU Tremissis

6) B1, O1, R7, T7 Exe: CONOB* RIC 214 (X, Theodosius II)

AR Miliarense

7) B1, O1, R7, T6 Exe: •CON*•

AR Siliqua

8) B1, O1, R7, T7 Exe: CONS* RIC 383 (X, Theodosius II)

AE3

9) B1, O1, R1, T2 Exe: CONS RIC 427 (X, Theodosius II), L 2228

Pulcheria Busts

Pulcheria Types

577

Theodosius II

Augustus 402-450

Staying at the post of Roman emperor for a remarkable 48 years, equivalent to a dozen U.S. presidential terms, Theodosius II set remarkably few other records in all this time. He was the last emperor to rule both east and west halves, albeit briefly, after the death of Honorius and before the puppet emperor Johannes came onto the scene. As for his own achievements, he wasn't much more than a figurehead ensconced in his palace. His sister

Pulcheria took the active role in steering the empire. He died a few days after a hunting accident.

Busts: 1) Diademed bust left, wearing consular robes, holding

mappa and scepter with crossed tip 2) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left 3) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding

spear and shield. 5) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust right, holding

shield and spear

Obverses: 1) DN TEODOSIVS PF AVG 2) DN THEODOSIVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) ADVENTVSS DN AVG 2) CONCORDIA AGV 3) CONCORDIA AVG 4) CONCORDIA AVGG 5) CONCORDIA AVGGG 6) FELICITER NVBTIIS 7) GLOR ORVIS TERRAR 8) GLORIA REIPVBLICAE 9) GLORIA ROMANORVM 10) IMP XXXXII COS XVII PP 11) IMP XXXXIIII COS XVIII 12) SALVS ORIENTIS FELICITAS OCCIDENTIS 13) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 14) SALVS REIPVBLICE 15) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 16) VICTORIA AVGG 17) VICTORIA AVGGG 18) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 19) VICTORIA ROMANORVM 20) VIRT EXERC ROM 21) VOT XX MVLT XXX 22) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX 23) VRBS ROMA 24) VRTVS ROMANORVM 25) No legend

Types: 1) Constantinopolis seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding cross on globe and scepter. 2) Constantinopolis seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 3) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and shield reading X / VOT / XX 4) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and Victory on globe. 5) Cross 6) Monogram 7) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding a Victory on globe and scepter. 8) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding a scepter and together shield reading VOT / XV / MVL / XX 9) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and cross. 10) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 11) Theodosius II advancing right, dragging captive and holding trophy 12) Theodosius II and Honorius standing, facing, each holding a spear and resting hand on shield between them 13) Theodosius II and Valentinian III seated, facing, each holding a mappa and cross; star above 14) Theodosius II and Valentinian III standing, facing, each holding spear and resting hand on shield. 15) Theodosius II and Valentinian III standing, facing, each holding spear and together holding a globe. 16) Theodosius II and Valentinian III standing, facing, each holding spear and together holding cross 17) Theodosius II and Valentinian III standing, facing, holding mappa and cross. 18) Theodosius II riding horse left, raising hand. 19) Theodosius II seated facing on left, holding mappa and cross next to Valentinian III standing to right, holding mappa and cross; star above 20) Theodosius II seated, facing, holding mappa and cross 21) Theodosius II standing, facing, holding labarum and Christogram on globe. 22) Theodosius II standing, facing, holding labarum and cross on globe 23) Theodosius II standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Theodosius II is one of the less challenging to find emperors of the fifth century. As mentioned under the heading for Arcadius, as the economy of the empire began crumbling there was little incentive to create money for a dysfunctional marketplace and meager resources to do so in any case. And the average citizen who bought and sold goods used not precious coinage by now but, if they used coins at all, the small near-worthless coppers the government made which today we classify as AE4‟s Almost all of these coins from now until halfway into the reign of Anastasius will measure somewhere between 4-12mm in diameter. They are almost never found with full legends nor full anything for that matter. For this reason most, sadly, are unattributable as found when recovered or even after careful restoration. The easiest ones to ID will be those that make use of monograms unique to each emperor (or empress). Even in a poor state these tiny coins are prized by collectors today as long as they can be attributed. Theodosius II is the first emperor who finally cuts off production of the larger AE3‟s in favor of the AE4. With very few exceptions this will be the case for the remainder of the century. While not unique to his reign, his AE4‟s will often feature a simple Christian cross within a wreath as the reverse design. Depending solely on condition, one of these can cost anywhere from $5 to over $100. Many collectors will find that their first ancient Roman gold coin purchase will be of Theodosius II or one of his contemporaries. These are so widely available that they almost come close to becoming a commodity. In today‟s market a near-mint state Solidus of this reign should cost somewhere between $350 and $600 and are actively traded on eBay as well as the inventories of most major dealers.

578 24) Theodosius II standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe 25) Theodosius II, Honorius and Arcadius standing, facing, each holding a spear and resting arm on shield 26) Trophy 27) Valentinian III and Licinia Eudoxia seated, facing, holding hands. 28) Victory advancing forward, holding a wreath in each hand. 29) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe. 30) Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive 31) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 32) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and cross on globe. 33) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / XXV on lap 34) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / XXX on lap 35) Victory seated right, holding shield reading X / XXXV on lap 36) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XV / XXX on lap 37) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XX / XXX on lap 38) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XXX / XXXX on lap 39) Victory standing left, holding cross. 40) Victory standing right, stepping on captive, holding standard and Victory on globe. 41) Wreath, cross within 42) Wreath, VOT / MVLT / XXXX within 43) Wreath, VOT / X / MVLT / XX within 44) Wreath, VOT / XV / MVLT / XX within 45) Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within 46) Wreath, VOT / XXX within 47) Wreath, VOT / XXXV / MVLT / XXXX within 48) Wreath, VT / XXX / V within

Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Aquileia 4) Constantinopolis

5) Cyzicus 6) Heraclea 7) Mediolanum 8) Nicomedia

9) Ravenna 10) Roma 11) Thessalonica

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B3, O2, R01, T18, M04 Exe: */CONOB 1-½ Solidi weight

AU Solidus 2) B4, O2, R04, T04, M04 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 202 (X, Theodosius II) 3) B4, O2, R07, T22, M04 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 232 (X, Theodosius II) 4) B4, O2, R07, T22, M11 Exe: */TESOB RIC 361 (X, Theodosius II) 5) B4, O2, R07, T22, M11 Exe: */TESOB• RIC 365 (X, Theodosius II) 6) B4, O2, R10, T01, M04 Exe: */COMOB RIC 293 (X, Theodosius II) 7) B4, O2, R10, T01, M04 Exe: */CONOB RIC 323 (X, Theodosius II) 8) B4, O2, R13, T13, M04 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 237 (X, Theodosius II) 9) B4, O2, R13, T19, M04 Exe: CONOB RIC 234 (X, Theodosius II) 10) B4, O2, R20, T11, M04 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 261 (X, Theodosius II) 11) B4, O2, R20, T11, M04 Exe: */CONOB RIC 284 (X, Theodosius II) 12) B4, O2, R20, T11, M11 Exe: */TESOB RIC 367 (X, Theodosius II) 13) B4, O2, R21, T39, M04 Exe: CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 219 (X, Theodosius II) 14) B4, O2, R22, T01, M04 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 257 (X, Theodosius II) 15) B4, O2, R22, T01, M11 Exe: */TESOB RIC 366 (X, Theodosius II) 16) B5, O2, R08, T08, M04 Exe: */CONOB RIC 207 (X, Theodosius II)

AU Semissis 17) B3, O2, R17, T35, M04 Exe: */¤/CONOB RIC 331 (X, Theodosius II) 18) B3, O2, R17, T37, M04 Exe: */¡/CONOB RIC 223 (X, Theodosius II)

AU Tremissis 19) B3, O2, R18, T29, M04 Exe: */CONOB RIC 213 (X, Theodosius II) 20) B3, O2, R25, T26, M04 Exe: */*/CONOB RIC 333 (X, Theodosius II)

AR Miliarense 21) B2, O2, R09, T24, M04 Exe: */CON RIC 370 (X, Theodosius II) 22) B3, O2, R09, T23, M04 Exe: */COM RIC 392 (X, Theodosius II) 23) B3, O2, R09, T23, M04 Exe: */CON RIC 394 (X, Theodosius II)

AR Siliqua 24) B3, O2, R25, T42, M04 Exe: CONS* RIC 389 (X, Theodosius II) 25) B3, O2, R25, T45, M04 Exe: CONS* RIC 381 (X, Theodosius II)

AE2 26) B5, O2, R02, T16, M04 Exe: CONS RIC 460 (X, Theodosius II), L 2231

579 AE3 Reference(s) 27) B4, O2, R04, T04, M02 Exe: ANT` RIC 100 (X, Arcadius), L 2799 28) B4, O2, R04, T04, M04 Exe: CONS` RIC 90 (X, Arcadius) 29) B4, O2, R04, T04, M08 Exe: SMN` RIC 93 (X, Arcadius), L 2444

AE4 30) B3, O2, R03, T28, M05 Exe: SMK` RIC 437 (X, Theodosius II), L 2602 31) B3, O2, R03, T28, M06 Exe: SMH` RIC 431 (X, Theodosius II), L 2002 32) B3, O2, R04, T05, M01 Exe: ALE` RIC 122 (X, Arcadius), L 2922 33) B3, O2, R09, T12, M06 Exe: SMH` * behind bust RIC 398 (X, Theodosius II), L 2001 34) B3, O2, R09, T12, M11 Exe: TES` * behind bust RIC 396 (X, Theodosius II), L 1877 35) B3, O2, R09, T25, M01 Exe: ALE` * behind bust RIC 159 (X, Arcadius) 36) B3, O2, R25, T06, M04 37) B3, O2, R25, T41, M04 Exe: CONS RIC 444 (X, Theodosius II), L 2239 38) B3, O2, R25, T41, M05 Exe: SMK` RIC 449 (X, Theodosius II) 39) B3, O2, R25, T30, M10 Exe: `/RM RIC 1915 (X, Johannes), L 831

580

Eudocia

b.393 – d.460

Theodosius II Busts

Theodosius II Types

Wife of Theodosius II. Remembered for an active role in the early Christian church.

581 Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Diademed, draped bust right; being crowned by Hand of God

Obverse:

1) AEL EVDOCIA AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVG 2) IMP XXXXII COS XVII PP 3) SALVSREIPVBLICAE 4) VOT XX MVLT XXX 5) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX 6) No legend

Types:

1) Constantinopolis seated left, holding cross on globe and scepter 2) Eudocia seated, facing, crossing arms across chest. 3) Victory standing left, holding cross; star above 4) Wreath, Chi-Rho within 5) Wreath, cross within

Mint:

1) Constantinopolis

AU Medallion Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R3, T2 Exe: */CONOB Two Solidi weight RIC 281 (X, Theodosius II)

AU Solidus

2) B2, O1, R4, T3 Exe: CONOB RIC 228 (X, Theodosius II) 3) B2, O1, R5, T1 Exe: */CONOB RIC 262 (X, Theodosius II)

AU Tremissis

4) B1, O1, R6, T5 Exe: CONOB* RIC 253 (X, Theodosius II)

AR Siliqua

5) B1, O1, R6, T5 Exe: CONS* RIC 388 (X, Theodosius II)

AE3

6) B1, O1, R1, T1 Exe: CONS RIC 428 (X, Theodosius II)

Eudocia Busts

Eudocia Types

Eudocia, Eudoxia… what a difference a letter can make! While Eudoxia may be found routinely among the bronzes those of Eudocia are rarer than her own gold coins which are not exactly common to begin with. Of these, her Tremisses are the most plentiful and can be bought anywhere from $500 to $1,500 and nearly all survive in near-mint condition as far as wear goes. However, they are often scratched or slightly bent; one can presume damage done during the course of informal assaying at the market square.

582

Marcian

Augustus 450-457

Marcian succeeded Theodosius II upon the emperor's accidental death. It appears a commander by the name of Arbadur was key in securing the post for Marcian and convinced Pulcheria, Theodosius's widow, to not only confirm the nomination but also become his nominal wife, a purely political relationship that was only to strengthen the legitimacy of Marcian's claim to the throne. They would lead separate

lives from then on. Marcian proved a capable manager for the eastern seat of the empire and died without incident in 457 of old age.

Busts: 1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left 3) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding shield and spear.

Obverses: 1) DN MARCIANO PF A 2) DN MARCIANO PF AV 3) DN MARCIANVS P AV 4) DN MARCIANVS PERP AVG 5) DN MARCIANVS PF 6) DN MARCIANVS PF AV 7) DN MARCIANVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) ADVENTVS DN AVG 2) FELICITER NVBTIIS 3) GLOR ORVIS TERRAR 4) GLORIA ROMANORVM 5) VICTORIA AVGGG 6) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 7) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX 8) No legend

Types: 1) Constantinopolis seated left, holding cross on globe and scepter; shield to side. 2) Marcian and Pulcheria seated, facing, holdings hands; Christ above and between them. 3) Marcian riding horse left, raising hand 4) Marcian standing, facing, holding labarum and cross on globe. 5) Marcian standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield 6) Marcian standing, facing, stepping on snake, holding cross and Victory on globe 7) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe 8) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XV / XXX on lap. 9) Victory standing left, holding cross. 10) Wreath, cross within 11) Wreath, monogram I within 12) Wreath, monogram II within 13) Wreath, monogram III within 14) Wreath, SAL / REI / PVI within 15) Wreath, VOT / MVLT / XXXX within

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Cyzicus 3) Heraclea 4) Mediolanum 5) Nicomedia 6) Ravenna 7) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O7, R5, T06 Exe: R/V/CONOB RIC 2301 (X, Western) 2) B3, O7, R5, T09 Exe: */CONOB RIC 510 (X, Eastern)

AU Tremissis 3) B1, O7, R6, T07 Exe: */CONOB RIC 518 (X, Eastern)

Marcian is one of the more commonly found Eastern Roman emperors. He ranks fourth behind Anastasius, Theodosius II and Leo I. There are basically just two types of coins that will turn up often in the marketplace; the gold Solidus and the teeny AE4‟s often called Nummi. The former are a little scarcer than those of the other three emperors named above but not much more expensive and all of them follow the same rather banal themes and portraiture styles. The AE4‟s are almost always identified thanks to the large monograms on the reverses which are unique to each emperor. The legends almost always are unreadable except for maybe two or three letters. Luckily, these coinis are often found for less than $100 but, be warned, they are almost never very well preserved nor attractive items.

583 AR Miliarense Reference(s) 4) B1, O7, R4, T05 Exe: */CON RIC 526 (X, Eastern)

AR Siliqua 5) B1, O7, R8, T15 Exe: CONS* RIC 528 (X, Eastern)

AE4 6) B1, O2, R8, T12 Exe: CHES * Above monogram RIC 536 (X, Eastern), L 1880 7) B1, O6, R8, T11 Exe: NIC ¡ Above monogram 8) B1, O7, R8, T11 Exe: CON ¡ Above monogram RIC 545 (X, Eastern), L 2250 9) B1, O7, R8, T11 Exe: CON RIC 543 (X, Eastern), L 2249 10) B1, O7, R8, T13 Exe: SMK` RIC 560 (X, Eastern)

Marcian Busts

Marcian Types

584

Leo I

Augustus 457-474

Leo was a Thracian soldier who gained enough clout fighting for the armies of Marcian that upon his death he was able to secure the throne. Leo mounted only one major military campaign and it was against the Vandals in Northern Africa. The naval invasion fleet was decimated by the forces of Gaiseric and the unfavorable conclusion of this battle marks the final Roman attempt to recover this key region. The rest of Leo's career was taken up handling the

blessing and vetoing of the many puppet emperors during the last years of the West as well as handling various other foreign and domestic matters. Much of Leo's reign was weakened if not outright dominated by several military leaders. He died in 474 of advanced age and was succeeded by his grandson Leo II.

Busts:

1) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust left 2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Diademed (rosettes), draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Diademed, bust left, wearing consular robes, holding

mappa and cross 5) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding spear

over shoulder and shield

Obverses:

1) DN LEO 2) DN LEO PE AVG 3) DN LEO PER AVG 4) DN LEO PERPET 5) DN LEO PERPET AG 6) DN LEO PERPET AV 7) DN LEO PERPET AVG 8) DN LEO PERPETV AVG 9) DN LEO PERPETVVS AVG 10) DN LEO PF AVG 11) DN LEO PF AVGO 12) DN LEO PRPET AG 13) DN LEO PRTE AVG 14) DN LEON PERP AVG 15) DN LEON VG 16) DN LEONIS PF R AVG 17) DN LEONIS PP A AVG 18) DN LEONIS PP AVG 19) DN LEONS PF AVG 20) DN LEOS PF AVG 21) DN ΛEONS PF AVG

Reverses:

1) GLORIA ROMANORVM 2) GLORORVS TERRRAL 3) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 4) SALVS REIRVBLICAE C 5) SALVS RPVBLICA 6) SALVS RPVRLCA 7) VICTORIA AVGG 8) VICTORIA AVGGG 9) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 10) VICTORIA ROMANORVM 11) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 12) VIRTVS EXERCITI 13) VOT XXX MVLT XXXX 14) No legend

Types:

1) Leo I and Leo II seated, facing, with cross in between; star above each of them. 2) Leo I seated, facing, holding mappa and cross 3) Leo I standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe 4) Leo I standing, facing, holding cross and resting hand on kneeling captive. 5) Leo I standing, facing, holding cross on globe and labarum 6) Leo I standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 7) Leo I standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe. 8) Leo I standing, facing, stepping on snake, holding cross and Victory on globe 9) Monogram I 10) Monogram II 11) Roma and Constantinopolis seated, facing, each holding Victory on globe and scepter; cross between them. 12) Verina standing, facing, holding cross on globe and scepter; b E across fields 13) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe 14) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

With the exception of some pretty rare coins that fall into the AE3 and AE2 class of bronzes, Leo sees nothing wrong with continuing half a century of numismatic ennui and recycles the same portraits and the same old reverses of his political ancestors that would go on for another half century or more before finally running their courses. The system is pretty straightforward. On the Solidus the portrait will be the emperor‟s facing bust dressed in the combat gear of the day along with his trusty diadem on the helmet. The smaller gold denominations along with the silver and bronzes will feature the more traditional profile bust. Silver has by now long disappeared except on rare occasions. These will be invariably more expensive than the fairly common Solidi which usually go for around $500 a piece. A high-grade bronze will also fetch top dollar, especially if it‟s one of those rare AE3‟s or AE2‟s mentioned above. And the cheapest coins will be the low-grade but fairly common AE4‟s featuring one of the several different monograms designed for him. These can sometimes be found among uncleaned coins or by sale at around $20-$40 each. Speaking of the monogram, these interesting designs are born from the need to identify the ruler at a glance since the small size of the coins they are struck on prevent easy identification. Their aim is to compress the ruler‟s name into a single symbol which includes all the letters in his name. Or at least try to. For Leo the celator obviously had a much less challenging task than, say, Basiliscus!

585 15) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XVXXX 16) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XXV 17) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XXXX 18) Victory standing left, holding cross 19) Wreath, Chi-Rho within 20) Wreath, cross within 21) Wreath, lion seated left within. 22) Wreath, lion seated left within; cross atop. 23) Wreath, lion standing left within; star above. 24) Wreath, lion standing right within; star above. 25) Wreath, SAL / REI / PVI within (letters usually very garbled) 26) Wreath, VOT / XXXV / MVLT / XXXX within

Mints:

1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Constantinopolis 4) Cyzicus 5) Heraclea

6) Mediolanum 7) Nicomedia 8) Ravenna 9) Roma 10) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B4, O07, R08, T02, M10 Exe: */THSOB RIC X 620 2) B5, O07, R04, T01, M03 Exe: CONOB RIC X 638 3) B5, O07, R08, T18, M03 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC X 605 4) B5, O07, R08, T18, M10 Exe: */*/TESOB RIC X 618

AU Tremissis

5) B2, O07, R09, T13, M03 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 611

AR Miliarense

6) B1, O07, R01, T07, M03 Exe: */CON RIC X 644 7) B2, O07, R01, T07, M03 Exe: */CON RIC X 641

AR Siliqua

8) B2, O07, R14, T25, M03 Exe: CONS* RIC X 648

AR ½ Siliqua

9) B2, O06, R14, T25, M03 Exe: CONS* RIC X 650

AE3

10) B2, O07, R05, T03, M03 Exe: CON RIC X 660 11) B2, O07, R06, T03, M03 Exe: CON RIC X 657

AE4

12) B2, O01, R14, T04, M03 Exe: */CN RIC X 703, L 2268 13) B2, O01, R14, T04, M03 RIC X 704, L 2269 14) B2, O01, R14, T10, M03 Exe: KOC RIC X 720, L 2270 15) B2, O01, R14, T12, M03 RIC X 715, L 2272 16) B2, O01, R14, T21, M03 Exe: CON RIC X 676 17) B2, O04, R14, T09, M03 RIC X 680 18) B2, O04, R14, T12, M03 RIC X 718, L 2274 19) B2, O10, R14, T09, M03 RIC X 684 20) B2, O10, R14, T21, M03 Exe: CON RIC X 674, L 2260 21) B2, O21, R14, T09, M03 RIC X 686, L 2263

586

Leo I Busts

Leo I Types

587

Verina

? - d.488?

Wife of Leo I, sister of Basiliscus and mother of Ariadne. Verina would play a key role in the ousting of Zeno and then her brother Basiliscus. Probably to cover up a scandalous affair and political advantage she turned against Basiliscus to support her former enemy Zeno who had been in exile. Zeno mistrusted her even though her aid was crucial in his reinstatement and had her exiled. Because she probably felt betrayed she once

again turned against him and supported the failed coup of Leontius. She apparently lost her life during the usurper's siege.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Diademed, draped bust right, being crowned by Hand of God

Obverse:

1) AEL VERINA AVG

Reverses:

1) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 2) SALVS REPVBLICAE 3) VICTORIA AVGGG 4) No legend

Types:

1) Victory seated right, holding shield with Chi-Rho on column 2) Victory standing left, holding cross 3) Wreath, cross within

Mint:

1) Constantinopolis

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B2, O1, R3, T2 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC 607 (X, Leo I)

AU Tremissis

2) B2, O1, R4, T3 Exe: CONOB RIC 614 (X, Leo I)

AE3

3) B2, O1, R1, T1 Exe: CON` RIC 655 (X, Leo I), L 2253 4) B2, O1, R2, T1 Exe: CON` RIC 656 (X, Leo I), L 2253

Verina Busts Verina Types

Save for an AE4 of Leo I‟s which depicts her effigy on the reverse, Verina‟s coins are all ridiculously rare and expensive. As is typical for the period, a few bronzes were struck in her name. What is unusual is that these are rather large in comparison to the tiny coins being made in copper. But, really, this is all academic since they for the most part do not circulate in the market. The Leo AE4 mentioned above is sometimes to be found for a few dollars each but are almost always in a very sorry state of preservation. The best bet to find a “real” coin of Verina will be a Tremissis for two or three thousand dollars. That is, if a dealer can locate one at all.

588

Leo II

Augustus 474

Leo II was the child grandson of Leo by the marriage of his daughter Ariadne and his favorite general Tarasicodissa (later Zeno). When Leo I died, Leo II was still only five or six years old and thus a regent was necessary. To this end, just three weeks later his own father, Zeno, assumed co-emperorship with him and the two ruled jointly until Leo's own death later in the year of an unidentified illness left Zeno to rule by himself.

Bust: 1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust facing

Obverse: 1) DN LEO ET ZENO PP AVG 2) DN LEO PERPET AVG 3) DN LEO ZENO PP AVG

Reverses: 1) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 2) VICTORIA AVGGG 3) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM

Types: 1) Leo II and Zeno seated, facing, each holding a mappa; star

and cross above 2) Leo II standing, facing, holding cross on globe. 3) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe 4) Victory standing left, holding cross

Mints: 1) Constantinopolis 2) Roma

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O2, R1, T2, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 801 2) B2, O2, R2, T4, M2 Exe: */COMOB RIC X 3203 3) B2, O1, R1, T1, M1 Exe: CONOB RIC X 803 4) B2, O3, R1, T1, M1 Exe: CONOB

AU Tremissis 5) B1, O1, R1, T3, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 807

Leo II Busts

Leo II Types

Only a large bank account and a small miracle are needed in order to find one of these coins. Leo II enjoyed a reign measured in days over 1,500 years ago. Constantinople only had time to make a handful coins during this brief period. Because his name was the same of that of his predecessor and the coin portraits mere effigies one could make the argument that there is no way to be certain that the coins presently attributed to his sole reign were beyond a doubt made for him. Curiously, the western emperor Julius Nepos rose to power while Leo II and his father Zeno were by then ruling jointly. For reasons that remain unclear, Nepos struck a few of his own coins honoring Leo II but leaving Zeno‟s name off. While there seems to be no political motive for the snub, back in Constantinople the standard practice had been to have both names on every coin issued. So at least technically, those coins minted in Italy during this time could be considered the only ones in the name of Leo II alone. Unfortunately for you, those coins are hardly any less rare! However, there are many coins of his along with his father which are much more common and cost from a few hundred dollars each to a couple thousand or so.

589

Zeno

Augustus 474-491

Zeno was an Eastern emperor during the waning days of the empire. His career was recorded through a series of endless plots against him which failed to oust him from power entirely. Indeed, he even served as emperor-in-exile during a revolt that briefly saw Basiliscus rise to the throne in 475. He eventually recaptured the throne himself to resume a rocky relationship with the Western half of the empire as well as frequent domestic problems of every sort.

Following the favorable resolution of the Basiliscus affair he had ample time as well to watch the final collapse of the Western half of the empire. As he had no resources to contend with the Germanic tribesmen who were exerting ever more control over the former empire, he could do little more than accept the inevitable outcome. Although this made him nominally ruler of the entire Roman empire after the death of Julius Nepos in 480, in practice he held no sway at all in any of the former Roman provinces. In the end, one of his most remarkable feats was the very fact that he was able to survive for so long in this strife-ridden age.

Busts: 1) Diademed (pearls), draped and bearded bust left, holding mappa and scepter 2) Diademed (pearls), draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Helmeted, diademed, cuirassed bust facing, holding spear and shield 4) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate head right

Obverses: 1) DN ZENO ET LEO NOV CAES 2) DN ZENO ET LIEO NOV CAES 3) DN ZENO N PE AG 4) DN ZENO N PE VG 5) DN ZENO PEPR AVG 6) DN ZENO PER F AVG 7) DN ZENO PERP AVG 8) DN ZENO PERP F AV 9) DN ZENO PERP F AVG 10) DN ZENO PERPE AVG 11) DN ZENO PERPET AVG 12) DN ZENO PERT AVG 13) DN ZENO PF AV 14) IMP ZENO SEMPER AVG 15) INP ZEMP FELICISSIMO SEN AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA P 2) GLORIA ROMANORO 3) GLORORVS TERRAR 4) INVICTA ROMA 5) SALVS REIPVBLICE 6) VICTORIA AVGG 7) VICTORIA AVGGG 8) VICTORIA AVGVSTORIVM 9) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 10) VOT XX MVLT XX 11) No legend

Types: 1) Constantinopolis standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and cornucopia 2) Eagle perched on branch, cross above 3) Legend SE CN 4) Monogram I 5) Monogram II 6) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe. 7) Victory advancing left, holding labarum and dragging captive 8) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 9) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy. 10) Victory seated right, holding shield reading VXX; cuirass to left 11) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XXXV; cuirass to left 12) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 13) Victory standing left, holding cross. 14) Victory standing right, holding cross. 15) Wreath, Chi-Rho within 16) Wreath, cross within 17) Wreath, SE CN within. 18) Wreath, SRI / REI / RVL within 19) Wreath, TOV/VIMV/MTI within.

Zeno continues the currency policies of his political ancestors. He will introduce no new denominations, designs or any sort of alterations beyond the ZENO on the legends where appropriate. As far as he was concerned, if it ain‟t broke, well, don‟t go breaking it. As was the case with Leo and Marcian before him, the Solidus is easily available today for around $400-$600 each and Tremisses for about half that much. As was not the case with those two, however, bronzes have become rarer. Or, that is, rarer to find in a state that allows for positive identification. The one saving grace is that Zeno, too, had a monogram for use on his own AE4‟s which, thanks to their nature, make attribution considerably easier. You might as well forget about trying to get one that has readable legends though. Those are truly rare in that sort of condition and when offered for sale will easily rival the gold coins in cost.

590 20) Wreath, Victory advancing left, holding wreath and dragging captive within. Type also features vestigial legend approximating DN LEON AVG 21) Wreath, VOT / VMTI / LTIS within 22) Zeno seated, facing, holding mappa and scepter with crossed tip. 23) Zeno standing right, holding cross and globe 24) Zeno standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe 25) Zeno standing, facing, holding labarum and cross on globe. 26) Zeno standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Constantinopolis 3) Cyzicus 4) Mediolanum

5) Nicomedia 6) Ravenna 7) Roma 8) Thessalonica

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B3, O07, R07, T13, M2 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC X 905 2) B3, O07, R07, T13 Exe: */COMOB : symbol at end of reverse legend RIC X 3205

AU Semissis 3) B2, O07, R06, T10, M2 Exe: */¤/CONOB RIC X 913

AU Tremissis 4) B2, O07, R08, T06, M2 Exe: */CONOB 5) B2, O07, R09, T06, M2 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 914

AR Siliqua 6) B5, O07, R11, T18, M2 Exe: CON RIC X 944

AR ½ Siliqua 7) B2, O07, R11, T01, M4 M D across fields RIC X 3616

AE1 8) B2, O14, R04, T09, M7 Exe: S/C/•XL• Bust exe: •IIII• RIC X 3667

AE3 9) B2, O03, R11, T20 ¤ in left field 10) B2, O04, R11, T20 ¤ in left field RIC X 949 11) B2, O07, R01, T24, M2 RIC X 948 12) B4, O03, R11, T20 ¤ in left field RIC X 947

AE4 13) B2, O13, R11, T01, M4 M D across fields RIC X 3616 14) B2, O13, R11, T04 RIC X 973 15) B2, O13, R11, T05

591

Zeno Busts

Zeno Types

592

Ariadne

b. ca.450 – d.515

Wife of Zeno, then Anastasius. Ariadne was also the daughter of Verina, Leo I's wife and to her most of all does Anastasius owe his title of Augustus after Zeno's death.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right, wearing necklace and earrings

Obverses:

1) AEL ARIADNE AVG 2) AEL ARIAUNE AVG 3) AEL ARIAYNE AVG

Reverses:

1) VICTORIA AVGGG 2) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 3) No legend

Types:

1) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on globe 2) Victory standing right, holding cross. 3) Wreath, cross within

Mint:

1) Constantinopolis

AU Tremissis Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R3, T3 RIC X 935

Ironic, isn‟t it, that of all the Roman empresses the wife of two different, long-reigning emperors would be among the very rarest to be found today?

Despite being associated with the Eastern Roman Imperial court for over 60 years there are only a handful of coins left of her and since none of them are on sale, ever, they may well be considered priceless.

593

Basiliscus

Augustus 475-476

History remembers Basiliscus in an unfavorable light for his biggest accomplishment seems to have been the annihilation of a large fleet sent to deal with the Vandals of Northern Africa. The circumstances for this disaster remain clouded under some controversy but it seems certain that as he approached the Vandal capital their leader sent a boat full of gold to halt the invasion. Basiliscus may well have sold out his countrymen and the cause

for the loot. With the bought time, and probably more than a little proactive help on the part of Basiliscus, the Vandals were able to mount a quick counteroffensive and rout the would-be conquerors. Following an investigation, Basiliscus managed to avoid being executed for the military blunder with the help of well-placed connections. Instead, through luck and lack of more able leaders, the Senate ratified him as the Eastern emperor in 475. Here his lackluster performance carried over in the form of passing law after unpopular law which seemed to alienate everyone who could've been in a position to help him. Years before, a series of plots engineered by the ranking elite in Constantinople forced the then-emperor Zeno to flee. Now the very same people who did this were recalling the former emperor back in light of the gross mismanagement of Basiliscus. One by one his supporters switched sides to Zeno. Basiliscus did what he could to appease his dwindling support net but it was a day late and a dollar short. In 476 Zeno returned to Constantinople, captured Basiliscus and sent him and his whole family off to an island where they were executed by starvation.

Busts: 1) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Helmeted, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust facing holding spear over shoulder and shield

Obverses: 1) DN BASIL ET MAR P AVG 2) DN BASILISCI ET MARC P AVG 3) DN BASILISCI ET MARCI C 4) DN BASILISCVS PE AVG 5) DN BASILISCVS PERT AVG 6) DN BASILISCVS PF AVG 7) DN BASILISCVS PP AVG 8) DN BASILISCVS PRET AVG 9) No legend

Reverses: 1) GLORIA ROMANORVM 2) SALVS REIPVBLICAE 3) SALVS REIPVRLICAE 4) VICTORIA AVGG 5) VICTORIA AVGGG 6) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 7) VRBIS ROMA 8) No legend

Types: 1) Basiliscus and Marcus seated, facing, each holding a mappa and globe 2) Basiliscus standing, holding spear and resting left hand on shield. 3) Constantinopolis seated, facing, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and cornucopia. 4) Monogram 5) Roma seated, facing, holding Victory on globe and spear. 6) Victory seated right holding shield reading XXXX

7) Victory standing left, holding cross. 8) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and cross on globe. 9) Wreath, cross within

Mints: 1) Constantinopolis 2) Cyzicus 3) Mediolanum 4) Nicomedia 5) Roma 6) Thessalonica

Coins of Basiliscus are found bearing his name alone as well as with his brother Marcus whom he briefly recognized as co-emperor. However, none are known in the name of Marcus alone. And this is all mostly academic since these coins are generally very rare to begin with. While there is no such thing as a “census” of remaining coins for any given emperor or type one could make an educated guess that there are probably less than a hundred or two coins of Basiliscus (with or without his brother) accounted for the whole world over. There are probably many hundreds or thousands at the bottom of the Mediterranean but until those are recovered – if they ever are – finding one for sale will be a challenge. And then paying for one will give your budget a whallop. Although a few tiny bronzes have been identified, mostly thanks to his distinctive monogram, these are even rarer than the gold pieces and likely to cost just as much. A few tremisses and Solidi have been seen to cost under a thousand dollars each but more typically they go for quite a bit more.

594 AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B2, O2, R5, T7, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 1024 2) B2, O7, R5, T7, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 1003

AU Tremissis 3) B1, O2, R6, T8, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 1030 4) B1, O7, R6, T8, M1 Exe: */CONOB RIC X 1008

AE4 5) B1, O1, R8, T4, M2 Exe: CVZ RIC X 1034

Basiliscus Busts

Basiliscus Types

595

Zenonis

? – d.476

Wife of Basiliscus, who was starved to death along with him after Zeno was restored to the throne.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right

Obverses:

1) A ZENONIS 2) AEL ZENONIS AVG

Reverses:

1) VICTORIA AVGGG 2) No legend

Types:

1) Monogram 2) Victory standing left, holding cross.

Mint:

1) Constantinopolis

AU Solidus Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R1, T2 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend RIC X 1004

AE4

2) B1, O1, R2, T1 RIC X 1018

Among the very rarest of rulers, this obscure empress is represented on only a small handful of surviving coins most of which are chewed up remnants of the tiny coppers of the age and which can be attributed thanks only to her distinctinctive monogram. A Solidus or two bounce around at the rate of once or twice every decade or two and it‟s probably only a matter of time before all of them find permanent homes in museums. The AE4‟s come up for sale almost as infrequently but at least there‟s a reasonable chance that more of them may be found in the Balkans in the coming years.

596

Leontius I

Augustus 484-488

Leontius of Isauria, not to be confused with the better known Byzantine emperor of the same name, was one of the early usurpers to the Eastern crown. He was raised to emperor by an army rebelling against Zeno. The revolt he led quickly bogged down in loyalist resistance and he was forced to retreat to Antioch where a siege was laid out at once. He held out in his compound in nearby Cherris for four years before his compatriots betrayed him

to the besiegers. He was promptly executed afterwards. His authentic coins are exceedingly rare. RIC records all of three solidi for his reign with fakes outnumbering the genuine ones many times over.

Bust: 1) Helmeted, cuirassed, diademed bust facing, holding spear and shield.

Obverses: 1) DN LEONTIO PERPS AVG 2) DN LEOTIO PERPS AVG

Reverses: 1) VICTORA AVGG 2) VICTORIA AVGG 3) VICTRA AOGG

Type: 1) Victory standing left, holding cross.

Mint: 1) Antioch

AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R2, T1 Exe: */ANTOB RIC 1101

The coins of this rare usurper have apparently never been offered for sale to the public. This means that unless new ones are found a peek in a display case in a museum is about as close as you get to one. However remote the possibility of new coins turning up for Leontius this does have a history of happening for other emperors so at least the hope for such a discovery would be justifiable. Slightly. The greater danger will be discerning a real coin from the many attempts at forgery. For this reason it would be very wise to have a coin attributed to this or any other rare emperor authenticated by a numismatic expert.

597

Anastasius I

Augustus 491-518

In a larger context the Byzantine empire as such could be said to have started when the ancient city of Byzantium was renamed Constantinople by Constantine I and made a political axis on a par with Rome. Numismatic historians, however, classify Anastasius as the last Roman Emperor and the first Byzantine one. Although he considered himself "Roman", along with all future Byzantine emperors, his choice in 498 to discard the then monetary system in

favor of a new, more Greek-aligned one was a lasting landmark of profound significance. Culturally, the Byzantines were always Greek under their skin and as the influence of the Romans waned there was ever less reason to reflect what to them was a foreign culture even at an official level. Within another hundred years most distinctly Roman traits had been supplanted by the new zeitgeist which better served, after all, a Greek citizenry. During his reign he consolidated power in what was left of the eastern half of the empire and gave up for lost the barbarian-infested western one. To his credit, he was a shrewd administrator and settled several favorable trade treaties which started off the Byzantine period on sound financial footing. Note: So little care has gone into the engraving of the legends during and after this reign that only the primary legend forms will be catalogued. Blunders and minor variations are to be expected.

Busts: 1) Diademed bust left, wearing consular robes, holding

mappa and cross 2) Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust facing, holding spear over

shoulder and shield

Obverses: 1) DN ANASTASIO PP AVG 2) DN ANASTASIVS PERP AVG 3) DN ANASTASIVS PF AVG 4) DN ANASTASIVS PP A 5) DN ANASTASIVS PP AV 6) DN ANASTASIVS PP AVG

Reverses: 1) CONCORD 2) GLORIA ROMANORVM 3) GLOR ORVS TRRA 4) SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE 5) VICTORIA AVGGG 6) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 7) No legend

Types: 1) Anastasius seated, facing, holding akakia and cross on

globe 2) Anastasius standing, facing, holding spear and resting

hand on shield 3) Circle, monogram within 4) Large letter E 5) Large letter I 6) Large letter K, cross to left 7) Large letter M, cross above 8) Victory advancing forward, holding wreath and cross on

globe 9) Victory seated right, holding shield reading XXXX 10) Victory standing left, holding scepter with Christogram

(Type I, see photo at section end) 11) Victory standing left, holding scepter with Christogram

(Type II) 12) Victory standing left, holding cross. 13) Wreath, VOT / MVLT / MTI within

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Constantinopolis 3) Nicomedia 4) Thessalonica

Although he was never any the wiser himself, Anastasius stood at a sort of historical crossroads. Several years after becoming emperor he decided he‟d had it with the currency system as it stood and put into effect a series of reforms that forever changes the Roman numismatic legacy. First and most far-reaching he reintroduced the Follis which was last seen in its full weight two hundred years before. He tariffed this coin as worth 40 of the little old AE4‟s that up until then had been the backbone of small commerce. These now get the formal name of Nummus whence we get “numismatics” today. Although very important as a keystone in currency the actual coins are now largely phased out of production and exist mostly as multiples with the 40-nummus Follis and 20-nummus half Follis being made in great quantities. And this reform kicks in the Byzantine period which will last for nearly another millennium. Legends gradually shed their Latin characters in favor of Greek and, as elsewhere with this culture, art begins to acquire a strong Eastern Christian flavor. While Anastasius tinkered with the bronze coinage he left the time-honored Solidus and its ancillary fractions alone. The collector should be reminded that the bronzes and precious metal coinage existed almost in two separate dichotomies. While every-day trade at the market was facilitated by this copper small change, bullion and barter, the gold coins (and even more rarely now the silver ones) were used primarily to pay soldiers and reserved for other government transactions. For pre-reform bronze coins of Anastasius one finds the relatively elusive tiny AE4‟s typical of the other eastern emperors before him and are found usually in such poor condition that they defy attribution. The post-reform bronzes are much easier to locate and even though they, too, were made of cheap alloys subject to corrosion their size is usally large enough that they remain identifiable. These early Byzantine coins are sold from the dirt-cheap eyesores to over $200 for pristine bronzes regardless of denomination. The gold coins, primarily the Solidus and the Tremissis, can be purchased for around $500 and $200 respectively.

598 AU Solidus Reference(s) 1) B1, O6, R4, T01, M2 Exe: */CONOB 2) B3, O6, R5, T10, M2 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend SB 4 3) B3, O6, R5, T11, M2 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend SB 5 4) B3, O6, R5, T12, M2 Exe: */*/CONOB SB 30 5) B3, O6, R5, T12, M2 Exe: */CONOB Officina at end of reverse legend SB 3

AU Semissis 6) B2, O6, R5, T09, M2 Exe: */¤/CONOB SB 6

AU Tremissis 7) B2, O6, R6, T08, M2 Exe: */CONOB SB 8

AR Miliarense 8) B2, O6, R3, T02, M4 Exe: */THSOB

AR Siliqua 9) B2, O6, R7, T13, M2 Exe: CONOS* SB 11

AE Follis (40 Nummus) 10) B2, O6, R7, T07, M2 Exe: `/CON * on either side of M (and • above and below each *) SB 21 11) B2, O6, R7, T07, M2 Exe: `/CON * on either side of M SB 16 12) B2, O6, R7, T07, M2 Exe: `/CON * to left of M 13) B2, O6, R7, T07, M2 Exe: CON SB 14

AE ½ Follis (20 Nummus) 14) B2, O6, R7, T07, M2 Exe: CON Officina to right of K SB 14

Note: In the smaller denominations the obverse legend is almost always abbreviated in arbitrary fashion to read, roughly, DN ANAS PP AVG. However, these legends are only very rarely readable in their entirety. AE 5 Nummus 15) B2, O?, R7, T04, M2 • above and below central line of the E and officina to right SB 29 16) B2, O?, R7, T04, M2 Officina to right of the E SB 29

AE4 17) B2, O?, R7, T03, M2 SB 13

Anastasius I Busts

599

Anastasius I Types

600

Anonymous Coinage During various periods of the Roman Imperial age a relatively small series of coins were issued without either the reigning emperor‟s portrait nor a legend that explicitly mentions him.

Some of these were minted during civil wars at a time when no clear successor had yet been found. At others, the coins seem to been minted in honor of a particularly important event that transcended even the ephemeral position of the current emperor. And yet others seem to have served a very specific role within a closed community such as miners‟ scrip money.

The most famous and available of these coins are those struck in commemoration of the founding of Constantinople. As the old city of Byzantium was renamed after Constantine it assumed an importance that, politically and culturally, would rival Rome itself. To leave no doubt as to its new status, millions of bronze coins were made in roughly equal quantities of two main types. The first featured on the obverse personification of Rome while the second that of Constantinopolis. Both types may be found today as among the most commonly available of late Roman coinage and were minted in every operational mint at the time of issue; roughly the years 330-340.

AR Types:

1. Denarius Obv: No legend - Wreath, SPQR within Rev: SALVS GENERIS HVMANI – Victory standing right on globe, holding palm and wreath

Issued during the civil war following Nero‟s death. RIC 73b, C 421

2. Denarius Obv: FIDES / EXERCITVVM – Hands, in handshake

Rev: FIDES / PRAETORIANORVM – Hands, in handshake

Also issued during the civil war of 68-69. RIC 121, BMC 65, C 363

3. Half Siliqua (Approx. 1.3g)

Obv: No legend – Star

Rev: No legend - Wreath

Presumably struck shortly after the death of Helena c.326 in memoriam.

4. Half Siliqua (Approx. 1.3g)

Obv: No legend – Helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust of Roma right

Rev: No legend – Large K

The obverse most likely represents the personification of Rome and, this being the case, the coin would have been a commemorative associated with the founding of Constantinopolis. The large K on the reverse remains somewhat of a mystery. David Vagi asserts it stands for Constantinopolis though it was usually spelled with a “C” during the fourth century. C.330 5. Third of Siliqua (Approx. 1.15g)

Obv: No legend – Helena diademed, draped bust right, wearing necklace

Rev: No legend – Large K

Another posthumous coin of Helena, easily identifiable by her portrait despite the lack of an affirming legend. c.330. Vagi 3052

601

6. Third of Siliqua Obv: No legend – Helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust of Roma right

Rev: No legend – Large R

In this case the R in reverse can more easily be explained as standing for Rome. c.330

AE Types:

7. Tessera (Approx. 4 - 7g) Obv: No legend – Couple in erotic embrace, lying down.

Rev: No legend – Wreath, V within

An erotic token of extra-official provenance and uncertain value. Probably used outside of mainstream commerce and rare within its own time. c.14-34

8. Semis (Approx. 3 - 4g) Obv: No legend – Woman, draped bust right

Rev: METAL / AVRELIA / NIS

Throughout the empire there were many mines that contracted a large labor force along with the slave labor pressed into duty. These coins were likely used for their limited purchasing needs inside of their communities. c.161-180

9. Quadrans (Approx. 2.5 - 3.5g) Obv: No legend – Mars helmeted, cuirassed bust right

Rev: Cuirass

c.81-161 RIC II, 21

10. Quadrans (Approx. 2.5 - 3.5g) Obv: No legend – Rhinoceros advancing left

Rev: Laurel branch, S C across fields

c.81-161 RIC II, 36

11. Quadrans (Approx. 2.5 - 3.5g) Obv: ROMA – Helmeted, draped bust of Roma right

Rev: DARDANICI – Dardania standing left, holding wheat ears and raising skirt.

Another issue associated with mine use. c.100-140 RIC 1016 (II, Hadrian)

12. Quadrans (Approx. 2.5 - 3.5g) Obv: No legend – Pegasus seated left, wheel to left.

Rev: No legend – Altar; S C across fields

Ca. 70-100

602 13. AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type I Obv: VRBS ROMA – Roma, helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust left

Rev: Wreath, VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within

See catalog at end of section

14. AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type II Obv: CONSTANTINOPOLI – Constantinopolis helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust

left, holding scepter

Rev: GLORIA EXERCITVS – Two soldiers standing either side of a standard, each

holding a spear and resting hand on a shield.

15. AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type III Obv: CONSTANTINOPOLIS – Constantinopolis helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust

left, holding scepter.

Rev: No legend – Victory standing left, stepping on galley prow, cradling scepter and

resting hand on shield. See catalog at end of section

16. AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type IV

Obv: VRBS ROMA – Roma, helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust left

Rev: GLORIA EXERCITVS – Two soldiers standing either side of a standard, each

holding a spear and resting hand on a shield.

See catalog at end of section

17. AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type V

Obv: ROMA – Roma, helmeted, draped and cuirassed bust left

Rev: No legend – Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus.

See catalog at end of section

18. AE1

Obv: CONSTANTINOPOLIS – Constantinopolis helmeted, cuirassed bust right, holding

scepter over shoulder.

Rev: VICTORIA AVG – Victory seated left, stepping on galley prow, holding branch and

cornucopia.

RIC 303 (VII, Rome)

19. AE4

Obv: GENIO ANTOCHENI - Genius of Antioch seated, facing; Orontes swimming

below.

Rev: APOLLONI SANCTO Exe: ʘ/SMA - Apollo standing left, holding patera and lyre.

Semi-autonomous issue under Maximinus II, 'The last civic coinages and the religious policy of Maximinus Daza', J. van Heesch. c.310 (Antioch).

603 20. AE4

Obv: IOVI CONSERVATORI – Jupiter seated left, holding globe and scepter.

Rev: VICTORIA AVGG Exe: ʘ/ANT – Victory advancing left, holding wreath and

palm.

21. AE4

Obv: DEO SANCTO SARAPIDI - Serapis head right.

Rev: DEO SANCTO NILO - Nilus laying left, holding reed and cornucopia.

22. AE1

Obv: Isis diademed, draped bust right

Rev: VOTA P PVBLICA – Isis riding chariot with two mules left, holding sistrum.

23. AE3

Obv: ISIS FARIA – Isis draped bust left, holding sistrum and fruit dish

Rev: VOTA PVBLICA – Isis seated, facing, holding Horus

24. AE4

Obv: DEO SERAPI – Serapis draped bust left

Rev: VOTA PVBLICA – Sphinx poised right

25. AE4 Obv: POP ROMANVS - Roma laureate, draped bust left, holding cornucopia

Rev: Bridge

Var. (a) mintmark CONS`, (b) mintmark CONS over ` RIC 21 (VIII, Rome), L 1066

26. AE4

Obv: POP ROMANVS - Roma laureate, draped bust left, holding cornucopia

Rev: No legend Exe: CONS` – Wreath, star within.

Var. (a) mintmark above star, (b) mintmark below star RIC 22 (VIII, Rome), L 1067

604 27. AE4

Obv: Roma - Roma helmeted, cuirassed bust right.

Rev: No legend – Roma standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield; P R

across fields RIC 104 (VIII, Rome), L 611

28. AE4

Obv: Constantinopolis diademed, draped bust right

Rev: No legend – Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter; P R across fields

RIC 106 (VIII, Rome)

AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type I Reference(s) 24) Exe: •SMH` (Heraclea) RIC 56 (VIII, Heraclea), L 960 25) Exe: SMN` (Nicomedia) RIC 53 (VIII, Nicomedia), L 1151

AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type III 26) Exe: */AQ` (Aquileia) RIC 129 (VII, Aquileia) 27) Exe: *SMK` (Cyzicus) RIC 120 (VII, Cyzicus) 28) Exe: ¨`LG (Lugdunum) RIC 251 (VII, Lyons) 29) Exe: >/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 380 (VII, Arelate) 30) Exe: £/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 386 (VII, Arelate) 31) Exe: ®/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 369 (VII, Arelate) 32) Exe: O/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 416 (VII, Arelate)

33) Exe: •/•SMH`• (Heraclea) RIC 135 (VII, Heraclea) 34) Exe: •`LG (Lugdunum) RIC 246 (VII, Lyons) 35) Exe: •`SIS• (Siscia) RIC 241 (VII, Siscia) 36) Exe: •CONS`• (Constantinopolis) RIC 86 (VII, Constantinople) 37) Exe: •SMHΓ (Heraclea) RIC 120 (VII, Heraclea) 38) Exe: •SMHΔ (Heraclea) RIC 120 (VII, Heraclea) 39) Exe: •SMH`• (Heraclea) RIC 125 (VII, Heraclea) 40) Exe: •SMK` (Cyzicus) RIC 107 (VII, Cyzicus) 41) Exe: CONS` (Constantinopolis) RIC 63 (VII, Constantinople) 42) Exe: CONS`• (Constantinopolis) RIC 79 (VII, Constantinople) 43) Exe: F/AQ` (Aquileia) RIC 137 (VII, Aquileia) 44) Exe: RB` (Roma) RIC 339 (VII, Rome) 45) Exe: RF` (Roma) RIC 332 (VII, Rome) 46) Exe: SMAL` (Alexandria) RIC 17 (VIII, Alexandria), L 1441 47) Exe: SMAL`• (Alexandria) RIC 27 (VIII, Alexandria), L 1444 48) Exe: SMAN` (Antioch) RIC 92 (VII, Antioch) 49) Exe: SMH` (Heraclea) RIC 115 (VII, Heraclea) 50) Exe: SMK` (Cyzicus) RIC 93 (VII, Cyzicus) 51) Exe: SMN` (Nicomedia) RIC 196 (VII, Nicomedia) 52) Exe: SMTS` (Thessalonica) RIC 188 (VII, Thessalonica) 53) Exe: TR`* (Treveri) RIC 548 (VII, Trier) 54) Exe: TR`® (Treveri) RIC 563 (VII, Trier) 55) Exe: TR`• (Treveri) RIC 530 (VII, Trier)

AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type IV 56) Exe: CONS`• (Constantinopolis) RIC 154 (VII, Constantinople) 57) Exe: SMH` (Heraclea) RIC 156 (VII, Heraclea)

AE1 Constantinople Commemorative Type V 58) [No marks in exergue] RIC 349 (VII, Rome)

AE3 Constantinople Commemorative Type V 59) Exe: *SMK` (Cyzicus) RIC 72 (VII, Cyzicus) 60) Exe: ;/SMH` (Heraclea) RIC 129 (VII, Heraclea) 61) Exe: ;/SMN` (Nicomedia) RIC 195 (VII, Nicomedia) 62) Exe: `SIS (Siscia) RIC 222 (VII, Siscia), L 745 63) Exe: ¨`LG (Lugdunum) RIC 252 (VII, Lyons) 64) Exe: ¯/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 368 (VII, Arles) 65) Exe: =/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 373 (VII, Arles) 66) Exe: £/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 385 (VII, Arles) 67) Exe: £/`CONST (Arelate) RIC 400 (VII, Arles) 68) Exe: •`SIS• (Siscia) RIC 240 (VII, Siscia), L 750 69) Exe: ••SMH`• (Heraclea) RIC 134 (VII, Heraclea) 70) Exe: •CONS`• (Constantinopolis) RIC 85 (VII, Constantinople)

605 71) Exe: •SMH` (Heraclea) RIC 119 (VII, Heraclea) 72) Exe: •SMH`• (Heraclea) RIC 124 (VII, Heraclea) 73) Exe: •SMK` (Cyzicus) RIC 105 (VII, Cyzicus) 74) Exe: •SMN` (Nicomedia) RIC 119 (VII, Nicomedia) 75) Exe: CONS` (Constantinopolis) RIC 62 (VII, Constantinople) 76) Exe: CONS`• (Constantinopolis) RIC 78 (VII, Constantinople) 77) Exe: F/AQ` (Aquileia) RIC 336 (VII, Aquileia) 78) Exe: R=` (Roma) RIC 354 (VII, Rome) 79) Exe: RF` (Roma) RIC 331 (VII, Rome) 80) Exe: SMAL` (Alexandria) RIC 63 (VII, Alexandria) 81) Exe: SMAN` (Antioch) RIC 113 (VII, Antioch) 82) Exe: SMAN` (Antioch) RIC 91 (VII, Antioch) 83) Exe: SMH` (Heraclea) RIC 143 (VII, Heraclea) 84) Exe: SMK` (Cyzicus) Only one star above wolf 85) Exe: SMK` (Cyzicus) RIC 90 (VII, Cyzicus) 86) Exe: SMN` (Nicomedia) RIC 205 (VII, Nicomedia) 87) Exe: SMTS` (Thessalonica) RIC 229 (VII, Thessalonica) 88) Exe: TR•` (Treveri) RIC 542 (VII, Trier)

£

606

Coin Terms Used

AE – Short for Aeratus, Latin for copper. AR – Short for Argentum, Latin for silver. AU or AV – Short for Aurum, Latin for gold. Billon – Any alloy made up chiefly of base metals which contains a negligible amount of silver.

Celator – The craftsman in charge of creating the dies. Die – The metal stamp used to impress a design onto a metal blank. Each coin is made using two dies for obverse and reverse. Die axis refers to the position of each die relative to each other when the coin was struck. Exergue – Generally taken to mean the bottom part of the coin. This area is usually delineated and reserved for codes unrelated to the rest of the coin‟s design or message. The exception are the Denarii and Aurei which sometimes use the exergue as extra spacing to accommodate large reverse legends. In most other cases the exergue is used for mint marks. These mintmarks often spill into the reverse fields as well. While not frequently used, the obverse sometimes will have some exergue writing. Fabric – Refers to the texture of a coin. Two coins with identical designs can still have a very different „look and feel‟ about them. Factors like thickness, metal type, porosity, waviness and so on make up a unique signature for each coin that becomes associated with a particular culture and era. The study of a coin‟s fabric is vitally important in determining a coin‟s authenticity. Flan – The metal blank used to make the coin. The term‟s use is synonymous with “coin” except that the former concerns itself only with the structural integrity, shape and makeup of the metal. Fourree – A French word meaning „stuffed‟. In numismatics it refers to an ancient counterfeit meant to deceive the recipient of the coin, not a modern collector. The counterfeiter would use a copper core and coat it in silver before striking it and attempting to pass it off as a good coin. The artistic merit of Roman fourrees is usually so good that they can only be identified when the silver coating has worn through enough to reveal its interior. Given this fact it is suspected that the counterfeiters could only have been mint officials with access to official dies and/or under covert approval of their superiors. Gold fourrees exist as well.

Mule – (or hybrid) A term used to describe a coin whose obverse is mismatched with the reverse. For example, the Julia Domna Denarius pictured below is of a military type belonging to her husband Septimius Severus and which would never ordinarily be featured on a coin of an empress.

607

Mules are particularly abundant during transitional periods as one emperor is replaced with another and dies used for the former become mixed with the latter out of carelessness, haste or both. Obverse – The front or „heads‟ of a coin. Orichalcum – A naturally occurring brassy alloy mined on the Italian peninsula. It was used irregularly in the minting of Sestertii and Dupondii during the first and second centuries. Being of a naturally golden color, coins made of this alloy are often mistaken for gold by inexperienced collectors. Patina – Copper-based alloys and to a lesser extent silver ones exposed to the environment become corroded over time. If this environment is not too severe only the coin‟s surface becomes affected. This superficial layer is called a patina and novice collectors may often attempt to remove it in the failed hopes of restoring the coin to an as-new condition. A patina is usually desirable to maintain as it forms an effective barrier against further corrosion and is often considered quite attractive.

Reverse – The „tails‟ side of the coin.

608 Style – The unique artistic attributes of a coin‟s design. The art of engraving is remarkably consistent for a particular age and becomes a mint‟s signature as its various students learn to mimic one another‟s renderings. While each mint‟s output becomes consistent with itself it is often dissimilar to other mints‟ coins. The farther apart any two mints are the more likely that the artistic style will be different even when the overall design of the artwork and epigraphy is the same.

Style also evolves over time within a mint and this, too, becomes a familiar signature. In conjunction with the study of fabric as mentioned above an understanding of style is essential in distinguishing authentic from fake.

609

Glossary

Biga – A chariot pulled by two horses. Capricornus – The classical Roman Capricorn; a mythological figure combining the fore part of a goat with a fish tail. Carpentum – A funerary chariot; the predecessor of the modern hearse. Cornucopia – A funnel-shaped container used to store fruits and vegetables, usually for decorative more so than practical purposes. Symbolically representative of plentiful resources. Cuirass – The body armor of the soldier. The emperor, who rarely, if ever, personally fought in a war would have intricate decorations on his own cuirass. Labarum – A vexillum with a Christian motif. Lictor – The personal bodyguard to the emperor. The lictor would be outfitted with a fasces which was analogous in use to the billy club of today‟s police officers. Lituus – One of the principal ceremonial instruments used by Roman priests during the course of their religious rites. Modius – A bushel of grain. Parazonium – The quintessentially Roman short sword which served as the main weapon of combat for infantrymen. Patera – A sacred bowl used to pour various libations over the open fire of an altar. Pileus – A small hat given to freed slaves to symbolize their freedom. In some countries, such as France, it continues to be used as a symbol of freedom. Quadriga – A chariot pulled by four horses. Scepter – A ceremonial rod of various lengths decorated with inlaid jewels and engravings. It is representative of ultimate authority. Simpulum - One of the principal ceremonial instruments used by Roman priests during the course of their religious rites. Standard – A pole or staff adorned with large medallions, flags and other insignia denoting a particular military unit‟s origin and affiliation. Asides from pomp, the devices proved useful in battlefield coordination. Tessera – A name sometimes used in referring to the chief attribute of Liberalitas. The device is a coin counter designed to give an accurate number of coins quickly and repeatedly during a donative procession but its actual name is unknown today. Vestal – A “nun” who devoted her life serving in the temple of Vesta. Her person and chastity was considered absolutely inviolable. Vexillum – A flag or sign carried on a pole used as a signaling device similar to a standard. Victimarius – A priest whose function it was to ritually kill an animal meant as a sacrificial offering.

610

Rarity

Gauging the relative rarity of the various emperors, empresses and other personages for whom coins were made since the time of Augustus and through that of Anastasius over 500 years later is a formidable task. The extant coins of the Roman empire have come into the hands of collectors as well as private and public institutions either because they were handed down through the generations or because they have been recovered after being lost by their original owners (and then handed down through the generations!). Since on the one hand new coins are being found all the time and records of how many coins were minted back then were never kept no one knows for sure just how rare or common any single ruler, coin type or denomination is. Rarity is also not linearly progressive in the sense that a ruler‟s length of reign is not necessarily a good yardstick for determining overall rarity. While there‟s obviously a general correlation with popular emperors with long reigns having many extant coins today that is only loosely indicative of how many coins were actually made during that period and, more importantly, how many have survived.

For example, if one were to add up all the remaining coins left of the top fifty rulers, whose individual reigns would add up to decades, you would still have fewer coins than many single, short-lived emperors such as a Quintillus or Otho. There are several reasons for this including the fact that the more ephemeral the ruler the less likely that they had access to an active mint or the required resources to run it. Of those that did perhaps their particular period was so troubled that little currency was being manufactured. In other cases it‟s just a matter of bad luck in that the particular ruler had most of his or her coins lost or melted down. And in yet others it is simply that the ruler came and went before the mints under his temporary control had any time to ramp up production. However, polling existing collections and using the available historical clues one can come to some conclusions that will be reasonably accurate. For the very rare issues or even coins attributed to rare emperors or empresses a single hoard can dramatically alter the rarity scales as understood to be at any given moment. For what it‟s worth, a couple of tables are presented to provide a general idea of how rare or common coins are for each of the known emperors, empresses, caesars and others who had coins made in their names. A rarity of 1 means the coin is very common while a 9 is of extreme rarity. For the purposes of this scale then a rarity of 5 or higher is fairly rare and each successive number escalates this rarity exponentially. With the exception of the late Roman Solidus and its various fractions gold coins are to be considered uniformly rare. Few collectors of Roman imperial coins will be lucky enough to own an Aureus or any other pre-Constantinian gold denomination.

611

Table 1 – Ruler Rarity (absolute)

Ruler AE AR AU Julius Caesar, 49-44 BC ? 6 9 Augustus (Octavian), 27 BC – 14 AD 4 6 8 Livia (wife of Augustus) 6 N/A N/A Agrippa (friend of Augustus) 5 N/A N/A Tiberius, 14-37 6 6 8 Nero Claudius Drusus (brother of Tiberius) 7 8 8 Antonia (wife of Nero Claudius Drusus) 5 8 N/A Drusus (son of Tiberius) 4 N/A ? Germanicus (son of Nero Claudius Drusus) 4 N/A ? Agrippina (wife of Germanicus) 7 N/A N/A Nero and Drusus (sons of Germanicus) 6 N/A N/A Caligula, 37-41 5 8 8 Claudius, 41-54 3 8 8 Britannicus (son of Claudius) 9 N/A N/A Nero, 54-68 5 6 8 Clodius Macer (68, usurper) N/A 9 N/A Galba, 68-69 6 6 8 Otho, 69 N/A 6 8 Vitellius, 69 7 5 8 Vespasian, 69-79 5 4 7 Domitilla (wife of Vespasian) 8 8 9 Titus 6 5 8 Julia Titi (daughter of Titus) 6 6 9 Domitian 4 3 7 Domitia (wife of Domitian) 8 9 9 Nerva, 96-98 4 3 8 Trajan, 98-117 3 3 7 Plotina (wife of Trajan) 7 8 9 Marciana (sister of Trajan) 7 7 9 Matidia (daughter of Marciana) 7 8 9 Hadrian, 117-138 3 3 7 Sabina (wife of Hadrian) 7 5 9 Aelius, 136-138 6 6 9 Antoninus Pius 3 3 7 Faustina Sr. (wife of Antoninus Pius) 4 3 9 Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 3 3 7 Faustina Jr. (wife of Marcus Aurelius) 4 3 8 Lucius Verus, 161-169 5 4 8 Lucilla (wife of Lucius Verus) 5 5 8 Commodus, 177-192 4 3 7 Crispina (Wife of Commodus) 7 5 9 Pertinax, 193 7 7 9 Didius Julianus, 193 7 7 9 Manlia Scantilla (wife of Didius Julianus) 8 8 N/A Didia Clara (daughter of Didius Julianus) 8 8 N/A Pescennius Niger, 193-194 ? 7 9 Septimius Severus, 193-211 6 3 7 Julia Domna (wife of Septimius Severus) 6 3 7 Caracalla, 198-217 6 3 7 Plautilla (wife of Caracalla) 7 4 9 Geta, 209-212 7 3 7 Macrinus, 217-218 7 5 9 Diadumenian, 218 7 6 9 Elagabalus, 218-222 6 3 7

612

Ruler AE AR AU

Julia Paula (1st wife of Elagabalus) 7 4 9 Aquilia Severa (2nd wife of Elagabalus) 8 5 9 Annia Faustina (3rd wife of Elagabalus) 9 7 N/A Julia Soaemias (mother of Elagabalus) 6 4 9 Julia Maesa (grandmother of Elagabalus & S. Alexander) 6 4 9 Severus Alexander, 222-235 5 3 7 Orbiana (wife of Severus Alexander) 8 6 N/A Julia Mamaea (mother of Severus Alexander) 6 4 9 Maximinus, 235-238 4 4 8 Paulina (wife of Maximinus) 8 7 N/A Maximus, 235-238 5 6 N/A Gordian I, 238 7 7 9 Gordian II, 23 7 7 9 Balbinus, 238 6 6 9 Pupienus, 238 6 6 9 Gordian III, 238-244 4 2 7 Tranquillina (wife of Gordian III) 7 8 N/A Philip I, 244-249 4 3 7 Otacilia Severa (wife of Philip I) 4 3 9 Philip II, 247-249 4 3 7 Pacatian (c.248, usurper) N/A 8 N/A Jotapian (c.248, usurper) N/A 9 N/A Silbannacus (c.248, usurper) N/A 9 N/A Trajan Decius, 249-251 4 3 8 Herennia Etruscilla (wife of Trajan Decius) 4 3 9 Herennius Etruscus, 251 4 4 8 Hostilian, 251 7 6 8 Trebonianus Gallus, 251-253 4 3 8 Volusian, 251-253 4 4 8 Aemilian, 253 8 6 9 Cornelia Supera (wife of Aemilian) 9 9 N/A Uranius Antoninus, (c.253, usurper) 9 (prov.) 9 9 Valerian I, 253-260 4 3 9 Mariniana (wife of Valerian) 7 7 N/A Valerian II, 256-258 5 4 9 Gallienus, 260-268 2 N/A 8 Salonina, (wife of Gallienus) 3 N/A 9 Saloninus, 260 5 5 9 Regalianus (c.260, usurper) N/A 9 N/A Dryantilla (wife of Regalianus) N/A 9 N/A Postumus (c.260-269, usurper) 4 3 9 Macrianus (c.260-261, usurper) 5 N/A 9 Quietus (c.260-261, usurper) 5 N/A 9 Claudius II, 268-270 2 N/A 9 Marius (c.269, usurper) 6 N/A N/A Laelianus (c.269, usurper) 7 N/A 9 Domitian II (c. 269, usurper) 9 N/A N/A Victorinus (c.269-271, usurper) 3 N/A 9 Quintillus, 270 4 N/A 9 Aurelian, 270-275 2 N/A 8 Vabalathus (c.271-272, usurper) 5 N/A N/A Zenobia (mother of Vabalathus) 9 N/A N/A Tetricus I (271-274, usurper) 3 N/A 9 Tetricus II (c.273-274, usurper) 3 N/A N/A Tacitus, 275-276 3 N/A 9 Florian, 276 4 N/A 9 Probus, 276-282 2 N/A 8 Saturninus (c.280, usurper) N/A N/A UNIQUE

613

Ruler AE AR AU

Carus, 282-283 3 N/A 9 Numerian, 283-284 3 N/A 9 Carinus, 283-285 3 N/A 9 Magnia Urbica (wife of Carinus) 7 N/A 9 Nigrinian (son of Carinus) 7 N/A N/A Diocletian, 284-305 2 6 7 Julian (c.284, usurper) 9 N/A 9 Maximianus, 286-305, 306-308 & 310 3 6 7 Carausius (287-293, usurper) 4 7 9 Allectus (293-296, usurper) 5 N/A 9 Domitius Domitianus (c.296-297, usurper) 8 N/A N/A Constantius I, 305-306 3 6 9 Helena (1st

wife of Constantius I) 3 N/A 9

Theodora (2nd wife of Constantius I) 5 N/A N/A Galerius, 305-311 3 6 9 Galeria Valeria (wife of Galerius) 4 N/A 9 Severus II, 306-307 5 8 9 Maximinus II, 309-313 3 6 8 Maxentius, 306-312 3 6 8 Romulus (son of Maxentius) 5 N/A N/A Constantine I, 307-337 1 7 7 Fausta (wife of Constantine I) 3 8 9 Alexander (c.308-311, usurper) 8 N/A N/A Licinius, 308-324 1 8 8 Constantia (wife of Licinius) 8 N/A N/A Valerius Valens, c.316 9 N/A N/A Crispus, 316-324 1 8 9 Licinius Jr., 317-324 1 N/A 9 Martinian, 324 8 N/A N/A Delmatius, 335-337 4 8 9 Hanniballianus, 335-337 7 9 N/A Constantine II, 337-340 1 7 8 Constans, 337-350 1 6 8 Constantius II, 337-361 1 6 7 Nepotian, 350 9 N/A N/A Vetranio (350, usurper) 6 8 N/A Magnentius, 350-353 3 6 9 Decentius, 351-353 3 6 N/A Constantius Gallus, 351-354 1 6 8 Julian II, 360-363 2 6 7 Jovian, 363-364 2 6 7 Valentinian I, 364-375 1 6 6 Valens, 364-378 1 6 6 Procopius (365-366, usurper) 4 7 9 Gratian, 367-383 1 6 6 Valentinian II, 375-392 1 6 6 Theodosius I, 379-395 1 6 6 Aelia Flaccilla (wife of Theodosius I) 3 8 9 Magnus Maximus (383-388, usurper) 4 6 7 Flavius Victor (387-388, usurper) 6 8 N/A 1[3]

Arcadius, 383-407 1 6 6 Eudoxia (wife of Arcadius) 3 8 8 Eugenius, 392-394 6 7 9 Honorius, 394-423 1 6 6 Theodosius II, 402-450 3 6 6 Eudocia (wife of Theodosius II) 7 8 7

1[3]

Emperors and their relatives from the Western court are highlighted in red

614

Ruler AE AR AU

Pulcheria (sister of Theodosius II) 7 8 7 Constantine III (407-411, usurper) 9 8 9 Constans II (c.409-411, usurper) N/A 9 N/A Maximus (409-411, usurper) 9 9 N/A Priscus Attalus, 409-410 & 414-415 9 8 9 Jovinus (411-413, usurper) N/A 9 N/A Sebastianus (c.412-413, usurper) N/A 9 N/A Constantius III, 421 N/A 9 9 Johannes, 423-425 6 8 9 Valentinian III, 425-455 6 8 6 Licinia Eudoxia (wife of Val. III & P. Maximus) N/A N/A 9 Galla Placidia (mother of Valentinian III) 7 8 8 Honoria (sister of Valentinian III) N/A N/A 8 Marcian, 450-457 5 8 6 Petronius Maximus, 455 N/A N/A 9 Avitus, 455-456 9 9 9 Leo I, 457-474 5 8 6 Verina (wife of Leo I) 6 N/A 7 Majorian, 457-461 7 8 9 Libius Severus, 461-465 8 8 8 Anthemius, 467-472 8 8 7 Euphemia (wife of Anthemius) N/A 9 9 Olybrius, 472 N/A N/A 9 Glycerius, 473-474 N/A

UNIQUE 9

Leo II, 473-474 9 N/A 9 Zeno, 474-491 5 7 6 Ariadne (wife of Zeno) N/A N/A 9 Julius Nepos, 474-475 9 9 9 Romulus Augustus, 475-476 N/A 9 9 Basiliscus (and Marcus), 475-476 7 UNIQUE 7 Zenonis (wife of Basiliscus) 7 N/A 9 Leontius (484-488, usurper) N/A N/A 9 Anastasius, 491-518 3 7 5 Summary: The full Roman Imperial set has: • A total of 135 emperors of which 34 were usurpers not counting Clodius Macer who was not hailed as emperor nor Haniballianus whose title was King of Armenia. • A total of 10 Caesars. • A total of 51 women (40 wives, 4 mothers, 4 sisters, 2 daughters and 1 grandmother) • 5 emperors‟ sons and one friend (Agrippa) • A grand total of 204 persons (joint issues counted as one) Note: The coins of usurper-emperors, Amandus, Aelianus and Sponsianus, are discounted by most numismatic experts as fakes. Coins attributed to Proculus and Bonosus are highly controversial and in the author‟s opinion mis-identified coins of barbarous origin. Coins minted in the name of Marcus alone, brother of Basiliscus with whom he shared the imperial title briefly, are not known. Additionally, coins in the name of Victoria, mother of Victorinus, were supposedly minted in copper, silver and gold but none are known to have survived. The 18

th century historian Gibbon asserts that an Egyptian merchant named Firmus rebelled

during the reign of Aurelian and minted coins in his own name but these, too, have yet to appear. Some arguably Roman issues were excluded from this tally such as Vindex, Antinous, Odovacar, etc. 2[1]

Emperors in bold, Caesars in italics

615

Table 2 – Ruler Rarity (relative)

In ascending order, approximately from most common to rarest:

1. Constantine I 2. Constantius II 3. Constantine II 4. Valens 5. Valentinian I 6. Constans 7. Licinius I 8. Probus 9. Aurelian 10. Valentinian II 11. Gallienus 12. Gratian 13. Constantius Gallus 14. Theodosius I 15. Arcadius 16. Honorius 17. Licinius II 18. Julian II 19. Jovian 20. Diocletian 21. Crispus 22. Claudius II 23. Maximian 24. Maximinus II 25. Anastasius 26. Tetricus I 27. Tetricus II 28. Salonina 29. Tacitus 30. Delmatius 31. Gordian III 32. Philip I 33. Postumus 34. Victorinus 35. Philip II 36. Galerius 37. Helena 38. Magnentius 39. Decentius 40. Vespasian 41. Antoninus Pius 42. Claudius 43. Augustus 44. Elagabalus 45. Severus Alexander 46. Septimius Severus 47. Caracalla 48. Carinus 49. Numerian

50. Florian 51. Hadrian 52. Trajan 53. Maxentius 54. Galeria Valeria 55. Trajan Decius 56. Faustina Sr. 57. Faustina Jr. 58. Domitian 59. Marcus Aurelius 60. Geta 61. Fausta 62. Valerian I 63. Magnus Maximus 64. Agrippa 65. Germanicus 66. Constantius I 67. Quintillus 68. Commodus 69. Marcian 70. Nerva 71. Julia Domna 72. Herennia Etruscilla 73. Otacilia Severa 74. Carus 75. Lucius Verus 76. Severina 77. Julia Maesa 78. Julia Mamaea 79. Nero 80. Aelia Flaccilla 81. Caligula 82. Julia Soaemias 83. Volusian 84. Leo I 85. Valerian II 86. Trebonianus Gallus 87. Drusus 88. Sabina 89. Maximinus 90. Tiberius 91. Crispina 92. Lucilla 93. Titus 94. Plautilla 95. Vabalathus 96. Theodora 97. Eudoxia 98. Macrinus 99. Antonia 100. Saloninus 101. Carausius 102. Severus II 103. Procopius 104. Herennius Etruscus 105. Clodius Albinus 106. Theodosius II

107. Allectus 108. Julia Paula 109. Hostilian 110. Aelius 111. Aquilia Severa 112. Vitellius 113. Zeno 114. Galba 115. Maximus (Caesar) 116. Quietus 117. Macrianus 118. Flavius Victor 119. Diadumenian 120. Johannes 121. Otho 122. Vetranio 123. Magnia Urbica 124. Aemilian 125. Eugenius 126. Hanniballianus 127. Livia 128. Balbinus 129. Pupienus 130. Agrippina II 131. Orbiana 132. Valentinian III 133. Marius 134. Pescennius Niger 135. Mariniana 136. Romulus 137. Pertinax 138. Agrippina I 139. Basiliscus 140. Julia Titi 141. Julian 142. Gordian I 143. Gordian II 144. Laelianus 145. Didius Julianus 146. Pulcheria 147. Eudocia 148. Verina 149. Domitilla 150. Nero Claudius Drusus 151. Paulina 152. Nigrinian 153. Domitius Domitianus 154. Constantine III 155. Galla Placidia 156. Libius Severus 157. Didia Clara 158. Manlia Scantilla 159. Jovinus 160. Anthemius 161. Matidia 162. Marciana 163. Majorian

616

164. Plotina 165. Domitia 166. Honoria 167. Julius Nepos 168. Pacatian 169. Martinian 170. Alexander 171. Cornelia Supera 172. Licinia Eudoxia 173. Romulus Augustus 174. Zenobia 175. Jotapian 176. Maximus

177. Avitus 178. Clodius Macer 179. Nepotian 180. Constantius III 181. Britannicus 182. Regalianus 183. Priscus Attalus 184. Uranius Antoninus 185. Dryantilla 186. Zenonis 187. Tranquillina 188. Annia Faustina 189. Petronius Maximus

190. Glycerius 191. Ariadne 192. Constans II 193. Sebastianus 194. Leo II 195. Olybrius 196. Euphemia 197. Leontius 198. Valerius Valens 199. Constantia 200. Silbannacus 201. Domitian II 202. Saturninus

Table 3 – Denomination Rarity

In ascending order, from most common to rarest, excluding multiples and fractions:

1. AE4‟s (fourth and fifth century) 2. AE3‟s and reduced Folles (fourth century) 3. AE Antoninianus 4. AE Folles (third and fourth century) 5. AE2 (fourth century) 6. AR Antoninianus 7. AE As 8. AR Denarius 9. AE Dupondius 10. AE Sestertius 11. AE1 (fourth century) 12. AR Siliqua

13. AE Quadrans 14. AU Solidus 15. AU Tremissis 16. AE Semis 17. AR Argenteus 18. AU Aureus 19. AR Cistophoric Tetradrachms 20. AU Semissis 21. AR Miliarense 22. AU Scripulum 23. AR Quinarius 24. AU Quinarius

617

Index of Rulers

Aelia Flaccilla, 532 Aelius, 107 Aemilian, 281 Agrippa, 12 Agrippina I, 15 Agrippina II, 27 Alexander, 454 Allectus, 411 Anastasius, 597 Annia Faustina, 224 Anthemius, 561 Antonia, 19 Antoninus Pius, 109 Aquilia Severa, 223 Arcadius, 570 Ariadne, 592 Augustus, 1 Aurelian, 343 Avitus, 557 Balbinus, 243 Basiliscus, 593 Britannicus, 26 Caligula, 20 Caracalla, 190 Carausius, 405 Carinus, 376 Carus, 372 Claudius I, 23 Claudius II, 334 Clodius Albinus, 169 Clodius Macer, 40 Commodus, 148 Constans I, 485 Constans II, 542 Constantia, 461 Constantine I, 437 Constantine II, 477 Constantine III, 541 Constantius Gallus, 504 Constantius I, 415 Constantius II, 490 Constantius III, 547 Cornelia Supera, 283 Crispina, 158 Crispus, 470 Decentius, 500 Delmatius, 483 Diadumenian, 211 Didia Clara, 165 Didius Julianus, 162 Diocletian, 388 Domitia, 70 Domitian, 62 Domitian II, 324 Domitilla, 55 Domitius Domitianus, 414 Drusus, 18 Dryantilla, 311 Elagabalus, 213 Eudocia, 580 Eudoxia, 574 Eugenius, 536 Euphemia, 563 Fausta, 452 Faustina I, 121 Faustina II, 136 Flavius Victor, 535 Florian, 358

Galba, 35 Galeria Valeria, 427 Galerius, 422 Galla Placidia, 548 Gallienus, 294 Germanicus, 14 Geta, 204 Glycerius, 565 Gordian I, 240 Gordian II, 242 Gordian III, 247 Gratian, 522 Hadrian, 89 Hanniballianus, 484 Helena, 451 Herennia Etruscilla, 269 Herennius Etruscus, 271 Honoria, 555 Honorius, 538 Hostilian, 273 Johannes, 549 Jotapian, 265 Jovian, 510 Jovinus, 545 Julia Domna, 185 Julia Maesa, 218 Julia Mamaea, 232 Julia Paula, 221 Julia Soaemias, 220 Julia Titi, 71 Julian I, 387 Julian II, 507 Julius Nepos, 566 Laelianus, 319 Leo I, 584 Leo II, 589 Leontius, 596 Libius Severus, 559 Licinia Eudoxia, 554 Licinius I, 456 Licinius II, 467 Livia, 11 Lucilla, 145 Lucius Verus, 141 Macrianus, 332 Macrinus, 208 Magnentius, 498 Magnia Urbica, 380 Magnus Maximus, 533 Majorian, 558 Manlia Scantilla, 164 Marcian, 582 Marciana, 87 Marcus Aurelius, 126 Mariniana, 290 Marius, 320 Martinian, 476 Matidia, 88 Maxentius, 431 Maximian, 396 Maximinus I, 236 Maximinus II, 462 Maximus, 543 Maximus (Caesar), 239 Nepotian, 502 Nero, 29 Nero Claudius Drusus, 13 Nerva, 73

Nigrinian, 382 Numerian, 383 Olybrius, 564 Orbiana, 234 Otacilia Severa, 259 Otho, 41 Pacatian, 264 Paulina, 238 Pertinax, 160 Pescennius Niger, 166 Petronius Maximus, 556 Philip I, 254 Philip II, 261 Plautilla, 202 Plotina, 86 Postumus, 312 Priscus Attalus, 544 Probus, 361 Procopius, 520 Pulcheria, 575 Pupienus, 245 Quietus, 330 Quintillus, 340 Regalianus, 310 Romulus, 436 Romulus Augustus, 568 Sabina, 104 Salonina, 305 Saloninus, 308 Saturninus, 371 Sebastianus, 546 Septimius Severus, 172 Severina, 350 Severus Alexander, 225 Severus II, 428 Silbannacus, 284 Tacitus, 354 Tetricus I, 325 Tetricus II, 328 Theodora, 421 Theodosius I, 528 Theodosius II, 577 Tiberius, 16 Titus, 56 Trajan, 76 Trajan Decius, 266 Tranquillina, 253 Trebonianus Gallus, 275 Uranius Antoninus, 285 Vabalathus, 352 Valens, 516 Valentinian I, 512 Valentinian II, 525 Valentinian III, 551 Valerian I, 286 Valerian II, 292 Valerius Valens, 475 Verina, 587 Vespasian, 46 Vetranio, 503 Victorinus, 321 Vitellius, 43 Volusian, 278 Zeno, 589 Zenobia, 351 Zenonis, 596

618

Photography Credits

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Additional Web Resources

ERIC Homepage http://www.dirtyoldbooks.com Research http://www.dirtyoldcoins.com Research http://www.wildwinds.com Research http://www.coinarchives.com/a Research http://www.beastcoins.com Biographical http://www.roman-emperors.org Educational http://dougsmith.ancients.info Educational http://www.numismatics.org/publications/romangeneral Major Collections/British Museum http://www.british-museum.ac.uk/cm/cmhome.html Major Collections/Vienna http://www.khm.at/homeE3.html Major Collections/Smithsonian http://americanhistory.si.edu/csr/cadnnc.htm Major Collections/Ashmolean http://www.ashmol.ox.ac.uk/ash/departments/coin-room Ancient Coins Magazine http://www.celator.com/cws/index.html Errata and ancillary notes will be published electronically at http://www.dirtyoldbooks.com

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