The End of the Concert of

Europe

19th century

The Crimean War

[1854-1856]

The Crimean War

[1854-1856]

Russia[claimed

protector ship over the Orthodox

Christians in the Ottoman Empire]

Ottoman Empire

Great Britain

France

Piedmont-Sardinia

The Charge of the Light Brigade:

The Battle of Balaklava [1854]

The Charge of the Light Brigade:

The Battle of Balaklava [1854]

A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred."Forward, the Light Brigade!"Charge for the guns!" he said:Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred…

Keep the “Sick Man of Europe” in Good Health!

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”

Nationalism Definition: All peoples derive their

identities from their nations, which are defined by common language, shared cultural traditions and sometimes religion

When such “nations” do not coincide with state boundaries, nationalism can produce violence and warfare as different national groups compete for the same territory

Italian Unification

18183300Failed Attempts at Failed Attempts at Independence Independence

Metternich sent troops Metternich sent troops to crush Revolutions in to crush Revolutions in 3 Italian States3 Italian States

Count Cavour

[The “Head”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

King Victor Emmanuel

II

Giuseppi Mazzini

[The “Heart”]

Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Italian unification:

Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

1848 -1848 - RRevolevolutionsutions Guiseppe Mazinni

Risorgimento (Resurgence)

Young Italy

2 lessons from the failures

Need foreign help

Rely on Piedmont for leadership

181849 – 1849 – 187878VictorVictor Emanuel Emanuel SavoySavoy

King of PiedmontKing of PiedmontProvided the Provided the leadership neededleadership needed

18185252Count Cavour in named Prime Minister of PiedmontEconomic Expansion

Built roads, canals, & railroadsExpanded creditStimulated investment in new Industries

1858 –1858 – Agree Agreementment withwith NNapoleoapoleonn IIIIII

In Compensation France would get:

Piedmont’s provinces of Nice and SavoyA Kingdom of Central Italy would be created for Napoleon III’s cousin Prince Napoleon

1859 –1859 – The Aust The Austrianrian WarWar

To make it “justifiable” – Piedmont provoked Austria

July II, 1859 – France made Peace w/ Austria

Thought war would be too long and costly

Prussia had mobilized

18601860 - - PlebiPlebiscitesscitesNationalists had

taken control in some Northern Italian StatesPlebiscites agreed to join Piedmont

181860 - 60 - GirabaldiGirabaldi Italian PatriotRevolt had broken in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies1,000 Red Shirts landed in Sicily on May 11, 1860By July 1860 Sicily was under Control

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Austria loses control of Venetia.

Venetia is annexed to Italy.

1860 –1860 – KKingdom ingdom of of ItalyItaly

Garibaldi yielded to Cavour

GermanGerman

UNIFICATIOUNIFICATIONN

Zollverein, 1834Zollverein, 1834

1858 – King Frederick William IV – 1858 – King Frederick William IV – declared insanedeclared insane

Brother William becomes regentBrother William becomes regent

1861 – Frederick William IV dies1861 – Frederick William IV dies

William I takes the throneWilliam I takes the throne

A NEW A NEW PRUSSIANPRUSSIAN KINGKING

A DIVA DIVIDED IDED GERGERMANYMANYLoose federation of 39 StatesLoose federation of 39 States

Controlled by 2 PowersControlled by 2 Powers

Austria – HapsburgsAustria – Hapsburgs

Prussia HohenzollernPrussia Hohenzollern

German Unification

Who would lead German Unification? Austria or Prussia?

King Wilhelm I appointed Otto Von Bismarck as Chancellor in 1862

Bismarck ruled Prussia and ignored the Reichstag (Parliament)

Politics of Reality- “Realpolitik”

Prussian JunkerPrussian Junker

1851 – King 1851 – King Frederick William IV Frederick William IV appointed him appointed him representative to the representative to the diet of the German diet of the German ConfederationConfederation

Convinced – Convinced – Germany too small Germany too small for Austria & Prussiafor Austria & Prussia

1859 –ambassador 1859 –ambassador to Russiato Russia

1862 – ambassador 1862 – ambassador to Franceto France

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .The less people know about how sausages

and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.

Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.

The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.

Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

Prussia and other German states

The Danish

War[1864]

The Danish

War[1864]The Peace of

ViennaThe Peace of

Vienna

Prussia would administer Schleswig,

and Austria, Holstein

TheGerman

Confederation

TheGerman

Confederation

Prussia/Austria RivalryPrussia/Austria Rivalry

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

PrussiaPrussia

AustriaAustria

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.

He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War1868 revolt in Spain.

Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.

France protested & his name was withdrawn.

The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.

Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Journalists in both countries stirred up nationalist feelings

Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

German soldiers “abusing”

the French.

Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

Franco-Prussian War The French public demanded war The Prussians captured Napoleon with his

army on September 2, 1870 The Second Empire fell on September 4, 1870 January, 1871- William was proclaimed Kaiser

of a new, imperial Germany Peace signed in May required France to cede

the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and to pay a multibillion-franc indemnity

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Austria-Hungary Emperor Francis Joseph, 1848-1918 Government abolished most

internal customs barriers, freed trade with Germany and sold off most of the state-owned railway system

German language was used by the administration

City of Vienna underwent extensive rebuilding

Austria-Hungary

Reichsrat- a more modern parliament, dominated by liberals

Hungarian Magyars demanded home rule and the emperor was forced to accept a “dual monarchy”

After 1867, the Hungarians mostly ruled themselves

Hungarian demands strengthened those of the other nationalities in the empire for the same privileges