the end of the scientific paper as we know it (in 4 easy steps)
TRANSCRIPT
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The end of the scientific paper as we know it(in 4 easy steps)
Frank van Harmelen
Paul Groth
VU Amsterdam
And how the Semantic Web makes it possible
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Scientific publishing hasn’t changed in 350 years
• Letter from Christian Huygens (1652)• Writing to his prof in Mathematics• Citing (and complaining about)
work of Descartes• One of 3000 letters by Huygens
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2017: Only superficial changes
• Different format & style
• Different medium(Web, PDF)
• Different speed (PubMed = 2 papers/min)
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Section 1: Related work
Section 2: Research question
Section 3: Experimental design
Section 4: Experimental findings
Section 5: Interpretation, conclusions
And our papers still follow this storyline:
Step 1: Study & interpret literature
Step 2: Formulate hypothesis
Step 3: Design experiment
Step 4: Execute experiment
Step 5: Publish results
This storyline is important, but only readable by people, not for machines
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How to make our papers more usable?
“We only need information extraction because we first did information burial” (Barend Mons)
“A journal paper is a state-funeral for your results”
(Hans Akkermans)
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Step 1: explicit rhetorical structureCapture the roles of blocks of text &
make these roles explicit
1 paper = 1 Network of blocksN papers = 1 Network of blocks
Results Results
Interpretations
Interpretations
Conclusions
Problem
Method
Results
Interpretations
Conclusions
Problem
Method
One paper Another paper
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Step 2: explicit fine-grained rhetorical structure
Locate individual knowledge items
and their relationships
Example: Scholonto, ClaiMaker [Buckinham-Shum]Paper = set of claimsClaim = text – relation – textRelation = causes, predicts, prevents; addresses, solves
equals, is-similar-to; proofs, supports, challenges
1 paper = 1 fine-grained network of relationsN papers = 1 fine-grained network of relations
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Step 3: do away with the paper altogether.
• Any fact is a relation between two things (“triple”)
• Count each fact as a nano-publication
• Together, these nano-publications form a
huge very fine-grained network of relations, a web of knowledge,a “semantic web”
• Computers as colleagues, not (only) tools
Just publish the facts
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Step 4: turning context into a 1st class citizen
• Link to all the stuff that goes on before publication:– Datasets, workflows
– Open Lab books
– Open peer reviewing
• Link to all the stuff that goes on after publication:– Websites
– Blogs
– Emails
– Tweets
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– Give web-addresses to objects (URIs)
– Use the web to link between the objects
– Provide meaning in a form that computers can handle (RDF)
These principles embodied
in already deployed technology
We can build this using semantic web technology
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So now we have…
No longer a set of disconnected monolithic PDFs
A network of facts, reviews, evidence, opinions, data