the endocrine system chapter 9. communication and control – slower and long lasting through...
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The Endocrine System
Chapter 9
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Communication and Control – slower and long lasting through hormones – chemical messages – that effect a target organ
Diseases (tumors) influence by: Hyposecretion – too little secretion Hypersecretion –two much secretion
All organs are glands: Exocrine – secrete products into ducts Endocrine – ductless glands Heterocrine Gland - Both (pancreas)
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Origin Of Hormones
Hormones affects target cells Secreted by endocrine glands Secreted by neurons (neuro-hormones) -
neurosecretory cells Secreted by individual cells or tissues (Growth
Factors, prostaglandins, histamine)
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Chemical Nature of Hormones
Derived from cholesterol
Derived from amino acids
Derived from fatty acids
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Protein Hormones Second Messenger Hypotheses Cause specific affects on target
organs only Hormone binds to specialized
receptor – “first messenger” Second Messenger is Cyclic
Adenosine MonoPhosphate (cAMP)
The bonding of the hormone activates activates a G4 protein, which in turn activates adenylate cyclase (enzyme) to react with ATP to produce cAMP
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Steroid Hormones Small – lipid soluble
Hormones Pass directly through the
cell membrane of target organs
Go to nucleus, interact with DNA to allow transcription of certain proteins
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Prostaglandins
PG’s - tissue hormone – produced on a tissue and acts on nearby cells
Three groups PGA, PGE, PGF Might have a role in asthma, blood pressure
disorders, and ulcers
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Negative Feedback
Reverses a change in a body condition Insulin – high blood-sugar content after a meal,
pancreas secretes insulin to move blood-sugar into cells, thus decreasing levels
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Other types of Negative Feedback
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Positive Feedback
More Uncommon than negative feedback Amplify changes rather than reverse them Labor – the contractions are amplified through
hormone control
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Pituitary Gland Gland in hind brain about the size of a pea Anterior (adrenohypophysis)- gland / Posterior
(neurohypophysis) - nervous
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Anterior (adrenohypophysis)- gland - hypothalamin releasing hormones get anterior to release hormones
Posterior (neurohypophysis) - nervous - nerve endings from hypothalamus cause hormones to be released
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Hormones of Anterior Pituitary Tropic Hormones – Stimulates another endocrine gland to grow and
secrete its hormone
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ANTERIOR GLAND - TROPIC TSH - (thyroid-stimulating) Growth and secretion of the thyroid ACTH - (adenocorticotropic) Growth of Adrenal cortex and
secretions FSH - (follicle stimulating) Growth and development of
Ovarian Follicles - providers of ova (eggs), release of estrogen/progesterone
LH - (Luteinizing) Control ovulation - maturation and bursting of follicle - males - interstitial cells
ICSH - (Interstitial cell)Testosterone secretion of testes
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MSH - (melanin stimulating hormone) - synthesizes and spreads melanin - pigment
GH - (Growth Hormone) -stimulates growth by protein anabolism (building) - fat and glucose catabolism - enhances the movement of Amino acids across cell membrane Insufficient GH - dwarfism Oversecretion - giagntism
Prolactin - (lactogenic) - stimulates milk production, in males excess may decrease sex hormones
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones
ADH- retention of water by kidneys (diuretic - loss of water by kidneys)- maintained by osmoreceptors in the brain
Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contraction - positive feedback
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Thyroid Gland ---Parathyroid Gland Located in the neck, below the
larynx Thyroxin (T4 - four atoms of
iodine - accelerates metabolism Calcitonin - decreases blood
calcium, puts calcium into bones
Triiodothyronine (T3 three atoms of iodine) -energy for metabolism - five times as potent as thyroxin
Small (usually 4) found on the back of the thyroid
Increases Blood Calcium - breaks down bone
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Glands - Lie on top of the kidneysTwo separate endocrine glands the adrenal cortex and
the adrenal medulla
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ADRENAL GLANDS CORTEX Glucocorticoids - maintain
blood pressure, sugar, stress - cortisol
Mineralocorticoids - increase blood sodium, decrease blood potassium
sex hormones - small amount secreted, female converted to estrigens
Medulla Produces epinephrine and
norepinephrine for stress response - sympathetic inervation
The effects include increase heart rate, breathing rate, and all assoisiated sympahtetic responses
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Pancreatic Islets/ Islets of Langerhans Alpha cells = glucagon, Beta cells = insulin
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Female and Male Sex Hormones Ovaries – female, Testis - male Female characteristics and fertility - release of
estrogen and progesterone Male - secretes testosterone - interstitial cells -
controls male sexual development
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PLACENTA Temporary endocrine gland secretes choriongonadotropin hormone - maintains corpus luteum - high in
urine = pregnancy PINEAL Small pine-coned shaped gland at the roof of the third ventricle of the brain Also called third eye – responds to senses Produces melatonin inhibits ovarian activity influences menstrual cycle biorhythms
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HEARTAtrial Natriuretic Hormone – secreted by the walls of
the atria – regulates fluid and electrolytes THYMUS
Located in mediastinum. Has cortex and medulla Houses lymphocytes secretes thymosin - immune regulator