THE ENERGY-RELATED PERFORMANCE OF WAREHOUSE BUILDINGS: A SURVEY

Eric F. P. BurnettBuilding Engineering Group/University of Waterloo

ABSTRACT

Two surveys of warehouse buildings and their energy-related performanceare reported upon. The first survey sought to quantify the national stock ofwarehouse buildings; the second was a detailed assessment of nineteenrepresentative warehousing facilitiese

The first survey showed that there are at least 48,441 buildings inCanada that could be categorized as warehouses~ With a total floor area ofmore than 60 million square metres and an annual energy consumption in excessof $300 million, warehousing constitutes an important building category:certainly a category of buildings that warrants a focused and comprehensiveprogram of R, Dand Do

In the second survey, neteen warehouse bui 1di ngs were i ndi vi duallyexamined and, using actual fuel records and the appropriate imatic data,their energy-related performance was analysed@ Size-dependent energyconsumption indices for space heating and the use of electricity weredetermined~ An attempt was made to characterize the energy-relatedperformance of different sizes of warehouse building in terms ofi lon, osure ssion and internal operating cond; ons@

BURNETT

THE ENERGY-RELATED PERFORMANCE OF WAREHOUSEBUILDINGS: A SURVEY

Eric F. P. BurnettBuilding Engineering Group/University of Waterloo

INTRODUCTION

In December 1981 the Building Engineering Group was contracted byEnergy, Mines and Resources, Canada to conduct a multi-year program of R,o and D directed at energy conservation in warehouse and light industrialbuildings (WlIBs)~ Funding was provided under the Buildings EnergyTechnology Transfer (BETT) program.

At the outset it was realized that better information was neededconcerning:

@the national stock of these 11 ngs

-the general characteristics and the actual performance, especiallythe energy-related performance, of buildings of this type.

A number of studies relating to these topics have recently beencompleted~ In this paper, an attempt is made to document and discuss thisinformation insofar as it relates to warehousing0 Some details of a survey ofthe national stock of warehouse buildings are provided first, and then theresults of a survey of 19 warehouse buildings are presented$

STOCK OF WAREHOUSE BUILDINGS 1~2'

1981 there were least 48,441 buildings in Canada that could becategorized as warehouses@ The total floor area was some 60 million squaremetres (648 x 106 square feet)@ age and the size of these buildings are

in es I and II@

It is ing 70 x 106 GJ of energy peryear; some 8203 percent is natural gas, 5&3 percent oil and 12&4 percentel tY0 Total energy costs for warehousing are at least $300 million peryear*

Some i on the nature of this warehouse space and thenon-process energy consumed by the different types of storage is provided in

e 1110

Two ld be noted:

1~ These gures are all lower bound values@

2& The cost and supply of oil are not serious issuese

D-17

Table I~ Age of stock@

BURNETT

Period of Pre-1956 1956-1973 1974-1978 1979-1981Construction

Proportion of 40% 32% 15% 13%Warehouse Stock

Table lIe Size of stock~

Size ofBuil ng1000 ft 2 <10 10-20 20-50 50-150 >150(M2) «928) ,857) «4,644) ( ,935) ( )

Percentageof Canadian

63~2% ~5% 13~6% 5~1% 0$6%Space

e III@

Storage

onStorage Area

82%

6%

Proportion of EnergyConsumed

27@7%

BURNETT

WAREHOUSE BUILDING SURVEy3,4

During 1983 some 19 warehouse buildings were surveyed in detail~

Table IV lists all the warehouse buildings examined, listed from largest tosmallesto A number of general characteristics for this 19-building sampleshould be noted.

All buildings are located in Southern Ontario (+4000 Celsius DegreeDays) and, obviously, the sample is not necessarily representative ofpractice elsewhere. The principal differences will involve climaticconditions, fuel consumption and fuel rate structures.

The size or scale of each building can be specified in terms of theinternal floor area and either the internal volume or the-mean internalheight (i oe~, the volume-ta-area ratio). This sample of'dry-storagewarehouse buildings ranges in area from 928 to 133,238 m2 • Relative to theCanadian stock of warehouses, the sample is skewed to larger buildings~ Meanheights vary from 4.57 to 18.14 m and, in general, the larger the buildingthe greater the mean height" However, it should be borne in mind that,although most warehouse buildings are essentially single-storey structures,different sections of the building may have roofs at very different heights$

On average, less than 8 percent of th.e floor area in each building isas office or showroom space0 This gure is somewhat skewed by the

fact that three buildings have office areas comprising more than 20 percentthe total floor space in the respective building. In eleven buildings,

some 95 percent or more of floor space devoted to warehousing, i @e$' thereceiving, storage and shipping of goods.

On average these buildings are about 13 years old. Only one buildingis relatively new; the oldest buil ng was built in 1963. Many buildings

exten or modi ed~ Additions tend to be of better quality butnecessarily thermally superior construction~

Only six the 1 are leased; the others are owner occupied.

neteen buildings little, if any, process heat is being

e buildings is so skewed in that the proportionildings is thought to be higher than the national average.

Wi some except; ons, we found that owner-occupants were genera11y moreco-operati ve and concerned about the intent and resul ts of the survey thanrental were@

In 11 n9s, only the small office areas are heated0 Thus theseare considered to be unheated~ Both buildings are stribution

lumber products0

allgenerated~

Fuel records were either incomplete or unavailable for three buildings&These plus the two UunheatedU buildings have therefore been excluded from

analysis of energy-related performance that fol1ows&

BURNETTTABLE IV9 WAREHOUSES: PHYSICAL DATA e

c..!J>- ZU I-f

~ LIJ £X:: <..!J Z Zl.J.J c::: :E: 0 z ce 0ttl 0 :=) a lL. t-I Z s-t

::E: 0 -I .....J 0 C L.tJ l- I-:::> -I 0 I...L. < -I t- Il--« <Cz: lI- > 10 Z lLJ m--I C UJ

01-1 00:::: :=) Ll- Z u.... :I:(JJ -I -' 1-1- I-I<C o:l z 0 0 0z: c:e c:e I<C I- 0 U V)1-1 Z Z L&J ex: 0:: W l.L 1-'1 LIJ I- V')C c::: c:: :£: ou 0 I- 0:::: LJJ ZW-I W« LtJ :;:) <C a.. 1-1 « :=) u =>uDo-ll t- lJ.J I- ......J LLI o LL.. LLt U l- ce 00:::> Z 0::: Z o 0::: 0:::: LL.. c..!J 0 <C c- :£:o::co 1-4 c( »-f ><C a.. 0 <C ......J Z (/') <Co-

g

m2 m3 m % YRS.

32 133238 2416667 18014 3 11 BRAMPTON 0 H L

17 38854 374941 9.65 6 9 TORONTO 0 H L18 38558 317330 8.23 2 16 TORONTO L H L2 23280 186240 8.00 13 9 LONDON 0 H N

36 19148 148933 7678 5 10 TORONTO 0 H N37 18427 154489 8.38 8 11 TORONTO 0 H N38 18305 153471 8@38 0 16 TORONTO 0 H N12 11176 94705 8.47 3 12 KITCHENER L H N

6873 37434 5045 25 1 MARKHAM 0 H L35 5290 26450 5@OO 1 10 KITCHENER L H N

3241 16688 5015 20 16 TORONTO 0 H N1 2838 13912 4.90 1 15 WATERLOO 0 H N

11 2280 13680 6.00 3 12 KITCHENER L U N22 2148 15026 7.00 3 21 KITCHENER l U N

2201 10368 5~O3 33 21 KITCHENER L P L1237 6537 5e28 15 12 WATERLOO 0 H l

6 1162 5315 4~57 10 19 KITCHENER 0 H N

937 5elO 5 17 KITCHENER 0 H N4 928 6423 6~92 0 17 KITCHENER 0 H N

MEAN 201704 7&23 708 13@4

LEGEND:

o ::: OWNEDL :: LEASED

H ::: HEATEDU :: UNHEATEDP ::: PARTIALLY HEATED

::: A HIGH LEVEL OF PROCESS HEATM :: A MEDIUM LEVEL OF PROCESS HEATl ::: A LOW LEVEL OF PROCESS HEATN ::: NEGLIGIBLE PROCESS HEAT

BURNETT

ENERGY USE

Table V lists the fuel and related energy consumption data for thereduced survey sample of 14 warehouses. For each fuel source theequivalent amount of energy and the related consumption indices werecompiled. Similarly, the total energy demand for one year was quantified.There are four small buildings (floor area less than 2,000 m2 ), threemedium-size buildings (2,000 - lO,OOOm2 ), six large buildings (10,000 ­50,000 m2 ) and one especially large building~ The mean and standarddeviations of each energy consumption characteristic are provided for eachsize category ..

In all buildings the primary source of space heating energy is naturalgas. Electricity is used for:

.. indoor and outdoor 1i ghti ng

$ charging batteries for forklift trucks, etc. (Note that in someinstances propane forklift trucks are used; propane consumption isnot included in these data)

e some space-heating and cooling in office areas in certainbuildings; this is usually a small proportion of the totalspace-heating energy demand

@ equipment such as welding machines, motors, etc~

~ conveyor, towveyor and c stacking and retrieval systems

e block heat; for trucks!$

Domestic water and, where present, kitchen/cafeteria equipment mayed by electricity or natural gas& The relevant amounts or type of

cannot be identi ed from the data avail e, but the amounts involvedare smal1@

s e V 1 1 ng usions:

10 terms of consumed energy (i~e0' in GJ) natural gas, and thusspace heating, on average accounts for about 82 percent of thetotal energy~ An 82/18 percent split between natural gas and

city (i@ee, space-heating versus other energy requirements)would seem to be representative of warehouses in climatescomparable to that of Southern Ontario@ This proportion could beexpected to decrease with very large buildings; note that forbuilding number 32 this proportion is less than 60 percent. Thisparticularly large warehouse complex,makes use of electricity forall the purposes listed earlier and contains a large cafeteria aswell as automated distribution, stacking and control systems@

BURNETT

TABLE v. WAREHOUSES: ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND INDICESG-- ~--_._._- -,

NATURAL GAS ELECTRIC* TOTAL ENERGY V')c:e(.!:J

z: z z: -J0 0 0 c(i-I t-I ~ et::

ex:: LaJ I-- l- I- =>lLJ :E C- C- o.... J-co c:( => ::E: :E: :E.: «:E: UJ -I => :::> :::> z=> 0:: 0 V') V') V')

z « > z z Z LJ.Jex: 0 0 0 (.!)

C!' -I -I <C u U u ct:z <C <C LJJ I-1-1 :z z >- >- >- >- zc cx:: 0:: C!' X x. c..!' x x (.!j x x UJ--I W lLJ ex: lJ.J w ex: lJ.J w 0::: UJ LU U~ I-- f- LU C C UJ C C lIJ C C 0::::::> z z z z z z z z z z Z LJ.Jco ~ t-I LIJ I-t I-i W D-C II-t UJ ~ ~ c..

m2 m3 GJ/YR GJ/m2 GJ/m3 GJ/YR GJ/m2 GJ/m3 GJ/YR GJ/m2 GJ/m3 %

32 133238 2416667 82 75842 O~57 O@O31 56105 O~42 O@O23 131947 O~99 OQ054 57~5

17 38854 374941 82 44411 1614 Oe118 11240 0@29 0@030 55651 1e43 0.148 79.82 23280 186240 80/81 26840 le15 0.144 5418 0.23 O@O29 32258 1.38 00173 83&2

36 19148 148933 81/82 11110 0@58 0@075 2887 O@15 0$019 13997 0073 0&093 79@437 18427 154489 82 13458 0@73 O~O87 2484 0013 00016 15942 0.86 0@103 84@438 18305 153471 82 7386 O@40 O@O48 1567 0.09 0.010 8953 0.48 O.~O58 82@512 11 94705 82 10629 0095 00112 1626 Oe15 00017 12255 1@O9 O@ 129. 86~7

5290 26450 82 6095 1@ 00230 439 0&08 O@O17 6534 1@23 09247 93e23241 16688 3298 1&02 0.198 1246 0@38 0*075 4544 1040 00272 7206

1 2838 13912 81/82 2859 1@ 0$206 625 0022 0@045 3484 1.22 0.250 82@!

1237 6537 82 1256 1@O2 O~192 285 0023 00044 1541 1@24 0@235 81@56 1162 5315 81/82 1813 1056 00341 185 O~ 0.035 1998 l~ O@375 90@7

937 4776 82 896 0.90 00176 122 0&13 O@O26 961 1.02 0.201 87034 928 6423 81/82 1208 1&30 0.188 60 O@O6 O@OO9 1268 1@36 00197 9503

00028 20810 l@ 0$181 82~6

00016 34069 O@30 O~O87 900

O~O97 4204 Oel7 0&020 23176 0&99 O@ 8207O~O31 3398 O@O6 0@007 16306 O@ O@O37 205

4084 1~O5 O~211 770 0022 00045 4854 16&28 0.256 82~6

1433 O@O6 0@013 345 0&12 0.023 1264 0@08 00011 . 8&5

1279 16D19 0$224 163 0.14 00028 1442 1~33 00252 88~7

348 0@25 O@O67 83 Oe05 0.012 381 O@25 06D072 5@0

M :: MEANSO :: STANDARD IATION

n site units

BURNETT

2. The amount of space-heating fuel consumed is a function of anumber of variables. Internal temperature levels, setbackprocedures, and operati ng schedul es all i nfl uence space heat; ngenergy consumption and probably account for the variation invalues of the area-based and volume-based consumption indices.The values of the volume-based values are plotted in Figure 1. Inspite of the not inconsiderable scatter, there does seem to be anordered reduction in space heating consumption per unit volumewith increasing building size.

For space-heat; n9 a vo1umetri c index is probably better than anarea index because space heating requirements are essentiallyinfiltration and enclosure dependent, i.e., volumetric and overallsurface area considerations respectively. Based on this figure,the following values of the volumetric space heating consumptionindex appear to be appropriate:

Oe2 GJ/m3 for both small and medium-sized warehouses «10,000 m2 )

O@10 GJ/m3 for large warehouses (10,000> but <50,000 m2 )

0&03 GJ/m3 for especially large warehouse facilities@

Although a volume index is probably more accurate, it is customaryfor a building to be sized in terms of area& Accordingly, the

lowing values of the area space heating consumption index mightbe used:

1020 GJ/m2 for small buildings1eOO GJ/m2 for medium size buil ngs0080 GJ/m2 for large buildings, and possiblyOe60 GJ/m2 for very large buildingse

3@ cal usage, especially that for lighting, is more area-thanume-dependent, and values of the area-based electricity

consumption index are plotted in gure 2@ It would appear thatthis index is not dependent upon building size@ In fact, four

es of lity performance are evident:

* a value of less O@l GJ/m2 identifies a warehouse withther low usage or very low levels or only limited

periods of nterior lighting

e ues between O~l and 0&2 GJ/m2 would seem to becharacteristic of a warehouse facility with moderate levels ofindoor and outdoor lighting and little process or otherelectricity demand

~ values between 0.2 and O~3 GJ/m2 indicate warehouse facilitieswith relatively high electrical demand@ The three buildingsinvolved all have larger-than-average office areas and one,building number 10, uses some process energy

BURNETT

0..097 ( Ave..)

.._ 0,,219 (AVE.. of 1)

.- 0..198 (Ave. of 6)

4 60 I 140

CUBIC ROOT VOLUME (rn)

1~ Matural gas consumption: volume index for warehouses

o

(12 tOet

2'

SQUARE ROOT OF FLOO'R

. +~O.3 . _ .. _ .. .......",......._.. .".."..,.,..,. """""""' .. """""""' ................................_ .. _.+#17

o

N

e

gure 2~ Electricity consumption: volume index for warehouses

BURNETT

@ a value in excess of O@3 GJ/m2 indicates a warehouse facilitywith wel1-above-average electrical demande Although there maybe very good reasons for this high level of electricalconsumption, it is probable that these buildings are primecandidates for electrical energy conservation.

ENERGY COSTS

Annual energy costs, the relevant cost indices and related statisticsare compiled in Table VI& As these data are location and time dependent,they do not have the same statistical quality as the energy data in Table VeAccordingly, it is recommended that consumption indices in GJ units be used~

The data in Table VI do, however, prompt the following conclusions:

Ie Annual space heating costs for these 14 warehouses range from $4,295 to$298,455; electrical costs per year range from $704 to $533,468;, totalannual energy costs range from $5,660 to $831,9230 These aresignificant amounts of money and clearly there is economic room forconservation.

2@ Although space heating on average utilizes 82 percent of the suppliedenergy, space heating on average represents only two-thirds of the totalcost of energy0 This of course reflects the fact that electrical energyper GJ was on average some two-and-one-half times as expensive as energyfrom natural gas, ;@e., $10 as opposed to $4 per GJ~

3@ On average, a warehouse building costs about $4000 per square metre(40 cents per square at) to heat and about $2@OO per square metre (20cents per square foot) for electricity9 It follows that $6$00 persquare metre (60 cents per square foot) is representati ve of recentannual costs for warehouse buil ngse

be noted that many occupants were aware of the magnitudethese energy costs 0 In many instances both no-cost

~nM~~~~U~~? on measures or were to be introduced@

e I des data concerning the energy--related performance ofeach building over a twelve-month period~ The mean air change rate (given inair changes per hour) is determined, using the BEGEN computer program,S by

space heating energy supplied and the total energy r~quired

estimated enclosure losses and the internal gains) and treating ther change rate as the single unknown0 Note that the data concerning space

ng losses are computed and not measured data. Measured data involveunmani lated raw data provided by the occupant or measured on site~

The r change rate and wall, roof and subgrade losses are established byanalysise Accordingly, computation error or incorrect assumptions (e$g0'with regard to operating schedules or internal gain) or both will affect theanswers@

TABLE VI& WAREHOUSES: ANNUAL ENERGY COSTS AND INDICES.

BURNETT

NATURAL GAS ELECTRIC TOTAL ENERGY V)

<C(.!:J

-J<C~

~ w =>LLJ :E: r-et::) c( ~

<C

:Eo: w ....J z::::> 0.= 0 l- I-- I-Z c( > en Vl V) W

0:: I-- 0 f- 0 I- 0 Co!)

(.!) -' ....J c:e Vl u Vl_ u V) u <Cz <C c( LLJ 0 0 0 I-1-4 Z :z: >- u >- u >- u >- z0 ~ c:::: (.!J x (.!;) x (!J x W

-I UJ I..LJ -' -J ex: I.J.J -I 0:: W ....J 0:: W U

o--t l- I-- LLJ W W C W lJJ 0 W W C 0:::

=> Z Z => ::> z z :::> z z ::> z z UJ

co ~ .....-a LL.. LL. W ~ u... W f-I La.... UJ ~ a..

m2 m3 $/YR $/GJ $/m2 $/YR $/GJ $/m2 $/YR $/GJ $/m2 %

32 133238 2416667 82 298455 3.93 2.240 533468 9.50 4.0 831923 6@30 6~24 35.9

17 38854 374941 82 123567 2.78 3e180 99588 8.86 2.6 223155 4.00 5.74 55.42 23280 186240 80/81 83246 3.10 3.575 45898 8*47 2&0 129144 4~OO 5~55 64.5

36 19148 148933 81/82 42578 3.83 2~223 29101 1000 105 71679 5$12 3~74 59@437 18427 154489 82 58171 4332 3.156 25324 10.1 1.4 83495 5.23 4.53 690738 18305 153471 82 35252 4~77 1.925 11208 7.15 Oe6 46460 5~18 2@54 75.912 11176 94705 82 39901 3~75 3~570 18924 11~6 1~7 58825 4.80 5e26 6708

35 5290 26450 82 27168 4045 5~135 5022 1104 100 32190 4@92 6.09 84~4

3241 16688 81 11581 3~51 3.573 12634 10~1 369 24215 5e32 7e47 47@81 2838 13912 81/82 11281 3@94 3~974 6191 9090 202 17472 5001 6@ 64.6

10 1237 6537 82 5482 4$36 4.431 3132 1009 205 8614 5&58 6.96 63066 1162 5315 81/82 8046 4~43 6~924 2003 10@8 1@7 10049 5.02 8065 80~1

937 4776 82 4295 5011 40583 1365 1101 105 5660 5088 6*04 75094 928 6423 81/82 5414 4048 50836 704 1107 0.8 6118 4~82 6060 8805

53888 4005 3088 56754 1001 1.95 110642 5e09 5083 66.775494 0@61 1@36 134623 1026 leaD 208238 O@59 1047 13G8

IlDINGS:185463 63785 3*976 2$94 38340 9.39 1062 102126 4.72 4e 65e488935 Oe67 O~64 29372 1~43 O~59 60035 O~52 1~13 6q;7

ILDINGS:3790 19017 16676 3~97 4~23 7949 lO@5 2@34 24625 5$09 6e57 .65$6

5377 7420 Oq;38 O~66 3347 0067 le21 6016 0$17 0$64 15eO

4 SMALL BUILDINGS*M 1066 5763 5809 4e60 5*44 1801 11@1 1.62 7610 5.33 7~O6 7700SD 136 743 1375 0@30 1001 895 10034 0063 1802 Oe42 0097 9.0

D-26

BURNETT

TABLE VII. WAREHOUSES: SUMMARY OF BEGEN3 HEAT LOSS ANALYSIS@

INSULATION %OF TOTAL HEAT LOSSLOCATION

:E:LaJ (/)

t- o::: L.LJV') 0 c:::>- 0 :::>(/) c I--

lLJ Z <C0::: C!J (!J I- 49\ 0 0 c:::l.LI Z z <C (/) I-t I-t I.LJco ....... B-ll 0::: :3 I-- l- eo-~ ....... 0- Z 0 <C .rc:c W:E.::::> <C 0- I.J.J 0 C C c::: C!J LJJZ LLJ ..... (D I-t Z Z <CI-

::t: :r:: ~ I-- I-t :::> LI- IX(.!) LU (/) « 3 0 0 LLJ ....JZ C lL. <C ce:: LI- 0 ><C10-1 <C 0 lL. UJ t- 4f\ .......... :e:; c::: <czc V') 0::: 0 -.J -J If) V') 0::: UJ .......... c:::....J lL. -I (.!) l.LJ t-I u.... -I c::: 01- -I LaJ LLII-t 0 ....J co 0- 1lIl 0::: lL... 0 --'0 o V') --I ~I-:::> 0 <C :::> >- 0 ....... z 0 «0 --1>- « 1-1 zco c::: 3: V) I- Z <C ......., 0::: 30 L.L.. V) :3: I- 1-1

ACPH % % % % °C

32 W N RH 179 0.26 63 17 18 2 0040 171l1l0

17 M CEN 22 Oe65 60 20 18 1 0021 15.52 W N U 22 Ol958 46 40 13 1 O~21 16~O

36 N U 26 Oe21 22 47 30 1 0.26 130537 M N COM 16 0032 43 35 20 3 0.28 16.138 M N COM 18 0.23 35 40 24 1 0027 1200

M N U 5 0070 49 38 11 2 0.31 12$7

M U 12 0.54 35 30 30 4 0.29 1geOM U 2 0@97 45 30 22 3 0.46 13~O

1 M U 8 10 43 27 29 1 0.39 13.9

M N U 3 0@56 28 31 38 3 O~60 15046 N U 3 1035 35 30 33 2 0050 15.0

W ltd U 2 0@52 39 22 32 7 0068 20.04 M RH 4 0.90 36 19 43 2 0@89 1500

ILDINGS2344

4100 30.0 26.010@8 8.6 9~O

2*0 0@411@6 0020

LEGEND:

N = NOMINALLY INSULATEDM = MODERATELY INSULATEDW = WELL INSULATEDU = UNIT HEATERSRN = RADIANT, NORMAL EFF@RH = RADIANT, HIGH

0-21

CEN = CENTRAL SYSTEMCOM = COMBINATION OF SYSTEMS

BURNETT

The majority of buildings are heated by means of suspended, gas-firedt heaters. However, in larger buildings, the type of heating system is

largely dependent upon the age of the buildingo Older buildings had centralboilers which may have originally been oil fired, but have since beenconverted to natural gaso Most warehouses appear to be equipped wigas-fired unit heaters@ Many newer buildings have higher-efficiency, naturalgas, distributed unit heater systemss Buildings 24 and 32 have gas fired,radiant systems, indirect and direct fired respectivelys However, we haveobserved a recent trend towards gas-fired radiant heatinge Note that the twobuildings that have combined or dual fuel systems did not use any stand-byfuel over the me periods surveyed@

While all 14 warehouses had insulated roofs, only seven (50 percent) hadinsulated walls and none were insulated below grade. these relatively

nsulated buildings,' subgrade heat loss is only a very small proportion ofthe total transmission heat 10s5*

Because the roofs are insulated (to varying levels) and the walls areeither uninsulated or relatively poorly insulated and contain doors and

ndows, the proporti on of heat 1ass through the wa 11sis on the hi gilside0 How gh a proportion is evident from the ratio of wal1-to-roofareas listed0 These values for the ratio of wal1-to-roof area clearlyindicate that thermal insulation in the roof takes priority and that thelarger the ilding, the greater the need to insulate the roof. Butnote that, in general, s ratio decreases wi increasing floor areaeOn hand, the ve proportions of heat loss through the walls

as suggest that it makes sense to i ate the wa11 s1 the smaller buil ngs the heat lost through the walls

an that 1 through the roof0 these buildings thisfrom 32 to percent tota1 los t -. a cons i derab1e

heat; cost~

r contri on toon is early a

average, the air changean increase in bUll

atively high. The lowest value1 ng that was she1tered from the

the other extreme, the maximum value of1 ng with considerable traffic through

little correlation between the number of shion loss or air change rate or, for that matter, wal

is is not too surprising since usage and r leakagemore important considerations (i@e~, open times are

BURNETT

CONCLUSIONS

As a direct consequence of the BETT program, we now have a much betterknowledge of the stock of warehouse buildings in Canada. Based on arelatively small sample of buildings, a series of energy consumption indiceshave been producedG In addition, the energy-related performancecharacteristics of representative sizes of warehouse have been documented.

This information is essential in the development of energy policy atboth the national and provincial level. This infonmation also providesowners and users of warehouses with a performance datum for existingbuildings and a performance target for new facilities@

REFERENCES

All the information provided in this paper has been extracted from aseries of reports prepared by the Building Engineering Group for Energy,Mi nes and Resources, Canada under the Bui 1di ng Energy Technology Transfer(BETT) programe

Relevant reports are as follows:

l~ Peat, Marwick and Partners, "Building Category Profile: APreliminary Study of the Physical and Energy ConsumptionCharacteristics of the Warehousing and ght Industrial BuildingSectorU

@ A Report prepared under subcontract to the Bui 1di ngEngi neeri ng Group for Energy, Hi nes and Resources Canada, Ma rch1982. BETT ication 82.02

20 Burnett E@F(jP@, l'Energy Conservation Considerations for theWarehousing and ght I strial lding Category in Canada '8

e AReport prepared for Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, June 1982.BETT Publication 82011

3@ Burnett EeF*Pe Wheeler L0' UEnergy-Related Performance ofWarehouse and ght Industrial Buildings: A Survey". A Reportprepared for Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, February 19840

4@ E@ P@ and Lemoine J@R0Y*, udbBEG - A Building Database U@

A Report prepared for Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, March1984$

5@ uBEGENUser's Manualu\t A Report prepared for Energy, Mines andResources Canada, October 1983@