the engineers role in urban regeneration
DESCRIPTION
Case studies in urban regeneration showing how municipal engineers have created better environments and new business opportunities in the old industrial areas of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Birmingham and London. A presentation to the Stoke Association of Engineers.TRANSCRIPT
Chair Editorial Advisory PanelMunicipal Engineer
Eur Ing Ian JenkinsonBSc MBA CEng FICE FIMechE MCMI
The family of ICE Journals
Municipal Engineer started 1873
Stoke-on-Trent Association of EngineersNovember 2010
the engineer‟s role in urban regeneration
Sea-change in UK ...?
UK political landscape changed 2010
RDAs (AWM & RENEW) abolished
BURA placed in voluntary liquidation
Regional planning targets ended
LEPs created (including Staffordshire & Stoke LEP)
Locality agenda (draft Bill expected December 2010)
Big Society proposals (expected Nov 2010)
Regeneration, new fad or old idea?3
1853 a field
Garden
Manufactory
Housing
Car Park & Bus station
WilkinsonBall‟s Yard 1930 and 2010
Industrial revolution & city growth1
London grew by 1.8 million 1801-1861
English & Welsh cities grew 2.5%pa 1821-31
50% families live in single room (Newcastle upon Tyne)
1884 Army reject 30,000 from 64,000 for “physical weakness” (blamed upon poor housing, diet & work)
Lord Brabazon says he is a “head taller than stunted figures” when walking in East End
Consequences for whole of society2
1831 1st cholera epidemic (55K died)
1848 cholera epidemic (London 14K died)
1853 cholera epidemic
1853 „Great Stink‟ closes Parliament
1854 half of urban population without an independent water supply and toilet
1854 „Broad Street Pump Incident‟
1866 cholera epidemic
Governance as a driver for change2
1846 the „Cholera Act‟ (1832 Act assigned costs to Parish)
1847 Towns Improvement Clauses Act
1848 Public Health Act
1848 Sewers Act
1852 Metropolitan Water Act
1858 Local Government Act
1866 Sanitary Act
1867 Improvement Act
The role of the Engineer
John Frederic La Trobe Bateman, Manchester Corporation's water engineer
1851 Longdendale reservoirs
1891 Thirlmere 96mile aqueduct (gradient 20”/mile)
55M gallons/day
Bazalgette, not just a sewer ... 2
William Yates 1775 Map 3
OS map 1895 3
Population and density growth 3
Census data:
1801 = 4,600
1901 = 17,000
Population x3.7
Area of town similar 1801-1901
2001 = 4,453Hick Street 1948 & 2010 (next to Vue Cinema)
1852, Board of Health plans 3
Sewers: Ironmarket & High Street 3
Governance & Legal powers to... 1
Bazalgette‟s sewers displaced 100,000 people 1820-1888
Victoria, Charing Cross, Euston, St Pancras stations and lines displaced 120,000 people 1840-1900
1874 Glasgow, 77 acres with 15,000 homes demolished
1880‟s Glasgow city centre „urban renewal‟ displaces „tens of thousands‟
1895 Borough Surveyors office 3
Corporation Cottages built 1915 3
Interwar period Regeneration stalled 1936 (?) Bulls Bank now under the A34 dual c/way opposite St Giles Church 3
Focus changed post-war, NewTown
Overspill towns
Green-field development
Parker Morris Standards
N Staffs many new estates built
Renewal not regen
Renewal moved to re-development
1960 Buchanan Report = Hi-Rise & ring roads
Demolish & redevelop
Few survive today ...
Garden Festivals - a mixed outcome
Liverpool 84
Festival Park 86
1986
Liverpool
Multiple deprivation <10%, Wards 4
NDC launched 1998; £50M to 39 areas 10,000 population 5
£1.56B over 10 years
6 key outcomes:-
Place: crime, housing environment
People: worklessness, health, education
32of36 indicators +ve
18of24 better than national comparators
Salford
Oldham
Manchester
Liverpool
Knowsley
Birmingham A
Birmingham KN
Sandwell
Wolverhampton
Walsall
Luton
Coventry
Leicester
Norwich
Derby
Nottingham
Sheffield
Doncaster
Southampton
Bristol
Brighton
Rochdale
Hull
Bradford
Middlesbrough
Hartlepool
Newcastle
Sunderland
PlymouthIslington
Haringey
HackneyBrent
Newham
Lewisham
Tower Hamlets
Southwark
H'smith & Fulham
Lambeth
Regeneration, what programme? 7
How best to regenerate ?
Development or „greening‟ ?
Heritage versus demolish & rebuild ?
Large businesses or SME ?
Industrial versus Distribution ?
Commercial versus Retail Park ?
Residential, refurbish versus rebuild ?
Town Centre renewal versus Leisure?
Exhibition venue: Brindley Place
Sporting venue: Olympic Park
150 years use & contamination
30Kt refuse & silt
90ML effluent
2.3M m3 treated
90% reused
4xHanley & Newcastle town
Remediation & Legacy, key issues12
Canary Wharf: world class but ... 11
Night-time economy ... 8,9
What role for the Engineer?
Part of the „Development‟ team
Masterplanning (technical gatekeeper)
Soil remediation (contaminated ground)
Infrastructure provision (size & AMP)
Structural design & street detail
Procurement & Project Planning
Construction management
Life-time maintenance & servicing
RENEW programme area 6
Knutton & Cross Heath NMP 6
Lymedale: distribution park
Chatterly Valley: high spec unit
Rowhurst Close: manufacturing
New housing and refurbishment
Town centre: Leisure & Retail
But central direction can lead to...
But: every cloud a silver lining ...
NDC outcomes, what happened 5
Leverage: £1 NDC+£9 other=£10 outcome
Easiest to change the place
Most change with: large areas, big projects wide-span Partnership Boards
Hardest to change the people outcomes
Least change in „traditional‟ areas at edge of non-core cities
Community capacity building vital but ... recognise resident vs professional tensions
Lessons from Brindley Place 10
1. Master planning is essential
2. Landscape design 1st; buildings 2nd
3. Transport linkages are crucial
4. Scheme must be „sensible‟ to stakeholders
5. Market conditions & timing are critical
6. Minimise delays (planning approval & build)
7. Flexibility with buildings & use consents
8. Major regeneration can‟t work everywhere
New Govt LEP=£1B; same agenda?
Sea-change in Govt policy but ... 13
West Mids vulnerable communities17
Localism = municipal renaissance ?
Where is the City Engineer? 11,13
As a non-statutory post the City Engineer & County Surveyor have disappeared
CSS renamed ADEPT (2010); TAG „a shadow‟
Regeneration requires dealing with „fuzzy-data‟, negotiation, partnership building
Few engineers have the „soft-skills‟ necessary for top management (Kellogg Business School, Oct 2010)
Engineers must rebalance their skill sets and embrace realpolitik to regain their position
References #1
1) Hunt T. Building Jerusalem (2004) Weidenfeld & Nicholson, UK
2) Fisher, Cotton, Reed. Public Health Reform: lessons from history (2006) Municipal Engineer 159(1)3
3) Staffordshire Archive Service http://www.views.staffspasttrack.org.uk (copyright maps & photo s)
4) DETR. Our Towns and Cities: the future (2000) HMSO, UK
5) Lawless P. NDC outcomes (2010) Sheffield Hallam University http://www.shu.ac.uk/research/cresr/sp_paul_lawless.html
6) RENEW (2010) http://www.renewnorthstaffs.gov.uk/
7) Bristow P. Using heritage in regeneration (2010) Municipal Engineer 163(3)139
8) Roberts M, Eldridge A. Planning the Night-time City (2009) Routledge, London
9) Thompson R. Alcohol disorder zone . www.robertthompsoncartoons.com
10) Latham I, Swenarton M. Brindleyplace: a model for urban regeneration (1999) Right Angle Publishing, London
11) Williams T . West Mids Regen Conference 10 Feb 2010, http://www.navigantconsulting.com
12) ODA, Olympic Park Plan (2010) [email protected]
13) Centre for Cities, City Outlook 2009, www.centreforcities.org
14) Management World News and Views. Flattery‟s the Key (2010) Professional Manager 19(6)4
Reference #2
15 Costanza, R. 2000. Visions of alternative (unpredictable) futures and their use in policy analysis. Conservation Ecology 4(1): 5. [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol4/iss1/art5/
16 Schumpeterian growth http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/images/Figure1.1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/NAONChapter1.4.aspx&h=379&w=545&sz=58&tbnid=8PCds77_S9OZbM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwaves%2Bof%2Binnovation&zoom=1&q=waves+of+innovation&hl=en&usg=__d3zGuUdnhGeSPZyC-iQpHDAakU4=&sa=X&ei=UqLRTIWeM5Oj4Qa2n4XZDA&ved=0CB0Q9QEwAQ
17 AWM Vulnerable Areas (2009) http://www.wmro.org/resources/res.aspx?p=/CmsResource/resourceFilename/2713/AWM-Vulnerable-areas-for-web_V1.0_Presentation_KB.ppt