the enhancement of solar power system...

THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOLAR POWER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

IN BHEUU BUILDING

MOHD ATHIR BIN KAMARUDDIN

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOLAR POWER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

IN BHEUU BUILDING

MOHD ATHIR BIN KAMARUDDIN

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering Electrical (Power)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

University Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE 2018

iii

Dedicated to my beloved parents, wife and sons for their patience and support,

mighty lecturer and friends

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful.

Alhamdulillah, all praises to Allah for the strengths and His blessing in

completing this thesis. Special appreciation and thanks a lot to my supervisor, Dr.

Norzanah binti Rosmin, for her supervision, constant support, be patient and prayers.

Her invaluable helps for instructing me how to do the research, how to write a thesis,

careful reading, constructive comments and suggestions throughout the project and

thesis works have contributed to the success of executing research and completing this

thesis.

My acknowledgement also to the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) for the

financial support, University Technology Malaysia (UTM) for the facilities provided

towards my postgraduate affairs and Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) for the

facilities provided in completing this thesis.

Sincere thanks to all my friends and my colleagues for their kindness and moral

supports and to those who indirectly contributed in this research, your kindness means a

lot to me. Last but not least, my deepest gratitude to my beloved parents, my wife, my

daughter, my sons and my siblings for their endless love, prayers and encouragement.

Thank you very much.

v

ABSTRACT

In Malaysia, the installation of PV panels in residential, industrial and

commercial buildings has been imposed since 2001. This is due to the 8th Malaysia Plan

(2001-2005) when Government introduced Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic

Technology Application (MBIPV) plan to encourage the application of renewable

energy source in Malaysia. One of the alternatives that have been done by the Ministry

of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA) was installing PV panels in

government buildings in Putrajaya. Mostly, the installed PV panels only cover up to

30% of the energy demand in one level of a building. However, after operating for some

years, the performance of the PV panels was degrading. Since the maintenance cost for

PV system is quite high, and due to the factor of lack of knowledge on how to maintain

the system, the installed PV systems are mostly abandoned now. The project was

discontinued after the warranty period and the contract with the contractor end.

Therefore, the aim of this study is to re-improvise the abandoned PV system in one of

them which is Building of Section of Legal Affairs (BHEUU). Through this study, three

new models of the BIPV system were proposed, namely Model 1 (4IWOB), Model 2

(4IWB), Model 3 (1IWOB), and Model 4 (1IWB). In this study, the technical and

economic assessment has been performed. From the findings, results show that Model 3

(1IWOB) provides the best choice to replace the existing BIPV system where this model

only use 1 unit of inverter and no battery storage is used. Saving can be saved up to

37.5% if Model 3 (1IWOB) is chosen to replace the existing PV system at BHEUU

building, where the existing system is represented by Model 1 (4IWOB), which used 4

inverters, and no battery was installed.

vi

ABSTRAK

Pemasangan PV panel di Malaysia yang telah digunapakai pada bangunan-

bangunan komersial, kilang dan di rumah persendirian telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun

2001. Ini adalah disebabkan oleh perancangan Malaysia ke-8 (2001-2005) apabila

kerajaan memperkenalkan pelan Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic Technology

Application (MBIPV) untuk menggalakkan permintaan sumber tenaga boleh perbaharui

di Malaysia. Salah satu alternatif yang telah dilaksanakan oleh Kementerian Tenaga,

Teknologi Hijau dan Air (KeTTHA) adalah dengan pemasangan PV panels pada

bangunan-bangunan kerajaan di Putrajaya. Kebanyakan pemasangan PV panel hanya

menampung 30% daripada permintaan tenaga pada satu aras sesebuah bangunan.

Bagaimanapun, selepas beroperasi beberapa tahun, prestasi PV panel tersebut telah

menurun. Kos penyelenggaraan PV sistem yang agak mahal dan disebabkan oleh faktor

kekurangan pengetahuan bagaimana untuk menyelenggara sistem tersebut, pemasangan

PV sistem tersebut telah terpengkalai. Projek tersebut tidak disambung selepas tempoh

tanggungan dan kontrak dengan kontraktor tamat. Oleh itu, sasaran dalam kajian ini

adalah untuk menambahbaik semula sistem PV di bangunan Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang

(BHEUU). Melalui kajian ini, tiga model baru sistem BIPV diperkenalkan, iaitu Model 1

(4IWOB), Model 2 (4IWB), Model 3 (1IWOB) dan Model 4 (1IWB). Dalam kajian ini,

penilaian ekonomi dan teknikal dilaksanakan. Hasil menunjukan bahawa Model 3

(1IWOB) adalah pilihan yang terbaik bagi menggantikan sistem BIV sedia ada dimana

model ini hanya menggunakan 1 unit inverter dan tidak menggunakan bateri. Penjimatan

boleh melebihi 37.5% jika Model 3 (1IWOB) adalah dipilih untuk menggantikan sistem

PV sedia ada di bangunan BHEUU, dimana sistem sedia ada diwakili oleh Model 1

(4IWOB) yang mana menggunakan 4 inverter dan tiada pemasangan bateri.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii-ix

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi-xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES xv

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background 1-5

1.2 Problem Statement 5

1.3 Objectives of Project 6

1.4 Scope of Study 6

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Background of Photovoltaic (PV) System 8-9

viii

2.3 Parameters of PV System Design 9-14

2.4 PV Electrical System Type 15-16

2.5 PV System Performances 16-18

2.6 Typical System Components 18-19

2.6.1 Photovoltaic (PV) Panels 19-21

2.6.2 Inverter system 21-22

2.6.3 Storage system 22-25

2.7 Sizing PV Array and Inverter 25-28

2.8 Maintenance and Operation 28-29

2.9 Solar Irradiance 30

2.10 Electricity Tariff 31-32

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 33-34

3.2 Existing BHEUU Integrated PV System 34-41

3.3

Proposed Models for New Scheme of BHEUU Integrated PV System

42-44

3.3.1 Manipulated Variables 45

3.4

Simulation using System Advisor Model (SAM)

3.4.1 System Advisor Model (SAM) 46

3.4.2

Modeling Procedure using System Advisor Model (SAM)

47-60

3.4.3 Model with Battery Storage 61-63

3.4.4 Model With Single Inverter 63-65

3.5 Performance Assessment

3.5.1 Technical Assessment 66

3.5.2 Economic Assessment 66-68

ix

3.6 Project Scheduling 68-69

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 70

4.2 Simulation Results on the Designed Models 70-71

4.2.1 Model 1 (4IWOB) 71-75

4.2.2 Model 2 (4IWB) 76-78

4.2.3 Model 3 (1IWOB) 79-82

4.2.4 Model 4 (1IWB) 82-86

4.3 Results Discussion 87-91

4.4 Chapter Summary 91-92

5 CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion 93-94

5.2 Recommendations 94

REFERENCE 95-99

Appendices A-D 100-122

x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Renewable Energy Policy Planned Outcome 4

2.1 Comparison of parameter from different battery technology

23

2.2 The advantages and disadvantage technologies of different battery

24

2.3 Insolation incident on horizontal surface, kWh/m²/day 30

2.4 Level of voltage 32

3.1 Technical data for solar panel 36

3.2 Technical data for inverter 37

3.3

Summary of the Proposed Four Models for the BHEUU Integrated PV System

43

3.4 Summary of the MVs’ specification 45

4.1 Comparison of Generated Energy and Economic Costs 89

4.2 Comparison of losses 89

4.3 Comparison of maintenance cost 92

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Building of Legal Affairs Section (BHEUU) 2

1.2 The PV Panels are installed at BHEUU 3

2.1 Basic operation of PV cell 8

2.2 PV cell, module and arrays 8

2.3 Solar PV global Capacity 2004-2014 9

2.4 Current-Voltage (I-V) characteristics 13

2.5 A common configuration of a grid-connected AC photovoltaic system without battery back-up

15

2.6 A common configuration of a grid-connected AC photovoltaic system with battery back-up

16

2.7 Capacity of global battery storage system installed, 2016 25

2.8 Electricity tariff for commercial consumers 32

3.1 Project flow 34

3.2 Diagram of Existing BHEUU Integrated PV System 35

3.3 Existing solar panel 36

3.4 The existing inverter 37

3.5 Office Environment of the Lighting Area 38

3.6 Circuit Diagram from Solar Array to Inverter 39

3.7 DC and AC Junction Box, Meter, Solar Log and Inverter 40

3.8 Circuit drawing from inverter to load distribution board 41

3.9 The Schematic Diagram of the Proposed Four Models 44

xii

3.10 Flow Chart of Modeling Procedure 47

3.11 BHEUU Location by Google Map 48

3.12 Photovoltaic Geographical Information System Website 49

3.13 Weather Data for BHEUU Location 49

3.14 Location and Resource Data for BHEUU 50

3.15 Module Specification Information 51

3.16 Specification Information of Module in Product Catalogue 52

3.17 Inverter Specification Information for Model 1 (4IWOB) 53

3.18 System Design Information 54

3.19 Information PV Array on Site 55

3.20 Losses Information 56

3.21 Lifetime of System Information 57

3.22 Cost for Model 1 (4IWOB) 58

3.23 Analysis Parameter 59

3.24 Power Consumption 59

3.25 Data of Building Consumption Input System 60

3.26 Battery Specification Data 62

3.27 Battery Specification Data from Catalogue Product 62

3.28 Estimated Cost for Model 2 (4IWB) 63

3.29 Inverter Specifications for System with 1 Inverter 64

3.30 Inverter Specification Data from Catalogue Product 64

3.31 Estimation Cost for Model 3 (1IWOB) 65

3.32 Schedule of Master Project 1 69

3.33 Schedule of Master Project 2 69

4.1 Status on Inverter Size 72

4.2 The Summary Result of Model 1 (4IWOB) 73

4.3 The Annual Energy Produced 74

xiii

4.4 Inverter and Module Losses 75

4.5 Monthly Electric Bill and Saving 1st Year 75

4.6 The Summary Result of Model 2 (4IWB) 76


4.8 Inverter, module and battery Losses 78

4.9 Monthly Electric Bill and Saving 1st

Year 78


4.11 Summary Result of Model 3 (1IWOB) 80


4.13 Inverter and module losses 81

4.14 Monthly Electric Bill and Saving 1st

Year 82


4.16 Summary Result of Model 4 (1IWB) 84


4.18 Inverter, module and battery Losses 85

4.19 Monthly Electric Bill and Saving 1st Year 86

xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

STC - Standard Test Condition

Voc - Open Circuit Voltage

Vmp - Voltage At Maximum Power Condition

PTM - Pusat Tenaga Malaysia

LCOE - Levelized Cost Electricity

STC - Standard Test Conditions

PCS - Power Condition System

BHEUU - Bahagian Hal Ehwal Undang-Undang

MBIPV - Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic Technology

KeTTHA - Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau Dan Air

PV - Photovoltaic

SAM - System Advisor Model

GFA - Gross Floor Area

ACA - Air Conditioned Area

TNB - Tenaga Nasional Berhad

SEDA - Sustainable Energy Development Authority

FiT - Feed-In Tariff

FiAH - Feed-In Approval Holders

UPS - Uninterrupted Power Supply

IEA - International Energy Agency

STC - Standard Test Conditions

BOS - System of Balance

xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Data of Putrajaya weather for one year 100-110

B Price of Product 111-112

C Catalogue of Product 113-116

D Drawing 117-122

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background

The renewable energy is the energy was collected from renewable resources such

as wind, sunlight, rain, waves, geothermal and etc. The renewable energy

implementation initiative has paved the ways to achieve sustainable development goals,

especially in the realization of low carbon economies. In Malaysia, the installation of

PV panels in residential, industry and commercials buildings has been imposed since

2001. This is due to the 8th Malaysia Plan (2001-2005) in which Government was

introduced Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic Technology Application (MBIPV)

plan to encourage the application of renewable energy source in Malaysia. The goal of

these initiatives is to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and contribute towards

reducing the impact of climate change [1][2]. One the alternatives that have been done

by the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA) was installing PV

panels in government buildings in Putrajaya [4]. Therefore, Figure 1.1 shows that the

buildings of Section of Legal Affairs (BHEUU) that have been installed the PV panels.

2

Figure 1.1 Building of Legal Affairs Section (BHEUU)

The BHEUU building that is more than 10 years old and has total gross floor

area (GFA) of 56,527.82m², net floor area (NFA) of 30,595.9m² and air-conditioned area

(ACA) of 41,360.91m² with capacity 520 person. The building consists of 11 floor

including a ground floor and three basements floor for parking. The building is divided

into two sections, North and South Wing. Based on electricity bills from Tenaga

Nasional Berhad (TNB), annual electricity consumption recorded in year 2014 was

3,878,205.607kWh/year at a cost of RM 1, 415, 545.05/year. While, in year 2015,

annual electricity consumption is 4, 054, 963.714 kWh/year at costing of RM 1, 480,

061.76/year [5]. Year by year the electricity energy consumption has been increase due

to the addition of staffing and electrical equipment’s in the building. Hence, KeTTHA

decided to install PV panels at the BHEUU building with the aim to reduce electricity

consumption cost and pollution as well as to develop Putrajaya as a pioneer in green

technology township as a platform for the development of others township and to ensure

the Putrajaya Green City 2025 could be realized in the future [1][4].

3

The PV panels were installed on 2 Jun 2015 by Pekat Solar Sdn Bhd as a PV

Service Provider, KeTTHA acts as the owner and Sustainable Energy Development

Authority (SEDA) as the in charged agency. Figure 1.2 depicts the installed PV panels at

BHEUU rooftop. The PV panels are installed on the roof top of the building is 186

panels with a capacity of 48.36kWp to cover up only for lighting at level 6 and

maintained by Pekat Solar Sdn Bhd from 3 Jun 2015 until 2 Jun 2016 [6]. The PV cells

are connected to other cells to produce a larger units are called as modules. While,

modules are connected together to form as panels or strings or array. The number of

strings will determine the capacity and capabilities of solar energy system. The DC

electricity are generated by the PV panels is fed to the inverter to convert the DC to AC

electricity to supply the power to the building through PV grid connected system.

Figure 1.2 The PV Panels are installed at BHEUU

The efficiency of the PV system depends on the technology, radiation,

temperature, design and the material of the solar cells. The PV system also requires

more space to place PV panels because the amount of electricity generated depends on

the number of PV panels. However, the advantages of solar PV systems are more, that’s

why so many people still consider installing solar PV system at their place. The

increasing of solar electricity production, there will be reduction in the amount of carbon

4

dioxide thrown out into the atmosphere. As already explained, the PV system is not

produce harmful emission if compare to the fossil fuel power generation. The amount of

carbon dioxide reductions to be obtained depends on generation or energy uses that to be

replacing into the renewable energy. Refer to the National Renewable Energy Policy;

growth of the renewable energy is one of the initiatives in reducing greenhouse gas

emission. As shown in Table 1.1, it shows that the renewable energy generation planned

outcome from 2011 until 2050 that has been quoted from National Renewable Energy

Policy [4].

Table 1.1: Renewable Energy Policy Planned Outcome

Year Ending

Cum. Total RE

(MW)

Share of RE

Capacity

Annual RE Generation

(GWh)

RE Mix

Annual CO₂ Avoidance (Tonnes)

2011 217 1% 1,228 1% 773,325

2015 975 6% 5,374 5% 3,385,406

2020 2,065 10% 11,227 9% 7,073,199

2030 3,484 13% 16,512 10% 10,402,484

2050 11,544 34% 25,579 13% 16,114,871

The National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan (2009) has implemented

by the KeTTHA. While, SEDA was formed under the Sustainable Energy Development

Board Act 2011 to control and manage the implementation of Feed-In Tariff (FiT)

mechanism mandated under the Renewable Energy Act 2011 (Act 725). Malaysia FiT

systems oblige the distributions license holder such as TNB or WIRAZONE to purchase

the electricity from renewable resources that produced by Feed-In Approval Holders

(FiAHs). By guaranteed access to the grid and setting favorable price for renewable

5

energy, the feed-in tariff mechanism would ensure that renewable energy becomes a

viable and strong investment at long-term for the companies, industries and also for

individuals [3][4].

1.2 Problem Statement

In Malaysia, the installation of PV panels in residential, industrial and

commercial buildings has been imposed since 2001. This is due to the 8th Malaysia Plan

(2001-2005) when Government introduced Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic

Technology Application (BIPV) plan to encourage the application of renewable energy

source in Malaysia. One of the alternatives that have been done by the Ministry Of

Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA) was installing PV panels in

government buildings in Putrajaya. Mostly, the installed PV panels only cover up to

30% of the energy demand in one level of a building. However, after operating for some

years, the performance of the PV panels was degrading. Since the maintenance cost for

PV system is quite high, and due to the factor of lack of knowledge on how to maintain

the system, the installed PV systems are mostly abandoned now. The project was

discontinued after the warranty period and the contract with the contractor end. Hence,

the efforts and intentions to make Putrajaya Green City 2025 could be realized in the

future. Then, the questioned of how to propose a new and better building integrated PV

system need to be investigated in this study.

6

1.3 Objective of Project

The main objectives in this project are:

1) To design and develop the enhancement models for BHEUU integration PV

system at Putrajaya using System Advisor Model (SAM) Software.

2) To analyse the performance of the proposed BIPV system in terms of technical

and economic assessments.

1.4 Scope of Study

This study focuses on how to re-improvise the abandoned PV system at BHEUU

building. Hence, the load profile of the BHEUU building and the existing PV system

have been studied. The conceptual design on how to propose lowest capital, operation

and maintenance costs were considered. System Advisor Model (SAM) software has

been used to model the existing and the other three proposed models to analyze the

system performance of the developed system.

95

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