the enlightenment 1600-1800
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The Enlightenment 1600-1800. Mr. Zywicki and Mr. Chmiel MHS WORLD STUDIES. Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment. In the wake of the Scientific Revolution came the Enlightenment. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The The EnlightenmentEnlightenment
1600-18001600-1800Mr. Zywicki and Mr. ChmielMr. Zywicki and Mr. Chmiel
MHSMHS
WORLD STUDIESWORLD STUDIES
Scientific Revolution Sparks the Scientific Revolution Sparks the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
In the wake of the Scientific In the wake of the Scientific
Revolution came the Enlightenment.Revolution came the Enlightenment.
This was an era in which people This was an era in which people
used reason to try to understand used reason to try to understand
more about human behavior and more about human behavior and
solve the problems of societysolve the problems of society
Reason, liberty, and progressReason, liberty, and progress
Enlightenment – Age of Enlightenment – Age of ReasonReason
The Enlightenment is also called the The Enlightenment is also called the “Age of Reason.”“Age of Reason.”
It began in France and spread to It began in France and spread to Britain, America, and beyond.Britain, America, and beyond.
Its motto: “AUDERE SAPERE,” Latin Its motto: “AUDERE SAPERE,” Latin for “DARE TO THINK”for “DARE TO THINK”
Europe in the 1600s-Europe in the 1600s-1700s1700s
““Old fashioned”Old fashioned” Absolute monarchiesAbsolute monarchies Dominance of the ChristianityDominance of the Christianity Church supported absolute monarchs Church supported absolute monarchs
(“divine right of kings”)(“divine right of kings”) People were supposed to not ask People were supposed to not ask
questions, accept things based on questions, accept things based on faith in God, and not challenge faith in God, and not challenge governmental authority.governmental authority.
PhilosophesPhilosophes A group of French philosophers who wrote about government, law, A group of French philosophers who wrote about government, law,
and society were known as the and society were known as the philosophesphilosophes. .
Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu believed in employing three branches of believed in employing three branches of
government that could balance each other’s powers. government that could balance each other’s powers.
VoltaireVoltaire fought the slave trade and religious prejudice with his fought the slave trade and religious prejudice with his
witty writings. witty writings.
Denis DiderotDenis Diderot collected Enlightenment articles in an Encyclopedia collected Enlightenment articles in an Encyclopedia
that helped to spread ideas throughout Europe and the Americas. that helped to spread ideas throughout Europe and the Americas.
Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau thought people were basically good and thought people were basically good and
should be much freer from governmental controls. should be much freer from governmental controls.
Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft stood up for their inclusion in the new stood up for their inclusion in the new
societies that were being imagined.societies that were being imagined.
Denis Diderot
► All things must be All things must be examined, examined, debated, debated, investigated investigated without exception without exception and without and without regard for regard for anyone’s anyone’s feelings.feelings.
► We will speak We will speak against senseless against senseless laws until they laws until they are reformed; are reformed; and, while we and, while we wait, we will wait, we will abide by them.abide by them.
Diderot’s Encyclopédie
The Encyclopédie
► Complete cycle of Complete cycle of knowledge…………...…knowledge…………...…change the general way of change the general way of thinking.thinking.
► 28 volumes.28 volumes.
► Alphabetical, cross-Alphabetical, cross-referenced,referenced,illustrated.illustrated.
► First published in 1751.First published in 1751.
Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie
An Increase in Reading
An Increase in Reading
New Ideas Challenge New Ideas Challenge SocietySociety
While churches and monarchies While churches and monarchies tried to stop the flow of tried to stop the flow of Enlightenment ideas through Enlightenment ideas through censorshipcensorship
Enlightenment thinkers found Enlightenment thinkers found new ways of spreading their new ways of spreading their ideas, such as through novels ideas, such as through novels and salons.and salons.
Arts and Literature Reflect New Arts and Literature Reflect New IdeasIdeas
The Enlightenment saw the birth of new styles in art, The Enlightenment saw the birth of new styles in art,
music, and literature. music, and literature.
Painters embraced the lighter and more informal Painters embraced the lighter and more informal
rococo style; composers, too, moved away from the rococo style; composers, too, moved away from the
baroque and into rococo and classical music. baroque and into rococo and classical music.
This was evidenced in the works of This was evidenced in the works of Handel, Haydn, and Handel, Haydn, and
MozartMozart. .
In literature, the novel was king as audiences devoured In literature, the novel was king as audiences devoured
long stories about their own times.long stories about their own times.
A Parisian Salon
Madame Geoffrin’s Salon
The Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris
Zoology & Biology
A dissection at the Royal A dissection at the Royal Academy, London.Academy, London.
Chemistry Labs & Botany Gardens
Natural History Collections
► Cocoa plant Cocoa plant drawing.drawing.
► Sir Hans Sir Hans SloaneSloane(1660-1753).(1660-1753).
► Collected from Collected from Jamaica.Jamaica.
Natural History Collections
James Petiver’s BeetlesJames Petiver’s Beetles(London apothecary)(London apothecary)
Private Collections
The Origins of Modern The Origins of Modern Museums.Museums.
Voltaire
It is dangerous It is dangerous to be right when to be right when the the government is government is wrongwrong
Men are equal; Men are equal; it is not birth, it is not birth, but virtuebut virtuethat makes the that makes the difference.difference.
The Baron de Montesquieu
Three types of Three types of government:government:
MonarchyMonarchyRepublicRepublicDespotismDespotism
A separation of A separation of political political powers powers ensured ensured freedom and freedom and libertyliberty
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Government Government must preserve must preserve “virtue” and “virtue” and ”liberty.””liberty.”
Man is born Man is born free, yet free, yet everywhere he is everywhere he is in chains.in chains.
The Social The Social ContractContract
English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both
wrote about society and the ideal form of governing it. wrote about society and the ideal form of governing it.
Hobbes thought people needed strict control to rein in Hobbes thought people needed strict control to rein in
their naturally brutish tendencies.their naturally brutish tendencies.
Locke thought people were moral at heart and were Locke thought people were moral at heart and were
entitled to certain natural rights, which governments were entitled to certain natural rights, which governments were
obliged to protect.obliged to protect.
Thomas Hobbes:Thomas Hobbes: 1600’s A.D. 1600’s A.D. People give up (cede) their own People give up (cede) their own
sovereignty (power) to the state --- sovereignty (power) to the state --- government then provides peace and government then provides peace and orderorder
John Locke: John Locke: Government limited by consent of the Government limited by consent of the
governedgoverned Natural Rights: inherent to being a Natural Rights: inherent to being a
human – life, liberty, pursuit of happinesshuman – life, liberty, pursuit of happiness Governments who do not protect citizens’ Governments who do not protect citizens’
natural rights can be justly overthrown natural rights can be justly overthrown American Revolution and French American Revolution and French RevolutionRevolution
Enlightened Despots Embrace New Enlightened Despots Embrace New IdeasIdeas
Some absolute rulers of the time adopted limited Some absolute rulers of the time adopted limited
reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideas. reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideas.
Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great, Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great,
Franz Joseph of AustriaFranz Joseph of Austria
Austria all showed religious tolerance. Austria all showed religious tolerance.
Still the monarchs were not willing to share their Still the monarchs were not willing to share their
power.power.
New Economic ThinkingNew Economic Thinking Economists also applied reason to their Economists also applied reason to their
study of economics during the study of economics during the
Enlightenment. Enlightenment.
Adam Smith and a group of French Adam Smith and a group of French
thinkers called physiocrats urged thinkers called physiocrats urged
economies that operated with little economies that operated with little
government control.government control.
Adam SmithAdam Smith
The Wealth of Nations, 1776The Wealth of Nations, 1776 Self InterestSelf Interest Invisible HandInvisible Hand
Power of MarketPower of Market Wealth of Nations = GDPWealth of Nations = GDP
Destroys mercantilismDestroys mercantilism Laissez Fair Tax policiesLaissez Fair Tax policies
Pri
ce L
evel
Real GDP
o
P1
ASLR1
Q1
AD1
AS1
The Enlightenment in The Enlightenment in AmericaAmerica
Franklin:Franklin: Friends with VoltaireFriends with Voltaire Lived in Paris and Lived in Paris and
frequented salonsfrequented salons PublisherPublisher ScientistScientist
LighteningLightening InventorInventor
StoveStove PoliticianPolitician ActivistActivist
HospitalsHospitals Anti-slaveryAnti-slavery
The American “Philosophes”
John AdamsJohn Adams(1745-(1745-1826)1826)
Ben FranklinBen Franklin(1706-1790)(1706-1790)
ThomasThomasJeffersonJefferson(1743-(1743-1826)1826)
……...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of ...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…………...happiness…………...
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
► Common Common SenseSense, 1776, 1776
► The Rights The Rights of Manof Man, , 17911791