The EnlightenmentMade By:

Mustafa Noman

ScientistsName: GalileoCountry: ItalyTime period: (1564-1642)Contributions: Proved that the sun and not

the earth was the centre of universe, invented telescope so that heavens could be studied in more detail. His discoveries challenged the earth teachings which maintained that earth is the center of universe.

ScientistsName: Johannes KeplerCountry: GermanyOccupation: AstronomerTheory: Proved that planets obeyed natural

mathematical laws in their movements and di not wander in sky at random.

Scientists Name: Rene DescartesCountry: France

Time period: (1596-1630)Contributions: Laid down the basic

principles of algebera,although he believed in god he said that people and animals are complicated machines and every thing can be reduced due to mathematical laws.

ScientistsNames: Isaac NewtonCountry: United KingdomTime period: (1642-1627)Theory: Greatest mathematician of all time,

showed that when things fall on the ground they obeyed laws of science e.g. force of gravity.

PhilosophersName: John LockeCountry: United KingdomTime period: (1632-1704)Argument: Argued that there is and

unwritten law between the rulers and the people. If rulers were tyrannous and unjust people should have liverty o dispose them.

PhilosophersName: Jean Jacques RousseauCountry: FranceTime period:(1712-1778)Argument: He took john Locke argument

further in his book “social contract” in which he argued that there should be the general will (will of majority) if any one disagrees with the majority they are wrong.

PhilosophersName: VoltaireCountry: FranceTime period: (1694-1778)Argument: His cry was “destroy evil” and evil

was absolute power of kings and the catholic church. He demanded every one should given a right of speech and adopt a government system like England.

The Enlighten onesName: Frederick the greatCountry: PrussiaTime period: (1740-1786)Contributions: He made Prussia one of the

most leading states of Europe and developed a strong army. He released his own serfs.

The enlighten onesName: Maria TheresaCountry: AustriaTime period: (1740-1780)Contributions: Reformed taxation so people

of all classes paid taxes. The tax money and the wealth of the monasteries which she closed were used to biult schools.

The enlighten ones Name: Catherine the greatCounrty:RussiaTime period: (1762-1796)Contributions: German princess who killed

her husband Tsar, and ruled country of her own. She set up schools, universities and reduced power of the church by taking away much of its land.