the enlightenment
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The Enlightenment. Mr. Hardy Randolph Middle School 2012-2013. The Beginning of the Enlightenment. 1500-1700: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature Very successful: Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Enlightenment
Mr. HardyRandolph Middle School
2012-2013
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The Beginning of the Enlightenment
• 1500-1700: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature–Very successful: Planetary movements,
chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc.• Early 1700’s: If people used reason to
find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws?–Laws that govern human nature–Reformers begin studying human nature
and societal problems
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Major Enlightenment Ideas
• Every social, political and economic problem could be solved through the use of reason• Governments are created to secure
an orderly society• Separation of powers is the best way
to protect human liberties• All men are created “free and equal”• A free market should be allowed to
regulate trade
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The Spread of the Enlightenment
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Enlightenment Thinkers
John Locke Thomas Hobbes
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Social Contract
Thomas Hobbes John Locke•Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish.•To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract.•Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society.•Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly.
•Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good•Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property•People form governments to protect natural rights•Best government was one with limited power•If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
• believed politics and morality are not separate
• he is considered an opponent of the Enlightenments emphasis on reason
• rely more on instinct and emotion
• government is a contract between the ruler and citizens
• wrote The Social Contract
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Enlightenment and the Economy
• Physiocrats were Enlightenment
thinkers who focused on economic reforms
• Laissez-Faire: allowing business to operate with little or no government interference
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Activity
• THIS ACTIVITY WILL BE EXPLAINED BY MR. HARDY AND DONE IN CLASS
• Complete the Body Biography Activity on either Locke, Rousseau, or Hobbes. You pick!
• DO NOT GLUE IT IN YOUR NOTEBOOK!
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The Enlightenment Day #2
Mr. HardyRandolph Middle School
2012-2013
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Enlightenment and Society
• Detested the slave trade and slavery• Deplored religious prejudice• Defended freedom of speech• Attacked divine right theory• Urged education for all• Hated unequal distribution of
property• Believed governments should be
freely elected• Women’s first duty was to her family
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Enlightenment Changes Society
• Women: Women were not equal and were criticized for attempting to gain equality
• Salons: Gatherings to discuss ideas• Music: Ballets and operas become
popular• Art: Baroque gives way to rococo art
(simple, elegant and charming)• Literature: Novels become popular
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Enlightenment Changes Society
• Majority/Lower Class/Peasants: Slow to change and hurt the worst
• Some peasants become eager for change, some resist change completely
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Baron de Montesquieu:• Criticized absolute monarchy
and admired British government–British protected themselves
from tyranny by dividing powers of government between three branches: legislative, executive and judicial (misconception)–Each branch of government
should be able to ‘check’ the other two
• What government does this sound like?
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Voltaire• Advocated freedom of
thought, speech, politics, and religion.
• Against the Roman Catholic church and Christianity- religious tolerance
• He was imprisoned in the Bastille in Paris and exiled because of his attacks on the French government and the Catholic Church.
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Mary Wolstonecraft• disagreed with societies
treatment of women • believed marriage was
particularly unfair to women • advocated equal education
for women and men • wrote Vindication of the
Rights of Women • believed that both sexes
could contribute equally to society
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Activity
• THIS ACTIVITY WILL BE EXPLAINED BY MR. HARDY AND DONE IN CLASS
• Complete the Philosopher’s Chart. Write in complete sentences.
• Your icon should be no bigger than the box provided and should symbolize the thoughts of that Philosopher.