The Enlightenment & The Enlightenment & Enlightened ThinkersEnlightened Thinkers

Children of the Children of the Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment Followed & built on the lessons of the Followed & built on the lessons of the

Scientific Revolution (that Math and Scientific Revolution (that Math and Science could find physical truths)Science could find physical truths)

The Enlightenment was when The Enlightenment was when people believed that one people believed that one

could find societal truths by could find societal truths by using reason and logic.using reason and logic.

The Characteristics of the Enlightenment1. Rational - use reason to

solve problems

2. Secular - not atheist. Just not concerned with religion.

3. Utlititarian - the greatest good for the greatest number

4. Tolerance - no opinion is invalid due to irrational bias

5. Freedom -one has to be free to think and discover

6. Educate the Masses – who knows where knowledge lies

7. Optimistic & Reform Based –Change the world!!!

The Philosoph

e

►Believe in Believe in CHANGE & CHANGE & PROGRESSPROGRESS

►Students of society who analyzed & advanced reforms.

SalonsSalons Coffee houses Coffee houses

where leading where leading intellectuals met intellectuals met to discuss themes to discuss themes of dayof day

Often hosted by Often hosted by women (Madame women (Madame de Pompadour)de Pompadour)

Other Salonnieres

Madame Madame GeoffrinGeoffrin(1699-(1699-1777)1777)

MademoisMademoiselleelle

Julie de Julie de LespinassLespinass

ee(1732*-(1732*-1776)1776)

MadameMadameSuzanne Suzanne NeckerNecker(1739-(1739-1794)1794)

The “Great Debate”Reason

& LogicReason& Logic

Traditionsand

Superstitions

Traditionsand

Superstitions rationalisrationalismm

empiricisempiricismm

tolerancetolerance skepticisskepticismm

DeismDeism

nostalgia for nostalgia for the pastthe past

organized organized religionsreligions

irrationalismirrationalism emotionalisemotionalismm

Thomas HobbesThomas HobbesPRE-ENLIGHTENED THOUGHTPRE-ENLIGHTENED THOUGHT

LeviathanLeviathan w/o Govn’t, life is w/o Govn’t, life is

“nasty, short and “nasty, short and brutish”brutish”

AbsolutismAbsolutism the the best, keeps best, keeps securitysecurity

Social ContractSocial Contract

Enter the Enlightenment - Enter the Enlightenment - John LockeJohn Locke People are goodPeople are good

–Tabula Rasa Tabula Rasa (we (we are molded by are molded by experience)experience)

–DemocracyDemocracy Natural Rights Natural Rights (from (from

Natural Law) need to Natural Law) need to be protected by gov.be protected by gov.–If not… If not… REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION– Video Clip

Two Treatises on Govn’t

Charles de Secondat,Charles de Secondat, The Baron de Montesquieu The Baron de Montesquieu

Noble himself, feared Noble himself, feared absolutism and absolutism and democracy alike. democracy alike. Liked English modelLiked English model

King = Executive King = Executive Parliament= Leg Parliament= Leg Courts = JudicialCourts = Judicial–Checks & balancesChecks & balances–Separation of powerSeparation of power

On the Spirit of the Laws

Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) Controversial defender of Controversial defender of

free speech free speech

–Attacked clergy, kings, Attacked clergy, kings, politicians, nobles, etcpoliticians, nobles, etc

–Sent to prison twice & Sent to prison twice & exiledexiled

4 Corner – There 4 Corner – There should be a limit on should be a limit on Free Speech.Free Speech.

“The Customs and Spirit of Nations”

and “Candide”

Voltaire’s Voltaire’s WisdomWisdom

► Every man is guilty of all Every man is guilty of all the good he didn’t do.the good he didn’t do.►It is dangerous to be right It is dangerous to be right when the gov. is wrong.when the gov. is wrong.► Love truth and pardon Love truth and pardon error.error.►Judge of a man by his Judge of a man by his questions rather than by his questions rather than by his answers.answers.► Men are equal; it is not Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtue that makes birth, but virtue that makes the difference.the difference.► I may not agree with I may not agree with what you have to say, but what you have to say, but I will defend to the death I will defend to the death your right to say it.your right to say it.

Hugo GrotiusHugo Grotius If Natural Law is, If Natural Law is,

there should be there should be universal universal international lawsinternational laws

–Foresaw ideas like Foresaw ideas like the UN and the the UN and the Geneva Geneva ConventionConvention

–THOUGHTS???THOUGHTS???

Cesare Cesare BeccariaBeccaria

Anti-death penalty & Anti-death penalty & torture. torture.

–The state doesn’t have The state doesn’t have the right to take lifethe right to take life

–Torture may not always Torture may not always produce truthproduce truth

Enlightened principles Enlightened principles should guide justiceshould guide justice

–Rehabilitation & Rehabilitation & ReintegrationReintegration

On Crimes and Punishment

William PennWilliam Penn If Natural Law If Natural Law

governs all & IF logic governs all & IF logic and reason can solve and reason can solve any issue…any issue…WAR & KILLING ARE WAR & KILLING ARE ALWAYS WRONGALWAYS WRONG

Killing does not Killing does not determine who is determine who is right, just who is leftright, just who is left–Developed Developed PacifismPacifism

4 Corner DebateThe death penalty is wrong

Jean Jacques RousseauJean Jacques Rousseau The Consent of the Governed, The Consent of the Governed,

the “general will”, is why the “general will”, is why government has power (direct government has power (direct democracy is the key).democracy is the key).–People are good, society People are good, society

makes us badmakes us bad

““Man is born free, Man is born free, yet everywhere yet everywhere he is in chains.”he is in chains.”The Social

Contract

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft

A Vindication of the A Vindication of the Rights of WomenRights of Women

Women should Women should enjoy the same enjoy the same rights as men in rights as men in intellectual areasintellectual areas

–Men conspire to Men conspire to hold women hold women down (due to down (due to smaller physical smaller physical frames)frames)

Denis DiderotDenis Diderot Effort to find Effort to find

and classify and classify EVERYTHINGEVERYTHING

If we are going If we are going to learn to learn Natural Law, Natural Law, we need to we need to know what’s know what’s out there first.out there first.

The Book Was

Banned!!!

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Classical ArtClassical Art Effort to reflect the Effort to reflect the

Enlightenment by Enlightenment by using simple using simple geometric linesgeometric lines

LOOK AT THE LOOK AT THE BAROQUE TO BAROQUE TO

CLASSICAL ART CLASSICAL ART PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION

The Enlightenment and ReligionThe Enlightenment and Religion Deism – God as the Deism – God as the

watchmakerwatchmaker

–If we can figure If we can figure out the machine, out the machine, we can run itwe can run it

–Built w/ MathBuilt w/ Math Many founding Many founding

fathers were deists, fathers were deists, not Bible-believing not Bible-believing Christians Christians

George Washington Benjamin FranklinGeorge Washington Benjamin FranklinThomas Jefferson James MadisonThomas Jefferson James Madison

Thomas Paine Ethan Allen James MonroeThomas Paine Ethan Allen James Monroe

Enlightened Enlightened DespotsDespots

Believed in applying Believed in applying Enlightenment Enlightenment ideals to their ideals to their GovernmentsGovernments

Desire to make life Desire to make life better for subjects...better for subjects...–End SerfdomEnd Serfdom

–Religious FreedomReligious Freedom

–Free Speech / PressFree Speech / Press

–End TortureEnd Torture

Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of AustriaFrederick the Great of PrussiaFrederick the Great of PrussiaCatherine the Great of RussiaCatherine the Great of Russia

"Everything for the people, nothing by the people."

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION & ENLIGHTENMENT

Backlash Against The EnlightenedBacklash Against The Enlightened The MonarchsThe Monarchs

–Peasant rebellions Peasant rebellions scared monarchs, scared monarchs, reassert authorityreassert authoritySlow pace of Slow pace of change angered change angered peasantspeasants

Monarchs fear Monarchs fear democracydemocracy

Pugachev’s Rebellion in Russia

Backlash in the Arts - RomanticismBacklash in the Arts - Romanticism

An appeal to the An appeal to the emotional, wild and emotional, wild and unrestrainedunrestrained

Bach (and Bach (and Beethoven)Beethoven)

Pope (and Milton)Pope (and Milton) Moliere (and Racine)Moliere (and Racine)

Immanuel kantImmanuel kant

German German philosopherphilosopher

–Reason can’t Reason can’t explain explain feelings, God feelings, God or beautyor beauty

Rousseau – Part DeuxRousseau – Part Deux

Math, science and Math, science and reason cannot reason cannot account for emotions account for emotions (love, jealousy, hate, (love, jealousy, hate, etc) nor for God.etc) nor for God.

Enlightenment is Enlightenment is lacking…lacking…

The Rebirth of Religious ZealThe Rebirth of Religious Zeal Faith and emotion are Faith and emotion are

important paths to a important paths to a personal God (not personal God (not science & deism)science & deism)–Moravians (Zinzendorf) Moravians (Zinzendorf)

& Methodists (Wesley) & Methodists (Wesley) lead back to the Biblelead back to the Bible

–Mysticism & Zeal Mysticism & Zeal emphasized in emphasized in PentacostalismPentacostalism

““Irrational” Religious Zeal Irrational” Religious Zeal (Benny Hinn casting out demons from believers)(Benny Hinn casting out demons from believers)