The The Enlightenment Enlightenment

SpreadsSpreadsChapter 22, Section 3Chapter 22, Section 3

Baroque MusicBaroque Music

Representative Representative ComposersComposersAntonio VivaldiAntonio VivaldiJohann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian BachGeorge Friedrich HandelGeorge Friedrich Handel

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)1741)

Representative Representative WorksWorks Most famous work Most famous work

Le quattro stagioniLe quattro stagioni ((The Four SeasonsThe Four Seasons) ) written in 1723.written in 1723.

46 operas46 operas 76 sonatas76 sonatas Chamber musicChamber music Sacred musicSacred music

Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)(1685-1750)

Representative Representative WorksWorks cantatascantatas choraleschorales organ worksorgan works lute musiclute music chamber musicchamber music canons and fuguescanons and fugues

Famous piece: “Jesu Famous piece: “Jesu Joy of Man’s Joy of Man’s Desiring”Desiring”

George Frederick Handel George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)(1685-1759)

Representative WorksRepresentative Works 42 operas42 operas 29 oratorios29 oratorios 120 cantatas, trios, duets120 cantatas, trios, duets numerous ariasnumerous arias chamber musicchamber music

Most famous work:Most famous work:Messiah Messiah oratorio oratorio traditionally performed traditionally performed during the Christmas during the Christmas season, including season, including “Hallelujah Chorus”.“Hallelujah Chorus”.

Classical MusicClassical Music

Representative ComposersRepresentative ComposersJoseph HaydnJoseph HaydnWolfgang Amadeus MozartWolfgang Amadeus MozartLudwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

Joseph Haydn (1732-Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)1809)

Known as “Father of Known as “Father of the Symphony” and the Symphony” and “Father of the String “Father of the String Quartet”Quartet”

Representative Representative WorksWorks 104 Symphonies104 Symphonies numerous concertos numerous concertos

for various for various instrumentsinstruments

15 operas15 operas other musicother music

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)(1756-1791)

Representative Representative worksworks 23 operas23 operas numerous numerous

symphoniessymphonies ““Toy Symphony”Toy Symphony”

concertosconcertos ““Flute concerto no. 2 Flute concerto no. 2

in D Major, K 314”in D Major, K 314” piano musicpiano music chamber musicchamber music sacred musicsacred music

massesmasses

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

Representative Representative WorksWorks Symphonies (5Symphonies (5thth

and 9and 9thth probably the probably the most famous)most famous)

Piano musicPiano music ““Fur Elise”Fur Elise”

Vocal musicVocal music OperasOperas Choral musicChoral music

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots

Frederick II (the Great) of PrussiaFrederick II (the Great) of Prussia Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria Catherine II (the Great) of RussiaCatherine II (the Great) of Russia

Frederick II (the Great) of Frederick II (the Great) of PrussiaPrussia

Ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786; granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, improved education

Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria ReligionReligion

Joseph II had the most Joseph II had the most progressive policy of religion progressive policy of religion toleration in all of Europe. He toleration in all of Europe. He granted toleration toward granted toleration toward Jews as well as Protestants. Jews as well as Protestants. His anti-clerical and liberal His anti-clerical and liberal innovations provoked a visit innovations provoked a visit from the Pope Pius VI in 1782. from the Pope Pius VI in 1782. Joseph showed himself a good Joseph showed himself a good Catholic, but was not Catholic, but was not persuaded to change his persuaded to change his liberal positions on religion.liberal positions on religion.

The ArtsThe Arts He was known as the “musical He was known as the “musical

king.” He was a huge patron king.” He was a huge patron of composers. He is featured of composers. He is featured prominently in the movie prominently in the movie AmadeusAmadeus, the fictionalized , the fictionalized biography of Mozart.biography of Mozart.

Catherine II (the Great) Catherine II (the Great) of Russiaof Russia

Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796; put in place limited reforms; vastly enlarged the Russian empire

Answers to Reteaching Answers to Reteaching ActivityActivity

Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia

Diderot began to publish a series of books in 1751 that were compilations of articles from leading scholars. Even though the French government and the Catholic Church censored the Encyclopedia, it was responsible for spreading Enlightenment ideas all over Europe.

Neoclassical StyleNeoclassical Style

Neoclassical art began to replace baroque art during the late 1700s. Neoclassical art followed a simple and elegant style that drew on ideas from classical Greece and Rome.

Changes in music during Changes in music during the Enlightenmentthe Enlightenment

Classical music, with a new, lighter style, emerged during the Enlightenment. Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were three classical composers from Austria.

Changes in literature Changes in literature during the Enlightenmentduring the Enlightenment

Eighteenth century writers began writing novels, lengthy works of prose fiction. Pamela, by Samuel Richardson, is often considered the first English novel.

Enlightened despotsEnlightened despots

Enlightened despots supported the ideas of the philosophes and made enlightenment reforms. Europe’s most important enlightened despots included Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine the Great of Russia.

Frederick IIFrederick II

Ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786; granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, improved education

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796; put in place limited reforms; vastly enlarged the Russian empire