The Enlightenment SpreadsChapter 22

Section 3

Key Terms

Salons

Baroque

John Locke

Neoclassical

Enlightened despots

Catherine the Great

A World of Ideas

1700’s a new generation of philosophers

Reason could solve human problems

Enlightenment- age of reason, time of optimism and possibility

A World of Ideas

People gathered in public and coffe houses to debate ideas

Writers published ideas in books and magazines

1700’s Paris was the center for intellectual activity

Salons-Parisian women hosted gatherings of philosophers, artists, and scientists

Diderot and the Encyclopedia

Encyclopedia-Compiled all known knowledge into a single work

Worked on it for 27 years

Leaders attacked it because it criticized the church, government, and the legal system

Diderot and the Encyclopedia

Government tried to stop publication

Diderot compiled the remaining volumes in secret

Helped spread enlightenment ideas through Europe and North America

Neoclassical Style Emerges

1600-1700’s Baroque period-characterized by grand ornate design

Palace of Versailles

Late 1700’s Neoclassical-simple, elegant borrowed from Greece and Rome

Changes in Music and Literature

Bach and Handel dominated the music scene

Wrote dramatic organ and choral music

During enlightenment music became lighter more elegant

Classical style emerged

Changes in Music and Literature

Composers in Vienna Austria

Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven

18th century writers developed new forms of literature

Authors started to write novels

Changes in Music and Literature

Novels were lengthy works of prose or fiction

Crafted plots, suspense, and explored character’ thoughts and feelings

Popular with the middle class

Written in everyday language

Changes in Music and Literature

Writers many women turned out floods of novels in the 1700’s

Samuel Richardson’s Pamela first true English novel

Servant girl refuses advances by her master

Tom Jones by Henry Fielding tells the story of an orphan who travels England

Enlightenment and the Monarchy

Voltaire- monarchy best form, ruler should respect the people’s rights

Enlightened despots-monarchs who embrace the new ideas of the enlightenment

Had no intention of giving up power Wanted to make their

country stronger

Their own rule more effective

Prussia

Frederick II-duty was to rule with absolute power

Established elementary education

Abolished torture supported most religious tolerance

Reduced censorship

Called himself the “ first servant of the state”

Prussia

Did not extend religious tolerance to the Jews

Limited how many could live in Prussia

Opposed serfdom

Reforms were made to make Prussia stronger and his own rule more powerful

Joseph II

Most radical reformer

Successor to Maria Theresa

Introduced legal reforms, freedom of the press

Supported freedom of worship

Abolished serfdom

Peasants to be paid

Catherine the Great

Catherine the Great read the works of philosophers, corresponded with them

Supported education and culture

Drafted Russian constitution and a code of laws

Catherine the Great

Considered too liberal and never put into practice

Wanted to free serfs but did not want to lose support from the wealthy

Actually imposed more serfdom on Russians

Catherine Expands Russia

Catherine had two wars with the Ottoman Empire

Won control of Northern shore of the Black Sea

Russia, Prussia, Austria all take a piece of Poland

Called the First Partition

1793, 1795 more partitions

Poland disappeared as an independent country

Catherine Expands Russia

Catherine vastly enlarges the Russian Empire

Russia became an international power

Later, Times and Places

Britain faced challenges in North America

Ideas of power and authority would inspire ideas and revolution

American colonies would break away

Strongly influenced by Locke and Rousseau

Formed independent republic