the enlightenment, the french revolution and romanticism · the enlightenment introduction the...

The

Enlig

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Rev

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and

Rom

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Timeli

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The

Enlig

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t

Timeli

ne Ca

rds

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

IntroductionThe Middle Ages, which lasted from 476 to 1350 CE, marked a period of lost and limited learning in Europe.

King

Lesser Lords

Lords

Knights

Ordinary People

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

IntroductionDuring the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church governed all aspects of daily life.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

IntroductionThe Renaissance began in Italy in the 1400s and spread to other parts of Europe.

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THE ENLIGHTENMENT

IntroductionThe Renaissance was characterized by a renewed interest in writers, works, and ideas from the early Greeks and Romans, as shown in Raphael’s School of Athens.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

IntroductionThe Renaissance was marked by a curiosity about the physical world, which was manifested in art and scientific observation and investigation.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

IntroductionThe Renaissance overlapped with the Age of Exploration, a period in which Europeans ventured out to explore what was to them the unknown world, including the exploration and settlement of the British colonies in North America.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Introduction

In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg invented the first printing press in Europe.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

IntroductionDuring the Reformation and Counter-Reformation from 1517–1648, Europe was divided into Protestant and Catholic territories, and people were more likely to question the authority of the Catholic Church.

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THE ENLIGHTENMENT

IntroductionLike many great Renaissance artists, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was highly skilled in doing many different things. He was a sculptor, a painter, a designer, and a scientist.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

IntroductionInterest in science and education continued with Copernicus’s theory of a sun-centered universe published in 1543, supported by Galileo’s observations in 1632.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

CHAPTER 1: Isaac NewtonIn his Principia (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), published in 1687, Isaac Newton explained that the basic laws of nature could be discovered through observation and reason.

Big Question: What part did scientific observation and reason play in Isaac Newton’s thought process, and why did he hesitate to publish his findings?

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

CHAPTER 2: René DescartesIn his Discourse on Method, published in 1637, René Descartes wrote, “I think, therefore I am,” urging others to doubt everything except their own existence until they proved each thing to be true.

Big Question: Why is Descartes considered to be the father of modern philosophy?

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

CHAPTER 3: Thomas HobbesIn his book Leviathan published in 1651, Thomas Hobbes described his pessimistic view of human nature, the need for a powerful ruler, and the idea of a “social contract.”

Big Question: Why did Thomas Hobbes believe in the need for an all-powerful ruler as the leader of the government?

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

CHAPTER 4: John LockeIn his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, published in 1689, John Locke put forth his belief that the human mind at birth was a tabula rasa.

Big Question: In what ways did the philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke differ?

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

CHAPTER 5: The Enlightenment in FranceIn The Persian Letters, published in 1721, Baron de Montesquieu cleverly used fictional characters to criticize the king and ruling class.

Big Question: Why did Montesquieu believe that it was important to limit the power of a ruler or any one branch of government?

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

CHAPTER 5: The Enlightenment in FranceIn The Spirit of the Laws, published in 1748, Baron de Montesquieu argued that a country must limit the power of its ruler or any one branch of government.


THE ENLIGHTENMENT

CHAPTER 5: The Enlightenment in FranceIn 1717, François Marie Arouet was imprisoned in the Bastille for writings that criticized the French government. He continued his criticism of the ruling class under the pseudonym of Voltaire.


THE ENLIGHTENMENT

CHAPTER 6: The Enlightenment in ActionBenjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams were all very much influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers as they worked together on the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

Big Question: In what ways did Europe’s Enlightenment thinkers inspire America’s Founding Fathers to create a government by the people, for the people?

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

CHAPTER 6: The Enlightenment in ActionJames Madison, “the Father of the Constitution,” studied and admired the works of Locke and Montesquieu.

Big Question: In what ways did Europe’s Enlightenment thinkers inspire America’s Founding Fathers to create a government by the people, for the people?

The

Fren

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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM

Introduction

During the historical period called the Enlightenment in the 1600s–1700s, people questioned old ideas and searched for knowledge.


CHAPTER 1: Roots of the RevolutionIn 1649, during England’s Civil War, King Charles I was tried and executed.

Big Question: Which Enlightenment ideas spread across France, and why might some have considered those ideas to be dangerous?


CHAPTER 1: Roots of the RevolutionDuring the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689, the English Bill of Rights was an important step in limiting the power of kings and queens, and in creating a more democratic government in England.



CHAPTER 1: Roots of the RevolutionThe Declaration of Independence, written at the start of the American Revolution, also stated the rights of individual Americans.


We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are

created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator

with certain unalienable rights, that among these are

life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.


CHAPTER 2: The Three EstatesThe class structure of France during the ancien régime consisted of Three Estates.

Big Question: What was life like for the people who belonged to the Third Estate compared to those who made up the First and Second Estates?


CHAPTER 3: The Absolute MonarchsLouis XIV, the Sun King, had the palace of Versailles built during his reign (1643–1715).

Big Question: How did French kings use their absolute power?


CHAPTER 3: The Absolute MonarchsIn 1715, at age five, Louis XV became king of France; his reign lasted almost sixty years.



CHAPTER 3: The Absolute MonarchsIn 1770, Louis XVI married Marie Antoinette in the chapel at Versailles.



CHAPTER 4: Queen Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette lived a life of luxury, without concern for how ordinary people lived.

Big Question: How might the luxurious royal lifestyle have turned the ordinary people of France against the royal family?


CHAPTER 5: The Third Estate RevoltsThe ordinary people of the Third Estate felt the taxes imposed by the king and nobility were unfair. During the Estates-General meeting of May–July 1789, they established the National Assembly.

Big Question: What was the purpose of the meeting of the Estates-General, and why did the aristocracy and the king refuse to allow the Three Estates to meet together?


CHAPTER 5: The Third Estate RevoltsOn June 17, 1789, deputies of the National Assembly signed the Tennis Court Oath, promising to stick together and write a constitution. The French Revolution had begun.

Big Question: What was the purpose of the meeting of the Estates-General, and why did the aristocracy and the king refuse to allow the Three Estates to meet together?


CHAPTER 6: A Time of ViolenceThe storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, sparked violence in the streets of Paris and throughout the countryside.

Big Question: What sequence of events caused people to storm the Bastille, and why did the unrest spread?


CHAPTER 7: Toward a New GovernmentIn August 1789, the National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Big Question: How significant was the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and what prompted the women’s march to Versailles?


CHAPTER 7: Toward a New GovernmentAs a result of the women’s march to Versailles in October 1789, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were forced to leave and go to Paris.

Big Question: How significant was the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and what prompted the women’s march to Versailles?


CHAPTER 8: From Monarchy to RepublicMobs stormed the Tuileries, once the royal palace, where arms and gunpowder were stored in 1792.

Big Question: What happened to the royal family?


CHAPTER 8: From Monarchy to Republic

Deputies elected to the National Convention condemned Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to death.

Big Question: What happened to the royal family?


CHAPTER 9: Religion, Culture, and ArtDuring the National Convention, which governed from September 1792 to October 1795, there were many changes to French society, including new attitudes toward religion, new styles of dress and speech, and even a new French calendar.

Big Question: Why do you think the revolutionaries wanted to change so much of French society?


CHAPTER 9: Religion, Culture, and ArtNew classicism, or neoclassicism, was reflected in art, especially in the work of painter Jacques-Louis David.

Big Question: Why do you think the revolutionaries wanted to change so much of French society?


CHAPTER 10: The Reign of TerrorDuring the Reign of Terror from fall 1793 to spring 1794, anyone suspected of speaking or acting against the Revolution might be sentenced to death by the guillotine.

Big Question: What was the Reign of Terror?


CHAPTER 10: The Reign of TerrorMaximilien Robespierre, who supported the use of terror, was, in the end, accused of being a tyrant and sentenced to death in 1794.

Big Question: What was the Reign of Terror?


CHAPTER 11: Napoleon Bonaparte: Empire BuilderMilitary genius Napoleon Bonaparte became First Consul in 1799 and crowned himself emperor of France in 1804.

Big Question: What were the various reasons the people of France were willing to accept Napoleon as their emperor?


CHAPTER 11: Napoleon Bonaparte: Empire BuilderBy 1810, all of Europe except Great Britain, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire was under Napoleon’s control.


Europe in 1810

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andNorway

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CHAPTER 11: Napoleon Bonaparte: Empire BuilderNapoleon’s invasion of Russia was a disaster. He lost his power and was eventually exiled to Elba.



CHAPTER 11: Napoleon Bonaparte: Empire BuilderNapoleon escaped from Elba and returned to Paris in March 1815.



CHAPTER 11: Napoleon Bonaparte: Empire BuilderIn 1815, Napoleon lost the battle of Waterloo and was exiled to St. Helena, where he died.



CHAPTER 12: The Romantic RevolutionThe writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, with his emphasis on the simple things in nature, inspired the Romantic movement, including work by the poet William Wordsworth.

Big Question: What were the differences between the Neoclassical and the Romantic artists, and how were those differences reflected in their work?


CHAPTER 12: The Romantic RevolutionLudwig van Beethoven, one of the greatest composers of all time, effectively conveyed different emotions through his music.



CHAPTER 12: The Romantic RevolutionThe Romantic movement inspired painters as well as composers. This landscape painting by John Constable captures the beauty of nature.


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748–

1825

) (oil

on ca

nvas)

, Lan

glois,

Jerom

e Mart

in (1

779–

1838

) / Ch

âteau

de Ve

rsaille

s, Fran

ce / B

ridge

man I

mage

s

Chap

ter 10

, Card

1 Fre

nch

Revo

lution

: Last

victi

ms o

f the

Reig

n of

Terror

bein

g tak

en to

the g

uillot

ine in

a tum

bril.

Engra

ving.

/ Univ

ersal

Histor

y Arch

ive/U

IG / B

ridge

man I

mage

s

CHAP

TER 1

0, Ca

rd 2

Robe

spier

re (1

758–

94) a

nd Sa

int-Ju

st (1

767–

94) L

eavin

g for

the Gu

illotin

e, 28

th Ju

ly 17

94, 1

884

(oil o

n can

vas),

Mou

illard,

Alfre

d (fl.1

861–

68) /

Galer

ie Dij

ol, Pa

ris, F

rance

/ Brid

gema

n Ima

ges

Chap

ter 11

, Card

1 Th

e Co

nsec

ration

of t

he E

mpero

r Nap

oleon

(176

9–18

21) a

nd th

e Co

ronati

on o

f the

Emp

ress

Josep

hine (

1763

–181

4), 2

nd De

cemb

er 18

04, d

etail f

rom th

e cen

tral p

anel,

1806

–7 (o

il on c

anva

s),

David

, Jacq

ues L

ouis (

1748

–182

5) / L

ouvre

, Pari

s, Fran

ce / B

ridge

man I

mage

s

Chap

ter 11

, Card

3 Re

treat

from

Russi

a in

1812

, by

Nicola

s-Tou

ssaint

Cha

rlet (

1792

–184

5), 1

836,

oil o

n ca

nvas,

Na

poleo

nic W

ars, R

ussia

, 19th

centu

ry / D

e Ago

stini

Pictur

e Libr

ary / G

. Dag

li Orti

/ Brid

gema

n Ima

ges

Chap

ter 11

, Card

4 Th

e Retu

rn of

Napo

leon I

(176

9–18

21) t

o the

Tuile

ries, 2

0th M

arch 1

815 (

colou

red en

gravin

g), H

eim,

Franc

ois Jo

seph (

1787

–186

5) / M

usee d

e l’Arm

ee, B

russel

s, Belg

ium / P

atrick

Loret

te / B

ridge

man I

mage

s

Chap

ter 11

, Card

5 Th

e Duk

e of W

elling

ton at

Wate

rloo (

oil on

canv

as), H

illing

ford,

Robe

rt Ale

xand

er (1

825–

1904

) /

Priva

te Co

llecti

on / P

hoto

© Ch

ristie

’s Ima

ges /

Bridg

eman

Imag

es

Chap

ter 12

, Card

1 Jea

n-Jac

ques

Rous

seau (

1712

–78)

(oil o

n can

vas),

Tour,

Mau

rice Q

uenti

n de l

a (17

04–8

8) (a

fter)

/ Mu

see de

la Vi

lle de

Paris

, Mus

ee Ca

rnava

let, P

aris, F

rance

/ Brid

gema

n Ima

ges

Chap

ter 12

, Card

2 Lu

dwig

van B

eetho

ven (

1770

–182

7) Co

mpos

ing hi

s ‘Miss

a Sole

mnis’

(oil o

n can

vas),

Stiel

er, Jo

seph

Carl (

1781

–185

8) (a

fter)

/ Bee

thove

n Hau

s, Bon

n, Ge

rman

y / Ar

tothe

k / Br

idgem

an Im

ages

Chap

ter 12

, Card

3 Sa

lisbur

y Cath

edral

From

the M

eado

ws, 1

831

(oil o

n ca

nvas)

(see

188

984–

1889

85 fo

r deta

ils),

Cons

table,

John

(177

6–18

37) /

Priva

te Co

llecti

on / B

ridge

man I

mage

s

ISBN: 978-1-68380-329-4

Cre

ativ

e C

om

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icen

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This

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ore

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Cor

e K

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eogr

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e tr

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he C

ore

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wle

dge

Foun

datio

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Trad

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re s

how

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illust

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e th

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ir re

spec

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rein

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ould

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