The environment in Horacio Quiroga'sCuentos de amor, de locura y de muerte

Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

Authors Iwanaga, George, 1938-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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THE UHiERSITI OF iRIZOHA • .

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STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

This th e s is has been subm itted in p a r t ia l fu lf i l lm e n t o f re q u ire ­ments fo r an advanced degree a t the U n iv ersity o f Arizona and i s depos­i t e d in the U n iv ersity L ib rary to be made av a ila b le to borrowers under ru le s of the L ib ra ry •

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SIGNED:

APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

This th e s is has been approved on the date shown below:

rDONALD C. STINSON Professor of E le c tr ic a l Engineering

AMirnGT'

■ / : @a£a- amd 'baBdilAtM &£'.'& parametei© ra*e©mT@rsi®B am p lif ie r ©per=*

a iia g in th e UHF re g ie a isere laves t l gate do ■ Bepenlenee ©f gain amd.. «

bandwidth ©n the fa e to r dasigaafed a@ was. shemio This f a e te r s a.

jto ie tien ©f sigflal' freqmiaeji,' mpper sideband fi'eqaeneys load, imped"

att@@ and B0n-=lim©ar &©d.e e@ eifi© ient$ i s a a 'ia ip « fe a t dssigh, ©@a

C:-; / ' . ' ■ : v v . ■■ ; %

' ' - ; & e ' am p liA er '%a@: a t th e : sigmal freq aen e j o f 32© me •

w ith th re e d if f e r e n t diodes© Sain r e s u l t s w r e el@"se to th e o re tic a l

exp ee ta tien s 0.' Bamdmldth showed a g re a t reduetioa. ever the pr©dieted

valmes caused m ostly b j the siatsM ag devices usedo ' , ;

Noise figmre measurements were no t made because o f la c k o f ,

equipmento T heore tica l no ise eom siderationa were present®do

- ■ A S K lC D ra E I® . V ; : v . ’

The amth©r w i s h e s .g r a t e f u l l y aeknofflledg© the smggestieBs .

and assistame© giTOn by Professor B@Baid Go Stinson during th e .e©torse '

©f.th is , werko" ' : ; ' , - ,■ , ‘

He als© d e s ire s t@ express h is .thanks t© the M.ererav® A sseeia tes

Company and Texas Instrum ents §@mpamy f©r ,!*heit‘; assistan©® im, fa ra ish =

Ing diodes f e r th i s experimento • :: ■ ,■

The a s s is ta a e e giyen hy ih@: leeh a tii^a l. EBgiaeeriag.Shep of th©

Wmiversi^" o f Arigona •end.er the tiir@ eiien o f P re fe sso r i r la n d Go

F oster i a making the ©ompoaemts.aeeessary fo r th i s experim ent i s :

greatiLy appreeiatedo : , ,

Th© au thor a lso wishes t© express -Ms appr@eiaM.@a ref th©' eaeotar^

agemeat. and help ;©f :M stw lfeg (3harX©tte-9 f@r -without her eneouragemeat

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APPEimn A EXEBRJMBNm iZPLIFlER eiROUIT DIAGRAM G o o o o ' 3®

AppEroiX'B' m o m G H iM eiiiis iie sV 0 0: e;» . a 0 6 0 '»' 6 » o- o' ' : 31

o © o o ©_ © © © ©- © 0 vo © © © 0 0 © 0 0 0 0 0 - 33

2«1 Basie ParameWie A m plifier Gem&'gmratieA © © o o ® > « > , ' f

2-2 Bp^®ET©rte'^; P a r a « t r i e ApiiiS;@ ».' '.®. ©; © ® . ° 'i ’' '® ^ ;

2f* l .•CiSCMsj.'b. SIocEgCL © © © © © © © © © © © © v© © ©■ © '= © ©■ , 7 .• ■

Gain Redne'bien fo r ^ixeid^^oV©/©^© so ':• ©. , -:9 /:

2=5 C ireE lt ,f@E l®is® Eigttre MeSsireffleat ,©.: © .©.,® ;,» .o; •©. ©. .c © i l l

3*i ■ CUTOOflL'fe. *.••• o' ■ © .*.» © © © : © © © ©. o © o o ©: © ■ © ©: •> 13

3«8 Bsoigfl .of .$8,061®' 'Mwffl't. © © ■ © o & o & 0 © © © © © © ©. ©° © 17

>»3': . Biodo ®6sS IB ■ © © ©: © © © © ©" © © © © © © © © © . 18 .-

- iHL' • Output Gain as a Puneiion o f Input Signal 'L®"rel • © © ©. © '23

• em pfgi-i..

V i m m m m m e m ; . " : : ; ;

a .a BatefcggoEad;' ;- ;v; . ;: / : / : / \ :. - -

: ■;- i s y # e reeep#®#';- -.

, amd @m#,ffieatiem »f ia teH ig eaee fi-sm iistam lj 'f®iais® .aSs - M s' M ea ■

a®p®mtaat@d #@ %e@at aSwane^s in .spa©© ©emmHieaiieaq' sp*®-'

iH e p a r t 'p f #i@ , K@#iras :^#at th# a®plifieaM@a tee, e ife e te i:

ie te rie ra tiB g ; &r S eslr^ lH g tke iatelligeM e® The system '

-Bast aim© ©perate' t@ keep ite| signal' atemm itee H@is6; le v e l«,' .'Bras a

system a tta ia iB g . ampXifieatiea M .theat • des t r eying the imtelllgemee ..- Y / ' V ' ' 7 ■ 7 : ; : - - ' . 7 - ; 7 ' . . ■

s n i aim® inereM ing tte.® signa l^ to^o is© .ra tio woald tee very mseful© ''

,.In general 'is the - e ffe c t ©f a param etric am p lifie re . : : ;

r .; ■ Approximately f iv e years age engineers and 'researoh personnel

. in tlais f i e ld f e l t th a t the l im it had 'been reached in 1 m n o ise ampli=

; f iea iaen using ebnventi©nal devieeso The search fo r lower, noise ' .

■ symtepe- le d designers; t®' e^miime am pllfieatiom i a i t s mes* teasi© .terms

I t was a t. th is time, th a t am olds not news p rin c ip le was brought fo rtho

. This was the f i r s t : re^ya lua tlom of . the use @f time; vm ying © iro u it.:

’ parameters ■ t@ pr®dm®@ amplifieatiomo; The ;mm@ given this, area .was

. : . : ' , / .7 ; ' r ;.7 1;'

' ' - : . ' Param etrie .■ s ^ l if ie a t io a re * ^ fin .e S is ; . a a g r 'am plification:' ' . ;

b rw g h t about % varying some c i r c u i t parameter* ; The . elem ent v a r ie d ,.

.mght!, fe® '@x®ple5: b e .,.^ induetor, .©#: eapseit@ro ’ In .th e 'b ro ad est

seas© 'Stiis. eaa even apply t© a m@oham.eal agrstemo An .example ©f ■tod.®;'' •

' .Is a ©MXd @n a sringo Her® the farlatele element, i s the @M.l# @ @em=.-

tep -@f .'grarifer o . 'By peeper m&mwBmt Sorlag the s@j.ng.9 .e s e i l la t ie a s t ;

@aa be smatalned # r ®vbb iaerftased* Herevep^ the; primary i a t e r e s t . ..

' • t e S a j 'l ie s i a the area ©f aBplieati©a. @f tM s prim elp le . t@ mierwav®: ■ g'^g ' A : :... t v - . a ' . / - tv-t , :

■ ©@m$mieati©n® <». , ; - , /■ ■ -A r ' .i

' '■.■:v.'t.vA;:- i ^ ' / t l j e - e i f - e r t . a e i i r - . e ^ i ^ a . - i s r e i m d the, labe. ©£ '. V' - ! . ' 'v - ■ vA. A- A' . jL v :X.. -

the variab le ©apaeitaaee: e ffec t- ia .semie®Bdm®t©r Siedss©^ . 'Parametri© •

. am plifieatiem '/@f; Aerewave#: asimg.. f e r r i t e s as"- the variab le ' >l@»@Bt .;

has beeh.-' *m®BStratei: bBt th e i r perf ©rmam@e 'ha,W a# t beea a # # .a t8 ■

eaough t®. iriraaS/Bitieh' '.fartiier stm'iy.® , ■ Werk i s pregressing ■ rapiffly., ,. ,

1h the area ®f '@l@©tr@a beam param etrie am plifieati© a aad-premise® ; : 'A ;

■ -1©..be, a em petitw '.im ,I# " %&ai®.e am pii'ileatiette ' ■ . ; -

1©S Statem eat; ©£' l¥.@bi@m' : ; ■" ' - , .: - • " ' ' ' ■ -

A , -' ■ l a t h i s , paper one such va riab le eapaeitano© ■ par ana t r i e , 'device -

■will -be 1-avestigateS®: Of the three basis, types s the negative =» . ■

resis tan ee am plifie rs the mp=e©aversi©a' w p l i f ie r and the lewer- side=-

baad. mp^ooaversion am p lifie ra: th is paper m ill: deal exclusively p ith : ’

• the mp=«0Bversion am plifier © ;®aia and bandsidltfa p roperties m i l be

ia w stig a te d o 1® attem pt m i l be made t@ experim entally de-teraia®.

. aoise H gttres© The sabjebt. of ,a@is® m i l mot be disregarded completely

i a Ghapter 2 some - aoise p roperties m i l 'be 'd±semss@d0 - ' !

la j ' Parpes®- ■ ■. ; ' , / 1:.: ' - . . ■ ' - ;^ v.'v a ; . v . ■, v : ;

■/.a - , toe-, pmrpese; S f:tlais th e s is is'"t@ •©©mpare M ,th•theoryf; : ; ' .

JV. ' «AXV

m p ^ eav e rs tm

gaiaa v'aad. W a # i# h fe^'SMs parti<

er- i n 'IIP r©gi©a0

; ' ' : ; BECSI ©F ©EEMHOH ' V:;/'V; : .

; ■ ' ' : ■'■ i H param etric a ^ l i f i e r s ©entaiB a time varylHg energy

s to ra g e ' detie©©: The r£ energy i s su p p lied t o ' th e , system a t a . :

freqaeBey e th e r than the s ig n al' fretmeneyo This sew ee ■ i s ' e a l le d

the 'pimp© The pmip' i a ta r a im-tera@ts threugh the meehaBism ©f the.

energy y te ra g e detie© to t r a m s i^ 'emergy to th e s ig n a l freqiaeaey©1 "

■;• ' ' r ■farassfer ©an a lso be'. ''; '

mehamleal'e . Many em m ples a re #memm© . i few; o f ' thos^

cap ac ito r -with one movable p la te ® a b a l l r o l l in g ©a ;a. S,@ibl@ . para-=

bo la^ . a' © llld . pmaping a seing> et© © . . : ' . - ' .

The c i r c u i t used to re p re se n t th i s type o f am p lif ie r i s

' shown in F igure 2=1o In th i s f ig u re the cap ac ito r C i s assumed f#

be; th e v a r ia b le energy s te rag e element© . fh® sMuat' ^ m s re p re se n t .

independent c ircu its© The source v o ltages -in each arm a re e i th e r ■'

aero o r f in i te g depending on whether the 'c i r c u i t .is a source, or a

lead® box. rep re sen ts ,m i d e a f i l t e r allow ing .emergy to be ■-

passed a t '© m y th a t frequency© The r e s i s to r re p re se n ts e i i jw r a

■ ’ The case t@'-be. @pmsi#r©d h e r e . i s th a t o f sm all s ig n a l an a l­

y s is ©my®,. Assuming f i l t e r i n g and high Q c i r c u i t s , a l l frequencies

*

c

Figure 2-1 Basic Param etric A m plifier C onfiguration

Cf_+f,

F igure 2-2 Up-Converter Param etric A m plifier

6

o ther than the s ig n a l , pump and upper sideband w i l l be ignored* The

c i r c u i t fo r th i s an a ly s is i s shown in F igure 2-2• Energy in troduced

a t some frequency k w il l be designated

The o r ig in a l work r e la t in g power and frequency was accomplished

of a l l work to date in the area* Since th is beginning, much a d d itio n a l

work has been done to s im p lify these re s u l ts * This s im p lif ic a tio n

w il l now be s ta ted * No fu r th e r red u c tio n can be made*

Manley and Rowe have shown th a t th e general energy re la t io n s

e x is tin g in the up-c onver s i on param etric am p lifie r a re given as

Here re p re se n ts power flow ing in to the n o n -lin ea r cap ac ito r a t

some frequency f^* Also i s designated the output frequency, the

sum o f the pump and the signal* I t i s assumed th a t bo th Wp and Ws

re p re se n t power flowing in to the c ap ac ito r a t the re sp e c tiv e pump

and s ig n a l frequencies * Solving the above r e la t io n s we g e t

by Manley and Rowe*^ This outstanding co n tr ib u tio n i s the cornerstone

(2-1)

(2- 2)

(2-3)

From our b as ic d e f in it io n th a t the power flow ing in to the

c ap ac ito r i s p o s it iv e , Wm, the output power, i s shown to be negative

and thus i s defined as power leav ing th e a m p lif ie r• The gain i s then

w r itte n as

'mW, (2 -k )

Equation 2-lt i s the fundamental energy-frequency re la t io n s h ip

fo r an up-conversion am plifier# As w i l l now be shown, th is gain i s

id e a l and can be re a l iz e d only under id e a l conditions#

2#3 The Id ea l Diode

The assumed model f o r the id e a l diode i s shown in Figure 2-3#C.

Figure 2-3 Diode C irc u it Model

One assumption made in the p rev iously c i te d work was th a t of

using an id e a l diode as the n o n -lin ea r storage element# In p rac tice

the semiconductor diode approximates the id e a l diode only in a

l im ite d operating region# I t has been shown th a t the power gain can

be expressed as a fu n c tio n of th e diode param eters.1 Power a t the

midband frequency i s equal to

- - - ‘S a --------------------------2 ♦ R2 lCpl 2a jacom + R2 |C Wi

8

Hare to denotes rad ian frequency, R a m p lifie r impedance ( f i f t y ohms)

and Cp i s the f i r s t o rder capacitance v a ria tio n # L e ttin g a0 *

D iffe re n tia tin g th e gain expression w ith re sp e c t to a0 and

s e tt in g th e r e s u l ta n t expression equal to zero gives the co n d itio n

fo r maximum gain in terms o f a0# When aQ i s equal to one, agreement

i s reached w ith the th e o re t ic a l maximum gain expression in the Manley

and Rowe re la tio n s# Figure 2-4* shows a p lo t of the r a t i o o f the

maximum gain a v a ila b le versus th e maximum th e o re tic a l gain fo r fix ed

values ofco andw _.m sAs an example of the use of a0, l e t us assume the designer

has knowledge of th e follow ing system param eters:

S e ttin g aQ equal to one would y ie ld an optimum pump frequency o f

9#3 gc. Considering an in p u t s ig n a l o f 320 me, the r e s u l t in g gain

should be li*«8 db# However, th e problem o f providing f i l t e r i n g over

such a frequency range would be d if f ic u l t#

Often the engineer i s l im ite d to c e r ta in frequency ranges#

An in d ic a tio n o f what gain might be expected fo r the known c i r c u i t

WgUJmR2 |Cp|2, then

(2- 6)(1+ V )2

fg * 320 me

R * 5>0 Ohms

Cp « 3.25 p f

Perc

ent

of Op

timum

G

ain

9

100

60 -

8U 6 1.0.20

Figure 2-U Gain Reduction fo r a@ / 1 (U)g#tx>m fix ed )

10

l im ita tio n s would be desirab le* I t has been shown fo r th is am p lifie r

co n fig u ra tio n th a t the l im itin g fa c to r aQ i s r e la te d to the in p u t ad-

Yin i s the in p u t adm ittance a t the s ig n a l in p u t term inal o f the

am p lifie r and R i s the c h a ra c te r is t ic impedance ( f i f t y ohms)* There­

fo re an adm ittance measurement a t the s ig n a l in p u t term inal of the

diode mount i s seen to give an in d ic a tio n of the expected gain of the

am plifier*

2 .h Bandwidth

Bandwidth in th is th e s is w il l be defined as the v a r ia t io n

in in p u t frequency needed to cause the ou tpu t s ig n a l to f a l l to one

h a l f o f i t s midband value* Using the gain expression p rev iously de­

r iv e d , i t can be shown th a t the bandwidth of the up -converte r ampli­

f i e r can be approximated as

Here C0 equals th e f ix e d diode capacitance as shown in the model o f

F igure 2-3* When a0 = 1 , the bandwidth expression reduces to the

m ittance a t the diode mount by the re la tio n ^

(2-7)

(2- 8)

bandwidth r e la t io n of the Manley and Rowe equation*^

(2-9)ao= l 21TRC0

11

I t i s seen th a t as a<> becomes sm all a considerab le reduction in band­

w idth re su lts*

2*5 Noise Figure

Noise f ig u re measurements a re obtained through a comparison

of th e no ise power output of a system under conditions of ho t and

co ld no ise source t e r m i n a t i o n s A standard no ise source i s the

argon gas discharge tube* By comparing the noise power ou tpu t under

the cond ition of the tube f i r e d and u n f ire d , system no ise f ig u re s

a re obtained*

The output o f the system under t e s t i s fed in to a noise

rece iver* This re c e iv e r i s composed of th ree u n i ts ; a high gain

p re -a m p lif ie r , a p rec ise v a r ia b le a tte n u a to r and a high gain am pli­

f i e r , d e tec to r and output meter* C erta in re c e iv e rs are designed

such th a t the a tte n u a to r reading may be converted d ir e c t ly to obtain

the no ise f ig u re o f the system being tested* A diagram of the c i r c u i t

used fo r no ise measurement i s shown in F igure 2-6*

The b as ic system under noise t e s t i s assumed to be composed

o f two sep ara te stages* The f i r s t s tage i s the param etric am p lif ie r ,

the second i s the noise re c e iv e r and mixer* The follow ing r e la t io n ­

sh ip then e x i s t s .

Fo — 1Ft * Fa + — ---- (2-10)

°a

F . i s the no ise f ig u re o f the complete two stage system and

i s measured by connecting th e no ise source to the in p u t of the

12

am plifier* Fg i s the noise f ig u re o f the second stag e and i s meas­

ured by tra n s fe rr in g th e no ise source from the a m p lifie r in p u t to

the output o f the am p lifie r* Ga i s the power gain o f the am plifier*

Solving fo r each of these v a lu es , Fa the noise f ig u re o f the para­

m etric am p lifie r may then be ca lcu la ted*

NoiseSource

SignalSource

Mixer

LocalO sc illa to r

NoiseReceiver

Param etricA m plifier

Figure 2-6) C irc u it fo r Noise Figure Measurement

CHAPTER 3

EXPERIMENTAL AMPLIFIER

In th is chap ter a d e sc rip tio n o f the complete experim ental

am p lifie r w il l be given# The need fo r c e r ta in components w il l a lso

be shown# The o r ig in a l id ea fo r th is p a r t ic u la r type am p lifie r was

suggested by Holub#^ D e ta ils as to ex ac t co n s tru c tio n were, however,

om itted .

3*1 A m plifier C irc u it

The am p lifie r and i t s a s so c ia te d equipment i s broken down

in to four main p a rts# These are the s ig n a l c i r c u i t , pump c i r c u i t ,

ou tput c i r c u i t and diode mount. This i s i l l u s t r a t e d in F igure 3-1 •

A more d e ta ile d d e sc rip tio n of th e c i r c u i t and equipment used appears

in Appendix A. The s e le c tio n o f the re sp ec tiv e pump and s ignal

frequencies was made to accommodate equipment a v a i la b le . Both s ig n a l

and pump frequencies were h e ld to th e UHF reg ion of 300 to 3000 me#

F i l t e r

TunerF i l t e r LoadTuner

F i l t e rDiodeMount

S ignalSource

Pump O sc illa to r

Figure 3-1 A m plifier C irc u it

HE S IS K , G liew if

:: Wader t@st tiae sigatiL' e i r a i l - t .sem sists ©f s ig aa l- V

:8& mses tmalttg dewi@@@ -lew^pass f i l t e r sad p@Wr deteete^e This ■ • .

e i r e a i t i s ■ eo m eeted d iree ti.y to th e iied© aaemto. toe g@m?@© i s • •

_ ased i© sjjimlat® a ree e ire d signal and smst be m@dj£Lated t© a l lm -.

f@r ^•feeetieao ■ toe medtiLaMm may "be in te rn a l @r; eKtermal, -to the . '

' s©WQe® - toe tamer, i s used t© msteh th© am p lif ie r t® the' s ig n a l s©nreeo

/ to is tmaimg #111 be e3#l&ime&..m@r# t3a@r®iagMLy i a the seeti©H e a ti t l .e d ■

fep e ria eB ta l #servati@ m ^ to© lew’-pass f i l t e r i s re q u ire d t©: pass

" the s ig a ti. 'toeq,wady aad ;t© pre-mmt- r e f l e e t i e a •«£; genera ted h^m enles

■ baek iat© to® s ig n a l sear©®© toe Iw ^ p a ss ' f i l t e r i s selected . :f@r a ■

feeqiaeney "well belew th a t ®f th e psmp am# o a tp a t f^eqmeaeies® i' :

,to@ p®w@r ie't@@ti©a" devi©®' is- msed; t© e s ta b lis h the ■©mtpat .pserer - : ,

le v e l ©f ;th@ sigaal'.setaree© . • . '

: ' i f "''V: ! ; TtiB 'BMP GimWLT ; ; ' . ' : r ;

; . ; to® 'eirO Tit i s ;eM assed :.«f a s ig n a l generat®rs bandpass

f i l t e r and variab le ,/at#a%at@r@ \ ; 1%. i s ©©meeted i i r e e t iy t© the di®d® ’

m ew ls. E@ attem pt'-is mad®-1®, mse tffiaiB.g s im ila r t® th a t msed. in th® ■ .

signal © iretiite toe bandpass f i l t e r , i s se lec ted ’t© 'pass frequencies

- l a . the regien ©f the pmmpo toe mpper and l©wer eufoff frequeneies

.o f"th is v f i l te r m ist fee sueh th a t be th signal and upper sideband; toe«=

q.neneies -lie well outside the region of the pass band©,- toe pump soBree

; has no reqiairements f@r m@#&ati@n bmi maet be of a type to ;O liv e r . /'

p@wer l a the range of 390 sdlli'wmtts© toe s ©uree should be quite

s ta b le in -foeth o a tpu t pmuer and f^eqmem@yo Th& v a riab le a tte n a a te r

i s msed to vary th e piatp p@wer level® Since th is power i s knona te

he c r i t i c a l im the ep sra tio n @f paraaietri© a m p lifie r s the a t t e a -

iaat©r s h e t i . d ' t h e eoniimmensly v a r ia b le type® ' r

y .:: i l ' : ' ■ 11® .©ITEIf © IliflT .. . • ;

f to apper sideband fu tp h t © ire a it •@©asists ©f a bandpass

f i l t e r s pewer le v e l d e te c to rs fraqueney measuring deviceg tamer and

term.nati©ne The bandpass f i l t e r s -sim ilar to th@.:em@ im the pump -

e i r e u i t s i s used t© pass the output frequency w hile a tte n u a tin g .the

s ig n a l and pimp fl-equeneies 0 The pm&;- d^tdetbrg; as lm the s ig n a l

b irc n itg is m s e d - to e s ta b lis h th® entpmt p#wer le v e l a t the upper

sideband ft'eiaeaey® The ms® ®f. the freqm eaey B sasm ringdeviee I s - ,; -

t© determime w hether %# ©atpmt; i s . a t. t h e .. © e r r e@ t '. fremm® mcy ® -. 4 s. in .

the s ig n a l . e ire m it2 . the tuning elem ent i s msed t@ aa teh th e .: emtpat:

®f ■ the died® memnt. t© the termimatiem and #t@@tl®m equipment ® This

©iromit i s als© eenneeted .d ireeti.y to . the dieete n o ia te

■V . ' TH®,BIO S M#MT , :

■ “fee diode mount i s b a a ie a lly a , siOTs'tmre t® both hems® and ..

f e e d ' the; died® ® 1® ■ standard, design is ; hnewh©. The mbmmt was d esigm d

- te ; a llew ;adjcing ®f pamp and s ig n a l f i ’®tm®a@£es: had t® : previd® f®r .

©mtpmt and strnb s$at®Mag - *ber.mnals» The purpose ©f th e a tub matching

i s t® ©anbel the f ix e d eapaeitanee ©f th e diode® : ■

. / :■ : , ' . ■ ■ : 'V 16'3 .2 M e 2£ S £ a 2 * : S 2 2 » ' : " : :, , ' ' ' : ;

v : : S iaee She i ie d e i s tte^ h e a r t ■ @f ih® parametrle^ am plifier^

sestoiAai mere. S e se rlp tle a is . te lie -re d medessgry' ia . 'th e d e ta i ls '®£ • '

i t s mounting o . Ihe b a s is design e r i t e r i a were th a t the housing must

allow currents ' a t the s ig n a l9 pumps and upper sideband frequeneies.

t e Hew through the diode and a t the s ame time must no t p re sen t a

la rg e d ise o n tin u ity to the f i f t y ©ha ©©axial systemo . ■ •

■ The mourntg ine lud ing p ro v isio n s fo r @©nn@@M,eass was de=>

signed n'dth only experim ental ap p lie a tio n s in aindo The desiga

■ should have reasonably sm all dimensions w ith re sp e e t t© th e h ig h est

frefueney useds M a im a ©apaeitane® betereen diode' and o u te r housing-

and . b e 'la rg e enough -1© allow rsmoyal ©f. the di@d@ o: Brass was se~

le e te d f d r :i t s r ig id i% -:;and e l e e t r i e a l :© hara©t©ristieso; -The desiga ' .

used in -Wis.;experiment i s s h ( ^ i a Figttre. 3 » ie ": : .

. ■ : ; : : d i '^ imsed- in . ih s vexperimeat 'TO the' shape- 'fer. '

\;.T^eh'' -th«;. i 0 aa t wasV'desigiedo' As'a re s u lts adapters toe© 'mad® te ’

©TCreome th is pr#hleme - , Figur® ' 3^3 shews th e adapter design® - - :

17

2 n Round Brass Block

Varactor Diode

F igure 3-2 Design o f Diode Mount

OR Type Connectors

Figure 3-3 Diode Adapter Design

: ■ ©MiPTBl- % • ;

E IFE R H E im USEE,©

■ ■ l a "fels ehapter- .the ■ ©xperlmeatal. ia ia whiek gain2 'bandwidth

aad iapm t' adolitaaee iiere feiaa# i t t l l ¥© Gertain @le®eataw

msaswing. te©hrd.ques ia i l l explalnedo ;

#@1 P relim inary #8@rva%i#ms ::

A w ry im portan t e®nditi©B' in the experim ent was .th a t of main”

tainiB g ;a l@r v o ltag e 's tan d in g wave ra ti® ( 1®1JR) in both, the s ig n a l

in p u t and. output; lines© ; S are fu l •'d.etail im the assembly o f ''the-.'- over­

a l l am p lifie r was neeessary to in su re © onsistent data© fh@' d e te e tie a

@f low le v e l ' s ig n a ls in the - mi@rowatt reg ion req u ired s p e e ih l ' te e h -

&©# , Alig m e n t • o f Ampl i f i e r ;' -

.T he f i r s t step in - aligning • the am plifier was th a t o f

the 'signal inpu t e ire u it 't© the died® mounts This was dene with m®

pump power hu t w ith pump and output e iro u its eom eeted to the, d ie ^ s

For some umkhmn reasomg t r ip le stub -turning was requ ired to reduce

the - s tanding .waves ©m the signal l in e ©. ' -' , \ "

Hext^. the output e ir e u i t was diseom eeted from the diode

mount.and a signal a t the output frequency was' fed iat® the: ©utpSt”'0

o ire u i t and the e ire u it . tuned ; fo r 1 ©Ms f ' ¥311© . The signal, generator

was .then disconnected and the: c ircu it''recoaneeted t© the meumt©

the pomp was: eeaneeted and power fed t® th e diode 9. m e

f in a l ehaBge was necessaryo in ad d itio n a l lew -pass f i l t e r was r@=

■v^pired'-lhxtibe: s ig n a l lim e t# 'h # ld th@\ s tand ing■ "wawes ' ;-

The e x tra f i l t e r thus proi/ided s u f f ie ie n t ad d itio n a l r e je e t io n ©f - :

unwanted frequencieso ' t C- / ' ■ ' ' ' ' ■ '

: :' . With the pump.applied^ the tuning stub ®n;the died© mount .

was ad ju sted t© b rin g the a m p lifie r in to the range o f am plifieationo .

The stub r a s ad ju sted , to .peak the d e tec ted s ig n a l a s 's e e n ©a the

© seillescdpe i a the eu tput' s i f s u i t s Pump power was them im oreased t#

' cause am p li# .c a tim # f . t W , in p u t s ig n a ls ' ' 'G patiau^ readjm stm m t b e - "

■tee®® - the died® stub and the ,pmap pewer .was aeeessary t® oamse raaximom ;

©utputs ■ ; ' ; . ■

• • Eaeh di@d@ was found t® have a c r i t i c a l pump power le v e l beyond

which the ou tput s ig n a l was seen to d i s t o r t 0 At th is p o in t of c r i t i c a l

pump power mis-matehing a lso ©eeurred in the s ig n a l © irm rito This d is=

te r t io a was t i s ib le . b©th :eB the'; ©seill©scope and ®n the frequency, meas^

.uriBg device, in ’t t e m tp u t t c i r c u i te . ;• - , . , ■ ' ; '

ho3 Gain and Bandwidth. Meastiremsnts t - ,

; .Power measurements a t f i r s t were b e liev ed to be w ith in the

range ®f : power m eter readings, using' a b o lo a s te r0 .This was found n o t

't o be .so. s ince the power level's were below Id© /m crowatts© .Instead® ■'

a t»fhnique @f comparing r e la t iv e power le v e ls a t the s ig n a l in p u t,: ■ •

and, up-eonverted output was devised® B asica lly ■ th e . m asurem ent was ■

as follow s ? With a. s e t s ig n a l l e v e lg the,power d e tec to rs a t the in p u t

and output were n u lle d t© a read ing o f 0 db© Pump , power and the diode

tuning stub were v a ried t© b; th e am p lifie r mp t© maximum output®

■' ■ : ' . ■. ; ; . j , / : ' 'm- .

¥SW1 m te r s -were., r e f e r e e s , aad: ;the le a d s . transpesede ■ A h igher read” '

ing ©n the in p u t power d e tec to r and a low er.read ing on ,the output ,

power de tee to r then in d ic a te d g a in 0 ; , ■ ■ ■

: BandwidtM was determined: W deteeMng the medulated output ,

■and p lacing the s ig n a l en an oscilloscopeo Hie modulating s ig n a l .

was 10(30 eycleso The output power P f the detected, s ig n a l was w e ll

w ith in the square law re g ie n j thus s. the d e tec ted envelope. in d ie s te d

the am p lifie r output power d ire e t l j® ' By varying th e frequency ©f t h e '

in p u t s ig n a ls the h a l f power,'poipts were noted ©n the e se ille se e p e

tra c e o The frequency hamtl 'between •&es@ two pejja.ts vwas thea taken •

as the handwidth of the a m p lif ie r«, Mo. change was made in the tuning .

o f th e signgO. c i r c u i t during the measurememto

' PiEBp power was measured hy taking the output a t the variab le ■ ,■

a ttenuato r in th e pump c ir c u i t and. feeding i t imt® a power .measure

ing instrument© S ig n a l, output power was determined from th e . c a l l - ■;;

b ra ted a ttenuato r of the signal generator and. a knowledge ©f the

. _ generator output ©

■;■ v Bata on am plifier gain ;as a funetien of .the in p u t .signal '

' level' were taken® .'V ariation in the input signal power was. made ■

w ith :the- 'p recision .attenuator- on the signal source©' 1 Figure shows '

the v a ria tio n of .gain as the input power was varied© • . " . ;

■ &.©& ' Admittanee Measurement ' ; . •:

' ; V The s tandard '% M ft @f technique was used-la making,

the admittanee measurementcJ F i r s t the am plifier was brought t© the '

po in t ©£ maximum s tab le ■gain© The VSWR was measured and the point

22

o f minimum on the s lo t te d l in e noted* The am p lifie r diode was then

rep laced hy a b ra ss slug shaped to resemble the diode* The s h i f t of

the minimum p o in t of the VSWR reading was again taken* A Smith Chart

was then used to determine the adm ittance *

U*5 Experim ental Data

Experim ental data fo r g a in , bandwidth and in p u t adm ittance

were taken fo r th ree diodes* These diodes a re re fe r re d to as Diodes

A, B and C* A complete d e sc rip tio n as to m anufacturer, c h a ra c te r is ­

t i c s and type w il l be found in Appendix B*

Noise f ig u re measurements were made on an am p lifie r s im ila r

to the one used in th is th esis* ^ For a p a r t ic u la r diode, s ig n a l

frequency and pump frequency, the follow ing measurements were taken:

Ft * 5.13

Fg * 12*16

2»h " Gg " 3 .0

Using equation 2—10, Fa was found to be g re a te r than *3 and le s s than

1*26* Since the abso lu te noise f ig u re cannot be le s s than u n ity , i t

may only be assumed th a t the noise f ig u re was le s s than 1*26* From

the diode data g iven , the p red ic ted n o ise fig u re was 1*21*

S im ilar no ise f ig u re measurements on the a m p lif ie r in v e s t i­

gated in th i s th e s is were no t made fo r lack o f equipment*

8 -OutputGain

db

6 -

u -

2 -

o L0

Diode B

Diode C

» > i t i * 1 » «h 8 12 16 20

Input S ignal Level (db below 1 m illiw a tt)

Figure lt-1 Output Gain as a Function of Input S ignal Level

•1SSI1J®-

' l i e i e 1 Biads @.

|mea@y

le a s wed. Gala ':

Otf,®«l,ated- Gala

J l g a a i : .fewer

'S©1 *

:<#f5

11 n© I B '*

■l®i Jtw

; , id 3 db'

• Mo# #

IP.

, 1 p ^ ss» te ie , i@sigaed9 ©oast^aete#

mmd i t s ®perati©a imrestigated© The eif@$t '#f the .fa@iW"'a@ ©m gaim

and bandm,dth was shcremo lh@ .parameter -a^ ia v A w s a ppsdmet - @f- sigad.:

£r@qxL®n&js apperV; sidebaad frequeFiey3 l@ad impediaee aad aeB^liaear ' : .

eee ffie ieB t ;@f ttie ,id±©i@6 . ; . ■ " : : ' ' - V

5 e l G e m p a r i s e m - © f . # # © # - . a @ d i m e m t # l e g a l t e ' : : - . V , , - „ , ' '

f te g a in ' ©f'. the a^> l£fier f@r :eaeh dlede mse'd* was -withlB the©=-

re tte a l, expeetatidBo ■ ' : 1 sad 1 <®M#®ed. le t te r . gM,a: © © rrelittdh ;

than Si@d@ :S> flais may have 1©@h -©amsed hy\tbe' a e a a t . a® iifieati© a . •

aeeessaxy t© aeeem odate M©de.. 0 1m the died® h®i,@iag-o I s waw ;ex«=» -

•plM sed-im. the ;s®©ti©a la s ig a ©f the Mod® lbwfes G hap#r .'the;. © rig-

ia a l a m p lif i^ was .@©astPia©te.'d t® held #@ staadard Taraetor

M ode. G was of the wffl£niatwe' pill® v a r ie ^ o -. ‘ , \ ’

g a ia ©orid haye teeett' e ^ e e te d hy ia e r e a s ia g ' We : ''

pm p ' &©tm®heyo . H@*@y^s ;the /req u ired sep®ati@B;; ©f prasp ; aad.«.pp^’ ;;

sidehaad freq aea iie s ' ,;as" the -pafflp 'fregaeaey i s ra ised , y e s e a t s a :

e i l t .M lte r la g • pr@hl@me : liie d es ig a . of. proper, f i l t e r s i s m ,i# @ r# ia t ;

fa© ter' i s th i s typ® ©f a a p l i i ie r e . ; ■ - v : f ' ' -v ■ , '. : ■ ■■

The data taken on gain as a fhno tion o f the in p u t s ig n a l leve l,

.f ie ld e d ia teresM B g resilM ® :Seld© H i' are- asy data o f th i s tfp # ,

presented on an am plifier as, i t i s .always ass'umd th a t, the gain r e -

mains eonstant® Sine® th is was one ©f the few variab les possible, t®

a©ast3res data were Sakene . - ■ ■ ... '

Die expected fla tn e ss of such a p lo t was approximated by

enly m©d® ;,i© M®*; A- was ;l® ast ;i®siratil®' ,im-;.that 'the g a in -w s seen'..

t® decline a#, the imput pwer'decreased® 1 possib le earns® ®f such

a re la tio n sh ip would be th a t the am plifier was. operating near a poin t

o f c r i t i c a l input signal power® Below th is po in t the signal was to©

weak t© ac tiv a te the non-linear capaeitanee» Mode G acted in ah

opposite mannero She gain .increased, as the signal ■ power le v e l de-

creased® I© explanation ©an be given fo r th is* The increase in gain

■as input decreased in some way resembles an automatic gain control :

• : §ain measurements -were improved over those c i te d in the ©rig—

in a l work by Holmbo Holub was able t® ’ measure, low output power-

lev e l s w ith therm istors but he obsenred considerable d r i f t in the.

measurements@ Dhe use ©f a ‘’b ridge” ®r comparative method i s be lleyed

to be more accurate© B iff ie u lty with, the d irec t, power measurement , V

comes'from the fa e t th a t the output of th is iype; @f am plifier i s a t .

a higher frequency than the in p u t0 Because the c i r c u i t must be dis« ' .

rapted. t® m ke' a ; ;p@mr:':^asur@mmtg: ■ i t is., d i f f i e i l t t@ see h#r precis®

, re s u lts ; can; be , ©btainbde. ■ In the ©©mparattve- methods the gain -measur-

in g deviees ar© 'ia : the c i r c u i t edntinuallye . ;

•. Bandwidth computed using Equation 2«g fo r Diode A was 1*3 gc®

The bandwidth o f the other diodes used could not be ca lcu la ted because

27

the f ix ed capacitance was no t given by the m anufacturer• N evertheless,

fo r Diode A th e re was an extreme discrepancy between c a lc u la te d and

experim ental bandwidths» This d iscrepancy can be a t t r ib u te d to a

combination o f many th ings# P rim arily the fa c to r reducing bandwidth

was the use of tuning stubs to match the in p u t c i r c u i t r y to the diode

mount#

As s ta te d in Chapter 3 , t r i p l e stub tuning was necessary as a

matching device in the in p u t c irc u i t# Double stub tuning was used in

the output# The narrow band c h a ra c te r is t ic s of each device a re known#

The need o f a matching impedance i s a p r in c ip a l fa c to r in lowering

the th e o re tic a l bandwidth# Another f a c to r , though not as c r i t i c a l ,

i s the use of f i l t e r s # Each f i l t e r i s in c o n s is te n t i n i t s impedance

le v e l over i t s given pass band# This, in tu rn , aggravates the problem

o f keeping the impedance le v e l co n s tan t over a range o f frequencies

outside the a m p lif ie r midband frequency#

From th e equation a Q * go |C p | ^ and th e experim ental

values o f a0, Cp fo r Diode A was ca lcu la ted # R was assumed to be

5>0 ohms# The value o f Cp was found to be approxim ately fo u r times

g re a te r than the assumed value of the v a r ia b le capacitance C-6 (See

Appendix B)#

For the d a ta tak en ,

a0 =* e87£

* 6#5l x 10? rad ian s

* 2*01 x 10? rad ian s

R * 50 ohms

28

Solving the equation ae * <U I Cp | 2 fo r Cp y ie ld s a value o f

5•16 pf» This value i s f a r g re a te r th an expected, exceeding the sum

of the f ix e d and v a riab le capacitance as in d ic a te d by the manufacturer*

A p ossib le explanation fo r th is may be in assuming the value o f R to

be 5>0 ohms. I t i s , however, u n lik e ly th a t R would vary enough to com­

pensate fo r t h i s e rro r#

5*2 Conclusion

This experim ent has shown th a t the am p lif ie r co n stru c ted

y ie ld ed experim ental r e s u l t s in c lose proxim ity to theory* The design

of the o v e ra ll a m p lif ie r , though no t p ra c t ic a l fo r commercial use ,

neverthe less proved the v a l id i ty of the adm ittance measurement in de­

term ining g a in . The use of such an am p lifie r in the UHF reg io n i s

fe a s ib le j however, h igher pump frequencies must be used to ob ta in

appreciab le am p lifica tio n * Improvement in f i l t e r i n g and co n s tru c tio n

techniques would be necessary p r io r to the use of such an am p lifie r in

a commercial a p p lic a tio n .

Use of the term a0 showed e x c e lle n t c o r re la tio n in estim ating

gain of th e a m p lif ie r , however, poor c o r re la t io n was found in v e r ify ­

ing th e m anufacturer1s data fo r th e v a r ia b le capacitance parameter

o f one diode*

5>*3 Suggestions fo r F u rther Study

Param etric am p lifica tio n has no th e o re tic a l upper or lower

frequency l im i ta t io n s . The study of th e up -cd iversion param etric

am p lifie r a t both VHF and lower freq u en c ies , w ith pump frequencies

1st' ®y@1Le regiom. wo'Bld pp@Te to fee im te res tip g aad £b£

d if f e re n t experim ental' teehhiqmes weuld. tee

' . - V ''7.; '& e© retieal and experimental' detereLnatien of 'the p roperties

©f the. lower ■ sideteand mp^e enter te r would %© a Faluable eenfributieno

Few .intestigatieB s 'em' th is .ty p e .of am p lifie r hate "be@m.msdee •, Theory

prediets, th a t t h i s peffeteted^'. .weiid haw ■ a ■■eMbiaaia.tem ;

1 . .featpres,,@f \the • negatife^resistaa® e .and tapper. :sj

APPENDIX A

EXPERIMENTAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

:3L

w m x ; " \ ; eppeiEH f :

I - . Signal S enera ttrs Hewlett Packard i§8@

B VS1R l@t©rg Hewlett Packard

C . S Ie tted Line o General la d le

1 ■ ■ ' F i l t e r s $80 ms lew P&sss §©Bera3.. ; ' - ; ■ ■ ladl® 87W@# ' ' . :

' E M ,p le Stmt) Tamerg Gemeral la d le

' P ■ ; -Med© Meant/ .

S .Unit Power Smpply® Seneral Hadi® 12©3™B

H ;■ ’ © se llla to rs SemrtiL Radi© 1209=®

: I A tterm ator3 Adjustable 0©axlals Bonglas, . ■■ • ; ■ ' _ ■ ' : / 1©6 12? 15S .

J F i l t e r 2 Lew Pass 1000 ei@s General Radi©/ : ' ; .87b“KL®00 .. . . ;

K . _ ' F il te r^ High Pass 500 mes H e r ©lab HA=5B

1» . . , . Adjustable Stubs General la d le 87W%#

M '. Frequency Me te r g Pelyteehmie R&B Ge0. ' / ■ ' ' '^rp® 5©ii. ' .

H " . Oatheds Bay ©seilleseep®

.© . ' F i l t e r g Iout Pass 800=2000 mo Adj us tab le s., A : ; : . -.v'-Mcrelab 1»¥'=08b ' •

? ■ F il te r s High Pass 1000 mes Ei'erolab: ,. : / ; i aMa.fi,

% % ' ' ; 1 Bembi® Stub Tamerg , Gemer&l Eadi© Sempenez

32

DI01E CHSEAOOEHISIIOS

Q,

5 JLJUIBO

B ¥araet©r Re'werst'bl© Cartridge

3,23 p f

l o 3 6 p f

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