the epidemiology of human-animal interactions part iii: animals as sentinels of environmental...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions
Part III:Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards
Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPHand
Nita Glickman, MS, MPH
Purdue UniversitySchool of Veterinary Medicine
![Page 2: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions:
Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards
Larry Glickmanand
Nita Glickman
![Page 3: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Instructional Objectives
Describe the risk assessment process
Explain the ‘sentinel’ conceptProvide a rationale for using pet
animals in risk assessmentExplain how pet animals can be
used as sentinels for environmental causes of human disease
![Page 4: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Risk Assessment
The process by which scientific evidence is accumulated and used to define the health effects resulting from the exposure of individuals or populations to hazardous chemicals or situations
![Page 5: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Usual Sources of Data for Risk Assessment
Human epidemiological studiesLaboratory animal toxicological
studies
![Page 6: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Suggested Complementary Approach to Risk Assessment
Naturally occurring diseases in animals • Epidemiological studies of animal pop
ulations
• In situ studies
![Page 7: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sentinel:
‘Sentinel’ is derived from the French word ‘sentinelle’ meaning watch tower
Sentinels provideearly warning
A sentinel is like a guard dog on patrol
![Page 8: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
“Classical” Example of Animals as Sentinels
Canaries in the coal mines - 1916• Canaries were taken into the coal mine
s to warn of noxious gases
• Canaries are more sensitive to the effects of odorless coal gas than humans
![Page 9: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
“Modern” Example of Animals as Sentinels
Bioterrorism in Japan in 1995• A Japanese cult released poisonous
gas into the subway system
• Japanese policeused canaries asdetectors forpoisonous gasduring a raid on the cult’s premises
![Page 10: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
An Example of a Potential Animal Sentinel That Was Overlooked
Mercury poisoning at Minamata, Japan (1956) & Niigata, Japan (1965)• Strange, erratic behavior of local cats that
consumed mercury contaminated fish• This behavior in cats
preceded similar changes in humans
• Unfortunately, the valueof this animal sentinel was not recognized early enough to prevent significant human morbidity
• Supercourse Lecture on Minamata disease
![Page 11: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
One Approach to Environmental Monitoring: Animal Sentinel
SystemsSystems in which health information
on animals exposed to environmental contaminants are regularly and systematically analyzed to identify potential hazards to other animals or humans.
![Page 12: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Primary Objectives of Animal Sentinel Systems
Facilitate assessment of human exposures to environmental contaminants
Facilitate assessment of health hazards resulting from such exposures
Indicate relationships between exposure & hazard, eg., dose-response
![Page 13: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Animal Sentinel Systems Can Be Classified By:
1) What is being monitored, i.e., exposure or effect
2) Species of animals used3) Environment in question4) Natural habitat (observational) vs.
purposely placed (experimental orin situ)
![Page 14: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Selection of an Animal Species:An ideal animal sentinel species for
human health risk assessment is one that is exposed to chemical contaminants in habitats shared with humans or comparable with human habitats and at similar concentrations(e.g., pet animals)
![Page 15: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Desirable Features of Animal Sentinel Species
Abundance & availabilityExample: pet animals
59%
41%
Pet-Owning Households
Non-Pet Owning Households
![Page 16: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Selected Diseases in Household Dogs Associated with Environmental
HazardsEnvironmentalContaminant
Disease inDogs
Method ofDiagnosis
Lead Acute toxicity Clinical signs& blood leadlevel
Asbestos Mesothelioma Histo-pathology
Insecticides Bladder cancer Histo-pathology
![Page 17: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Example of a Veterinary Sentinel Event: Lead Poisoning
Comparison of Blood Lead Concentrations (BLC) of 119 Children and 94 dogs from 83 Low-Income Suburban
Illinois Families Factor Families with dog
BLC* elevated Families with dog BLC low
# Families 12 71
# Children 21 98 # (%) BLC >40ug% Children Families
8 (38.1) 6 (50.0)
9 (9.2) 6 (8.3)
*BLC – blood lead concentration
![Page 18: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Example of a Veterinary Sentinel Event: Lead Poisoning (con’t)
Family dogs can be sensitive sentinels of lead poisoning in children.
Veterinarians diagnosing lead poisoning in dogs have a responsibility to protect public health as well.
![Page 19: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Example of a Veterinary Sentinel Event: Asbestos & Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma is a highly fatal cancer of humans and dogs caused by asbestos exposure
The latency period between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma may be >25 years in humans
Pet dogs with spontaneous mesothelioma were used to identify environmental exposures that might increase their owner’s risk of asbestos-related diseases
![Page 20: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Example of a Veterinary Sentinel Event: Asbestos & Mesothelioma
(con’t)Dogs share their owner’s home
environment but do not have occupational exposures that could confound interpretation of human epidemiologic studies
![Page 21: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Summary of a Veterinary Sentinel Event : Asbestos & Mesothelioma
5 yearsMesothelioma
ALERT
Preventive Action
Mesothelioma25+ Years
AsbestosExposure
![Page 22: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Example of a Veterinary Sentinel Event: Insecticides & Bladder
Cancer in Pet DogsPet dogs were used to test for an
association between spontaneous bladder cancer and commonly used insecticides for flea & tick control
![Page 23: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Example of a Veterinary Sentinel Event: Insecticides & Bladder
Cancer in Pet Dogs (con’t) Risk of bladder
cancer was significantly increased by topical insecticide use & followed a dose-response pattern
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
Odds Ratio
0 1 - 2 > 2
Number of Applications Per
Year
![Page 24: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Further Implications of a Veterinary Sentinel Event: Insecticides & Bladder Cancer in Pet Dogs
Pet owners and dog groomers are often heavily exposed to topical insecticides during their application
The latent period for bladder cancer is < 10 years in dogs, but probably > 25 years in humans
Question: Is canine bladder cancer a sentinel health event?
![Page 25: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Summary of a Veterinary Sentinel Event: Insecticides & Bladder
Cancer
8 yearsBladder Cancer
ALERT
Preventive Action
Bladder Cancer25+ Years
Insecticide exposure-tick & flea dips, sprays
![Page 26: The Epidemiology of Human-Animal Interactions Part III: Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Hazards Larry Glickman, VMD, DrPH and Nita Glickman, MS,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649dfe5503460f94ae6393/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ConclusionsPet animals can serve as valuable
sentinels for hazards in the home environment
Diseases of animals only make useful sentinels if they are recognized & reported in a timely manner
Sentinel systems require cooperation between human and veterinary health specialists