the essential amino acid content of cottonseed, peanut and...

7

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATlON R. D. LEWIS, Director

College Station, Texaa

BULLETIN NO. 692 SEPTEMBER 1947

The Essential Amino Acid Content of Cottonseed, Peanut and

Soybean Products

CARL M. LYMAN, KENNETH KUIKEN and FRED HALE

With the technical assistance of

Shirley Dieterich, Marjory Bradford and Mary Trant

AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS

GIBB GILCHRIST, President -

[Blank Page in Original Bulletin]

Preface

. - - -- - . meals seed, Ili5tid

hmino acids are the chemical structural units from which various , kinds of proteins are built. The requirement of animals for protein

is, in fact, a composite requirement for a number of different amino '

:!ridq. This report gives the content of lo different amino acids in , flours and commercial protein preparations made from cotton- peanuts and soyl~eans. I 'hc following lo amino acids: arginine, inc, isoleucinc, lcucinc, lysinc, nletliionine, phenylalanine, flitic, tryptoplianc and valine werc selected for study on thc basis tir proven importance in nutrition.

I \v.tlen expressed on an equal protein content basis, nleals of the , sane kind were quite unilorm with respect to their amino acid 1 composition.

:; alnl produ

\vi t

1 Meals and flours made from cottonseed, peanuts and soybeans are sources of amino acids. The protein of cottonseed and soybean cts was found to be definitely superior to the protein of peanut cts with respect to lysine, methionine and tryptophane. These no acids are of particular importance because feeds and feed cts are likely to be deficiei~t in one or more of them.

t)-l~es on thc

11 the exception of soybean protein and soybean feed, different of coinmercial processing appeared to have little or no effect 2 amino acid composition of the products.

C O N T E N T S

Introduction ... .................................... ~ Materials and I ................................

Description ................................ ........................................... Methods of Analysis 6

............................................ Results and Discussion 6

Summary ......................................................... 11

Acknowledgment ............................'...................... 11

Bibliography ...................................................... 12

BULLETIN NO. 692 SEPTEMBER 1947

The Essential Amino Acid Conten,t of Cottonseed, Peanut and Soybean

Products

CARL M. LYMAN, KENNETH KUIKEN and FRED HALE With the technical assistance of

Shirley Dieterich, Marjory Bradfc~rd and Mary Trant

The nutritional requirement of animals for protein is in reality a requirement for certain amino acids which are present in the protein. Although there are over 20 recognized amino acids, only 10

are generally regarded as essential in animal nutrition. These TO amino acids are: arginine, histidine, lysine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine and tryptophane. Com- plete information on the amino acid content of feeds is needed as a guide in compounding rations for f i r m animals, if amino acid deficiencies are to be avoided.

Data to be found in the literature on the amino acid composition of cottonseed, peanut and soybean products are rather scattered and limited. Most of the older chemical methods for the determination of amino acids are more applicable and more reliable when applied to purified proteins than when applied to foodstuffs containing carbohydrates and other substances besides proteins. Comprehen- sive studies on the amino acid composition of natural and manu- factured food products have been made practical by the develop- inent of microbiological assay methods during the last few years. In the present investigation microbiological procedures have been applied to the study of various products made from cottonseed, peanuts and soybeans.

Materials and Methods

Description of Samples

With the exception of 2 samples of solvent extracted cottonseed meal all of the materials were commercial products. Only materials of first quality were included. Cottonseed meal samples graded prime, according to the rules of the National Cottonseed Products Association. The process used for the preparation of 2 samples of solvent extracted cottonseed meal (A&M process) has been described by Harris, Bishop, Lyman and Helpert ( I ) .

Table 1. Arginine, histidine and lysine content of cottonseed, peanut and soybean products e,

I I I I

Product

Cottonseed Flour (Proflo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..... Meal (solvent extracted, A&M process).

. . . . . Meal (solvent extracted, A&M process). Meal (solvent extracted, commercial product) Meal (hydraulic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Crude protein

(N x 6.25)

percent I

Arginine

in the sample

percent

in crude protein

percent

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average for cottonseed products.. 1. . I . . I 10.52

Histidine 1 Lysine

in the sample

percent

in crude 1 in the protein sample

percent

2 .57 2 . 5 7 2 . 7 0 2 . 5 8 2 . 8 1 2 . 6 5 2 . 6 5 2 . 6 2 2 . 5 0

percent

2 . 2 5 2 . 3 9

. . . . . . . . . . 2 .25 1 . 7 3 1 . 6 7 1 . 6 0 1 . 5 3 1 .33

in crude protein 5

F m

percent 2 z

Peanut h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 .16 1 . 9 5 3 .20 d

Flour s Meal (hydraulic). 2 .09 1 . 4 5 3 .70 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.69 4 . 2 5 10.99 0 . 8 6 2 .22 1 .30 3 .36 --

X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average for peanut products. 2 .16 .: 3 . 4 2 p- 3

Soybean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic) 45.70

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic) 42.34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic) 43.32

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (solvent). 48.52

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (solvent). 46 .59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protein (commercial). 79.50

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Feed 37.19

Average for soybean products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID CONTENT O F THREE PRODUCTS 7

Methods of Analysis

The ainino acid analyses reported here were all carried out by the use of microbiological procedures developed a t the Texas Agri- cultural Experiment Station. Valine, leucine and isoleucine were determined by the use of LactobacilZ?~s nrahiv~osz~s 17-5 as describecl by Kuiken, Norman, Lyman, Hale and Blotter (2) . Histidine and threonine were determined with Stre~tococcz~s faecalis R. Details of the procedures are given in a report by Lyman, Kuiken and Hale ( 3 ) . Methionine was determined with Leuconostoc mesente~oides P60 (see Lyman, Moseley, Butler, Wood and Hale (4 ) ) . Trypto- phane was determined with ~treptococczcs fnecalis R (see Kuiken. Lyman and I-Iale ( 5 ) ) . Description of the methods for the determination of the remaining amino acicls mill be given in a later publication.

I Results and Discussion

There are several ways in which the amino acid composition of foodstuffs can be expressed. The data presented in this report are

1 given in 2 ways; first, as the percent of the individual amino acid , in the sample, and second, as the percent of the amino acid in the protein. The first of these 2 ways has the advantage that it gives a

1 direct measure of the total amount of a given amino acid contained in the sample. Since amino acids are the constituents from which proteins are made, i t is to be expected that differences in the protein content of different samples of the same kind of foodstuff will be

- reflected in corresponding differences in amino acid content. By dividing the percentage of a given amino acid in a sample by the protein content of the sample and multiplying by IOO we obtain the percentage of the amino acid contained in the protein. I t is this latter value which is the more useful in evaluating the nutritional clualities of the protein in different kinds of foodstuffs.

I t mill be seen from the 3 tables that the conten't of the individual amino acids in the cottonseed meal saimples decreased rather con- sistently with decreased protein content. The data also show that the protein in the cottonseed proclucts of different protein content, and made by different commercial processes, all had practically the same amino acid compos'ition. I t follows that the content of any I

of these IO amino acids in other samples of cottonseed meal can bz satisfactorily predicted on the basis of the average values given in the tahles and the protein content of the sample. This is probably true for peanut meal and soybean meal 3s well, although a smaller number of sanlples of these products were included in this investigation. The data given in the tables indicate that this generaliza-

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ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID CONTENT OF THREE PRODUCTS 9

tion is less applicable to soybean protein and soybean feed. The explanation of this finding is as follows: Products of high protein content, such as commercial soybean protein, are made from the oil seed meals by extraction of the protein with dilute salt 01- alkaline solution. The protein is then recovered f roin solution by pi-ecipi ta- tion. The residue left after the extraction of the protein is sold for feed. The net result is a partial separation of the different kinds of protein contained in the original meal. I t is, therefore, logical to expect soine differences between the anlino acid composition of the protein in the product of high protein content and in the feed.

The data given in the tables show that cottonseed, peanut and soybean products are good sources of amino acids. Of the 10 ainino acids studied in this investigation, lysine, mcthionine and tryptophane are perhaps the nlost important fro111 the nutritional stand- point. Feeds and feed products arc more likel) to be deficient in one or more of these 3 amino acids than in any of the other ainino acids studied. The amounts of these 3 amino acids contained in. thc protein of cottonseed and soybean products were significantly higher than the amounts found in peanut products.

The older chemical data on the amino acids contained in cottonseed, peanut and soybean proteins have been summarized by Block and Bolling (6). Microbiological methods have been applied to the determination of tryptophane in some of the products studied in the present investigation, by Greene and Black (7 ) . Stokes, Gunnes, Dwyer and Caswell (8), Wooley and Sebrell ( 9 , Bauingarten, Alather and Stone (IO), and by Greenhut, Schweigert and Elve- hjem (11) . The value of 1.73 give11 in the last mentioned report, for the tryptophane content of the protein of soybean meal, is in excellent agreement with the results reported here. I n ,111 other cases the tryptophane values obtained in the present investigation are substantially higher than those to be found in the above mentioned reports. I t is unlikely that differences in the samples studied are responsible for these discrepancies. The more probable explanation is to be found in the methods used for the hydrolysis of the materials. Preliminary tests in the present investigation likewise gave lower results. The higher values reported here were obtained only after an extended study of the factors which influence the stability of tryptopha'ne during the alkaline Ilydrolysis of proteins and foodstuffs. The details of these studies have been prtblished elsewhere ( 5 ) .

Values for the content of one 01- more of the other essential amino acids in some of the products studied here are to be found in the

Table 3. Methionine, phenylalanine, threonine and tryptophane content of cottonseed, peanut and soybean products

I - Cottonseed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flour (Proflo). . I 54.07 I - 0.87

Product

Meal (solvent extracted, A&M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . process)

Meal (solvent extracted, A&M process) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Meal (solvent extracted, com- . . . . . . . . . . . . mercial product)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic) . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic)

Crude Methionine Phenylalanine protein

(N x 6.25) in the in crude in the in crude sample protein sample 1 protein

wrcent oercent r percent percent percent

Soybean . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (solvent).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (solvent). . . . . . . . . . Protein (commercial).

Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Average for cottonseed products

Peanut Flour.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meal (hydraulic) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Average for peanut products.

C1 Threonine Tryptophane 0

in the /

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61 . O O 0.62 39.21 0.35 38.69 0.46

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

---- I _ _ I

Average for soybean products.. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 4 1 1 . . . . . 5.00 1 . . . . . 4 . 1 1 I . . . . . 1 .65 - - - - - - - - . - - - - - I . _

1 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID CONTENT OF THREE PRODUCTS 11

following publications : Kuiken, et a,?., ( 2 ) , Stokes (8), Baum- garten ( 10) , Greenhut, Schweigert and Elvehjem ( 12), Riesen, Schweigert and Elvehjem ( IS) , Schweigert ( 1 4 ) ~ Horn, Jones and Blum (15). I n some cases there is good agreement between the d u e s given in these reports and those obtained in the present investigation. Marked discrepancies occur in the case of methionine. This problem has been extensively studied and evidence for the validity of the method used here has been reported (4).

The values for the valine, leucine ancl isoleucine content of cottonseed, peanut and soybean meal given in a previous report (2)

from tlie authors' laboratory are lower than those given here. I n this case the cause of the discrepancies was definitely found to be clue to the inadequacy of the method used in the previous investigation for the hydrolysis of the samples.

~ Summary

The content of 10 different amino acids in 19 samples of cottonseed, peanut and soybean products is given. The products include cot tonseed flour, both hydraulic and solvent extracted cottonseed meals, peanut flour, peanut meal, both hydraulic and solvent extracted soybean meals, soybean protein and soybean feed.

With respect to 3 amino acids which are of particular significance in nutrition, lysine, methionine and tryptophane, the proteins of cottonseed and soybean meals were found to be definitely superior to the protein of peanut meal.

With the exception of soybean protein and soybean feed, the type of con~inercial processing appeared to have little or no effect on tlie amino acid coinposition of the products.

Acknowledgment

'This investigation was supported in part by funds from the 'Tesas Cotton Research Committee.

The authors wish to express their appreciation to W. E. Sewell of the Procter ant1 Gamble Con~pany and to C. W. McMath of the Traders Oil Company for their courtesy in supplying Inany of the samples used in this investigation.

12 BULLETIN NO. 692. TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT

Bibliography

I . Harris, W. D., F. F. Bishop, C. M. Lyman and R. Helpert, 1947. Re- port on Isopropanol as a Solvent for Extraction of Cottonseed. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., Vol. 24, p. 370.

2. Kuiken, K. A., W. H. Norman, C. M. Lyman, F. Hale and L. Blotter, 1943. The Microbiological Determination of Amino Acids, I Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine. J. Biol. Chem. Vol. I 5 I , p. 61 5.

3. Lyman, C. M., K. A. Kuiken and F. Hale, 1947. The Histidine Content of Meat. J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 171, p. 233.

4. Lyman, C. M., 0. Moseley, B. Butler, S. Wood and F. Hale, 1946. The Microbiological Determination of Amino Acids, I11 Methionine. J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 166, p. 161.

5. Kuiken, K. A., C. M. Lyman and F. Hale, 1947. Factors which Influ- ence the Stability of Tryptophane During Hydrolysis of Protein in Alkaline Solution. J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 1.71, p. 551.

6. Block, R; J. and D. Bolling, 1945. The Amino Acid Composition of Proteins and Foods. Pp. 76, 136, 182, 214, 237, and 238, Spring- field.

7. Greene, R. D. and A. Black, 1944. The Microbiological Assay of Tryp- tophane in Proteins and Foods. J. Biol. Chem. Vol. I 55, p. I.

8. Stokes, J. L., M. Gunness, I. M. Dwyer and M. C. Caswell, 1945. Micro- biological Methods for the Determination of Amino Acids, I1 A Uni- form Assay for the Ten Essential Amino Acids. J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 160, P. 35.

g. Wooley, J. .G. and W. H. Sebrell, 1945. Two Microbiological Me for the Determination of L(-) Tryptophane in Proteins and Complex Substances. J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 157, p. 141.

thods other

10. Baumgarten, W., A. N. Mather and L. Stone, 1946. Essential Amino Acid Composition of Feed Materials. Cereal Chem. Vol. 23, p. I 35.

I I . Greenhut, I. T., B. S. Schweigert and C. A. Elvehjem, I 946. Hydroly- sis Procedures for the Determination of Tryptophane in Proteins and Foodstuffs by the Microbiological Procedure. J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 165, P. 325.

12. Greenhut, I. T., B. S. Schweigert and C. A. Elvehjem, 1946. T h p Amino Acid Requirements of Streptococcus Faecalis and the U this Organism for the Determination of Threonine in Natural ucts. J. Biol. Chem. Vol. I 62, p. 69.

13. ~ i e s i n , W. H., B. S. Schweigert and C. A. Elvehjem, 1946. Micro- biological Determination of Methionine in Proteins and Foodstuffs. J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 165, p. 347.

14. Schweigert, B. S., 1947. Amino Acid Content of Feeds, I. Leucine, Valine, Isoleucine, and Phenylalanine. J. Nutrition. Vol. 33, p. 553.

I 5. Horn, M. J., D. B. Jones and A. E. Blum, 1947. Microbiological De- termination of Threonine in Proteins and Foods. J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 169, P. 739.

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