The Estuary Ecosystem of Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION

The Bertioga channel is a 25 km long secondary branch ofthe Santos estuarine system (Figure 1), located in the centralpart of the coastal plain of São Paulo state, Brazil. The systemconnects with the Atlantic Ocean in the northeast at BertiogaBar and in the southwest by the Santos Estuary.

The channel's width varies from 200 to 700 m, with a meandepth of 3 to 6 m. In the most abrupt bends of the channel, holesof up to 10 m depth may be found. Depth at the channel's mouthcan reach up to 10-12m ( and , 1998). Thechannel is widest at the Largo do Candinho, the meeting point ofwaters that flows from the northeast (Bertioga Bar) and thesouthwest (Santos Estuary). The channel narrows considerablyfrom the Largo do Candinho towards the main channel, thusinhibiting salt exchange between the channels ( .,1998).

Weather conditions in this area are determined by theinterplay of tropical fronts and cold fronts of polar origin.Tropical conditions prevail from spring (September) to summer(February), while polar influence dominates in fall and winter(March to September). Periods of intense rain occur during theBrazilian summer.

The Bertioga channel is a tidally forced, shallow andpartially mixed estuarine system with semidiurnal tides.Salinities range between 24-33‰ in the winter and 20-33‰ inthe summer. Two distinct time variations in the estuarineclassification, according to the and (1966)stratification-circulation diagram, have been reported recently:i) due to pronounced fortnightly spring-neap tidal modulationthe mixing zone, near the estuary mouth, alternates betweenhighly (type 2b) and moderately stratified (type 2a), duringneap and spring tide, respectively, enhancing vertical mixing;ii) due to seasonal variation in the fresh water discharge which is

greater in the summer than in the winter, the estuarine systemclassification also changes from being highly stratified (type2b) in summer to nearly well-mixed (type 2a) in the winter,when vertical mixing is increased by tidal forcing (

., 1998; , 2001).The system is characteristically fringed by mangrove

vegetation consisting of three species:and and

surrounded by TropicalAtlantic ForestMangrove washout and regeneration in the water column as

well as in the sediments contributes to the nutrient input in theBertioga Channel inner region. At the Largo do Candinho thesediment is muddy being mainly composed of silt and clay andcontaining a high organic carbon content derived from landdrainage, whereas sandy sediments are found near the channelmouths.

The Santos estuary is by far the most polluted site in SaoPaulo's coastal zone. As a result of urban and recreationaldevelopments, the vegetation is threatened and the water hasbeen polluted and contaminated and the natural stress typical ofcoastal zones is intensified by several anthropogenic factors,including industrial and harbour activities, as well as domesticsewage disposal. However, in spite of such changes, theBertioga Channel is still surrounded by mangrove forests. Inparticular, a 14-km sector (from Largo do Candinho to BertiogaBar) is relatively free from the strong anthropogenic impact onthe Santos Estuary ( ., 2000).

The Largo do Candinho area receives a significant fluvialdischarge, which minimizes the inflow of the polluted andnutrient rich waters from the Santos Estuary into the BertiogaChannel ( and , 1998).

The aim of this study is to describe the distribution offoraminifera and micro-algae in the Bertioga channel (SãoPaulo, Brazil) in relation to environmental gradients (salinity,

HARARI CAMARGO

MIRANDA

HANSEN RATTRAY

MIRANDA

EICHLER

GIANESELLA

HARARI CAMARGO

et al

etal

Rhizophora mangle,Avicennia shaueriana Laguncularia racemosa

.

et al

Journal of Coastal Research SI 39 1110 - 1113 ICS 2004 (Proceedings) Brazil ISSN 0749-0208

P. P. B. Eichler†; B. B. Eichler‡; C. J. David‡; L. B. de Miranda‡ and E. C. P. M. Sousa ‡

† Laboratório de Ciências Marinhas, Universidade do Sul deSanta Catarina, UNISULRua: Colombo Sales Machado, 82CEP: 88790-100, Laguna, SC, Brazileichler@unisul.br

EICHLER, P.P.B; EICHLER, B.B.; DAVID, C.J.; MIRANDA, L.B. de and SOUSA, E. C. P. M. 2006. The estuaryecosystem of Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 39 (Proceedings of the 8th InternationalCoastal Symposium), 1110 - 1113. Itajaí, SC, Brazil, ISSN 0749-0208.

This study focuses on the characterization of the Bertioga channel (São Paulo, Brazil) through the foraminiferal andmicro algal distribution as correlated to environmental gradients (salinity, dissolved oxygen, biomass, primaryproduction). Despite of its proximity to the cities of São Paulo and Santos, the Bertioga channel is still partiallypreserved in its natural conditions though presenting just a few anthropic alterations. In terms of the relation ofassemblage formation to the influence of freshwater the environmental field may be divided into 3 regions. Theeuhaline environment in the channel's north entrance harbors includes ,

, and . The mixohaline environments in the channel'ssouth entrance, south middle region and Largo do Candinho are dominated by species of ,

and , whereas mixohaline to brackish water from adjacent rivers and mangrovesswamps is populated by , , and

. Foraminifera species patterns presented modifications in accordance with tidal oscillations, land drainageand channel geomorphology. The microphytobenthic biomass presented higher values for chlorophyll andphaeopigments in the summer. Spatially the biomass and the primary production presented higher values in theentrances of the channel and lower values towards the middle of the same. The pennate diatoms were the dominanttaxa. Through ecological and environmental indicators it was possible to evaluate the water quality of the BertiogaChannel and also provide data on the natural history of the species to make a comparison of unpolluted and pollutedsites possible.

Pararotalia cananeiaensis Pseudononiumatlanticum Hanzawaia boueana Quinqueloculina lamarckiana

Ammonia tepidaElphidium poeyanum E. excavatum

Arenoparella mexicana Haplophragmoides wilberti Ammotium salsum Gaudryinaexillis

Foraminifera, microphytobenthos, biomass, primary production, salinity,dissolved oxygen, environmental quality.ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS:

ABSTRACT

‡ 2 Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, USPPraça do Oceanográfico, 191CEP: 05508-900 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazilbbeichle@usp.br

Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue 39, 2006,

dissolved oxygen, biomass and primary production).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

RESULTS

Samples from the Bertioga channel were collected monthlyin 1998 and 1999 (April/98 to March/99). A total of 66 sampleswere collected at 6 monitored stations (south entrance, southinner part, Trindade River, Largo do Candinho, north inner partand northern entrance, stations 1 to 6, Figure 1). The routinesampling procedure at each surveyed station consisted of:

1. Measurement of water depth with a fish finder.2. Measurement of water temperature, salinity anddissolved oxygen (data available on table1).3. Sampling of the upper 0-5 cm of undisturbedsediment with a Petersen dredge.4. Splitting the sediment sample in three representativeparts: a 10 cm sample for foraminiferal analysis, a 30 cmfor granulometric analysis and a 2 cm for organic-carboncontent.

After collection each foraminiferal subsample was treatedwith rose Bengal and preserved in buffered formalin. In thelaboratory, the samples were gently sieved through a 63 mm(#230) mesh. Residues with little organic debris were dried inan oven at 40° and the foraminifera were separated from thesand by flotation using carbon tetrachloride.

A replicate sample at each surveyed station was collected inwinter (august/98) and in summer (march/99) formicrophytobenthos (biomass and primary production). Thebiomass of the sediment was measured as chlorophyll a (Chl)and phaeopigments (Phaeo) according to(1978). The primary production was measured by the 14Cmethod according to and (1959) and

(1978), expressed as mgC.m-2.h-1.

Table 2 shows biomass values in winter and summer at eachsurveyed station. In the winter, the mean values were, Chl 25.1

...

± 4.8 mg.m-2 and Phaeo 13.5 ± 1.8 mg.m-2 and in summer thevalues were higher for both pigments Chl 43.6 ± 4.8 mg.m-2and Phaeo 51.5 ± 12.5 mg.m-2. These values are very high ifcompared to those observed by (1985) and(1998) in Santos estuary.

Primary production and biomass of microphytobenthos fromthe sediment during summer are lower in Rio Trindade, locatedin the central part of the Bertioga Channel and higher close tothe two entrances. In the central parts of the channel, the darkassimilation is proportionally higher than primary production,indicating intense bacterial action.

The microphytobenthic composition was studied in twoways. First a microscopic observation of the algae in vivo wasundertaken showing assemblages dominated by a great varietyof diatoms, mainly pennates. Other taxa such as cyanophytes,clorophytes, dinoflagelates, euglenoids and phytoflagelateswere also observed.

Secondly the samples were prepared for optic microscopy.This study showed a great variety of taxa. The centric diatomgroup included members of the genera

and. The pennate diatom group included members of

the genera

and . Besides the diatoms thegenus , a silicoflagelate, was observed. No special

3 3

3

PLANTE-CUNY

DOTY OGURI PLANTE-CUNY

SOUSA SOUSA

Biomass and Primary Production

Microalgal Floristic Composition

et al.

Actinoptychus,Asterionelopsis, Coscinodiscus, Paralia, ThalassionemaThalassiosira

Achnanthes, Caloneis, Delphineis, Diploneis,Epithemia, Eunotia, Grammatophora, Gyrosigma, Navicula,Nitzschia, Pinularia Pleurosigma

Dictyocha

Table 1. Surface and bottom temperature, salinity, and dissolved

oxygen at each surveyed station during abril/98 to march/99.

The Estuary Ecosystem of Bertioga

Figure 1. Location of study area.

Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue 39, 2006,

1111

Surface Surface Bottom Bottom Surface Bottom

temp.(°C) sal. (UPS) temp.(°C) sal.(UPS) oxyg. (mg/l) ox1 24,1 21 22,4 302 22,4 21 22,6 213 23,1 14 23,2 164 23,1 15 22,8 205 23,3 19 22,8 206 22,5 25 21,4 28

Nov/981 24,5 24 23,4 262 24,7 24 24,3 253 25,4 21 24,4 244 25,3 22 24,1 245 24,9 21 24 246 24,3 8 24,2 28

Dec/981 26 9 21 222 25,2 16 22 213 25,5 6 23,7 164 26,6 10 22,5 165 25,8 11 22,8 246 24,2 19 22,5 28

Jan/991 26,5 16 26,5 27 3,61 0,212 26,5 16 26,5 24 4,87 0,743 26,5 9 26 16 3,12 0,094 27,4 10 26 24 3,59 1,915 26,4 10 26 24 3,14 5,526 23,8 6 26 26 6,69 2,4

Mar/991 26,4 29 25,5 30 9 2,782 27,4 25 27,6 25 5,8 5,43 26,8 19 26,5 31 2,66 1,024 26,9 21 25,9 21 6,28 2,445 26,7 25 25,7 25 7,6 3,036 24,8 19 25,9 30 6,56 6

Oct/98Surface Surface Bottom Bottom

temp. (°C) sal.(UPS) temp. (°C) sal.(UPS)1 25,4 12 24,5 212 24 21 24,3 213 24,1 16 23,4 204 22,7 21 22,4 215 22 19 22,4 206 22,7 29 23,2 26

May/981 21,9 31 22,5 312 21,7 29 21 293 20,5 24 21,3 254 20,8 24 23,1 255 21,1 26 23,2 266 21,5 25 20,1 29

June/981 19,5 29 21,2 312 21,6 27 21,4 303 21,6 22 21,4 264 21,9 28 21,7 305 21,8 29 21,5 316 21,3 37 21,3 37

July/981 21 24 20,5 302 21 25 21,8 273 21 21 20,8 234 23 24 21,6 255 22 27 21,6 296 20,8 34 20,9 35

Aug/981 16,5 28 16,3 302 17,1 26 16,7 293 23,3 21 21,8 254 23,2 21 21,7 265 22,1 26 21,7 286 21,4 25 21,1 28

Sep/981 22,6 30 22,1 312 23 30 22,7 303 23 24 22,7 254 23,1 28 22,7 295 23,2 28 22,4 296 22,4 21 22 30

April/98yg.(mg/l)

1A 23,04 13,65 79,3 202,4

1B 26,90 25,43 98,9 208,5

1C 41,34 56,87 69,3 141,1

2A 18,60 2,03 30,3 24,7

2B 15,47 5,37 41,8 50,0

2C 15,01 3,91 32,9 31,7

3A 23,58 4,45 17,3 4,6

3B 23,47 1,32 18,2 9,6

3C 15,34 1,35 15,2 6,2

4A 40,91 25,33 28,2 15,3

4B 24,08 16,42 35,4 32,0

4C 23,54 0,56 23,5 12,0

5A 22,52 18,44 31,8 29,8

5B 24,94 5,10 33,2 31,9

5C 24,71 18,53 36,0 38,2

6A 18,38 0,65 61,4 19,1

6B 25,87 11,34 70,5 30,2

6C 44,03 32,48 61,9 39,7

Stations

CHL (mg/m2) PHAEO (mg/m2) CHL (mg/m2) PHAEO (mg/m2)

July/98 Jan/99

Table 2. Biomass values for the replicates (A, B, C) at each

d station.surveye

trend was observed for the generic composition of the diatomsalong the Bertioga Channel.

d,

calcareous, euryhaline species of coastal marine environmentsare associated with salinities of 18 - 30.

Higher oxygen values (3-6 mg/l) are found in the region nearthe two channel entrances, where the presence of coastal watersis more marked. On the other hand, Trindade river and Largo doCandinho, both located in the central part of the BertiogaChannel, exhibit lower oxygen values (0-3 mg/l) and the waterhas been considered to present severe hypoxia.

The study of the diatom distribution in the Bertioga Channelundertaken in (2002) gives evidence, that thediatom assemblage located in the southern part of the channel ismainly composed of diatoms dominated by epiphytic orepipelic forms, which can tolerate a large range of salinity (e.g.

). The changes in the diatomassemblages of this site may be explained by the variation of thesalinity due to freshwater input. In that study, the authorpresents a comparative overview as between two different sites.The sites studied are the estuary of the Rio Una (EcologicalReserve of Juréia-Itatins) and the Bertioga Channel. If wecompare the diatom assemblages observed in the estuaries ofthe Rio Una with those of the Bertioga Channel, the maindifference is to be found presence of taxa indicative of pollutionin the later and be absent from the estuary of the Rio Una. Thesetaxa are represented especially by

and , and are welldeveloped in some samples collected in the Bertioga channel,whereas, they are totally absent from the samples studied in theRio Una estuary. In summary, the diatom distribution in theBertioga channel is composed of species common in estuarinewater systems that show low pollution levels.

Euhaline environment of the channel's north mouth wheremarine influence is strongest, the sediment is mainly composedby sand with low organic content, foraminiferal assemblagesare characterised by species typical of normal seawatersalinities, such as ( .,2001) , , and

. Absolute frequencies ofand are lower in the southwestern

part of the channel, showing that coastal waters less directlyinfluence this part. Photographs of most species are given inFigure 2.

Foraminiferal assemblages from the south entrance, southinner part and Largo do Candinho are dominated by rotaliidssuch as , and

( , 2001). These three widesprea

The textulariids , ,and are

commonly present in the Trindade river where the freshwaterinput is higher resulting in organic-rich sediments with asalinity range between 0.5 and 18. The sediment presents highpercentage of silt and clay with high organic carbon content.

Distribution and abundance patterns of foraminifera anddiatoms along Bertioga Channel reflect the different ecologicalenvironments each characterized by a specific set of parameterssuch as salinity, temperature, grain size, organic carbon contentand dissolved oxygen.

Microenvironmenal gradients in either biotic or abioticvariables generate a species zonation along Bertioga Channel.Therefore, analysis of the results indicates that in terms of therelation of assemblage formation to the influence of freshwaterthe environmental field may be divided into 3 microhabitats ofshallow water benthic foraminifera.

This study evidences that the northern part of the BertiogaChannel is influenced by the coastal water dynamics in the formof tidal currents and that this euhaline environment ischaracterized byand . needs minimum salinitiesof 32‰ for its survival ( , 1991). Their occurrences inthe research area evidences high velocities currents are able totransport tests from more saline regions (continental shelf) tothe entrance of the channel.

The southern mouth of the channel seems to be less directlyinfluenced by coastal waters. The mixohaline environments inthe channel's south entrance, south inner part and Largo doCandinho are less saline and are dominated by species of

and spp. (1995)reported that living populations of are opportunistic,capable of withstanding a wide range of salinities (5-56‰) anddifferent types of pollution. Although spp. cantolerate very low salinities ( , 1991; ,1997) its occurrence in the living populations might beassociated with the availability of pennate diatoms as food( , 2000). In our research area the occurrence of

spp. is correlated with the large abundance pennatediatoms of the genera

andMixohaline to brackish water from Trindade river are

populated by , , and .This marsh foraminiferal assemblage dominates marginalmarine environments and is subject to large and suddenvariations in temperature and salinity ( and ,1980). Salinity and dissolved oxygen values here are the lowestin the region; the dark assimilation is greater than the primaryproduction indicating that this environment is vulnerable tocontamination.

Overall, the microphytobentic biomass presents highervalues for chlorophyll and phaeopigments during the summer.Spatially, highest biomass and primary production values occurnear the entrances of the channel indicating that the more salineregions in the channel are more productive. This fact are alsorelated to sediment characteristics and light penetration.

The results were used to quantify compositional differencesin regional scales and to define local and regional ecologicalassemblages. Species patterns presented modifications in

SYLVESTRE

DEBENAY

EICHLER

MURRAY

ALMOGI-LABIN

MURRAY HAYWARD

SAMIR

SCOTT MEDIOLI

et al.

Amphora coffeaeformis

Navicula mutica var. mutica,N. mutica var. ventricosa Nitzschia pusilla

Pararotalia cananeiaensis et alP. al tant icum Hanzawaia boueana

Quinqueloculina lamarckiana P.atlanticum Q. lamarckiana

Ammonia tepida Elphidium excavatumE. poeyanum

Arenoparella mexicana Gaudryina exilisAmmotium salsum Haplophragmoides wilberti

P. cananeiaensis, P. atlanticum, H. boueanaQ. Lamarckiana Q. lamarckiana

A.tepida Elphidium et al.

A. tepida

Elphidiumet al.

ElphidiumAchnanthes, Caloneis, Delphineis,

Diploneis, Epithemia, Eunotia, Grammatophora, Gyrosigma,Navicula, Nitzschia, Pinularia Pleurosigma.

A. mexicana H. wilberti A. salsum G. exilis

Foraminifera Distribution

Oxygenation

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Eichler et al.

Figure 2. 12 . Aperture and dorsal view. 3. 4 . 5

. 6 . 7 . 8. 9 . 10. 11 . 12

.

Ammonia tepidaElphidium poeyanum E. excavatum Arenoparellamexicana Gaudryina exillis Ammotium salsumHaplophragmoides wilberti Hanzawaia boueanaQuinqueloculina lamarckiana Pseudononion atlanticumPararotalia cananeiaensis

Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue 39, 2006,

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accordance to the natural estuarine variability that formsbiotopes.

The natural estuarine variabilitity and its biozones patternscan be tranformed by human action being detected by changesin patterns. Thus it can forecast environmental problems.

This study shows that the Bertioga Channel is beginningexperience problems associated with sediment pollution, atleast in the summer time. In the summer, tourist activitiesincrease almost tenfold, and as verified by chlorophylla andphaeopigments measured in winter and in summer, values ofbiomass are higher showing that signs of environmentalalterations are demonstrated by the increase in eutrophicationdue to the larger volume of sewage effluents. These valuescorrelate with those reported for the subtidal zone in the Santosregion (FUNDESPA, 1999a, 1999b). As mentioned earlierSantos region is considered the most industrial polluted site inthe Sao Paulo State.

These quantitative and qualitative observations call forfurther investigation, in order to enable researches to decipherthe parameters responsible for the pollution that is beginning tothreaten the aquatic fauna and flora in the Bertioga Channel.Despite initial pollution in the Bertioga Channel thisenvironment may still be considered well preserved incomparison with the Santos estuary system ( , 2000)and in Guanabara Bay ( , 2001). Alternative ways toachieve sustainable development based on a sound scientificbackground must be sought. If wisely exploited, fisheries andecological tourism are promising activities and ways of puttingthe ecosystem to good use and will be of a great importance inprotecting the Tropical Atlantic Forest and mangroveecosystem.This work provides some additional facts that maybe used in management plans to protect our landscape and at thesame time increase tourist activity in this beautiful setting.

The field and laboratory work was supported financially bythe São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 96/04191-9,97/09087-7), the Oceanographic Institute of São PauloUniversity (IOUSP) and the Inter American Institute, throughthe SACC/CRN-061 Project. Special thanks are due to thecrewmembers of Véliger Oceanographic Vessel for their helpwith the fieldwork. This work received an improvement grantsupported by the International Cooperation Program (Capes-Cofecub-178/95) at Angers University, France. The principalauthor is especially grateful to André Rösch Rodrigues andEvelyn da Rocha Mendes Pereira for valuable help withforaminiferal data. Simon Troelstra provided careful review ofmanuscript. The research reported in this paper is part of theprincipal author's Ph.D. Thesis.

C. V. H. C., 2000. Foraminíferos comobioindicadores do gradiente de estresse ecológico emambientes costeiros poluídos. Estudo aplicado ao sistemaestuarino de Santos-São Vicente (SP, Brasil). University ofSao Paulo, SP, Ph.D. thesis, 229p.

J.P.; W., C., S.H.and B.B., 2001.

n.sp.: Indicator of marine influence and water circulation inBrazilian coastal and paralic environments.

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technique for determination of primary productivity., 31 (suppl.): 70-94.

B.B. 2001. Determinação do impacto da poluição nasassociações de foraminíferos na Baía de Guanabara (RJ)-estudo de caso. Technical report FAPESP(99/10678-5),158p.

P.P.B., 2001. Avaliação e diagnóstico do Canal deBertioga (São Paulo, Brasil) através da utilização deforaminíferos como indicadores ambientais. São Paulo,Brazil: University of Sao Paulo, SP, Ph.D. thesis, 240p+CD.

- Fundação de Estudos e Pesquisa Aquática. 1999a.Projeto LOESS - Levantamento oceanográfico da áreaafetada por efluentes dos emissários submarinos de esgotosda SABESP, entre os municípios de São Sebastião eMongaguá, Estado de São Paulo. Technical report, S. Paulo.V1. 170 p + anexos.

- Fundação de Estudos e Pesquisa Aquática. 1999b.Projeto LOESS - Levantamento oceanográfico da áreaafetada por efluentes dos emissários submarinos de esgotosda SABESP, entre os municípios de São Sebastião eMongaguá, Estado de São Paulo. Technical report, S. Paulo.V2. 373 p. + anexos.

J. and R., 1998. Modelo numérico daregião costeira de Santos (SP): circulação de maré.

46, pp. 135-156.S.M.F.; F. and

C., 2000. Tidal effects on nutrients and phytoplanktondistribution in Bertioga Channel, São Paulo, Brazil.

v. 3, pp.533-544.D. V. and M. JR., 1966. New Dimensions

in Estuarine Classification. ,v. 11, pp. 319 326.

L.B.; B.M. and B., 1998.Circulation and mixing due to Tidal forcing in the BertiogaChannel, São Paulo, Brazil. , vol. 21: pp.204-214.

M. R. 1978. Pigments photosynthétiques etproduction primaire des fonds meubles néritiques d'unerégion tropicale (Nosy-Bé, Madagascar). Trav. Doc.ORSTOM, 96:1-359.

D.B. and F.S., 198. Quantitative studies ofmarsh foraminiferal distributions in Nova Scotia:Implications for sea level studies. Cushman Foundation forForaminiferal Research Special publication n. 17, 58p.

R. 1974. The diatom plankton of the Indian OceanExpedition of the R. V. "Meteor" 1964-1965. MeteorForschungsergeb. (D. Biol), 19: 1-166

E. C. P. M. 1985. Estudos sobre a variação da produçãoprimária bentônica da região entre marés de praias daBaixada Santista. São Paulo-Brasil. University of Sao Paulo,SP, Ph.D. thesis, 179p.

E. C. P. M.; L. R. and C. J. 1998.Microphytobenthic primary production, biomass, nutrientsand pollutants of Santos Estuary (240S,46020'W).SãoPaulo, Brazil.

.41 (1): 27-36., and P.;

W. and J.P. In press 2002. Moderndiatom distribution in two tropical estuaries (BertiogaChannel, Una river) from São Paulo coastal plain (Brazil).Journal of Diatom research.

BONETTI

EICHLER

BONETTI,

DEBENAY, DULEBA, BONETTI, DE MELO E

SOUZA EICHLER,

DOTY, OGURI,

EICHLER,

EICHLER,

FUNDESPA

FUNDESPA

HARARI, CAMARGO,

GIANESELLA, SALDANHA-CORRÊA, TEIXEIRA,

HANSEN, RATTRAY,

MIRANDA, CASTRO, KJERFVE,

PLANTE-CUNY,

SCOTT, MEDIOLI,

SIMONSEN,

SOUSA,

SOUSA, TOMMASI, DAVID,

SYLVESTRE, F; BARDET, D.; EICHLER, B.B. EICHLER,DULEBA, DEBENAY,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LITERATURE CITED

Pararotalia cananeiaensis

Journal of

Foraminiferal research

Pubbl.Staz. Zool. Napoli

RevistaBrasileira de Oceanografia

Aquaticecosystem Health and management

Limnology and Oceanography

Estuaries

Brazilian Archives of Biology andTechnology

The Estuary Ecosystem of Bertioga

Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue 39, 2006,

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