the evolution of homo neanderthalensis to homo sapiens alex noble bradley weiss brittany wike alex...
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The evolution of Homo neanderthalensis to Homo
sapiens
The evolution of Homo neanderthalensis to Homo
sapiens
Alex NobleBradley WeissBrittany Wike
Alex NobleBradley WeissBrittany Wike
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Anatomy differences between the two species
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Questions to be answered: braincase
Questions to be answered: braincase
• Could a lower braincase with higher bone density of Homo neanderthalensis give them an advantage in protection from head trauma?
• Could a lower braincase with higher bone density of Homo neanderthalensis give them an advantage in protection from head trauma?
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Brain case: frontal view
Brain case: frontal view
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Brain case: side viewBrain case: side view
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Brain case: back viewBrain case: back view
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Brain caseBrain case
Image G shows Guattari, or a “classic” Homo neanderthalensis skull. Image H shows Homo sapiens
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Bone densityBone density
Left: Thick walled bones are characteristic of Homo neanderthalensis; indicating a higher bone density.
Right: Thin walled bones are characteristic of Homo sapiens; indicating less bone density.
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Questions to be answered: bone density
Questions to be answered: bone density
• Were Homo neanderthalensis exposed to more traumatic environments?
• Were Homo neanderthalensis exposed to more traumatic environments?
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Bone DensityBone Density
Percentage distributions of traumatic lesions by anatomical region for Neanderthals without DJD vs. Recent human clinical samples
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Bone DensityBone Density
Figure shows the combined cortical thickness of the humerus; anteroposterior and mediolateral views of Homo neanderthals, early Homo sapiens, and modern Homo sapiens.
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MandibleMandible
• Homo neanderthalensis skull and mandible from the Smithsonian
• Homo neanderthalensis skull and mandible from the Smithsonian
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Why the Mandible?Why the Mandible?
• In modern H. sapiens, the ascending mandibular ramus are in two processes, the coronoid and condylar process, and separated by a deep notch.
• In Neanderthals, the coronoid appears larger and more elevated than the condylar process, with a shallow notch in between.
• In modern H. sapiens, the ascending mandibular ramus are in two processes, the coronoid and condylar process, and separated by a deep notch.
• In Neanderthals, the coronoid appears larger and more elevated than the condylar process, with a shallow notch in between.
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MethodsMethods
• Traced the mandibular notch of each specimen.
• While using the Condylar and Coronoid Processes as fixed points.
• Traced the mandibular notch of each specimen.
• While using the Condylar and Coronoid Processes as fixed points.
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Mandibular TracingMandibular Tracing
• Outline of mandibular notch in the Neanderthal, top arrow.
• Mean outline of 250 modern human specimens, bottom arrow.
• Outline of mandibular notch in the Neanderthal, top arrow.
• Mean outline of 250 modern human specimens, bottom arrow.
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DiscussionDiscussion
• Mandibular ramus is a truly diagnostic character for Neanderthals.
• Analysis shows Neanderthals face and braincase clearly indicate the species’ unique taxonomic status.
• Mandibular ramus is a truly diagnostic character for Neanderthals.
• Analysis shows Neanderthals face and braincase clearly indicate the species’ unique taxonomic status.
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• Rak et al concluded that based on the mandibular ramus, Homo neanderthalensis forms a side branch that evolved differently from the modern human.
• Led to the conclusion that Neanderthals do not play a role in our biological ancestry.
• Rak et al concluded that based on the mandibular ramus, Homo neanderthalensis forms a side branch that evolved differently from the modern human.
• Led to the conclusion that Neanderthals do not play a role in our biological ancestry.
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Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity
• Neanderthals have a longer and wider sternum
• Longer and curved clavicles giving them a deeper and wider chest
• Neanderthals have a longer and wider sternum
• Longer and curved clavicles giving them a deeper and wider chest
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Case StudyCase Study
• Weinstein: used results found by other researchers
• 2 Neanderthals, 2 early modern humans, and 4 human skeletons from the Andes.
• Comparing the thorax of human fossils to Neanderthals
• Also to see if higher altitudes made a difference
• Weinstein: used results found by other researchers
• 2 Neanderthals, 2 early modern humans, and 4 human skeletons from the Andes.
• Comparing the thorax of human fossils to Neanderthals
• Also to see if higher altitudes made a difference
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Significance of the hyper-barrel-shaped thorax of the
Neanderthal
Significance of the hyper-barrel-shaped thorax of the
Neanderthal Two main factors:
• Enhanced respiratory volume and aerobic capacities that function as adaptations to elevated activity levels
• Adaptations to cold climates
Two main factors:• Enhanced respiratory
volume and aerobic capacities that function as adaptations to elevated activity levels
• Adaptations to cold climates
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Comparisons to the Andes
Comparisons to the Andes
• Rib length and respiratory area are larger in the Neanderthal sample than the human fossils found in the Andes
• Early human fossils had reduced rib measurements and a narrower thoracic cavity
• Rib length and respiratory area are larger in the Neanderthal sample than the human fossils found in the Andes
• Early human fossils had reduced rib measurements and a narrower thoracic cavity
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DataData
R8TVC, R8TVS, LR8RAHUM
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ResultsResults
• The large thorax was an advantage to both factors
• Large thorax reduced surface area to body mass, which reduces body heat lost to the environment
• Large thorax also allowed for great lung capacity and ventilation which was needed for high physical activity and high metabolic rates
• The large thorax was an advantage to both factors
• Large thorax reduced surface area to body mass, which reduces body heat lost to the environment
• Large thorax also allowed for great lung capacity and ventilation which was needed for high physical activity and high metabolic rates
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Difficulties in the Study?
Difficulties in the Study?
• Finding full or near full ribcages to do studies on
• Low sample sizes• More data will allow for a better
understanding
• Finding full or near full ribcages to do studies on
• Low sample sizes• More data will allow for a better
understanding
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Daily Energy RequirementsDaily Energy
Requirements• Sorenson and Leonard• Estimated their total energy expenditure by
calculating their basal metabolic rates• Neanderthals ranged from 3000-5500
kcal/day• Modern human populations ranged from
2720 +/- 607 kcal/day• Neanderthals had higher energy
requirements daily
• Sorenson and Leonard• Estimated their total energy expenditure by
calculating their basal metabolic rates• Neanderthals ranged from 3000-5500
kcal/day• Modern human populations ranged from
2720 +/- 607 kcal/day• Neanderthals had higher energy
requirements daily
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Future ResearchFuture Research
• Comparing the thickness of the braincase for both species. The head trauma that H. neanderthalensis’ displayed may increase the density of the skull.
• Comparing the thickness of the braincase for both species. The head trauma that H. neanderthalensis’ displayed may increase the density of the skull.
• Comparing rib measurements: including lengths, cross sections, muscle rigidity, and degree of curvature
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Works CitedWorks Cited
• Howells W. (1975) Neanderthal man: facts and figures. Paleoanthropology: morphology and paleoecology. Paris: Mouton. 389–407.
• Rak, Y. et al. (2002) Does Homo neanderthalensis Play a Role in Modern Human Ancestry? The Mandibular Evidence. Am J Phys Anthropol 119:199-204.
• Humphrey, L.T., M.C. Dean, C.B. Stringer. (1999) Morphological variation in great ape and modern human mandibles. J. Anat. 195:491-513.
• Itzhak-Ben, S., Smith, P., Bloom, R.A. (1988) Radiographic Study of the Humerus in Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 77: 231-242.
• Berger, T.D., Trinkaus, E. (1995) Patterns of Trauma among the Neanderthals. Journal of Archaeological Science. 22: 841-852.
• Bookstein, F., Schafer, K., Prossinger, H., Seidler, H., Fieder, M., Stringer, C., Weber, G.W., Arsuaga, J.L., Slice, D.E., Rohlf, F.J., Recheis, W., Mariam, A,J., Marcus, L.F. (1999) Comparing Frontal Cranial Profiles in Archaic and Modern Homo by Morphometric Analysis. The Anatomical Record (New Anat.) 257: 217-224.
• Folger, T. (1997) Strong Bones, and Thus Dim-witted? Discover Magazine.• Denning, K. (2006, November 6). Humanity’s Journeys. Retrieved April 2011 from
http://www.yorku.ca/kdenning/++2140%202006-7/2140-21Nov2006.htm• Weinstein, K. (2008) Thoracic morphology in Near Eastern Neandertals and early modern humans
compared with recent modern humans from high and low altitudes. Journal of Human Evolution. 54: 287-295
• Howells W. (1975) Neanderthal man: facts and figures. Paleoanthropology: morphology and paleoecology. Paris: Mouton. 389–407.
• Rak, Y. et al. (2002) Does Homo neanderthalensis Play a Role in Modern Human Ancestry? The Mandibular Evidence. Am J Phys Anthropol 119:199-204.
• Humphrey, L.T., M.C. Dean, C.B. Stringer. (1999) Morphological variation in great ape and modern human mandibles. J. Anat. 195:491-513.
• Itzhak-Ben, S., Smith, P., Bloom, R.A. (1988) Radiographic Study of the Humerus in Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 77: 231-242.
• Berger, T.D., Trinkaus, E. (1995) Patterns of Trauma among the Neanderthals. Journal of Archaeological Science. 22: 841-852.
• Bookstein, F., Schafer, K., Prossinger, H., Seidler, H., Fieder, M., Stringer, C., Weber, G.W., Arsuaga, J.L., Slice, D.E., Rohlf, F.J., Recheis, W., Mariam, A,J., Marcus, L.F. (1999) Comparing Frontal Cranial Profiles in Archaic and Modern Homo by Morphometric Analysis. The Anatomical Record (New Anat.) 257: 217-224.
• Folger, T. (1997) Strong Bones, and Thus Dim-witted? Discover Magazine.• Denning, K. (2006, November 6). Humanity’s Journeys. Retrieved April 2011 from
http://www.yorku.ca/kdenning/++2140%202006-7/2140-21Nov2006.htm• Weinstein, K. (2008) Thoracic morphology in Near Eastern Neandertals and early modern humans
compared with recent modern humans from high and low altitudes. Journal of Human Evolution. 54: 287-295