The Evolutionary History of Biodiversity

Concept 2: Analyzing the diversity of bacteria, archaea, protists, and fungi

(Ch 26, 27, 28, 31)

Bacteria and ArchaeaYou must know:

o The key ways in which prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes with respect to genome, membrane-bound organelles, size, and reproduction.

o Mechanisms that contribute to genetic diversity in prokaryotes, including transformation, conjugation, transduction, and mutation.

Refer to pg 174-176 in Holtzclaw, Ch 27 in Campbell and media resources

The ProkaryoteCell Wall contains peptidoglycans-Gram-positive (simple)-Gram-negative (complex)

…or cilia

…plus circular plasmids

Try This! Prokaryotes verses Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Genome

Membrane-Bound Organelles

Size

Reproduction

Try This! Prokaryotes verses Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Genome DNA is circular, with additional circular plasmids

DNA is not circular and associated with many proteins

Membrane-Bound Organelles

No true nuclei or internal compartmentalization

Nuclei and membrane-bound organelles such as ER, Golgi, etc

Size 1-5 µm 10-50 µm

Reproduction Asexual: Binary fission

Sexual or asexual

The Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea The size of things Flagella

The Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea What is the difference between these two

domains? Refer to p. 173 Holtzclaw

“A Comparison of the three domains of Life”

The Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea What is the difference? “A Comparison of the three domains of Life”

Characteristic Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Nuclear Envelope

Membrane-enclosed Organelles

Introns

Histone proteins associated with DNA

Circular Chromosome

The Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea What is the difference? “A Comparison of the three domains of Life”

Characteristic Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Nuclear Envelope

NO NO YES

Membrane-enclosed Organelles

NO NO YES

Introns NO YES YES

Histone proteins associated with DNA

NO YES YES

Circular Chromosome

YES YES NO

Genetic Diversity in Prokaryotes Asexual Reproduction

Binary Fission Need mechanisms to contribute to genetic

diversity WHY?

Mechanisms for Genetic Diversity Mutation (with rapid reproduction) Transformation Conjugation Transduction

Mutation (with Rapid Reproduction)

Transformation

Conjugation

Transduction Viruses

Metabolic Diversity Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs Photoheterotrophs Chemioheterotrophs

Obligate aerobes Obligate anaerobes Facultative anaerobes

Nitrogen Fixation

Extremophiles Extreme halophiles Extreme thermophiles

AP Themes Chemical Recycling – Decomposers Ecological Interactions – Symbiosis

Mutualism Bioremediation Your intestinal bacteria Production of cheese, etc Deep-sea vents

Commensalism Parasitism

Pathogenic Antibiotics

Let’s Investigate!