The Extras…Follow @AndyMalone & Get my OneDrive Link

The Dark Web Rises: A journey through the Looking GlassAndy Malone

DCIM-B351

Microsoft MVP (Enterprise Security)Microsoft Certified Trainer (18 years)Founder: Cybercrime Security Forum!International Event SpeakerWinner: Microsoft Speaker Idol 2006

Andy Malone(United Kingdom)

Follow me on Twitter @AndyMalone

www.cybercrimesecurityforum.org

This Session will DiscussWhat is TOR and how does it keep me anonymous?

Who uses TOR & Why?

Understand what the Darkweb is & Learn about it’s dangersLearn about Potential Flaws in the Technology

Forensics & Law Enforcement

TOR Technology & My Business

TOR: A Tale of Two Sides

Freedom from Censorship, No Restrictions, Private Communication, Many US UK Agencies use similar private channels

The Dark Web: Drugs, Guns, Malicious Software, Pedophiles. Slavery, Black Market

TOR: Providing a Voice for the Oppressed

Freedom from Potential OppressionFreedom from having communications monitoredUsed by government embassies for sending of confidential emailsUseful in accessing blocked Internet Sites where restrictions are enforced I.e. The UK, Saudi Arabia, China etc

Why use the Onion?

Current TOR Clients / Projects

Tails TOR Browser TOR Atlas

Stem (Development Environment)

Orbot (Android)

ARM (Shell)

Pluggable Transports TOR Cloud

https://www.torproject.org/

Variants (Other Anonymizing Technologies)

Tor (anonymity network)Garlic RoutingAnonymous P2PThe Amnesic Incognito Live SystemDegree of anonymityChaum mixesBitblinderJava Anonymous Proxy

TOR is an Open Source Non Profit Organization running out of an YWCA in Cambridge, Massachusetts

33 Full Time EmployeesTOR’s hosted by 1000s of Volunteers around the world

Initially Sponsored by the US Office of Naval Research Laboratory In 2004 - 2005 Was supported by the Electronic Frontier Foundation

Where it all began

“There are no conspiracies. We don’t do things we don’t want to. No backdoors ever!”

Jacob Appelbaum: TOR (2013)

TOR: Key Principle

Over 60.000 Users DailyApprox. 3500 Routers and GrowingCurrently 6 Million + users WorldwideEvery web page, database etc that Google can’t index is considered as the Dark Web9x% of web pages are in the Dark Web!Media wrong when they say that the only way to access the dark web is through TORQuestion: Is it all bad?

Up & Running

Who uses this Technology?

Home Users can protect themselves when online

Activists can anonymously report abuses from danger zones

Whistleblowers can use Tor to safely report on corruption

Journalists use Tor to protect their research and sources online

Military and law enforcement can protect communications, investigations, and intelligence (No

IP Trace)

The Technology

An anonymous communication technique Messages constantly encrypted and sent through several onion routers which creates a circuit of nodes using random domain namesEach OR removes a layer of encryption with its symmetric key to reveal routing instructions, and sends the message to the next router where process is repeated Thus the analogy “onion router”. Prevents these intermediary nodes from knowing the origin, destination, and contents of the message

What is a Onion Router?

Onion Routing: How it Works

Onion Routing: How it Works

TOR Node

Encrypted

Alice

Bob

Jane

Unencrypted

•Each OR maintains a TLS / AES connection to every other OR

•Users run an onion proxy (OP) to fetch directories, establish circuits across the network

•Each OR maintains a long & short term onion identity key (10 mins)

•Used to sign TLS certificates which sign the OR’s router descriptor, summary of keys, address, bandwidth ,etc

Port 9001Port 9090Port 443

Onion Routing: How it Works

TOR Node

Encrypted

Alice

Dave

Bob

Jane

UnencryptedStep 1: Alice’s TOR Client obtains a list of TOR Clients from a directory server

Port 9001Port 9030

Onion Routing: How it Works TOR Node

Encrypted

Alice

Dave

Bob

Jane

Unencrypted

Step 2: Alice’s TOR Client picks a random path to a destination server. Green links are encrypted, red links are in the clear

Port 443

Port 80

Onion Routing: How it Works TOR Node

Encrypted

Alice

Dave

Bob

Jane

Unencrypted

Step 3: If at a later time Alice connects to a different resource then a different, random route is selected. Again Green links are encrypted, red links are in the clear

Port 80

Port 443

Onion Routing: Peeling back the Layers

https://www.torproject.org/svn/trunk/doc/design-paper/tor-design.html

Alice builds a two-hop circuit and begins fetching a web page.

Onion Routing: Cells

TOR Node

TLS Encrypted

• Control cells: interpreted by the nodes that receive them

• Relay cells: which carry end-to-end stream data. Has an additional header on front of the payload containing

• streamID• Integrity checksum• Length of payload and relay command.

Header circuit

identifier or circutID

Inst

ruct

io nPayload Command Pa

ylo

ad Data

Fixed-sized cells 512 bytes with a header and a payload

Onion Routing: Cell Commands

Current Relay CommandsRelay data: data flowing down streamRelay begin: to open a streamRelay end: to close a stream cleanlyRelay teardown: to close a broken streamRelay connected: to notify successful relay beginRelay extend/extended: to extend the circuit by a hopRelay send me: congestion controlRelay drop: implements long-range dummies

Using the Onion Router

Requires a ClientMany sites require pre- registration Ensure you have an anonymous Email Address.onion-URLs are used to identify hidden servicesAddresses 16-character alpha-semi-numeric hashes which are automatically generated based on a public key when the hidden service is configuredThese 16-character hashes can be made up of any letter in the alphabet, and decimal digits beginning with 2 and ending with 7, thus representing an 80-bit number in base32

DemoExploring the TOR Project

A Journey Inside the Darknet

The Deep Dark WebAnonymous and unindexed area of the internet used for serious criminal activity including

Copyright infringementCredit Card fraud and identity theft

Rumored to contain more than 500 times the size of the traditional web Currently around ½ a Million deep web sites worldwide and approx. 20,000 sites in Russia aloneUsed by Military & Law Enforcement Agencies

The Deep Dark Web

Controlled substance marketplaces

Armories selling all kinds of weapons

Child pornography

Unauthorized leaks of sensitive information

Money laundering

Copyright infringement

Credit Card Fraud

Content Classifications

Dynamic Unlinked Private Site

Contextual•Varied access pages with differing ranges of client IP addresses

Limited Access•Limited technically (e.g. using Robots Exclusions, CAPTCHAs. Or no-cache Pragma HTTP headers, which prohibit browsing & caching

Scripted•Accessible through links produced by JavaScript

•Content dynamically downloaded via Flash or Ajax

Non HTML/Text

Finding Content

Search Engines not the best optionWikis Provide entry pointsBeware of Malicious links!Use of TOR may lead to Prosecution by law enforcement agenciesLaw Enforcement can use BigPlanet Deep Web Intelligence tools

DemoExploring the Darkweb

Potential Flaws in the Onion

Potential Flaws in the Onion!

Multi Hopping = Slower ConnectionsConfusion between unlinkability with anonymityWhile using Tor leaks can occur via Flash plug-in’s & other media add-onsDarknet Heavily Monitored by Law Enforcement AgenciesNSA & GCHQ Installing hundreds of OR’s in order to capture & analyze trafficMany Honeypot Sites Exist in order to catch criminals

Potential Flaws in the Onion!

Timing Attack

Entry Monitoring

Intersection Attack

Ddos Attack

Predecessor Attack (Replay)

Exit node Sniffing

Timing analysis

Adversary could determine whether a node is transmitting by correlating when messages are sent by a server and received by a nodeTor, and any other low latency network, is vulnerable to such an attackCounter Measure: A Node can defeat this attack by sending dummy messages whenever it is not sending or receiving real messages (Not currently part of the Tor threat model)

Entry Node SniffingTOR Node

Encrypted

Bob

Unencrypted

Criminal posts anonymous content out to Compromised Server

Compromised Node

Police

Law Enforcement Monitor suspects client machine (Entry Point)

Exit Node SniffingTOR Node

Encrypted

Target

Unencrypted

Criminal posts anonymous content onto Server Compromised

Node

Infected with malicious code

Police

Law Enforcement Monitors Target client machine (Exit Point)

• An exit node has complete access to the content being transmitted from the sender to the recipient

• If the message is encrypted by SSL, the exit node cannot read the information, just as any encrypted link over the regular internet

Intersection AttacksTOR Node

Encrypted

Bob

Unencrypted

Criminal posts anonymous content out to Compromised Server

Compromised Node

Police

Network AnalysisNodes periodically fail of the network; any chain that remains functioning cannot have been routed through either the nodes that left or the nodes that recently joined the network, increasing the chances of a successful traffic analysis

Offline Node

Predecessor attacks (Replay)

Compromised Nodes can retain session information as it occurs over multiple chain reformations

Chains are periodically torn down and rebuilt

If the same session is observed over the course of enough reformationsThe compromised node connects with the particular sender more frequently than any other node Increasing the chances of a successful traffic analysis

Ddos Attack

DoS and TorTor is vulnerable to DoS attacks because users can consume more network resources than allowed or render the network unusable for other users.

Tor deals with these attacks with

Puzzle solving: At beginning of TLS handshake or accepting create cells, this limits the attack multiplier.Limiting rates: Limits rates of accepting of create cell and TLS connections so the computational work of processing them doesn’t disrupt the symmetric cryptography operations that allow cells to flow.

Fighting Internet Crime

TOR Node

Encrypted

Unencrypted

Security Agencies TOR is a key technology in the fight against organized crime on the internet

Illegal Site

Agency IP Address Hidden from Site owner

Forensically SpeakingTOR

TOR: Forensically Speaking

A forensic analysis of the Tor Browser Bundle (version 2.3.25-6, 64-bit) on Windows 7 showed that the Windows Prefetcher keeps records of the different Tor Browser Bundle applications:

C:\Windows\Prefetch\START TOR BROWSER.EXE-F5557FAC.pf C:\Windows\Prefetch\TBB-FIREFOX.EXE-350502C5.pf C:\Windows\Prefetch\TOR-BROWSER-2.3.25-6\_EN-US.EX-1354A499.pf C:\Windows\Prefetch\TOR.EXE-D7159D93.pf C:\Windows\Prefetch\VIDALIA.EXE-5167E0BC.pf

The following cache files are most likely similar to prefetch files and might contain traces of the Tor Browser Bundle:

C:\Users\runa\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Caches\cversions.1.db C:\Users\runa\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Caches\{AFBF9F1A-8EE8-4C77-AF34-C647E37CA0D9}.1.ver0x0000000000000006.db C:\Windows\AppCompat\Programs\RecentFileCache.bcf

TOR: Forensically Speaking

A forensic analysis of the Tor Browser Bundle (64-bit) on Windows 7 showed that the Windows Thumbnail Cache contains the Onion Logo icon.

Windows stores thumbnails of graphics files, and certain document and movie files, in Thumbnail Cache files. The following files contain the Onion Logo icon associated with the Tor Browser Bundle:

C:\Users\Runa\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Explorer\thumbcache_32.db C:\Users\Runa\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Explorer\thumbcache_96.db C:\Users\Runa\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Explorer\thumbcache_256.db Other Thumbnail Cache files, such as thumbcache_1024.db, thumbcache_sr.db, thumbcache_idx.db, and IconCache.db, may also contain the Onion Logo icon.

TOR: Forensically Speaking

A forensic analysis of the Tor Browser Bundle (64-bit) on Windows 7 showed that the Windows paging file, C:\pagefile.sys, contains the filename for the Tor Browser Bundle executable

TOR: Forensically Speaking

A forensic analysis of the Tor Browser Bundle (64-bit) on Windows 7 showed that the registry contains the path to the Tor Browser Bundle executable

HKEY_CURRENT_USER, abbreviated HKCU, stores settings that are specific to the currently logged-in user. Each user's settings are stored in files called NTUSER.DAT and UsrClass.dat. The path to the Tor Browser Bundle executable is listed in the following two files:

C:\Users\runa\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\UsrClass.dat C:\Users\runa\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\UsrClass.dat.LOG1 Result: No trace of the Tor Browser Bundle in any of the NTUSER.DAT files

TOR: Forensically Speaking

Looks like regular HTTPS Traffic on port 443…

TOR: Forensically Speaking

The Truth is revealed

Blocking TOR Traffic

Obtain list of TOR Servers

Blocking TOR TrafficObtain list of TOR Servers

Then create an AI Engine rule using a Log Observed rule block to detect network traffic with an origin or destination IP address on the list

# Gets List of the Torproject Exit Points that would access your ipaddress## This URL gets the new list:#URL=’https://check.torproject.org/cgi-bin/TorBulkExitList.py?ip=<ENTER YOUR IP ADDRESS HERE>‘TORIPLIST=.toriplistGETTORLIST(){/usr/bin/wget –no-check-certificate –output-document=${TORIPLIST} ${URL}} # End of GETTORLIST

BLOCKADDRESSES(){# Create a chain named TORBLOCK./sbin/iptables -N TORBLOCK# Flush the TORBLOCK chain./sbin/iptables -F TORBLOCK# Return to parent chain if the source is not in the TORBLOCK chain./sbin/iptables -I TORBLOCK -j RETURN# Then do this for each address to block:# /sbin/iptables -I TORBLOCK -s IPADDRESS -j DROP# We are doing the above in the loop below:

for node in `/bin/grep -v -e ^# ${TORIPLIST}`do/sbin/iptables -I TORBLOCK -s $node -j DROPdone

} # End of BLOCKADDRESSES GETTORLIST

BLOCKADDRESSES rm -f ${TORIPLIST}

Blocking TOR Traffic (Automated Script)

Add output to IP Address tables* Additional links on slides

Web Browser Fingerprinting

Relatively New ConceptA technique researched by Electronic Frontier Foundation, of anonymously identifying a web browser with up to 94% accuracy rates Even in Privacy Mode or with Cookies Disabled. Browsers can still be trackedBrowser version, language, OS, Installed Fonts, Browser Add in’s, time zone etc

Web Browser Fingerprinting

Browser information Collected includes but not limited to:Browser supported itemsPlugin informationGeographical informationDevice related informationOperating system informationThis collection of information is combined into a SHA256 hash which gives you a unique fingerprint for any given web browser

Are you really Unique?

Regular I.E 11Browser

Are you really Unique?

Privacy IE 11Browser

Are you really Unique?

OlderTOR

Are you really Unique?

UpdatedTOR

DemoWeb Browser Fingerprints

You may want to take a look atOther Privacy Solutions

Staying Anonymous: Proxy Servers

Most common method to hide your IP address Allows users to make indirect network connections to the InternetActivity goes to proxy first, which sends on for information, data, files, email, etc In each case, your actual IP address is hidden.Then serves up requests by connecting directly to the source or by serving it from a cache Proxy servers (or simply "proxies") come in a few varieties.

Staying Anonymous: Proxy Servers

Anonymous ProxyThis type of proxy server identifies itself as a proxy server. It is detectable (as a proxy), but provides reasonable anonymity for most users.

Distorting ProxyThis type of proxy server identifies itself as a proxy server, but creates an "incorrect" originating IP address available through the "http" headers.

High-Anonymity ProxyThis type of proxy server does not identify itself as a proxy server and does not make available the original IP address.

Web Based: Proxy ServersSimply enter the URL of a website that you wish to visit anonymouslyWhen you submit the form, the website proxy server makes a request for the page that you want to visitThe proxy usually does not identify itself as a proxy server and does not pass along your IP address in the request for the pageThe features of these sites vary (ad blocking, JavaScript blocking, etc.), as does their price.

DemoProxy Heaven

Safeplug: Anonymity in a Box

Code Talker Tunnel Previously SkypeMorph

Encrypted

Unencrypted

Eavesdropper: Skype Video Traffic

Bob: TOR traffic disguised via OpenWRT compatible modem

AliceBob

Alice: TOR traffic disguised via OpenWRT compatible modem

Code Talker Tunnel Previously SkypeMorph

Protocol camouflaging tool Designed to reshape traffic output of any censorship circumvention tool to look like Skype video calls Can be used as a SOCKS proxy and therefore it is extremely easy to use it with different anonymity and censorship resistance tools Hard to block and identify protocol obfuscationHigh-bandwidth channelHome-router-ready version supporting OpenWRT firmware'sCheck it out at: git://git-

crysp.uwaterloo.ca/codetalkertunnel

TOR: Top Tips

Don’t use Browser widgetsDon’t Torrent Over TorUse The Tor Browser (Most up to date)Always use HTTPS Versions of SitesNever open documents downloaded through Tor while onlineUse bridges and/or find company

Session Review

What is TOR and how does it keep me anonymous?

Who uses TOR & Why?

Understand what the Darkweb is & Learn about it’s dangersLearn about Potential Flaws in the Technology

Forensics & Law Enforcement

TOR Technology & My Business

The Extras…Follow @AndyMalone & Get my OneDrive Link

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