the fall of rome and the rise of christianity
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The Fall of Rome and the Rise of Christianity. February 21,2012. The “Long D ecline” of Rome. The “Long D ecline” of Rome. The period of the Dictators/Caesars: Augustus, Tiberius, leading to civil wars and internal strife. The “Long D ecline” of Rome. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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February 21,2012
The Fall of Rome and the Rise of Christianity
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The “Long Decline” of Rome
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The period of the Dictators/Caesars: Augustus, Tiberius, leading to civil wars and internal strife
The “Long Decline” of Rome
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The period of the Dictators/Caesars: Augustus, Tiberius, leading to civil wars and internal strife
The gradual abolition of democratic bodies or stripping them of power— “once democratic procedures were eliminated, rhetoric decayed” (137)
The “Long Decline” of Rome
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The period of the Dictators/Caesars: Augustus, Tiberius, leading to civil wars and internal strife
The gradual abolition of democratic bodies or stripping them of power— “once democratic procedures were eliminated, rhetoric decayed” (137)
The growing influence of Christianity
The “Long Decline” of Rome
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The “Second Sophistic”The influence of knowledge
gained from Greek orators continues during this period (via esp. Cicero and Quintilian)
These orators were “often granted immunities and given honorary chairs” by emperors such as Vespasian (125); and Caligula (138)
The most famous speakers were “cultural conservatives and pagans” (125)
Limited to epideictic and forensic rhetoric, but little need for deliberative rhetoric
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The Patristic EraEmphasis on preaching,
especially aiming at conversion
Attempts at fusing Christian theology with Platonic philosophy
Despite this, the ascension of Christianity caused a decline in the teaching of rhetoric; rhetoric is viewed with skepticism
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The Augustinian Turn
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The Augustinian TurnCalled for joining the use
of hermeneutics (interpretation of Scripture) and rhetoric
Altering the classical tradition, argued that the message was more important than the speaker
Argued for a correlation between eloquence and position, education and authority—in other words, ethos transcends rhetorical skill
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The Influence of Cicero“Augustine’s love for
Cicero and for language motivated [Augustine’s] brilliant rescue of rhetoric from its condemnation as a product of paganism [ie. The Greeks]”
“Augustine’s reconstruction of Cicero involved designing rhetoric for Christian, rather than civil, uses”
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The Influence of CiceroSubstituted
deliberative, epideictic, forensic forms for a single genre: preaching (148)
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The Influence of CiceroCicero’s three styles used for particular audiences: 1) The grand style to
fascinate and please (and convince) non-believers;
2) The middle style to appeal to the will to condemn or praise
3) The plain style was used to instruct or prove
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The Influence of PlatoVia the neoplatonists,
Augustine learned to “seek for a truth that was incorporeal”—in other words, to look, like Plato did, to the noumenal world as the source for Truth
However, Augustine ultimately dismissed the neoplatonists as mere “rhetoricians who lived for applause”( 149)
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The Influence of PlatoAugustine’s reading of
Plato lead him to seek rhetoric “to dispel the illusions of this world and clarify the meaning of God” (149) –Plato probably wouldn’t have been happy to hear that
But to dispel illusions, we would need to read and interpret Scripture carefully and accurately!
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The Influence of PlatoHence, his desire to
cultivate hermeneutics: the art of Biblical interpretation
This also leads to his emphasis on semiotics (the study of signs) and grammar
All of these skills are aiming to “dispel illusion” and uncover Truth: GOD.
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The Influence of PlatoDue, in part, to
Augustine’s belief in a noumenal world, he sees that such a universal Truth “establishes universal standards that are not altered on the basis of such attributes as taste, race, or belief…” (151)
Think of what the author of Dissoi Logoi would say to that!
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The Influence of JesusAugustine used
Biblical writings as his examples for rhetorical theory, with Jesus as his ideal orator:
Extemporaneous preaching
Aimed to make the unclear clear
An implied division of audiences:
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The Influence of JesusThose with faithThose who don’t
share Jesus’ vision; dialectical discourse used
The multitudes, who are taught through the use of parables
Children, who need no preaching
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The Fall of Rome and the Rise of Christianity
The Medieval Period
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The “Two Camps” of Philosophers
The ScholasticsForward-lookingEmphasized logic (esp.
the syllogism)Generally, neoplatonicGenerally, placed
rhetoric beneath logic, thus reducing its importance
Aimed for clear, unambiguous language
The HumanistsFocus on the past—
retrieved ancient scholars to inform the present, including the ancient rhetoricians
Saw value in rhetoric
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Thinkers that Encouraged Rhetoric
BoethiusCassiodorus SenatorAverroesAlcuinNotker LabeoRoger Bacon
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Thinkers that Limited RhetoricBoethiusSulpitius VictorJohn ScotusIsidore, the
Archbishop of SevilleAverroesHugh of St. VictorThomas AquinasRoger Bacon
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Letter WritingThe art of letter writing,
originating with Roman rhetoric is taken up by Christian church
A systematized way of composing a letter that emphasized ethos to establish goodwill and credibility in a reader
This also emphasized and spread the teaching of the art of written, rather than spoken, rhetoric
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February 21,2012
The Fall of Rome and the Rise of Christianity