the family in norwegian society
DESCRIPTION
The family in Norwegian society. Anne Skevik Grødem, NOVA – Norwegian Social Research. What is “a family”?. Blood relations, Legal relations (marriage) A set of functions Production Reproduction Distinguish between family and household - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The family in Norwegian society
Anne Skevik Grdem,NOVA Norwegian Social Research
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What is a family?Blood relations, Legal relations (marriage)A set of functionsProductionReproduction
Distinguish between family and householdHousehold: People who live in the same house, and who regularly have meals together
-
Married women with children under 16 in the labour force, 1972-1999
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What is the family?A contested political question!
Haven in a heartless worldA site of oppression and conflicting interests
The basic unit of societyA changing institution
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Family trends in NorwayDelayed marriagesDelayed childbearing extended youth period, singledom, cohabitationStable, comparatively high fertilityHigh and stable rates of extra-marital birthHigh and stable divorce rates many lone parents, many non-resident parents, many adults living alone
-
CohabitationA paper-less marriage or a modern form of engagement?Illegal in Norway until 1972!Much less stable than marriage
-
Marriage in NorwayAnyone who is over 18 and single is free to marryIllegal to marry parents/ grandparents/ children/ grandchildren, and siblingsOnly valid if it is freely entered into
-
% who are cohabiting, married or living alone, different age groups, 2002-2004
Diagram1
4096
28468
412138
334125
255223
176122
146521
126920
87319
57124
26137
Cohabiting
Marrried
Living alone
Ark1
1977198819942002
20-2412343135
25-295243539
30-342122231
35-39261222
40-44171116
1977198819942002
Married81533529
Cohabiting5243539
Ark1
00000
00000
00000
00000
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Ark2
00
00
00
00
Married
Cohabiting
Ark3
MenWomen
1961-6526.423.4
1966-7025.322.8
1971-7525.222.8
1976-8025.923.3
1981-8526.824.2
1986-9028.225.5
1991-9529.526.9
1996-200031.128.6
20013229.3
200232.229.5
200332.529.7
1961-65
Unmarried men to unmarried women87.8
Unmarried men to divorced/ widowed women4.2
Divorced/ widowed men to unmarried women4.8
Divorced/ widowed men to divorced/ widowed women women3.2
2003
Unmarried men to unmarried women71.7
Unmarried men to divorced/ widowed women8.1
Divorced/ widowed men to unmarried women8.3
Divorced/ widowed men to divorced/ widowed women women11.9
Ark3
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Men
Women
0
0
0
0
1961-65
0
0
0
0
2003
CohabitingMarrriedLiving alone
16-194096
20-2428468
25-29412138
30-34334125
35-39255223
40-44176122
45-49146521
50-54126920
55-5987319
60-6957124
70-7926137
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Cohabiting
Marrried
Living alone
-
% of women in different age groups cohabiting, various years
Diagram1
125221
34241267
3135221211
3539312216
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Ark1
1977198819942002
20-2412343135
25-295243539
30-342122231
35-39261222
40-44171116
Ark1
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Ark2
Ark3
-
% of women aged 25-29 who are married or cohabiting, various years
Diagram2
815
5324
3535
2939
Married
Cohabiting
Ark1
1977198819942002
20-2412343135
25-295243539
30-342122231
35-39261222
40-44171116
1977198819942002
Married81533529
Cohabiting5243539
Ark1
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Ark2
Married
Cohabiting
Ark3
-
Mean age at first marriage, men and women, 1961-2003
Diagram4
26.423.4
25.322.8
25.222.8
25.923.3
26.824.2
28.225.5
29.526.9
31.128.6
3229.3
32.229.5
32.529.7
Men
Women
Ark1
1977198819942002
20-2412343135
25-295243539
30-342122231
35-39261222
40-44171116
1977198819942002
Married81533529
Cohabiting5243539
Ark1
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Ark2
Married
Cohabiting
Ark3
MenWomen
1961-6526.423.4
1966-7025.322.8
1971-7525.222.8
1976-8025.923.3
1981-8526.824.2
1986-9028.225.5
1991-9529.526.9
1996-200031.128.6
20013229.3
200232.229.5
200332.529.7
Ark3
Men
Women
-
% of marriages between previously unmarried and previously married, early 1960s and 2003
Diagram6
71.7
8.1
8.3
11.9
2003
Ark1
1977198819942002
20-2412343135
25-295243539
30-342122231
35-39261222
40-44171116
1977198819942002
Married81533529
Cohabiting5243539
Ark1
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Ark2
Married
Cohabiting
Ark3
MenWomen
1961-6526.423.4
1966-7025.322.8
1971-7525.222.8
1976-8025.923.3
1981-8526.824.2
1986-9028.225.5
1991-9529.526.9
1996-200031.128.6
20013229.3
200232.229.5
200332.529.7
1961-65
Unmarried men to unmarried women87.8
Unmarried men to divorced/ widowed women4.2
Divorced/ widowed men to unmarried women4.8
Divorced/ widowed men to divorced/ widowed women women3.2
2003
Unmarried men to unmarried women71.7
Unmarried men to divorced/ widowed women8.1
Divorced/ widowed men to unmarried women8.3
Divorced/ widowed men to divorced/ widowed women women11.9
Ark3
Men
Women
1961-65
2003
Diagram5
87.8
4.2
4.8
3.2
1961-65
Ark1
1977198819942002
20-2412343135
25-295243539
30-342122231
35-39261222
40-44171116
1977198819942002
Married81533529
Cohabiting5243539
Ark1
00000
00000
00000
00000
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
Ark2
00
00
00
00
Married
Cohabiting
Ark3
MenWomen
1961-6526.423.4
1966-7025.322.8
1971-7525.222.8
1976-8025.923.3
1981-8526.824.2
1986-9028.225.5
1991-9529.526.9
1996-200031.128.6
20013229.3
200232.229.5
200332.529.7
1961-65
Unmarried men to unmarried women87.8
Unmarried men to divorced/ widowed women4.2
Divorced/ widowed men to unmarried women4.8
Divorced/ widowed men to divorced/ widowed women women3.2
2003
Unmarried men to unmarried women71.7
Unmarried men to divorced/ widowed women8.1
Divorced/ widowed men to unmarried women8.3
Divorced/ widowed men to divorced/ widowed women women11.9
Ark3
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Men
Women
0
0
0
0
1961-65
0
0
0
0
2003
-
Homosexual marriageRegistered partnerships introduced in 1993Same-sex couples can register their partnerships. This gives them all the same rights and duties as married couples have, exceptThey cannot be married in a church ceremonyThey cannot adopt children together, or legally be inseminated by a sperm donor
-
Numbers of registered partnerships, 1993-2003
Diagram3
11541
8647
6434
8047
7443
7144
8262
7876
10877
10578
11688
Two men
Two women
Ark1
20-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-59
1961-1965206.8182.485.644.322.612.16.53.2
1966-1970226176.780.438.320.311.36.13.1
1971-1975208163.770.436.316.210.15.22.8
1976-1980142.3128.265.532.115.38.14.12.2
1981-198594.3105.458.627.613.38.33.71.9
1986-199061.389.356.629.512.37.24.22.1
1991-199538.172.549.72713.16.641.9
1996-200030.572.259.434.717.910.263.1
2001-2005246155.833.81812.26.83.2
Number of marriages
1966-197029055
1971-197527898
1976-198023677
1981-198521108
1986-199020407
1991-199519456
1996-200023314
2001-200522829
Ark1
206.8182.485.644.322.612.16.53.2
226176.780.438.320.311.36.13.1
208163.770.436.316.210.15.22.8
142.3128.265.532.115.38.14.12.2
94.3105.458.627.613.38.33.71.9
61.389.356.629.512.37.24.22.1
38.172.549.72713.16.641.9
30.572.259.434.717.910.263.1
246155.833.81812.26.83.2
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
Ark2
29055
27898
23677
21108
20407
19456
23314
22829
Number of marriages
Ark3
Two menTwo women
199311541
19948647
19956434
19968047
19977443
19987144
19998262
20007876
200110877
200210578
200311688
Ark3
11541
8647
6434
8047
7443
7144
8262
7876
10877
10578
11688
Two men
Two women
-
DivorceEither party can apply for a formal separationAfter one year of formal separation (or two years of informal separation), either partner can apply for divorceThe parties do not have to agree, nor do they have to give a reason for divorcing
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DivorceDivorcing couples who have joint children under 16 are obliged to undergo counselling. The aim of this counselling is not to save the marriage, but to ensure that the parents have reached a workable agreement about arrangements for children. This counselling is also mandatory for cohabiting couples with joint children.
-
The divorce rate, 1959-2005
Diagram4
2.8
3.9
6.5
7.9
9.4
11.5
10.9
12.2
Ark1
20-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-59
1961-1965206.8182.485.644.322.612.16.53.2
1966-1970226176.780.438.320.311.36.13.1
1971-1975208163.770.436.316.210.15.22.8
1976-1980142.3128.265.532.115.38.14.12.2
1981-198594.3105.458.627.613.38.33.71.9
1986-199061.389.356.629.512.37.24.22.1
1991-199538.172.549.72713.16.641.9
1996-200030.572.259.434.717.910.263.1
2001-2005246155.833.81812.26.83.2
Number of marriages
1966-197029055
1971-197527898
1976-198023677
1981-198521108
1986-199020407
1991-199519456
1996-200023314
2001-200522829
Ark1
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
Ark2
Number of marriages
Ark3
Two menTwo womenRegistered partnerships
199311541
19948647
19956434
19968047
19977443
19987144
19998262
20007876
200110877
200210578
200311688
Ark3
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Two men
Two women
Divorce rate
1959-622.8
1969-723.9
1976-806.5
1981-857.9
1986-909.4
1991-9511.5
1996-200010.9
2001-0512.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
Divorce rates in selected European countries and the USA, ca. 2002
Diagram1
0.7
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.8
3
3
3
3.8
Ark1
Mean age at first birth
1946-1950*26.9
1951-1955*26.1
1956-1960*25.3
1961-1965*24.1
1966-1970*23.6
1971-1975*23.4
1976-1980*24.8
1981-1985*25.8
1986-199025.2
1991-199526.1
1996-200027.1
2001-200527.8
* only births within marriage
Mean age first marriageMean age first birth
1961-6523.424.1
1966-7022.823.6
1971-7522.823.4
1976-8023.324.8
1981-8524.225.8
1986-9025.525.2
1991-9526.926.1
1996-200028.627.1
200229.527.8
Ark1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ark2
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Mean age first marriage
Mean age first birth
Ark3
Bulgaria1.2
Italy1.2
Latvia1.2
Lithuania1.2
Poland1.2
Spain1.2
Crotia1.3
Germany1.3
Greece1.3
Romania1.3
Russia1.3
Austria1.4Fertility rate
Estonia1.4
Portugal1.5
Belgium1.6
Great Britain1.6
Denmark1.7
Finland1.7
Sweden1.7
the Netherlands1.7
Norway1.8
France1.9
Iceland1.9
Ireland2
Divorce rate
Ireland0.7
Italy0.7
Spain0.9
Greece1.1
Poland1.2
Iecland1.8
Portugal1.8
France1.9
the Netherlands2.1
Norway2.3
Austria2.4
Germany2.4
Sweden2.4
Latvia2.5
Finland2.6
Great Britain2.6
Denmark2.8
Belgium3
Estonia3
Lithuania3
USA3.8
Fertility rateDivorce rate
Estonia1.43
Latvia1.22.5
Lithuania1.23
Poland1.21.2
Italy1.20.7
Spain1.20.9
Greece1.31.1
Portugal1.51.8
Germany1.32.4
Austria1.42.4
Belgium1.63
Great Britain1.62.6
the Netherlands1.72.1
France1.91.9
Ireland20.7
Denmark1.72.8
Finland1.72.6
Sweden1.72.4
Norway1.82.3
Iceland1.91.8
Ark3
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Fertility rate
Divorce rate
-
To sum up:Family patterns are much more unstable than they were only a generation agoPeople marry later. Cohabitation is the most common way of living together among young couples.The divorce rate has increased considerablyMore people are living aloneDivorced men and women frequently marry new partners they do not lose faith in marriage!
-
Child-bearingFertility rates have fallen, but are still higher in the Nordic countries than in most other European countriesMany children are born to cohabiting parentsMany children are living with lone parents, mainly lone mothers
-
Fertility rates: Norway, and the reproduction level
-
Fertility rates: Norway, and the reproduction level
-
European fertility rates (selected countries)
Diagram1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.9
2
Ark1
Mean age at first birth
1946-1950*26.9
1951-1955*26.1
1956-1960*25.3
1961-1965*24.1
1966-1970*23.6
1971-1975*23.4
1976-1980*24.8
1981-1985*25.8
1986-199025.2
1991-199526.1
1996-200027.1
2001-200527.8
* only births within marriage
Mean age first marriageMean age first birth
1961-6523.424.1
1966-7022.823.6
1971-7522.823.4
1976-8023.324.8
1981-8524.225.8
1986-9025.525.2
1991-9526.926.1
1996-200028.627.1
200229.527.8
Ark1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ark2
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Mean age first marriage
Mean age first birth
Ark3
Italy1.2
Bulgaria1.2
Latvia1.2
Lithuania1.2
Poland1.2
Spain1.2
Greece1.3
Crotia1.3
Romania1.3
Russia1.3
Germany1.3
Austria1.4
Estonia1.4
Portugal1.5
Belgium1.6
Great Britain1.6
Sweden1.7
Finland1.7
Denmark1.7
the Netherlands1.7
Norway1.8
Iceland1.9
France1.9
Ireland2
Ark3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
Mean age at first birth
-
Mean age at first birth
-
Diagram2
23.424.1
22.823.6
22.823.4
23.324.8
24.225.8
25.525.2
26.926.1
28.627.1
29.527.8
First marriage
First birth
Ark1
Mean age at first birth
1946-1950*26.9
1951-1955*26.1
1956-1960*25.3
1961-1965*24.1
1966-1970*23.6
1971-1975*23.4
1976-1980*24.8
1981-1985*25.8
1986-199025.2
1991-199526.1
1996-200027.1
2001-200527.8
* only births within marriage
First marriageFirst birth
1961-6523.424.1
1966-7022.823.6
1971-7522.823.4
1976-8023.324.8
1981-8524.225.8
1986-9025.525.2
1991-9526.926.1
1996-200028.627.1
200229.527.8
Ark1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ark2
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
First marriage
First birth
Ark3
Diagram3
23.424.1
22.823.6
22.823.4
23.324.8
24.225.8
25.525.2
26.926.1
28.627.1
29.527.8
Mean age first marriage
Mean age first birth
Ark1
Mean age at first birth
1946-1950*26.9
1951-1955*26.1
1956-1960*25.3
1961-1965*24.1
1966-1970*23.6
1971-1975*23.4
1976-1980*24.8
1981-1985*25.8
1986-199025.2
1991-199526.1
1996-200027.1
2001-200527.8
* only births within marriage
Mean age first marriageMean age first birth
1961-6523.424.1
1966-7022.823.6
1971-7522.823.4
1976-8023.324.8
1981-8524.225.8
1986-9025.525.2
1991-9526.926.1
1996-200028.627.1
200229.527.8
Ark1
Ark2
Mean age first marriage
Mean age first birth
Ark3
-
% of live births outside marriage
Diagram6
4
5.7
9
12.3
20
33.7
34.8
48.9
50.3
Ark1
20-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-59
1961-1965206.8182.485.644.322.612.16.53.2
1966-1970226176.780.438.320.311.36.13.1
1971-1975208163.770.436.316.210.15.22.8
1976-1980142.3128.265.532.115.38.14.12.2
1981-198594.3105.458.627.613.38.33.71.9
1986-199061.389.356.629.512.37.24.22.1
1991-199538.172.549.72713.16.641.9
1996-200030.572.259.434.717.910.263.1
2001-2005246155.833.81812.26.83.2
Number of marriages
1966-197029055
1971-197527898
1976-198023677
1981-198521108
1986-199020407
1991-199519456
1996-200023314
2001-200522829
Ark1
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
Ark2
Number of marriages
Ark3
Two menTwo womenRegistered partnerships
199311541
19948647
19956434
19968047
19977443
19987144
19998262
20007876
200110877
200210578
200311688
% of live births outside marriage
1961-654
1966-705.7
1971-759
1976-8012.3
1981-8520
1986-9033.7
1991-9534.8
1996-200048.9
2001-0450.3
Ark3
Two men
Two women
Divorce rate
1959-622.8
1969-723.9
1976-806.5
1981-857.9
1986-909.4
1991-9511.5
1996-200010.9
2001-0512.2
Divorces by no of yrs marriage lasted
0-2715
3-41101
5-92290
10-141501
15-191237
20-241138
25+1470
-
Children at different ages, by parents marital status. 2006
Diagram7
49.239.910.9
53.835.510.6
57.33012.7
58.626.514.8
59.922.517.6
60.419.719.9
6117.221.8
60.515.524
60.613.625.8
6012.327.7
6011.129
59.81030.2
59.48.931.7
59.27.833
58.56.934.5
58.56.235.3
58.65.336.1
59.14.536.4
Married
Cohabiting
One parent
Ark1
20-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-59
1961-1965206.8182.485.644.322.612.16.53.2
1966-1970226176.780.438.320.311.36.13.1
1971-1975208163.770.436.316.210.15.22.8
1976-1980142.3128.265.532.115.38.14.12.2
1981-198594.3105.458.627.613.38.33.71.9
1986-199061.389.356.629.512.37.24.22.1
1991-199538.172.549.72713.16.641.9
1996-200030.572.259.434.717.910.263.1
2001-2005246155.833.81812.26.83.2
Number of marriages
1966-197029055
1971-197527898
1976-198023677
1981-198521108
1986-199020407
1991-199519456
1996-200023314
2001-200522829
Ark1
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
Ark2
Number of marriages
Ark3
Two menTwo womenRegistered partnerships
199311541
19948647
19956434
19968047
19977443
19987144
19998262
20007876
200110877
200210578
200311688
% of live births outside marriage
1961-654
1966-705.7
1971-759
1976-8012.3
1981-8520
1986-9033.7
1991-9534.8
1996-200048.9
2001-0450.3
MarriedCohabitingOne parent
049.239.910.9
153.835.510.6
257.33012.7
358.626.514.8
459.922.517.6
560.419.719.9
66117.221.8
760.515.524
860.613.625.8
96012.327.7
106011.129
1159.81030.2
1259.48.931.7
1359.27.833
1458.56.934.5
1558.56.235.3
1658.65.336.1
1759.14.536.4
Ark3
Two men
Two women
Married
Cohabiting
One parent
Divorce rate
1959-622.8
1969-723.9
1976-806.5
1981-857.9
1986-909.4
1991-9511.5
1996-200010.9
2001-0512.2
Divorces by no of yrs marriage lasted
0-2715
3-41101
5-92290
10-141501
15-191237
20-241138
25+1470
-
Children in different family forms, 2005
Diagram3
640075
167636
157022
76025
26112
10982
Ark1
Mean age at first birth
1946-1950*26.9
1951-1955*26.1
1956-1960*25.3
1961-1965*24.1
1966-1970*23.6
1971-1975*23.4
1976-1980*24.8
1981-1985*25.8
1986-199025.2
1991-199526.1
1996-200027.1
2001-200527.8
* only births within marriage
Mean age first marriageMean age first birth
1961-6523.424.1
1966-7022.823.6
1971-7522.823.4
1976-8023.324.8
1981-8524.225.8
1986-9025.525.2
1991-9526.926.1
1996-200028.627.1
200229.527.8
Ark1
Ark2
Mean age first marriage
Mean age first birth
Ark3
Bulgaria1.2
Italy1.2
Latvia1.2
Lithuania1.2
Poland1.2
Spain1.2
Crotia1.3
Germany1.3
Greece1.3
Romania1.3
Russia1.3
Austria1.4Fertility rate
Estonia1.4
Portugal1.5
Belgium1.6
Great Britain1.6
Denmark1.7
Finland1.7
Sweden1.7
the Netherlands1.7
Norway1.8
France1.9
Iceland1.9
Ireland2
Divorce rate
Ireland0.7
Italy0.7
Spain0.9
Greece1.1
Poland1.2
Iceland1.8
Portugal1.8
France1.9
the Netherlands2.1
Norway2.3
Austria2.4
Germany2.4
Sweden2.4
Latvia2.5
Finland2.6
Great Britain2.6
Denmark2.8
Belgium3
Estonia3
Lithuania3
USA3.8
Fertility rateDivorce rate
Estonia1.43
Latvia1.22.5
Lithuania1.23
Poland1.21.2
Italy1.20.7
Spain1.20.9
Greece1.31.1
Portugal1.51.8
Germany1.32.4
Austria1.42.4
Belgium1.63
Great Britain1.62.6
the Netherlands1.72.1
France1.91.9
Ireland20.7
Denmark1.72.8
Finland1.72.6
Sweden1.72.4
Norway1.82.3
Iceland1.91.8
Ark3
Fertility rate
Divorce rate
no. of children, 2005
Married parents64007559.4
Cohabiting parents16763615.6
Mother only15702214.6
Mother and stepfather760257.1
Father only261122.4
Father and step-mother109821
1077852
-
Non-resident fathers contact with their children
-
The family and the welfare stateDivision of labourIncreased demand for work/ family reconciliation policiesIncreased demand for social care services (child-care, care for the elderly)Child-centred social investment strategy and policies to combat child poverty
-
Main elements of present Norwegian family policiesUniversal child benefitParental leave44 weeks with full wage replacement or 54 weeks with 80% wage replacement (up to a ceiling)9 weeks are reserved for the mother, 6 weeks reserved for the fatherBenefits for lone parentsChild-care servicesCash-for-childcareCare services for the elderly
-
Diagram1
06120
06140
06160
06180
06220
26240
26270
36294
36294
36294
36294
36296
Must be taken before birth
Reserved for mother
May be shared
Reserved for father
Figure 2. Parental leave arrangements 1985-1997, 2007. Weeks at 100% wage replacement.
Ark1
Must be taken before birthReserved for motherMay be sharedReserved for father
198506120
198606120
198706140
198806160
198906180
199006220
199126240
199226270
199336294
199436294
199536294
199636294
200736296
Ark1
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
Must be taken before birth
Reserved for mother
May be shared
Reserved for father
Figure 2. Parental leave arrangements 1985-1997. Weeks at 100% wage replacement.
Ark2
Ark3
-
Proportions and numbers of fathers taking parental leave, Norway, 1991-2006
-
Proportions and numbers of fathers taking parental leave, Norway, 1991-2006
-
Diagram1
26.69.3
36.315.4
39.518.3
43.321.7
46.725.1
49.828.6
52.431.3
54.933.9
59.839.8
61.138.8
61.136.9
6237.1
63.339
65.940.9
69.143.9
72.247.8
76.254.1
80.461.8
Children 1-5
Children 1-2
Proportion of children in different age groups in kindergartens, Norway 1975-2004
Ark1
Children 1-5Children 1-2
19756.83.1
198019.36.8
198526.69.3
199036.315.4
199139.518.3
199243.321.7
199346.725.1
199449.828.6
199552.431.3
199654.933.9
199759.839.8
199861.138.8
199961.136.9
20006237.1
200163.339
200265.940.9
200369.143.9
200472.247.8
200576.254.1
200680.461.8
Ark1
Children 1-5
Children 1-2
Proportion of children in different age groups in kindergartens, Norway 1975-2004
Ark2
Ark3
-
The division of labour between families and welfare states
Crowding out?Crowding in?No influence?Division of work?
-
Cant each and every person, also in Norway, take on some responsibility for their parents who have given birth to them and raised them? This idea is seen as primitive and anti-freedom in present-day Norway. And it does not match the individualistic and selfish direction Norwegians in some ways have moved, there the only emphasis is on self-actualisation and the fulfilment of ones own needs. Attiq Ahmad Sohail, medical student, Aftenposten 18th April 2008)
-
It is well documented that Norwegian family members take a high degree of responsibility for their elderly and disabled, and this activity is not declining, quite the opposite. Sohail also claims that the idea of caring for elderly parents is seen as primitive and anti-freedom in present-day Norway. Where did he get that idea? The claim is entirely unsubstantiated, the opposite is well documented. Moreover, his claim is an insult to all those who spend enormous time and energy in the best interest of frail elderly parents year after year. It is disappointing, even frightening, to read such nonsense from a University student. Tor Inge Romren, professor in ageing research, NOVA, Aftenposten 22th April 2008
-
Forms of help to the frail elderly, different countries
Diagram1
1552031
406512
3031218
2416823
11283611
Only family
Family and welfare state
Only welfare state
Others
Ark1
Andel enslige forsrgereFattigdomsrater for enslige forsrgere
Spania2.331.6
Italia2.822.2
Hellas3.724.9
Nederland7.423.6
Frankrike7.726.1
Irland846.4
Belgia8.213.5
Finland11.87.1
Australia14.135.6
Norge1513.1
Danmark15.213.8
USA16.655.4
Storbritannia2045.6
Sverige21.36.7
Ark1
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Andel enslige forsrgere
Fattigdomsrater for enslige forsrgere
Ark2
Only familyFamily and welfare stateOnly welfare stateOthers
Israel1552031
Spain406512
Germany3031218
England2416823
Norway11283611
Ark2
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
Only family
Family and welfare state
Only welfare state
Others
Ark3
-
Quotes from Norwegian respondents (source: Daatland and Herlofson 2004)Society has the main responsibility, but the family can step up with other forms of help. (son of a frail elderly parent)
The family must be there and provide support, but not as an obligation or a job. The main responsibility should be on the public and on professionals. (daughter of a frail elderly parent)
You should not expect care and nursing from your children, but of course that they should support you, come to visit and so on. (frail elderly Norwegian mother)
-
To sum up:Norwegian fertility rates are below replacement level, but above the European average. People have children later in life.Increasing proportions of children are living with only one of their biological parents, usually the mother, butAlmost all these children have some contact with their fathers, and the majority have frequent and regular contact.The welfare state is an active partner for Norwegian familiesStill, there is a lot of informal support both in cash and in kind between young adults and their parents, and between frail elderly parents and their children/ grandchildren