the festal letters of athanasius, discovered in an ancient ... · the festal l e t t e r s of...
TRANSCRIPT
THE
FESTAL L E T T E R S
OF
AT HANASIUS,
DISCOVERED
IN AN ANCIENT SYRIAC VERSION,
AND EDITED BY
WILLIAM CURETON, M.A. F.R.S.
CHAPLAIN IN ORDINARY TO THE QUEEN ;
ASSISTANT KEEFEU OF MANUSCRIPTS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY FOR THE PUBLICATION
OF ORIENTAL TEXTS.
SOLD BY
JAMES MADDEN & C. 8, LEADENHALL STREET.
MDCCCXLVIII.
TO HIS GRACE
FRANCIS, DUKE OF BEDFORD, K.G.
My Lobd Duke,
I have not requested permission to dedicate
this volume to your Grace merely for the personal
gratification of enjoying the honour which such per
mission from one of your high character and rank
must confer,—but rather that I may have an oppor
tunity of publicly acknowledging my own obligations,
and of making known to others how far their gratitude
also is due to your Grace's exertions.
Your name stood at the head of the subscription to
promote the first literary mission into Egypt in the
year 1838, and your Grace further encouraged and
supported it by your personal interest and influence.
An interval of nearly ten years had not diminished
your zeal in the same good cause, and your Grace
was again the first, in 1847, to make those efficient
exertions which have been successful in obtaining for
the British nation the last remaining portion of the
ancient library of the Syrian Convent in the valley of
the Natron Lakes.
The acquisition of these inestimable volumes, of
such venerable antiquity, has conferred a literary
honour upon Great Britain, which even persons unac
quainted with their contents can sufficiently estimate
to feel indebted to those who have been chiefly in
strumental in securing for our own country this
unrivalled distinction.
For myself, having examined these volumes, almost
leaf by leaf and page by page, I am so deeply im
pressed with the conviction of their extreme import
ance, not merely for the objects of literature, but fur
ther, for the sacred cause of truth, of their theological
as well as their historical and philological value, that I
cannot adequately express my own gratitude to one, to
whom we are all so much indebted for their acquisition
as we are to your Grace.
May the time be not far distant, when more en
couragement held out to these severe and difficult
studies—which indeed require a fostering hand to
protect them till they ripen to maturity—shall engage
many other labourers in this field of inquiry; and,
consequently, excite in many others the same sense
of obligation to your Grace as I myself entertain.
I have the honour to be,
My Lokd Duke,
Your Grace's most obedient Servant,
WILLIAM CURETON.
British Museum,
March 1, 1848.
TO THE READER.
More than twenty months have passed since I announced
my intention of publishing the Text of a portion of the Syriac
version of the long-lost Festal Letters of St. Athanasius, which
I had discovered ; and of adding, at the same time, an English
translation, and such notes and illustrations as I might deem
requisite. At the time that I made this announcement the
text was already printed, and I only waited for the leisure
necessary to enable me to complete my task.
In the meanwhile, the whole of the impression of the Syriac
version of St. Ignatius having been exhausted, and great de
mand having been made for a new edition, both in England
and on the Continent, I have found it necessary to devote all
the time which I could command to prepare and carry through
the press, not so much a new edition, as an entirely new work
on the subject of the Ignatian Epistles. As this time can at
most amount to no more than a very few hours in each week,
and even these few hours stolen from those which ought
justly to be dedicated to repose and relaxation after the
daily labours of my official duties, I feel that I have some
claim to the indulgence of the learned if I be more tardy in
accomplishing what I have promised than my announcement
may have led them to expect, or my own zeal have antici
TO THE READER.
pated. In the case of these Festal Letters of St. Athanasius
this delay has been attended with advantage, for I am now
able to give to the world, not only a greater number of
these Epistles of the great champion of orthodoxy, but also
to exhibit in a perfect state several which previously were
mutilated and incomplete.
As the text of these letters alone now forms not an in
considerable volume, I have been unwilling to withhold
them from the learned for the long and indefinite period
which, with my present occupation and engagements, must
elapse before I could venture to hope for sufficient lei
sure to complete the translation, and to make the researches
which would be necessary to enable me to add such notes
as I intended to accompany the work. In some other
country, perhaps, where this branch of literature is more
encouraged, and consequently better cultivated and under
stood, some scholar may be found who will be ready to
undertake the task of presenting these Letters to the public in
an European dress, before I can find the leisure requisite to
do so. He will have my full concurrence and my best wishes.
It will be no mean honour for him to be the first, after the
lapse of centuries, to offer to the theologians of Europe the
Letters in which St. Athanasius, through a series of succeed
ing years, exhibited to those under his spiritual superin
tendence a notification of the day on which they were to
celebrate the annual commemoration of the Resurrection of
our Lord. I shall be content to have extracted the ore
from the mine, to be wrought and polished by another.
But that my book may not in the meanwhile be altogether
useless, and without interest to such as have not directed
their attention to the same branches of study as myself, I
have given in my Preface a statement of the exact day, both
TO THE READER.
according to the Roman and Egyptian months, upon which
Easter was celebrated, as indicated by Athanasius, during the
whole period of his patriarchate ; and I have added such
other chronological or historical facts, supplied by these
Epistles, as seemed to me to be most deserving of notice.
With regard to the text, I have endeavoured to exhibit it
in every respect as I found it. Having but one manuscript, I
have felt it to be my duty to alter nothing, but to present
even the obvious errors of the transcriber exactly as they
occur. This is one reason why I more particularly regret
publishing the text without a translation ; and without notes in
which I might have pointed out such mistakes as evidently be
long to the copyist, while I now run the risk of having them
attributed to myself. Even with all the care and pains that
I could bestow, I find that some errors of my own have
been committed ;—Indeed, the state of this copy, which,
among the hundreds of Syriac manuscripts that have passed
through my hands, is certainly the most difficult to read of
any that I ever saw, would render it not unpardonable were
they more numerous ;—but nevertheless, I am unwilling to
have those errors laid to my charge which I certainly have
not committed.
I have elsewhere observed, that nothing can be more irre
gular, in the generality of manuscripts, than the orthography
of Greek words adopted into the Syriac, and of the foreign
names of persons and places exhibited in that language. I
have seen no manuscript which afforded more examples of
this abundant and extreme irregularity than that from which
I have copied these Letters of Athanasius.
If the part of this volume first printed prove to be more
correct than the other, it is due to Dr. Lee, Regius Professor
of Hebrew at the University of Cambridge, and to Professor
TO THE READER.
Tullberg of Upsala*, both of whom kindly read the proof-
sheets as they passed through the Press. To both I beg to
offer my very sincere thanks.
It is also my gratifying duty to express the great obliga
tions I am under to the Committee of the Society for the
Publication of Oriental Texts for defraying the expense of
printing this volume.
* The liberality of the Swedish Government has twice supplied Dr.
Tullberg with the means of visiting this country for the purpose of extending
his researches in Oriental literature. Upon the last occasion he has drawn
largely from our treasures of Syriac lore. His own zeal, animated by national
encouragement, affords us good ground to hope that no long period will inter
vene, before the learned of Europe generally will derive much advantage from
his last visit to England.
PREFACE.
I.
Among numerous other remains of some of the most eminent
writers of the early Christian Church, which, having long
been supposed to have perished, I have discovered still
to exist in the literature of the East, the work which I now
give to the public would merit the full attention of theo
logians, even were it only the celebrity of the author that
gave it a title to demand their consideration. Some interest,
therefore, will naturally be felt, upon its being now brought
to light for the first time after the lapse of centuries, to learn
how and where it was discovered. I will endeavour to
satisfy any curiosity which may arise on this head in a few
words.
When Dr. Tattam, now Archdeacon of Bedford, returned
from Egypt in the year 1842 *, having so successfully accom
plished the object of the mission with which he had been
entrusted by Her Majesty's Government, the inestimable
treasures of Syriac literature which he had been fortunate
enough to obtain were delivered to the Trustees of the
British Museum, and deposited in our National Library.
In the course of official duties, the task of classifying the
volumes, of gathering together, collating, and arranging the
numberless fragments and loose leaves of which this col-
* See, respecting Dr. Tattam's mission into Egypt, and the collection of
Syriac Manuscripts which he obtained from the monastery of St. Mary Deipara,
in the Valley of the Natron Lakes, called also Nitria, Scete, or the Valley of
Vie Ascetics, an Article in the Quarterly Review, No. CLIII. Dec 1845.
0) a
11 PREFACE.
lection consisted, and of drawing up a summary of their
contents, devolved upon me. At the first sight of such an
immense mass of broken, scattered, and confused materials,
the labour appeared to be enormous ; and I almost shrank
from the task as one too great for me to hope to accom
plish within the utmost limit of that portion of my life
which I could wish to pass in this kind of occupation. But a
warm zeal in the cause which I had in hand, strengthened and
encouraged by the satisfaction of having had the expectation!
which I had entertained, even while they were in the desert,
of seeing and handling these precious volumes thus realized,
the delight of becoming acquainted with their contents, and
the hope of obtaining leisure at some subsequent period to
open their stores to others, tended much to lighten the labour,
and enabled me almost to complete the task much sooner
than I could have ventured to anticipate.
Among other works which time and neglect had rendered
t It is due to the memory of the late Duke of Northumberland that I
should take this first opportunity which has occurred to me of stating the
gratitude which all who take an interest in this precious collection of Syriac
MSS., and I in particular, owe to his Grace for the steps which he took
to effect the acquisition of them for the National Library. At the request of
his brother, the present Duke, he attended, in his capacity as Trustee of
the British Museum, although at the time suffering from illness, to bring
before the Board a motion, the result of which was, the application of the
Trustees to the Lords of the Treasury for that grant which enabled them to
send again into Egypt to procure these MSS. I cannot look upon it other
wise than as a favourable omen, with respect to future good likely to result to
the study of this branch of literature, that three Noblemen, holding the highest
rank in the peerage of this country, the two whom I have just mentioned, Par
Nobile Fratrum, and the noble Duke to whom I have been permitted to dedicate
this volume, should have been amongst the most zealous and active in making
exertions to obtain a collection which will afford ample materials for many
labourers in this hitherto little cultivated, but most important field, for many
years to come.
PREFACE iii
imperfect, and left but fragments only of them remaining, I
discovered a portion of the Festal Letters of St. Athanasius.
The volume to which these fragments belonged had origi
nally been composed of a number of quires, each consisting
of five pieces of vellum of folio size, laid one upon the other,
and then folded and sewed together, so as to form ten quarto
leaves, or twenty pages. At the bottom of the first and last
page of every quire was a letter, indicating its numerical
order in the arrangement of the volume. The portions of
the book which I found were, the last leaf of the first quire,
marked the eight middle leaves of another, which I have
since ascertained to be the fourth quire, the first and last
leaves of the fifth, marked CfD, and the whole of the sixth and
seventh quires, with the numeral signatures Q and \ . In
these were comprised a portion of the Introduction, the last
part of the sixth and the first part of the seventh, together
with a part of the tenth and eleventh, the whole of the
twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and
nineteenth Letters, and the first part of the twentieth. The
fifteenth and sixteenth had been already lost before the
Epistles were collected together into one volume.*
Delighted at having recovered so much of a long series of
Official Letters by one of the most celebrated Bishops of
Christian antiquity, whose genius has exercised an influence
upon the Church for fifteen centuries, whose zeal and suf
ferings for the orthodox faith, and the stirring circumstances
of the period at which he lived, must give an interest to
every genuine line that has proceeded from his pen, I resolved
at once to transcribe, translate, and publish the contents of
these fragments, and to add also a few passages from other
See note at the end of the fourteenth, p. .
iv PREFACE.
of his Festal Letters, which, in the course of my reading, I had
observed cited by other authors, whose works were contained
in the collection of Syriac manuscripts then in my hands.
The transcript was made at such intervals of leisure as I
could command ; and the text was committed to type in the
spring of the year 1846.
The part of the present volume printed at that time is com
prised in the pages noted with Syriac numerals. The first
fifty embrace the contents of the fragments of the manuscript
in which the collection of the Festal Letters had been com
prised. The remaining four pages contain extracts from the
twenty-seventh, twenty-ninth, and forty-fourth Epistles, cited
by Severus * in his work against Grammaticus ; and also the
celebrated passage from the thirty-ninth Letter, exhibiting
a list of the Canonical Books of Scripture which has been
preserved in the Greek, as cited by Theodorus Balsamon.f
The Syriac version of this I have copied from an anonymous
Commentary on the Scriptures. J
At the time when this portion of the volume was printed
I did not venture to cherish the hope of ever recovering any
other parts of the manuscript to which the fragments then in
my hands belonged. I believed that the entire Syriac library
of the monks of the Convent of St. Mary Deipara had been
removed ; nor did I suppose that these precious relicks of the
ancient learning of the Oriental Churches, which I was
arranging with affectionate and reverential care in the British
metropolis, had left others of their fellows, not less venerable,
and equally precious, in the same degraded and neglected
* Cod. Add. 12,157, fol.201.
t In his Scholia in Canones Conciliorum Patrumque. See Beveridge's
ZvvoSiicov, sive, Pandeeto Canonum, Vol. ii. p. 42.
} Cod. 12,168.
PREFACE. V
condition as they had occupied for centuries, in a miserable
cell in one of the most lonely deserts of the world. So emi
nently successful had Dr. Tattam's expedition been, that I
could not hope for any more success ; and so abundant were the
treasures with which he returned, that I naturally concluded
the mine to be exhausted. The event has proved this conclu
sion to have been ill founded ; for although Dr.Tattam's agree
ment with the monks embraced the whole of their collection,
they nevertheless concealed and withheld a large portion of
their library. This, however, only kept back for a time the
rest of the manuscripts ; and the delay has redounded both
to the honour of the Trustees of the British Museum, by
giving them an additional opportunity of exerting themselves
for the advantage of the Institution over which they preside,
and likewise to the great credit of the actual Lords of her
Majesty's Treasury, by affording them also an occasion of
shewing their generosity in so good a cause, and of thus
being placed upon an equality with their official predeces
sors, who had liberally furnished the means of acquiring for
the British nation the first importation of this inestimable
collection of ancient manuscripts, which now forms a most
distinguished portion of our National Library, and has
rendered it, in this class of literature, unrivalled in all the
world.
1 avail myself of this as a favourable occasion to record, in
a few words, the manner in which the remaining part of
this library was rescued from the obscurity of a cell in
the monastery of the lonely valley of Nitria, and found a
more suitable habitation in the British Museum.
Early in the year 1845 M. Auguste Pacho, a native of Alexan
dria, and nephew of M. Jean-Raimond Pacho, who has left be
hind him a considerable reputation by the posthumous publi
vi PREFACE.
cation of his travels in Africa*, made a visit to London, in the
hope of obtaining some confidential employment, for which
his intimate knowledge of oriental manners and customs, his
native acquaintance with the Arabic tongue, and with several
European languages, rendered him admirably qualified. He
brought a letter of introduction from M. Reinaud, who at
this moment holds the distinguished position of President de
l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres of the Institute of
France, recommending him to such good offices on my part as
I might have any opportunity of affording him ; and during
his sojourn in London I had the pleasure of meeting him
occasionally. After having remained a few months only in
this country, M. Pacho was recommended by his medical ad
visers to seek some milder climate, as the only means of
restoring his health, which had been much impaired during
his residence in England, and he at once decided to return
to his native country, Egypt.
Upon his communicating to me this decision, I thought
that a favourable opportunity was hereby presented of endea
vouring to obtain additional treasures of literature, which I
doubted not might still be lurking in the Egyptian convents,
and thus not only to rescue them from obscurity, and perhaps
from destruction, but also to add them to the already abundant
stores of the Institution to which I have the honour of being
attached. I accordingly shewed to M. Pacho the acquisitions
which Dr. Tattam had made in Egypt, and entreated him to
neglect no opportunity which his residence in that country,
and his knowledge of the language and customs of the natives,
* Relation d'un voyage dans la Marmarique, la Cyrena'ique, et les Oasis
d'Audjelah et de Maradeh, accompagnee de cartes geographiques et topogra-
phiques, et de planches representant les monuments de ces contrees, par
M. J. R. Pacho. 4 to. Paris, 1827.
PREFACE, vii
might afford, to acquire ancient manuscripts ; by which he
would not only confer an essential benefit upon literature, but
might also, if he were successful, reqder considerable and
material service to himself. With this exhortation, and my
best wishes, I bade him farewell.
Once or twice a letter, relative to this matter, had reached
me in the course of the year 1846. In the spring of 1847
I was delighted to receive intelligence that he had heard
of the existence of a considerable number of Syriac manu
scripts, and that he was resolved to use his utmost exertions to
endeavour to obtain them. In the month ofJuly another letter
brought me the news that he was then in possession of nearly
two hundred volumes, with many fragments and loose leaves,
which he had succeeded in procuring from the very monastery
of St. Mary Deipara, in the Desert of Nitria, from which the
manuscripts that he had seen when in London had been ob
tained ; and that they were in fact the remaining part of the
collection which had been purchased by Dr. Tattam, that had
been concealed and secretly kept back by the Religious
Brethren of the Valley of the Ascetics. His letter also
stated that he intended to start from Alexandria by the
next packet that was to sail for England, and bring the books
which he had been so successful in obtaining directly to
London. This was indeed a gratifying announcement to me ;
and I eagerly waited for the arrival of a collection of manu
scripts, in which I hoped not only to discover additional
treasures, but also to obtain the means of completing several
important works, among those that I had already explored,
which I had found to be defective and imperfect.
Another letter, dated from Malta, following a few weeks
later, gave me some apprehension. I learnt thereby that
M. Pacho, instead of proceeding immediately to England,
viii PREFACE.
had determined upon passing through France, and taking
Paris in his route ; and I was too well acquainted with the
zeal of the learned Orientalists of that metropolis, and of the
keepers of the Royal Library, not to fear that they might
manifest some eagerness to partake in the honour and advan
tage of possessing a share in one of the most remarkable
and important collections of the writings of antiquity which
had ever been transported from the east to the west.
This diversion of M. Pacho's journey certainly cost me
much anxiety : probably it has also cost Her Majesty's
Treasury some additional pounds sterling. Still, however,
the result has proved prosperous to all parties. I have been
rewarded in having my expectations most amply realized ;
the Trustees of the British Museum have received a most
valuable, and, for them, an inestimable accession to the
institution under their direction ; the Lords of Her Majesty's
Treasury have earned a large and lasting mead of praise for
their judicious liberality upon so eminent an occasion ; and
M. Pacho has had the satisfaction of having rendered an
essential service to literature, and a substantial benefit to
himself. The manuscripts became the property of the British
Nation on Saturday, the 11th of November 1847.
I will add a few words here, to explain how they came
into the possession of M. Pacho. After a few months' resi
dence at Cairo, some circumstances transpired, which in
duced him to believe that good faith had not been kept
with Dr. Tattam* by the Rais of the monastery and Mo
hammed, a servant and interpreter, whom, in conjunction
with the Shaikh of the village of Beni Salame, on the border
of the Nile, he had employed to negociate the purchase of
* See Dr. Tattam's letter, relating this transaction, in the Quarterly Re
view, No. CLIII. for Dec. 1S45, p. 59.
PREFACE. ix
the entire library belonging to the monastery ; but that a part
of the volumes had been fraudulently retained, although the
strongest asseverations had been made that the whole had
been delivered up, according to their agreement. With a most
laudable intention, M. Pacho determined to ascertain the truth
of this matter, and to visit in person the habitation of the
ascetics for that purpose. This resolution, being once taken,
was soon put into execution ; and he shortly afterwards found
himself the guest of the monks, shut up in the dismal walls
. of their dreary abode, and subject to all the inconveniences
which their love of filth, or hatred of cleanliness, must neces
sarily impose.
It now became requisite for him to proceed with the greatest
caution, if he wished to ascertain any further tidings respect
ing the manuscripts. These ascetics of the desert had not
dealt uprightly with Dr. Tattam : and they knew that any dis
closure respecting the remainder of their library would at the
same time also make another disclosure, not very creditable
to themselves. Further, their superstitious fears and feelings
had been wrought upon ; for the very day after they had
delivered up the books, and received the payment, they
were deprived of the tenure of a tract of land on the borders
of the Nile, which they held under the Pasha for the mainte
nance of their establishment. This loss they looked upon
as a punishment sent from heaven ; not, indeed, on account
of their having transgressed the heavenly laws in their deal
ings with Dr. Tattam, but on account of their having sold a
part of the library belonging to their monastery ; and they
began to look forward with some degree of apprehension to
the fulfilment of the solemn imprecations denounced by the
various donors of the several volumes upon any who should
dare to alienate them, or remove them from the monastery—
00 t>
X PREFACE.
that their names may be blotted out of the Book of Life, and
their portion and lot be cast with Pontius Pilate and Judas
Iscariot. But these apprehensions shortly after vanished,
when another convenient opportunity of obtaining money
occurred.
For six weeks M. Pacho remained in the company of these
inhabitants of the lonely Valley of the Ascetics ; at the end
of which period he had so far gained their good will, that
they ventured to shew him the remainder of their library,
and even to treat with him for the purchase of it. The
terms of the bargain were soon concluded.
He now ascertained the extent of the fraud practised upon
the former occasion. Dr. Tattam had despatched Mohammed
for the purpose of negociating, through the intervention of the
above-mentioned Shaikh, the purchase of the library from the
monks. He believed that the transaction would be more easily
accomplished by means of these Orientals, than if he were to
appear in the business himself, especially as he must be com
pelled at last to rely upon Mohammed, on account of his being
unable to speak their language, which prevented him from
having any direct communication either with the Shaikh or with
the monks themselves. Undoubtedly this proceeding of Dr.
Tattam's was the best that could have been adopted, if the
honesty of the parties engaged could have been relied upon ;
and, under the circumstances in which he was placed, it was
the only course to which he could in prudence resort. The
bargain was thus concluded for a certain sum to be paid for
the entire collection. Dr. Tattam went himself with the money
to the village of Beni Salame, whither the books were to be
sent, and despatched Mohammed with men and donkeys
to convey them across the desert. When he arrived at the
monastery the brethren felt some reluctance to give up all
PREFACE. xi
their collection : separating therefore, in a hasty and indiscri
minate manner, not merely the volumes, but also quires, and
even leaves, of the same volume, they divided the books into
two heaps, and left it to Mohammed's choice to select which
he pleased. At the same time they stipulated that they should
receive the whole amount that had been agreed upon, and left
it to him to represent to his employer that he had executed
his task in obtaining the entire library.
Dr. Tattam, who had inspected the collection during his
visit to the monastery in his first excursion into Egypt, upon
receiving the portion chosen by Mohammed at once declared
his conviction that it did not comprise all the volumes which
he had seen ; but so strong were the affirmations, both of
Mohammed and the Rais who had accompanied him with
the books from Nitria to Beni Salame, that he was fain to
acquiesce in their assurances. The sum agreed upon for the
whole collection was accordingly paid. This amount Moham
med, the Rais, and the Shaikh, divided into two parts : one
they distributed amongst themselves, for their own private uses,
and the other they sent to the monastery, for the common
purposes of the whole religious community. Much disap
pointment at first was expressed by the Brethren when the
Rais returned with only half the amount that they had
hoped to receive ; but he soon silenced their murmurs by
the justice of the observation which he urged upon them—
that having themselves kept back half of the volumes, it was
unreasonable for them to expect that the purchaser should
remit to them more than half the sum which had been agreed
upon for the whole collection.
Fully acquainted with the character of the parties with
whom he had to deal, M. Pacho proceeded upon his business
with all due caution. He superintended in person the pack
xii PREFACE.
ing of the books within the walls of the monastery ; he
caused every fragment, even the smallest that he could find,
to be carefully collected ; and, further, he offered a price,
varying according to the size, for every quire, leaf, or even
remnant of a leaf, which, having been removed from the
apartment where the rest of the books had been kept, might
be discovered by any of the monks in their own cells, or in any
other part of the building. Having thus secured, as he be
lieved, and as it seems most probable, almost every fragment
that could still remain, he transported his acquisition across
the desert to the Nile, and appointed Cairo as the place
whither the Brethren were to meet him and receive payment
for their books.
Part of the amount agreed upon was paid to them as soon
as they arrived ; but M. Pacho still withheld for a time the
remaining part, till he should receive ample assurance that
the whole of the Syriac manuscripts belonging to their library
had been given up to him according to their agreement, and
that none had been concealed and retained. He justified this
method of proceeding to the monks who waited upon him
for payment by alleging their previous conduct with respect
to Dr. Tattam ; and when at length, after some delay, he
found that no more books were produced, he concluded that
he had indeed obtained the whole of the remaining part
of their library, since the anxiety evinced by the good Bre
thren to obtain the money was ineffectual to discover even any
additional fragments.
Before he ultimately delivered the whole of the amount into
their hands, he required them to sign a document, in which
they affirmed that they had sold to him all their Syriac manu
scripts ; and that if any should be discovered in their monas
tery, or elsewhere in their possession, at any period subse
PREFACE. xiii
quent to the date thereof, they were to become at once the pro
perty of M. Pacho, or of those to whom he should have trans
ferred his right in this matter. Further, to be still more secure,
he required the Superior to publish a sentence of excommu
nication against any one of the Brethren who should have
withholden any part of this Syriac collection, and did not
immediately deliver it over to the person to whom they had
consigned all their interest in these manuscripts. He had
perhaps discovered, during his residence among the monks,
that this latter precaution was not altogether needless. One
of them, who had concealed a part of a book, was terrified
by this denunciation, and forwarded it afterwards to M.
Pacho in time for him to receive it just before he left Egypt.
Before quitting Cairo he received a visit from the above-
mentioned Mohammed, who confessed to him that he had
left behind in the monastery a portion of the library, when he
was in the employment of Dr. Tattam, and stated that he
should be happy to devote his services to endeavour to obtain
for him the remainder of the volumes, if he had any wish to
procure them. M. Pacho gave him the best proof that he
had no need of such services, by taking him into the next
room, and shewing him the books already in his possession.
The manuscripts left the convent on the 31st of July, were
shipped at Alexandria in the Oriental Steam Navigation
Company's vessel " Indus " on the 10th of September, and
ultimately reached London on the 12th of October.
The day after their arrival I went to inspect them. At
the first view I could almost have imagined that the same
portion of the library as had been brought, nearly five years
previously, by Dr. Tattam, was again before me in the same
condition as 1 found it when the books were first taken from
the cases in which they had been packed, as if the volumes
xiv PREFACE.
had been stripped by magic of their Russia, and clad in their
original wooden binding ; and the loose leaves and fragments
which had cost me many a toilsome day to collect and ar
range, had been again torn asunder, and scattered in almost
endless confusion.
I found the collection to consist of a considerable number of
volumes, and a large quantity of disjointed quires and separate
leaves. Among the latter of these I immediately perceived
several additional parts of the book of the Festal Letters of
Athanasius. As it was then uncertain whether this portion of
the library ofthe monks of Nitria would be added to that which
already belonged to the British nation, or would be transferred
to some other country, I requested M. Pacho to allow me to take
a copy of such of these Letters as were found among the manu
scripts in his possession, in order that I might add them to
those which had been already printed, and thus give the whole
of them to the public together. To this request he at once
assented, and permitted me to carry them away with me to
my own house. This was in two ways advantageous to me.
It gave me the means of rendering my work as complete as
all the known materials would admit, without the necessity of
making a journey into another country, should he ultimately
have determined upon removing his collection of manu
scripts from this ; and at any rate, even although the volumes
should be deposited with the rest in the British Museum, it
enabled me to make the transcript at once, and publish my
book, which I otherwise could not have effected for several
months later, till the advance of summer should leave me
some hours of daylight after the period of my official duties,
to make the copy within the precincts of the British Museum.
The parts of the volume which I found among M. Pacho's
manuscripts were, the first quire, except the last leaf, the
PREFACE. XV
whole of the second and third quires marked .3 , the
first and last leaves of the fourth J|> and the six middle leaves
of the fifth quire. In these were contained the Introduction,
the five first Epistles and parts of the sixth, seventh, tenth,
and eleventh, occupying those fifty-six pages of the present
volume which are not numbered with the Syriac numerals.
II.
It would be foreign to the subject which I have before me
to enter at present into any further account respecting the
rest of this collection. I hope to do this upon another occa
sion. But nevertheless I have found amongst them one frag
ment and one volume, each so remarkable, that the interest
attached to them will, I am sure, secure for me the reader's
indulgence, even should it appear somewhat out of place to
mention them here.
Those who have been at the trouble to read an article in
the hundred and fifty-third Number of the Quarterly Review,
headed "British Museum—Manuscripts from the Egyptian Mo
nasteries," will probably remember that the honour of having
been the first of our own countrymen to bring to light any of
the literary treasures of the Syrian convent belongs to the pre
sent Duke of Northumberland, who, in the year 1828, under
took a journey across the Egyptian desert to the lonely
valley of Nitria, for the express purpose of endeavouring to
procure a copy of a Coptic and Arabic Dictionary, which
he had understood was to be found there, in order to assist
Dr. Tattam in his lexicographical labours.
Nor will they have forgotten the interesting account fur
nished by the Hon. Robert Curzon, Jun., of his visit to the
same convent in the year 1837, in which he states his regret
at having been compelled to leave behind him a large im
xvi PREFACE.
perfect quarto volume, which he recognised again a few years
afterwards in my hands in the British Museum. This Manu
script, with forty-eight others, was obtained by Dr. Tattam in
his first excursion into Egypt, and brought to England in
1839. It is already famous among the learned in Europe as
containing a Syriac version of the Theophania of Eusebius,
the original text of which has been lost for ages ; but the
work is now made accessible to all by the labours of Dr.
Samuel Lee, to whom we are indebted for an edition of the
Syriac Text,* and likewise for a learned translation. This
same precious volume contains also the work called the
Recognitions of St. Clement ; the Treatise of Titus, Bishop of
Bostra or Bozra, in Arabia, against the Manicheans ; the Book
of Eusebius upon the Martyrs of Palestine, and his Oration
in praise of the Martyrs. The proximity of the time at which
this manuscript was transcribed to the period when the
two last-mentioned authors lived, within about seventy years
of the date assigned to the death of Eusebius, and about forty
years of that of Titus of Bostra,f must of itself necessarily give
great importance to a transcript of these works, following so
soon upon the time when they were composed. I believe there
is no copy in existence of any other work of such antiquity
which has been transcribed so near to the date of its original
* Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, on the Theophania, or Divine Manifesta
tion of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. A Syriac Version, edited, from a
Manuscript recently discovered, by Samuel Lee, D.D., Regius Professor of
Hebrew in the University of Cambridge ; Canon of Bristol ; &c. 8vo. London.
Printed for the Society for the Publication of Oriental Texts. 1842.
Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, on the Theophania, or Divine Manifestation
of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, translated into English, with Notes,
from an ancient Syriac Version of the Greek original, now lost ; by S. Lee,
D.D., &c. &c. 8vo. Cambridge, at the University Press. 1843.
t According to Jerome, he died in the reign of the Emperor Valens.
Liber de viris illustr. cap. cii. edit. Veronae.
PREFACE. Xvii
composition. Its value is enhanced still more by the fact,
that the work of Titus, of which a considerable portion has
been lost in the original Greek, is found here complete;*
while that on the Martyrs of Palestine is exhibited in a
more extended, and, I believe, in a more authentic state, than
in the edition of the Greek which is usually inserted in the
eighth book of the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius.t
The original Greek text of the Recognitions of Clement has
been lost ; but there exists a Latin version made by Rufinus,
presbyter of Aquileia. In his Preface he tells us that he had
found it expedient to omit several passages which he did not
perfectly comprehend :$ his translation, consequently, cannot
be understood to be an exact counterpart of the work. It is,
* The whole of the fourth and part of the third book of the Greek are lost A
Latin version of what remains of this work was made by F. Turrianus, and pub
lished, in 1606, by Canisius, in the Fifth Volume of his Lectiones Antiques,
p. 36. The Greek Text was published from the only existing copy in the Holstein
Library at Hamburgh, in 1725, by J. Basnage, in the Thesaurus Monumento-
rum Eccksiaslicorum,\6l. i. p. 59. A more correct edition, in 1769, has been
given by Gallandi in Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum, Vol. v. p. 266 : " Titi Bos-
trensis Episcopi Libri tres adversus Manichaeos. Interprete Francisco Tur-
riano. Accesserunt Supplementa e Parallelis Damascenis Rupefucaldinis."
t De Valois, in his notes upon the Martyrs of Palestine, in the eighth book
of the Ecclesiastical History, has supplied, from a very ancient manuscript which
belonged to Claude Joly, a Latin version of the Acts of Procopius, that
corresponds with the Syriac Text of this manuscript—See Reading's Edit
torn. i. p. 406.
f See his Preface to Gaudentius. Puto quod non te lateat, Clementis hujus
in Graeco ejusdem operis avcpyvaaewv, hoc est Recognitionum, duas editiones
haberi, et duo corpora esse librorum, in aliquantis quidem diversa, in multis
tamen ejusdem narrationis. Denique pars ultima hujus operis, in qua de
transformatione Simonis refertur, in uno corpore habetur, in alio penitus non
habetur. Sunt autem et quaedam in utroque corpore de ingenito Deo geni-
toque disserta, et de aliis nonnullis, qua?, ut nihil amplius dicam, excesserunt
intelligentiam nostram. Hasc ergo ego, tanquam qua? supra vires meas essent,
aliis reservare malui, quam minus plena proferre. Cotelerius, edit Antv.
1698. Vol. i. p. 485.
(f) C
XViii PREFACE.
therefore, highly interesting to have now another translation
before us, in which we have no ground to suppose that
a similar liberty has been taken with the original text. I
cannot, in this place, make any attempt to determine the
period at which this Syriac version was made. It is probably
anterior to the Latin, and this very copy of it was certainly
transcribed within about twelve years* of the time when
Rufinus completed his task. I have stated so much, in order
to give the reader a notion of the literary, historical, and theo
logical value of the contents of this most precious volume,
independently of any of the external circumstances connected
with its history.
When Dr. Lee published his edition of the Syriac Text of the
Theophania, he expressed an opinion " that the manuscript
was probably not less than a thousand years old." He had not
at that time discovered a transcript of a note of the date on the
margin of one of the leaves in the body of the volume, which
assigned to it the antiquity of nearly five additional centuries.
This he afterwards found, and inserted it in the preface to
his translation of the work, which appeared two years later.
He confesses that " he was once inclined to think that the
manuscript could not be so old as this date made it, from the
appearance of the manuscript, and from some other conside
rations ;" but after having examined the arguments on both
sides, he ultimately acquiesces in the genuineness of the
transcript of the note recording the date, and consequently
in the antiquity which it attributed to the volume.
* It is evident, from the words of his own Preface, that Rufinus made this
translation after his return from Palestine, 397, and in his old age. Pere-
grinas ergo merces multo in patriam sudore transvehimus—Nos tamen quos—
et senecta jam tardos reddit ac segues. He died A.D. 410, or the year before
the transcription of this Manuscript.
PREFACE. xix
This book had been entrusted by Dr. Tattam to Professor
Lee, for the purpose of enabling him to publish the Theo-
phania, soon after his first return from Egypt ; and when the
other volumes were delivered up to the Trustees of the
British Museum, it was still allowed to remain in the hands
of the learned Professor, till he should have completed the
important task upon which he was engaged. I did not,
therefore, become acquainted with this manuscript until my
experience, from having carefully examined and compared
the rest, enabled me, from an inspection of the vellum, the
colour of the ink, and the character of the writing, to form a
tolerably accurate notion of its probable age. I had at that
time in my hands a great number of volumes, written at diffe
rent places and by various scribes, exhibiting a series of
about sixty dated manuscripts, reaching from A.D. 1292* up
to A.D. 464,t of which twelve had been transcribed in the
sixth century, the first in A.D. 509, the last A.D. 600. I had
thus ample means, in the comparison of those which bore the
record of their age, to form an estimate of the relative
antiquity of such as had not been dated, or of which the
note of their date had been lost. Even a slight examination
of this volume convinced me that it was the earliest that
I had ever seen, and that I could not attribute to it an an
tiquity of less than about fifty or sixty years before the earliest
dated manuscript that I had found in the whole collection.
This would assign its transcription to about A.D. 414, or 404 ;
a period so near to the time fixed by the note found in the
margin that I could not for a moment question either its
genuineness or its accuracy.
I transcribe here this note as it is read on the margin
* A Liturgical Manuscript on Paper, Cod. Add. 14,699.
t A copy of Genesis and Exodus, Cod. Add. 14,425.
XX PREFACE.
of one of the leaves of that part of the volume which contains
Eusebius' Treatise on the Martyrs of Palestine, fol. 238. b.
om yz± ]t=)]° IJen m^t*4 l^13121^? oju] oy*
•jdLsZ)) aiZft*s av3 |o<7i <^i.2u> |i20i . oi2oZ)o ova *?oN*|o >o2u»>
^^aZ 2\Jb»Zo jia^o )|-Sn Si a jo n S.
.l*j<Lf2 i^ao ..a^ 2il*s A-sZLs jsiaij ^J^cno ~ IZisusoZ
"Behold, my brethren, if it should happen that the end
of this ancient book should be torn off and lost, together
with the writer's subscription and termination, it was written,
at the end of it thus : viz. that this book was written at Orrhoa*,
a city of Mesopotamia, by the hands of a man named Jacob, in
the year seven hundred and twenty-three in the month Tishrin the
Latter it was completed. And agreeably to what was written
there, I have written also here, without addition. And what
is here, I wrote in the year one thousand and three hundred
and ninety-eight of the era of the Greeks."
These dates, reduced to our era, give A.D. 411 for the time
of the transcription of the volume, and A.D. 1086 for that of
the note. I have not at this moment the means of ascer
taining the name of the person to whom we are indebted for
having taken this precaution to preserve the record of the
date of this beautiful book, which, being at that time six
hundred and seventy-five years old, certainly deserved, even
then, to be considered an " ancient book." I think, however,
that it is not improbable that I may be able hereafter to
identify the handwriting with some other more distinct
* Edessa of the Greeks and Romans, supposed to be " Ur of the Chaldees,"
and the modern Orfa. See an account of this city in Buckingham's Travels in
Mesopotamia. 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1827. Vol.i. p. 122.
PREFACE. xxi
notices found among the volumes of this collection, and thus
find the means of ascertaining to whom this is due.
The fact of his having made this note at all seems to imply,
that, even at that early period, the books belonging to the
monastery of the Syrians were already beginning to fall into a
state of neglect ; and that, from the want of due care being
taken to bind and repair them, the first and last leaves, or
even quires of some of them, had already been lost. At a
subsequent period this neglect became truly deplorable. In
the whole collection now in the British Museum, containing
portions of considerably more than a thousand distinct
volumes, certainly not fifty were found in a complete state
upon their arrival ; although much labour has subsequently
succeeded in collecting and arranging the disjointed and
scattered parts of many more.
Among those which had suffered was the inestimable
volume of which I am now speaking. The end of it, as
the writer anticipated, had been torn off, and the record of
the date of its transcription lost. When Dr. Lee deposited
the volume in the British Museum in 1843, I immediately
began to search among the loose leaves and fragments of
that portion of the library which Dr. Tattam had obtained
during his second excursion into Egypt, in the hope that I
might perchance be able to discover " the end of that ancient
book which had been torn off and lost." Although disap
pointed in this hope, I had nevertheless the satisfaction of
finding a considerable part of two additional leaves of this
manuscript, of which indeed every fragment is precious.
When I first had the gratification of examining that portion
of the library of the Nitrian monastery which arrived in
England in 1847, I immediately recognised numerous frag
ments of volumes which were familiar to me ; and not more
xxii PREFACE. '
than a few minutes passed before I had the pleasure of
finding one entire leaf, and soon afterwards another, belong
ing to that precious book, the peculiarity of whose features
were so deeply impressed upon my mind. This second leaf
was not only complete in itself, but had also attached to it a
small fragment of the corresponding leaf in the same quire,
both of which had been formed of one piece of vellum, of
folio size, folded into quarto. The back of this fragment I
observed had been left blank : I thus ascertained that it
must have belonged to the last page of the volume ; and con
sequently to that which had contained the original subscription
of Jacob, the scribe of Orrhoa. I now felt that I might even
venture to indulge the hope of finding the very subscription
itself; and I anxiously looked forward to the time when I
should have an opportunity of opening and examining at lei
sure about twenty small bundles, which were pointed out to
me as containing fragments only of leaves, which had been
swept from the floor of the room in which the manuscripts
had reposed for ages. Not many days later, when these, with
the rest of the collection, were transferred to the British Mu
seum, this opportunity was afforded me. One by one I untied
the bundles, and diligently and eagerly examined their con
tents. As I opened the fourth I was delighted at recog
nising two pieces belonging to one of the leaves of this precious >
book : in the next I found a third. And now, Reader, if thou
hast any love for the records of antiquity ; if thou feelest any
kindred enthusiasm in such pursuits as these ; if thou hast
ever known the satisfaction of having a dim expectation gra
dually brightened into reality, and an anxious research re
warded with success—things that but rarely happen to us in
this world of disappointment—I leave it to thine own imagi
nation to paint the sensations which I experienced at that
PREFACE. xxiii
moment when the loosing of the cord of the seventh bundle
disclosed to my sight a small fragment of beautiful vellum,
in a well-known hand, upon which I read the following
words :
o o o o o o
O O O O CO
||_lc[i»3=-*. 2oa <->^m| r't-4-^ <—r*3 I'01 Ufni? & ^
" There are completed in this volume three books—Titus,
and Clement, and He of Csesarea.
" Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy
Ghost, now and at all times, and for ever. Amen and Amen.
"This volume was completed in the month Tishrin the
Latter, in the year seven hundred and twenty-three, at
Orrhoa, a city of Mesopotamia *»**.»"
No more, indeed, of this inscription remains ; but this was
enough to repay me for the labour of my research, and to
confirm and verify the facts connected with it.
The first of these sentences is written in red, the second in
yellow, and the third in black.
Among all the curiosities of literature, I know of none
more remarkable than the fate of this matchless volume.
Written in the country which was the birth-place of Abraham
the Father of the Faithful, and the city whose king was the
first sovereign that embraced Christianity*, in the year of
* See Eusebius' account of the conversion of Abgar in the 13th chap, of the
first book of his Ecclesiastical History. I have found amongst the Syriac
manuscripts in the British Museum a considerable portion of the original Ara
maic document, which Eusebius cites as preserved in the archives of Edessa, and
various
XXIV PREFACE.
our Lord 411, it was, at a subsequent period, transported to
the Valley of the Ascetics in Egypt, probably in A.D. 931,
when two hundred and fifty volumes were collected by Moses
of Nisibis during a visit to Bagdad*, and presented by him,
various passages from it, quoted by several authors, with other testimonies which
seem to be sufficient to establish the fact of the early conversion of many of the
inhabitants of that city, and among them, of the king himself, although his
successors afterwards relapsed into Paganism. These, together with accounts
of the martyrdom of some of the first bishops of that city, forming a most inter
esting accession to our knowledge of the early propagation of Christianity in
the East down to about A.D. 300, I have already transcribed, and hope to
publish, with a translation, and such illustrations as may appear necessary. I
regret that the little leisure which I have for such labours will not allow me
even to speculate upon the probable time when I may be able to fulfil this
intention.
* In a considerable number of the volumes now in the British Museum
the original record of this acquisition and donation by Moses of Nisibis is still
preserved, apparently in his own hand-writing. The reason of his visit to
Bagdad seems to be furnished by Al-Macrizi in the following passage of his
work upon Egypt, which is entitled,^l£!!j Llas^i ^^IxtcUlj lac1j*!l i__>W
Al-Macrizi's words are, ^ ^r.jijy^ p^S XjUjKj is^Ac iLu
i_g;Ui!l Ha*i; jj^&A f}\ (J' zjj^ li^ lS*"^
*l!tj jAj&a][> lyUUj lil^ij ^1 ^J^o SAijio IftjjU *bb
hjo. *U**sJlj jj^fc^j xiJ'lJn ^ i^-jj 2 ,JI i_^JL&
"And in the year 313 (A.D. 925), the Vezir Ali Ibn Isa Ibn al-Jarrah came
to Egypt ; and he searched into the condition of the country, and imposed the
payment of a tribute upon the bishops, and monks, and infirm Christians, and
they paid it. Some of them, therefore, went to Bagdad, and petitioned Al-
Muctadir-Billah. He accordingly wrote to Egypt that tribute should not be
taken from the bishops, and monks, and the infirm." See " Macrizi's
Geschichte der Copten," ed. F. Wustenfeld, p. re.
Besides procuring two hundred and fifty volumes during his visit to Bagdad,
the Abbot Moses seems also to have employed the resources within the monas
tery for the laudable object of increasing its library. A note at the end of a
copy of Gospels, in what is generally called the Philoxenian version, mentions
that the volume was transcribed for him about three or four years after his
return from Bagdad. Brit. Mus. Cod. Add. 14,469.
PREFACE. XXV
upon his return, to the monastery of St. Mary Deipara, over
which he presided.
In A.D. 1086 some person, with careful foresight, fearing lest
the memorial of the transcription of so valuable, beautiful, and,
even at that remote period, so "ancient a book," should be lost,
in order to secure its preservation took the precaution to copy
it into the body of the volume. At how much earlier a period
the fears which he had anticipated became realized I have no
means of ascertaining; but in A.D. 1837 "the end of the
volume had been torn off," and in that state, in A.D. 1839, it
sab l^Laa); IfDf^azi ^joa* t=£usZ] V^a^
Ot_3 ]fQ3 'i^h^D) )te>0>> OT \.J li-fA-i j^nSrX
OOI ^tffi? r*^-»» Pjl U-fO Vcu^>>^01? Ik" t-=92ia3
>r-iclo ^oi> IZu^ioo ],aVTa <]o IZi^co IZaaZo* oi3 oi^
" But this book was completed in the year one thousand, two hundred, and forty-
seven of the Greeks (A.D. 935), and it was written in the convent of the
Syrians, in the Desert of Scete. But John, a guest, and in name a monk, and
in degree again a presbyter, when deserving, wrote it. But he wrote it for
Moses the Abbot of the same place, who is called ofNisibis. May every one,
therefore, who reads in this book of the Holy Gospel, pray for the sinner who
wrote it, that he may obtain favour, and all the dead belonging to him, and
every child of the Holy Church, like the thief who was on the right hand (of the
cross) : and every one, therefore, who has communion with him, either in word
or deed, or in any other cause whatever ! Yea. Amen."
The following is a copy of the note of Moses the Abbot himself, as it is
found inscribed upon the first or last leaf of several volumes now in the British
Museum. I have transcribed it here from the last leaf of a copy of the Book
of Daniel, dated A.D. 531. Mus. Brit Cod. Add. 14,445.
jf=>t^°? V>»t»Qffl> .|ou^> ^r^* A-*3? ]?<n It*?? I^Ot^ooio ]ha\o )yx>\i
^-.fCJ viS.)^ \l'}lQ+0 . 0=L*Z ^-^LZiCj 001 ]oi2^> .012; V*f*?° r171
^ . \ 4 Po . ^07lo *s>£oL*]> ^>_aJlo t^ii^o oi^k |au»j . toovs
(f) ' d
xxvi PREFACE.
was transferred from the solitude of the African desert to the
most frequented city in the world. Three years later, two of
its fragments followed the volume to England ; and in 1847 I
had the gratification of recovering almost all that had been
lost, and of restoring to its place in this ancient book the
transcriber's own record of the termination of his labours,
which, after various fortunes, in Asia, Africa, and Europe, has
already survived a period of one thousand, four hundred,
AND THIRTY-SIX YEARS.
One of the first manuscripts that I took up, when I went
to inspect the books in M. Pacho's possession, was a thick
octavo volume, which at the first sight I perceived to be a
Palimpsest. The traces of a beautiful and ancient Greek
o| ?Oi^ o| . |-i in Jjjoiai* \Ls>] .ouls^ <oj| |2uriJ> }3o
ojio .]'f*> ]>cn ^Sso <qi] i-^-^J o) . <_.f^ >q n.a i> o] ■
. |_^jcuj hJ^lo y.\-i'i]o ,_.2\Jioo ^n^. 2lj_.a. ^ j .vp] »
" To the honour and glory and magnificence of this monastery of Deipara, of the
Syrians, of the Desert of Scete, Moses, mean and a sinner, the Abbot, who is
called of Nisibis, gave diligence, and acquired this book, together with many
others, two hundred and fifty, many of which he bought, and others were
given to him by some persons as a blessing, when he went to Bagdad on ac
count of this holy Desert and the monks who are in it. May God, for whose
glory, and for the benefit of those who read in them (he obtained the books),
pardon him, and the dead belonging to him, and every one who has been in
communion with them ! It is not permitted to any one by the living word of
God, that he should act dishonestly with respect to any one of them, in any
way whatever : nor appropriate them to himself. Neither that he should wipe
out this memorial, or make any erasure, or cut, or order another to do so, nor
give them from this monastery. Whosoever dares to do this, let him know
that he is accursed. These books arrived with the above-mentioned Abbot,
Moses, in the year of the Greeks one thousand two hundred and forty-three,"
A.D. 931. Assemani has given a note, copied from one of these volumes now
in the Vatican, almost in the same words ; but I am inclined to believe that he
has ventured to correct the orthography, and, in one or two instances, I think
he has not rendered the meaning accurately. See Bibliotheca Orient. Vol. iL
p. 118.
PREFACE. xxvii
character under the Syriac were sufficiently apparent ; and
in some cases it was evident that entire lines, and even pages,
with a good light and careful observation, might be read
without any very great difficulty. The first word that caught
my eye was Tevxpos *, at the commencement of a line ; and as
it was manifest at once, from the arrangement of the lines,
that the work was written in verses, a bright gleam of hope
immediately flashed across my mind that I might be holding
in my hand the most ancient transcript hitherto discovered
of a large portion of the noblest poem ofGrecian antiquity. A
little subsequent examination converted my hope into convic
tion ; and I had the high gratification of reading line after line
of the immortal Iliad, emerging from the obscurity of nearly
a thousand years, to which some rude and ruthless hand had
consigned it, and assuming the character and form with
which it had been invested at least three or four centuries
before. I found, also, that not this one Greek manuscript only
had been erased, to make room for the present contents of
the volume, but that two others had also shared the same fate.
The work which had been preferred to occupy their place
is a Syriac version of the Treatise of Severus of Antiochf
* Iliad xxiii. L 862.
t Severus succeeded Flavian as Patriarch of Antioch A.D. 513, and was
expelled A.D. 519, on account of his opposition to the Council of Chalcedon.
He was a man of great learning and ability, and the author of numerous
theological and polemical writings, which appear to have been so industriously
suppressed by his opponents, that little more than the titles of his works—and
not even all of these—have been preserved in the Greek. (See Fabricius,
Bibliotheca Gr. Vol. ix. p. 343). The greater portion of them is now
restored to us in the Syriac, and forms a most important accession for the
ecclesiastical history of the early part of the sixth century. He will now be
permitted to speak for himself ; and later posterity may judge how far he has
been justly treated or maligned by his theological opponents, who laboured so
industriously to stigmatize his name with the infamy of heresy ; a charge so
easily made, and so readily believed, even in the nineteenth century, that it is
by no means impossible that it might have been falsely imputed in the sixth.
xxviii PREFACE.
against Grammaticus. The first part of it only is con
tained in this volume, which ends with these words at
the bottom of the first page of the last leaf but one—
l*-t°> |2uiCj3 |Zo^S ■ -<A-An\ y; S. 4
" Here endeth the transcription of the First Division of the
second book of my Lord Saint Severus the Patriarch against
Grammaticus. Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the
Holy Ghost, now and at all times, and to all eternity. Amen."
On the second page of the same leaf the following note
occurs, written by the same hand as the rest of the volume :
j i .^.ai? jia^coo \*..A.n Jjoi \=>hz <_»aioZu|
^-«=fO? ^J^jso oiasjj LiiZa» ^sa^sc i_tai*i£>o ^Lsu»Z|> . U^c]
^zi^o ; v«i a Lou^s | i a^>o» 2\io*«>j ooi p ooij ••^»oio>|j
|i.~i»»o It^jS ^QS^fl* ,_«> oi^jai .<ruic> I'H^3 ipovuJ* ^oiZjjj
CO^ ^|^> ^3 . ^ifiZfCJ ^ifiA. 2U3J 1^**0 jpsCOiO
Ll y3Q--_=) fOLUt&Jj j-so^-a v^O»o Ll-OO *^l2u«Zj> 001
rr^!C]o v.V,|o ^^X) y^t^0 Ici^ Zj^* ^3)^3 2^0200 ISnlA^O
"This book belongs to Daniel, a secular* presbyter and Saur
(Visitor) of the province of Amida, who gave diligence and
procured it for the benefit of himself and of those who, pos
sessed with the same object of love of divine instruction, may
approach it, and desire to profit their lives by the truth which
is in it. But the poor Simeon, presbyter, and a recluse,
who is in the holy convent of my Lord Simeon of Cartamin*,
transcribed it. May every one, therefore, who asks for it,
* I have used the word 'secular' here, and 'recluse' below, from the want
of more appropriate words to convey the meaning of ]*\7) " externus," and
^▲^Im " inclusus." See Assemani, Dis. de Syris Monophysitis, prefixed to
Vol. ii. of his Bibliotheca Orientalis.
* Cartamin is situated near Mardin in Mesopotamia. See Assemani, ibid.
PREFACE xxix
that he may read in it, or write from it, for the sake of the
love of God, pray for him who gave diligence and obtained it,
and for the scribe, that they may find mercy in the day of
judgment, like the thief who was on the right hand [of the
Cross], through the prayers of all the Saints, and more par
ticularly of the holy and glorious and perpetual Virgin, the
Mother of God, Mary. Amen and Amen and Amen."
On the first page of the last leaf the following notice occurs :
^>_| . it w»£c X^fDO l*m*»j .]>oIjd ]>o\ jtuma ci*2u|
w»oio2l»1 fS .]n^]> ]2u-»l suu; . . L.oiio] }j_^a*.> ^annm.^i)
Ijaj^ssjo au^>j |j>Za^ .]ftjut^o ££>]> Vj-$-^>cuj3 ]><^& ]cat
o] ad <-=J\^ oai "tT,0M l01^!? l^f«»o l^NSfi P) .ots
?t^°l V>*^ °1 ■ nm**) o] ***** ouiJso oUls. U>^o o| \*~&±d
oi-3 jfcj ooi <&oa* Sn ~>o ,yi\sS cn i No Lioi Li>oio_ii
. ^c)o ^lc)o ^| >ooo ] Sa mi bMOAJ? ^-»|*Ji> »-»g»0 \ ^
]x»> >oa^3 ^cu^'y <ooau ^jffi* ,^i»o
" This volume of my Lord Severus belongs to the reverend
and holy my Lord Daniel, Bishop of the province of Orrhoa
(Edessa), who acquired it from the armour of God, when he
was Saur in the province of the city of Amida, for his own
benefit, and that of every one who readeth in it. But under
the word and curse of God is he whosoever steals it, or hides
or removeth it, ***** or tears, or erases, or cuts off this me
morial from it, for ever. And through our Lord Jesus may he
who readeth in it pray for the same Daniel, that he may find
mercy in the day of judgment ! Yea, and Amen and Amen.
" And upon the sinner who wrote it may there be mercy in
✓ the day of judgment. Amen."
Afterwards there is written, in another hand,
<_»r^c A_»_=> V*-»t£ I-101 IjNxisN a\Z»o] <-.oia*ii yaJ^a 4 ,~
yjo.-i ovLmJ L,'t^° i^enOfli^jO oiX.> \i\20> ^£io . ^ojnoi |La
1_joi jjLcG^ 01 1 ^0 ]>a\ |2uoia^ cnJi. Ji^^c* \ao ^£>) \i+>
^oov»i'2u3 ousi^i Ut^? ""V^' oda^C)
XXX PREFACE.
" But at the end of his life he bequeathed it to this sacred
convent of my Lord Silas, which is in Serug, for the sake of the
remembrance of himself, and of the dead belonging to him.
May the Lord have mercy upon him in the day of judgment !
Amen. Whosoever removeth this volume from this same
mentioned convent, may the anger of the Lord overtake him
in this world, and in the next, to all eternity. Amen."
Our information respecting the history of the Oriental
Churches up to this period is so scanty, that I have no source
to which I can turn to enable me to state at once the period
when this Daniel was consecrated to the see of Edessa.
The catalogue of Bishops of that city preserved in the
chronicles of Edessa, published by Assemani, only reaches to
the year of the Greeks 1080, A.D. 768*; and consequently
does not include this Daniel, whom the handwriting of this
manuscript shews to have lived some time later. It appears
to be of the end of the eighth or ninth century ; and in all
probability the volume formed a part of the collection which
was deposited in the monastery of St. Mary Deipara by Moses
of Nisibis, the Abbot, when he returned from Bagdad in
A.D. 931. This would refer the date of the transcript to
the end of the ninth, or the beginning of the tenth century
at the latest; and we may therefore safely conclude that
about one thousand years must have elapsed since the erasure
of the three Greek manuscripts, part of the vellum of each of
which furnished the materials for the transcription of this
Syriac version of Severus.
At that period the volume consisted of twenty-three quires,
each consisting of five quarto leaves of the former books,
laid one upon the other, and folded together to form ten
octavo leaves. When it arrived in England, the first quire
* See Assemani Bibliotheca Orientalis, Vol. i. p. 428.
PREFACE. xxxi
had been torn off. I have discovered pieces of three of
its leaves among the fragments which had been brought pre
viously to Dr. Tattam. This, together with the nine follow
ing quires, contained nearly the whole of the Gospel ac
cording to St. Luke. In the next thirteen, comprising one
hundred and thirty octavo leaves, or sixty-five of one of the
original quarto manuscripts, is contained a part of the Iliad
of Homer. The last quire consists of what formerly con
stituted five quarto leaves of a volume of Euclid.
The present size of one of the leaves of this manuscript is
twelve inches long by six and a quarter broad, although it
appears that those of the original book which contained the
Gospel of St. Luke were rather larger, and that a portion
of the margin has been removed, to reduce it to the same
dimensions as the rest of the vellum, of which the volume
in its present state is comprised. Nearly the whole of this
Gospel seems to be comprised in these leaves ; but I have
not yet had leisure sufficient to examine it, so as to be able
to ascertain exactly what are its contents ; nor, even were
leisure afforded me, would it be an easy task to read accu
rately the faded letters, till the advance of summer brings a
clearer atmosphere and better light.
It is written in large uncial characters, about a quarter
of an inch square. The pages are divided into two columns,
each about three inches in width, with a space between them
of nearly an inch. As usual in manuscripts of this antiquity,
there is no separation between the words ; and occasionally
two or three of the last letters in each line are written in
a smaller character. Each page consists of twenty-five lines.
As I hope hereafter to be able to publish an accurate col
lation and facsimile of this very ancient manuscript of the
Gospel of St. Luke, it is not necessary that I should enter
into any further detail respecting it in this place. I give
xxxii PREFACE.
however here, as a short specimen, the contents of one page,
commencing with Ch. i. v. 69. It is printed in columns, in
the same number of lines, and with the same quantity of
letters in each line, as it is found in the manuscript. The
type however bears no resemblance to the characters of the
manuscript ; and the smaller letters found at the end of some
of the lines are not indicated.
KEPAZZI2THPI
AZHMINENTI2
OIK12AAATOY
IIAIAOZAYTOY
KAOI2ZEAAAH
ZEN A I AZTO
M ATOZTflN
A r I n N Tft N
a n a i n n o z
n PO^HTllN
AYTOYZI2TH
PIANEZEX0PX1N
H Mft N KA IEK
XEI pozn AN
T12NM IZOYN
T II N H M A Z
nOIHZAIEAEOZ
M ETATHNriA
TEP12N H MI2N
KAIMN HZOH
NAIAIA0HKHZ
ATIAZAYTOY
OPKONONH
MOZENnPOZ
abpaamtonFtpa
H M £1 N T O Y
AOYNAIH M IN
A<K)BOZEKXEI
POZTilN EK
XOPI2NHMI2N
PYZOENTAZ
AATP E YEI N
AYTX2ENOZI
OTHTI KA IAI
KAIOZYNH
ENfln ION AY
TOYnAZAZTAZ
HMEPAZHMI2N
KAIZYAEnAIAION
n PO^HTHZ
YtlZTOYKAH
OHZHnpono
PEYZHTAPnPO
n pozn noY
KYETOIMAZAI
OAOYZAYTOY
TOYAOYN A I
r n n z i n z n.
THPIAZTHAAil
AYTOYENA<l)EZEI
i
XYTXpoTrHxeicoMX^oxcoiXTTo6prxoexxc5V
XYTCuirxpei<AeprocArnNopnTANTxeon<ujc
ecTurrpoceeTroAcuNOAeTreccYTOTroccia.icdkgin
6cDCOTOMTTe^lOIO^ICL>l<eTOTrTYpOCf>OpOIO
Tpe^ACTTApn'OTXMONE.XeYAINHeNTXCKAMANA|'ON
TVTOOMVTTei<TTpOOeOMTXAv6xCOIA.Xp6eeAr6NXTT6AAa^N
PREFACE. xxxiii
The leaves which contain portions of the Iliad are written
in a character in many respects similar to that of the Codex
Alexandrinus in the British Museum, but larger. The
average length of the lines is about seven inches; some
of them extend to eight. There are thirty-three lines in
each full page. The whole quantity, therefore, amounts to
rather more than four thousand verses, and embraces portions of
the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, twentieth, twenty-
first, twenty-second, twenty-third, and twenty-fourth books.
The same remark which I have made above, respecting
the Gospel of St. Luke, must apply here. The few leaves
which I have collated shew some slight variations from the
text of Heyne. The most important that I have ob
served is the omission of about one line in each page, or
one in every thirty- four verses of Heyne's text. I cannot
affirm that this is generally the case, but I have found
it to be so in four or five instances where I have made
the collation* The page, however, which I have selected
as a specimen presents the converse of this, by adding a
line after the tenth of the twenty-second book. I have
been guided by no other reason in making the selection of
this than by the circumstance of its containing the end of
one book and the beginning of another. This specimen is
printed in the type copied from the Alexandrian manuscriptf
The letters at the end of the lines in a smaller form are
also found in a smaller character in the manuscript. I have
added the accents as I have been able to read them at pre-
* The Cardinal Mai makes a similar remark with respect to the illustrated frag
ments in the Ambrosial Library.—" Versus aliquot in mediis paginis desunt, quos
partim a criticis expunctos autumo, partim etiam scribarum socordia prsetermis-
sos, qua de re docto lectori per se facile judicare licebit." See Prooem. p. xxxii.
+ I have to express my thanks to Mr. Richard Taylor for kindly allowing
me the use of the type for this purpose.
(F)
xxxiv PREFACE.
sent: there is no doubt, however, that there were others,
which have been so effectually erased as to leave now no
traces of their existence.
It is my wish to publish the whole of the portions of Homer
contained in these leaves, page for page and line for line, in
the Alexandrian type, as in the accompanying specimen, and
to add a facsimile of several of the most legible pages, for the
purposes of illustration of palaeography. The text itself of a
manuscript of this great antiquity undoubtedly merits publi
cation, both for the objects of criticism, and as supplying a test
of the degree of fidelity with which the Iliad has been handed
down by the various scribes during the very long interval
between the period when this copy was made and the next
earliest manuscript containing the same portions of this work.
The papyrus roll in the possession of Mr. Bankes, although
supposed to be some centuries older even than the manuscript
now before me, contains only six hundred and seventy-eight
lines of the last book of the Iliad*, while the number found in
the illustrated fragmentsf of the Ambrosial library at Milan
does not amount to eight hundred.J As those fragments pro
bably do not exceed, if indeed they equal, this palimpsest in
antiquity, while the greater part of them belongs to the ear
lier books, this manuscript must contain at least about three
thousand lines of Homer's poem, transcribed some hundreds
of years before any other copy which is now known to exist.
The last ten leaves of this palimpsest, containing a part of
the tenth book of Euclid's Elements, belong to a manuscript
not quite so ancient as the two preceding.
* See Gentleman's Magazine,1825, P.I. p. 62, and a description, facsimile, and
collation of this MS. by Mr. Cornwall Lewis in Philol. Museum, Vol. i. p. 177.
t Iliados fragmenta antiquissima cum picturis : item scholia Vetera ad
Odysseam ; edente Angelo Maio, Ambrosiani collegii Doctore, fol. Mediolani
Regiis typis mdcccxix. J See Procem. p. xxxii.
PREFACE. XXXV
III.
Among the important matters discussed by the assembled
bishops of Christendom at the council of Nice was the
question respecting the day on which Easter was to be cele
brated. This was a subject which had been agitated, not
without great and bitter animosity, even from the very infancy
of the Church ; and Constantine*, anxious to remove for ever
this cause of dissension, referred the matter to the grave
deliberation of that first oecumenical council. This question,
therefore, having been finally settled by the decision that
Easter should be uniformly celebrated upon the first Lord's-
day after the Jewish Passover, agreeably to the custom of
the Roman and other churches t, the duty of determining
accurately the day on which Easter was to be observed for
the whole of Christendom was delegated to the patriarch of
Alexandria. To him alone, it appears, this office belonged ;
nor were the bishops of Rome able to interfere at all in the
matter, even although it should be certainly proved that the
Alexandrian bishops had made erroneous calculations, and
appointed the festival at an improper period. Upon such
occasions, therefore, it was necessary for the Roman bishop
to appeal to the emperor, and intreat him to admonish the
bishop of Alexandria to use more caution in determining
the day of Easter, and thus preserve the whole of Christen
dom from falling into error on this head. Leo the Great J
furnishes us with an instance of this.
* See Eusebius de Vita Constantini, Lib. iii. c. 5. 14. 18. 19.
t See the Letter of the Council to the Church of Alexandria in Socrates
Eccles. Hist. Book i. c. 9, and an English Translation of it in Cave's Life of
St Athanasius, Section iii. §. xii.
} See his Letter to the Bishop Julianus, written A.D.453.—Unde quia non
mediocris mihi sollicitudo generatur, ne apud ./Egyptios hsc persuasio robore-
tur,
xxxvi PREFACE.
The custom also obtained from the same period in the
province of Egypt*, that, immediately after the festival of
Epiphany, the patriarch of Alexandria should send a notifica
tion to all the towns and monasteries within his jurisdiction
of the day on which they were to commence the fast of Lent,
as well as that on which they were to celebrate the festival of
tur, ad christianissimum et clementissimum Principem scripta direxi, quibus
causam scrupuli diligenter exposui, et suppliciter postulavi, ut operam suam,
quemadmodum consuevit, religionis cultui impendat : ut eos, qui hujus supputa-
tionis perfectam videntur habere notitiam, in unum jubeat convenire, et diligenter
inquirere, ne forte haec definitio teneatur, et hie excessus qui prioribus videtur
repugnare temporibus, nostra? conniventiae vel negligentiae deputetur, et fiat in
nostris diebus, quod nunquam ante prasumptum est. Quia vero oportet fra-
ternitatem tuam curs istius mecum esse participem, et ne quid tale accidat
praecavere, crebrius religiosissimo et fidelissimo Principi dignare suggerere, ut
indissimulanter jubeat iEgyptios admonere, ne in summae festivitatis die, aut
dissensione aliqua, aut transgressione peccetur. See Leonis Opera, 2 voll. fol.
Romae, 1755. Vol. ii. p. 370.
* Cassian, in the fifth century, writes thus :—Intra iEgypti regionem mos
iste antiqua traditione servatur, ut peracto Epiphaniorum die, quern provincial
illius sacerdotes vel Dominici baptismi, vel secundum carnem nativitatis esse
definiunt, et idcirco utriusque sacramenti solemnitatem non bifarie, ut in occi-
duis provinciis, sed sub una diei hujus festivitate concelebrant, epistolae ponti-
ficis Alexandrmi per universas iEgypti ecclesias dirigantur, quibus et initium
Quadragesimae, et dies Paschse non solum per civitates omnes sed etiam per
universa monasteria designentur. See Cassian, Collat x. cap. i. Edit. Lugduni,
1606, p. 364.
Synesius, in his Epistle to Theophilus of Alexandria, alludes to this practice.
Ta re yap aAAa ra file? Kep&os av ei')jj cra^Sfievoi, (cat fieylarrj irpoaQriKti ™
SiSavicaAelia rod X|Oia"roC ylverai o ra>v TravtjyvpiKwv fiifiXiav apidfios, roii
eviavrdis o-vvavt-avofievos. Synesii Opera, fol. Lutet. 1612, p. 172.
Leo I., in his Letter to Marcianus Augustus, A.D.423, writes thus respecting
this matter: Paschale etenim festum, quo sacramentum salutis humanas
maxime continetur, quamvis in primo semper mense celebrandum sit, ita
tamen est lunaris ctirsus conditione mutabile, ut plerumque sacratissimae diei
ambigua occurrat electio, et ex hoc fiat plerumque, quod non licet, ut non simul
omnis ecclesia, quod non nisi unum esse oportet, observet. Studuerunt itaque
Sancti Patres occasionem hujus erroris auferre, omnem hanc curam Alex-
andrino Episcopo delegantes: quoniam apud iEgyptios hujus supputationis
antiquitus
PREFACE. xxxvii
Easter. Such was the origin of Festal or Paschal Letters.*
The bearers of these letters, as it appears from Synesius of
Cyrene, writing at the commencement of the fourth century,
were well received in all places to which they came, supplied
with every thing that they needed, and furnished with fresh
beasts to continue their journey.
The first Festal or Paschal Letter which was made public
after this decision of the council was consequently written by
Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, when he returned to his see
upon the termination of the deliberations of the bishops who
had been assembled at Nice. That he wrote at least one
Festal Letter is certain, from the work which I now give to
the public. This was for the forty-fourth year of the era of
Diocletian, under the consulship of Januarinus and Justus, or
A.D. 328 1, when Easter-day was fixed for the sixteenth of the
month Pharmuthi of the Egyptian Calendar, or the fourteenth
of April of the Roman. He died six days afterwards, on the
twenty-second of the same month Pharmuthi, and was suc
ceeded by Athanasius, who was consecrated on the fourteenth
of the month Payni following.
The death of Alexander and the elevation of Athanasius
antiquitus tradita esse videbatur peritia, per quam, qui annis singulis dies prae-
dictae solemnitatis eveniret, Sedi Apostoliae indicaretur, cujus scriptis ad lon-
ginquiores ecclesias indicium generale percurreret. See Leonis M. Opera,
2 voll. fol. Romae, 1755. Vol. ii. p. 367.
* Synesius writes, in his letter to the Presbyter Peter— Tbv Se SiaKOftto-Ttjv
tZv iravtiivpiKuv ^paftfiaTuiv, a Kara>yyeWei rijv KVp'iav Trjs eoprtjf ijftepav
evveaKaiSeKartjV rov tpap/tovOi ptrjvbf, cu; rrjs eirt ravrtjv ayovtrrjs vvktos to
avamaaifiov e%ov<rt]s (ivorrjpiov, tovtov Kai irpoaiovra koi etraviovra <f>iAavOpa>-
iriay airaatf; ai-uaaare' Kai a/xot/3y ^<aa>v e(p' eKarepa ireftTp-aTe, oaris virep rov
/uij <yevetrOai raT? eKK\t]<riats eWmes eBos ap^aiov koi irarptov, petrols eavrav
Toiy rtov Tohsfuav oir\oij eireiw/cev. p. 173.
t See Clinton's Fasti Romani, p. 328.
xxxviii PREFACE.
have been most generally assigned to the year A.D. 326*;
but the information afforded by the writer of the Introduc
tion to these Festal Letters of Athanasius, as exhibited in
this Syriac version, is evidently more authentic and more
deserving of credit, both because he appears to have been
cotemporary, and because the first Festal Letter of Athana
sius, which doubtless he wrote in the year immediately follow
ing his election, was for the forty-fifth year of the era of Dio
cletian, when Constantine Augustus was consul for the eighth
time, and Constantine Caesar for the fourth, or A.D. 329.
From the period of his consecration till the time of his
death, Athanasius, agreeably to the custom established, con
tinued to issue his Festal Letters, although not without occa
sional interruption, as it will appear in the sequel. He died
on the seventh day of the Egyptian month Pachon, in the
fourth consulship both of Valentinian and Valens, or on the
second of May A.D. 373.f
He was succeeded in the patriarchate by Peter +, who also,
during the time that he occupied the see of Alexandria, con
tinued the practice of indicating the period of Lent and
Easter by Festal Letters.§ The same method was doubtless
* Baronii Ann. A. 326. Cave's Life of Athanasius, Section iv. §. i. See
Clinton's Fasti Romani, p. 381. The origin of this date having been assigned
to the elevation of Athanasius, seems to be the passage in the letter of
Ursacius and Valens addressed to him, in which it is stated, that not five
months had passed after the council of Nice before Alexander died (See
Athan. Opera: ed. Par. 1698. Vol.i. p. 177); but it is very uncertain to what
year this refers.
t Socrates, Book iv. c. 20, assigns the date of his death to the year of the
consulship of Gratian and Probus 2d, or A.D. 371, but wrongly. See note,
p. 235 of Reading's edition.
t See Renaudot, Historia Patriarcharum Alexandrinorum, p. 100. 4to. Paris,
1713.
§ See ibid, p. 101.
PREFACE. xxxix
observed by Timotheus, who sat next upon the episcopal
throne of Alexandria. We have still three of those written by
Theophilus, his successor, extant in a Latin translation made
by Jerome*: there is a passage quoted from the first by Cos-
mas Indicopleustesf ; and I have also observed citations
from several of them among the writings of different authors
contained in the Syriac collection now in the British Museum.*
Theophilus was succeeded by his nephew Cyrill, who, still
continuing the custom of indicating the day upon which Easter
was to be celebrated, seems however to have substituted
Homilies II for Letters, although he himself in one instance
uses the denomination Letter.§
Jerome If, in the brief notice of Athanasius in his Catalogue
* In Biblioth. Patrum : edit. La Bigne, 8 voll. fol. Paris. Vol. iii. p. 1 23.
See Cassian. Collat. x. c. i. and Synesius loc. cit See note, p. Iii.
t See Cosmas Indicopleustes, Topographia Christiana, in Vol. ii. p. 318,
of " Collectio Nova Patrum et Scriptorum Grsecorum ; a B. de Montfaucon."
2 voll. fol. Paris, 1706. p. 320.
I The eighteenth is cited by Severus of Antioch in his work against John
Grammaticus, Cod. Add. 12,157, fol. 208, and others in 12,158, fol. 199,
12,155, f. ll.b., 14,529, f.4. b., &c. &c.
|| The title prefixed to these in the edition of the works of Cyrill, fol.
Lutet. 1638, is opiKiai eoprao-riKai ; but in the Vatican MSS. they are called
eopraoTiKoi \6yot. See Oudin, Com. de Scriptoribus Ecclesiastic-is, Vol. i.
p. 1032.
§ See Prologue to Horn. xii. : Ot) tyiKonnlas t//uv rtjs ev \6fois eir(Jei£is
yefove, to \oy'i$tov, ipyow ij eirt<rro\y. Vol. v. par. 2. p. 269. Edit. Lutet. 1638.
% See De viris illus. No. 87. All that he says is merely, et eopratrTiKai
epistolre. Erasmus, ignorant of the nature of these letters, gives the following
note : " Id est de festis diebus." Nor was the learned Montfaucon better in
structed on this head. In his Preface to the edition of the works of Athanasius
he writes thus : " Sed nulla, opinamur, jactura major quam epistolarum eopra-
<rriKG>v, aut Festalium, sive in ccetu ecclesiee legendarum, quas item laudat
Hieronymus. Has ingenti numero Athanasius, cum Arianici furoris declinandi
causa in deserto Thebaidis latens ageret, ad plebem catholicam Alexandrinam
misit. Atque ut ex iis quae hodie supersunt fragmentis conjecture licet, magna
pars in enarranda et deploranda ecclesiae calamitate versabantur," p. xv.
xl PREFACE.
of ecclesiastical writers, mentions the Festal Letters, but gives
no intimation of their number, probably leaving that to be in
ferred from the duration of his patriarchate, which would assign
one Letter to every year that he held the see of Alexandria.
This computation would raise the number of these Letters to
forty-five, which indeed is the highest number cited by Cosmas
Indicopleustes*, who evidently indicates the Letter by the nu
merical year of the episcopate of Athanasius, and not by the ac
tual number of the Epistles which he wrote. It is evident, from
the Introduction, that for several years circumstances prevented
him from sending any letter to determine the day of Easter.
Severus, bishop of Aschmonin, as cited by Renaudotf,
makes the number of Paschal Letters amount to forty-seven.
The origin of this seems to be, that having followed the
authority of those who assigned the elevation of Athanasius
to A.D.326, instead of A.D. 328, and calculating one letter
for every year, he was thus led to infer that they amounted
to two more than the real term of his episcopate would imply,
and to several more than the actual quantity which he wrote.
In the lapse of time the original Greek of the whole of this
collection of Festal Letters was lost, with the exception of a
fragment of the thirty-ninth, preserved by Theodoras Balsa-
mon I, already mentioned, and small portions of the second,
* P. 318. Socrates, Book iv. c. 20, states that Athanasius held the Patriar
chate forty-six years. Sozomen, Book vi. c. 19, about forty-six.
t Historia Patriarch. Alexandr. p. 96.
I Montfaucon, following the former edition, 2 voll. fol. Paris, 1627, Vol. ii.
p. 38, has printed this fragment in his edition, Vol. i. p. 961, of the works
of Athanasius, 2 voll. fol. Paris, 1698, but he has omitted those cited by
Cosmas Indicopleustes, Vol. ii. p. 316. Probably he was not aware of their
existence at that time; although his words in the Preface to his edition of
Athanasius seem to imply that he became acquainted with them before it was
published. Gallandi has inserted them in his Bibliotheca Vett. Patrr, Vol. v.
p. 217.
PREFACE. xli
fifth, sixth, twenty-second, twenty-fourth, twenty-eighth,
twenty-ninth, fortieth, forty-second, forty-third, and forty-
fifth, cited by Cosmas Indicopleustes in his Topographia
Christiana.*
Severus of Antioch had also quoted the twenty-seventh,
twenty-ninth, and forty-fourth, in his work against Gramma-
ticus ; but the original Greek of this work having been de
stroyed, we have only the Syriac version of the extracts
contained in it, which are printed in page \i of this
volume.
The loss of any of the writings of a man who has made so
great a figure in the world as Athanasius must necessarily
have been a subject of regret to every enlightened scholar
and divine ; and I cannot refrain from citing here the words
of the learned Montfaucon, which, at the same time as they
shew his sorrow for the loss of this collection of Letters of
Athanasius, imply a latent hope of their being still recovered,
which the publication of this volume in a great measure has
realized. " Hoi, Hei quam pungit dolor amissi thesauri !
quantum ad historiam, ad consuetudines ecclesiarum, ad
morum praecepta hinc lucis accederet. Et fortassis adhuc
alicubi latent in Oriente, ubi bene multa extant." t
Having made these observations respecting the Festal
Letters of Athanasius from information which I have obtained
from other sources, I proceed to offer some additional remarks,
which are supplied by the work itself now before me.
The manuscript, as I have observed above, is incomplete,
and does not contain the whole collection ; but the Introduc
tion supplies us with all the chronological data that we
should probably have been able to gather from the Letters
themselves. The following title is prefixed to it—"An
* P. 316.
0)
xlii PREFACE.
Index of the month of every separate year, and of the days,
and the Indictions and Consulates, and Governors in Alex-
dria ; and of all the Epacts, and of all those that are called
the Gods', and the reason why some letters were not sent,
and the answers of strangers, from the Festal Letters of the
Pope* Athanasius."
I have already stated, from the authority of this Introduc
tion, the date of the death of Alexander, and of the consecra
tion of Athanasius.
There are certain chronological data furnished by this work
as it marks the periods at which Easter was celebrated during
the patriarchate of Athanasius. Such are the notices of the
Consulates (C C), of the years of the era of Diocletian (E. D), of
the Indictions (I), and of the day of the Egyptian (E.M), of the
Roman (R.M), and the Lunar month (L.M), upon which Easter
was observed in each succeeding year ; of the Epacts (E), and
of a septenary cycle called " that of the Gods "t (G). Although
these may have been already supplied from other sources,
it nevertheless cannot be otherwise than satisfactory, for pur
poses of history and chronology, to represent them here as
they are found in a work of an antiquity approaching to
* The title Pope, Papa, although perhaps originally common to all
bishops, seems especially to have belonged to the bishops of Alexandria, and
was afterwards assumed by the bishops of Rome. The reader will find some
curious information respecting the origin of the name in a dissertation by
Abr. Ecchellensis, " De origine nominis Papa?, nec non de illius proprietate
in Romano Pontifice," appended to his work, entitled, " Eutychius Patriarcha
Alexandrinus vindicatus, et suis restitutus Orientalibus ; sive Responsio ad
Joannis Seldeni Origines." 4to. Roma?, 1661.
t That is, the Concurrentes, called also Epactae Solis, or Epacts Majores.
See, respecting them, Dinnysii Petavii opus de Doctrina Temporum : edit.
J. Harduin. 3 voll. fol. Antv. 1705. Vol. i. p. 344, and Dissertation sur les
Dates. §. xviii. Des Concurrens et des Lettres Dominicales ; in " L'Art de
Verifier les Dates." The designation of the Gods seems ^o refer to the names
of the days of the week.
PREFACE. xliii
fifteen centuries, which is now brought to light for the first
time after the lapse of so many ages. I proceed, therefore, to
exhibit, in the numerical order of the years which intervened
between the elevation of Athanasius to the patriarchate of
Alexandria and his death, such of these notices as are sup
plied by the Introduction, the Inscriptions to the Letters, and
the Letters themselves, so far as they go ; and to mention
briefly, under each year, such matters as appear to be more
especially worthy of notice.
All the facts which I adduce, unless other authority be
distinctly stated, have been taken from the information af
forded by the writer of the Introduction. When I have
merely translated his own words I have marked the passage
with inverted commas. It would be foreign to my present
purpose to stop to compare these facts and dates with those
supplied by other writers, in order to ascertain their agree
ment or variation. I act only in the capacity of a pioneer to
such as are happy in, having more leisure to arrange their
plans for literary invasion, and to secure the fame and reward
of their conquests.
I.
(CC) Constantine Augustus 8th, Constantine Caesar 4th.
(E.D)45. (1)2. (E.M) xi Pharmuthi. (R. M) viii Id.
April. (L.M)21. (E)6. (G) 2.
The subject of this first letter is stated to be " on Fasting,
and Trumpets and Festivals." It is almost entirely horta
tory, as indeed are most of these letters, and abounds in quo
tations from the Old and New Testaments, but it contains no
fact which may tend to throw light upon the history of that
period.
II.
(CC) Gallicianus, Aurelius Symmachus. (E.D) 46. (I) 3.
xliv PREFACE.
(E. M) xxiv Pharmuthi. (R. M) xiii Kal. Mai. (L. M) 15.
(E)17. (G)3.
In this year Athanasius went about through the Thebaid.*
III.
(CC) Annius Bassus, Ablabius. (E.D)47. (1)4. (E.M)xvi
Pharmuthi. (R. M) iii Id. April. (L.M)18. (E)28.
He sent this letter when he was on his journey in returning
from his attendance upon Constantine, who had summoned
him before him in consequence of an accusation laid against
him by his enemies that he had been consecrated before he
had attained' the proper age. He experienced, however, a
favourable reception from the emperor, and returned when
the fast (of Lent) was already far advanced.f Athanasius
alludes in the letter to the troubles and afflictions which had
been brought upon him by the malice of his heretical enemies.
IV.
(CC) Ovinius Pacatianus, Mcecilius Hilarianus. (E.D) 48.
* A passage from the epistle for this year has been cited by Cosmas Indico-
pleustes, which I give here, with a literal translation of the corresponding
words of the Syriac version, which may serve in some measure to shew the de
gree of accuracy with which the Syriac translator performed his task.
Tov a<ylov Adavamov e/c t?s Sevrepas
eopraoTtKrjs.
Tevoiro S' av Trap' rjp.u>v TrpeirovTOJS
inaGTore fiev, fiaXiara Se ev reus tjfie-
paif tijs eoprrfi, /xrj \iovov aKpoarai, aA-
\(t KCtt TTOttJTCU TCOV TOV 2(tiTt]pOS TTpOtT-
rayfiaTcov *yev<a/jieda' tea Kal tov tuiv
'A'ytav Tpcnrov (iipitjo'afxevot, o~vveio~eA-
Ow/jiev ei? Ttjv tov K.vptov airavOTov Te
Kac ovtws fievovaav ev ovpavoTf yapav.
Topograph. Christ p. 316.
t This notice seems rather to belong to the following letter than this.
" It would be also from us becoming,
if indeed at all times, but more espe
cially in the days of the festival, that
we should not be hearers, but also
doers of the commands of our Saviour ;
that also imitating the manner of the
Saints, we may enter together into the
joy of our Lord which is in heaven,
which passeth not away, but truly
abideth." P. 21.
PREFACE. xlv
(I) 5. (E.M) xvii Pharmuthi. (R.M) iv Non. April.
(L.M)20. (E)9. (G)6.
" This year he went about through Pentapolis, and was in
Ammoniaca." The inscription of the letter itself states that
it was written from the Comitatus. At the commence
ment of the letter Athanasius writes that he sent it later
than the usual period; but hopes that those to whom it
was addressed would pardon this, both on account of the
great distance, and because he had been suffering from
illness. He had delayed, indeed, to write ; but never
theless had not forgotten the duty incumbent upon him
of notifying to them the day when Easter should be cele
brated. And although the letter arrived after its time, he
trusted that it would not be esteemed ill-timed, inasmuch as
it informed them that his enemies had been put to shame
and rebuke by the Church, because they had persecuted him
without a cause. He finishes this letter with the following
words : " Salute ye one another with a holy kiss : the brethren
who are with me salute you. We have sent this letter from
the Comitatus by the hand of Officilius*, to whom it has been
given by Ablabius, the governor of the Praetorium, who sincerely
fears God. For I am present at the Comitatus, having been
called by the Emperor Constantine to see him. But the Me-
letians who were present there, being envious, calumniated us
before the emperor ; but they were put to shame, and driven
away thence as calumniators, having been confuted in many
things. Those who were driven away from thence were Calli-
nicus, Ision, Eudaemon, and Gelous Hieracammonf, who, on
account of the shame of his name, calls himself Eulogius."
* This may perhaps be a mistake tor the Latin officialis.
t The three former of these names are mentioned by Constantine himself, in
his letter quoted by Athanasius in his Apology against the Arians : Opera, Vol. i.
p. 178.
xlvi PREFACE.
(CC) Dalmatius, Zenophilus. (E.D) 49. (I) 6. (E.M) xx
Pharmuthi. (R.M) xvii Kal. Mai. (L.M) 15. (E) 20.
(G) 7.*
VI.
(CC) Optatus Patricius, Anicius Paulinus. (E.D) 50. (1)7.
(E.M) xii Pharmuthi. (R.M) vii Id. April. (L.M) 17.
(E)l. (G)l.t
This year he went about through the lower country. He
was also called to a Synod ; but when he perceived that in
jury had been already prepared for him in Caesarea of Pales
tine, he excused himself from going out.
VII.
(C C) Julius Constantinus, Rufinus Albinus. (E. D) 51. (I) 8.
(E.M) ivj Pharmuthi. (R.M) iii Kal. April. (L.M) 20.
(E)12. (G)2.
At the end of this letter it is written, " The eighth and
* The following from this epistle is cited by Cosmas Indicopleustes :
Tov aiTov ck Tys e . eopraoTiKrjs.
Kai n-pof ravTa rlf inavos ; tov fiev
•yap Koo~p.ov tZ aifiaTi tov ^o>Ttjpof rj-
Aevdepa>o~e, tov aSrjv ira\tv Tip tov 2g>-
Ttjpos Bavaria TraTeio~6at SeSwKe, koi eis
Tai ovpaviovi m'Aas avepnroStarTov tois
avep%o/xevois Ttjv 65ov Trapao~xct>v.—
Topog. Christ, p. 316.
" And for these things who is suffi
cient ? For he liberated the world by
the blood ofour Saviour. Then, again,
he gave hell to be trodden down by
the death ofour Saviour; and he open
ed the gates of heaven, giving, through
our Saviour, a way without hindrance
to those who are going up." P. 37.
t From-this also a few words are quoted by the same.
Tov airov sk Trjs eopraaTiKris.
Kat ovTo>i eopTaaavTes SvvrjdZ/JLev
e\o~e\6eiv els Ttjv tov JipiaTov xapav
ev T$ /3ao~t\eiq tZv ovpavtov. Ibid.
Correct here an error of the Press:
I In the Introduction xiv. erroneously.
" And in these things having kept
the feast, we may be able to enter into
the joy of our Lord in the kingdom of
heaven," p. o .
read ^J>oiIuq] for ^.joiZue], and
PREFACE. xlvii
ninth letters do not exist, because he sent none, for the reasons
I have before stated," alluding to the Introduction.
VIII.
(CC) Nepotianus, Facundus. (I) 9. (E.M) xxiii Pharmuthi.
(R.M) xiv Kal.Mai. (L.M)20. (E) 23. (G) 4.
This year he went to a Synod assembled by his enemies
at Tyre, having departed on the seventeenth of Epiphi;
but when he was informed of the preparations which they
were making against him, he fled thence by sea to Con
stantinople. Having arrived there on the second of the
month Athyr, after eight days he appeared before Con-
stantine ; and when he had used much openness of speech,
his enemies moved the emperor by various accusations, and
he suddenly condemned him to exile. He departed for Gaul,
to go to Constans Caesar, on the tenth of the same month.
For this cause he wrote no Festal Letter this year.
IX.
(CC) Felicianus, Titianus. (I) 10. (E.M) viii Pharmuthi.
(R.M) ivNon. April. (L.M)16. (E) 4. (G) 5.
" He was in Treveri of Gaul : on this account he was not
able to write any Festal Letter."
X.
(CC) Ursus, Polemius. (E.D) 54. (I) 11. (E.M) xxx Pha-
menoth. (R. M) vii Kal. April. (L.M)18J* (E)15. (G)6.
Constantine having died on the twenty-seventh of the month
Pachon, Athanasius returned with much honour from Gaul on
the twenty-seventh of the month Athyr. Among other events
of this year, St. Anthony made a visit to Alexandria ; and
* The Introduction lias 19.
xlviii PREFACE.
having remained there only two days, in which he caused
much wonder, and healed many, he departed on the third
day in the month Messori.
Athanasius begins this letter, which perhaps would furnish
the happiest specimen of the whole collection, in the follow
ing manner, alluding to his late exile in Gaul : " Although I
have been all this distance from you, my brethren, I have
not forgotten the custom among you which has been deli
vered to us from the fathers, so far as to hold my peace, and
not indicate to you the period of the holy festival in every
year," &c.
XI.
(CC)Constantius2d,Constanslst. (E.D)55. (1)12. (E.M)
xxPharmuthi. (R. M) xvii Kal. Mai. (L.M)20. (E) 26.
(G)7.
There were many tumults during this year, and Athana
sius, having been pursued on the night of the twenty-second
of the month Phamenoth, escaped the next morning from
the church of Theonas*, after having baptized many. Four
days later Gregorius of Cappadocia entered the city as bishop.
In this letter (p. 56) he quotes a passage from the book
called " Hermas, or the Shepherd," in the following manner :
" But if one will not be offended also at the testimony of the
Shepherd, it may be well ; who says, even at the beginning of
his book, Before all things believe that there is one God, who
created and established every thing, andfrom non-existence made
them to exist.f
t This was the principal church of Alexandria, and was built by Alexander,
Patriarch of that city, as Athanasius himself informs us in his apology to Con-
stantine. 'O >yap fiaKapirtji 'A\e£avSpos, (ttcvZv ovro>v ruv aWcw roiruv, Kal
o'iKohofiuiv Ttjv Tore fiei^ova vofit£of*evrjv eKKAytrlav Trjv KdKovfxevrjv ®ecova.
Opera, edit. Paris. 2 voll. fol. 1698. Vol. i. p. 304.
J This is taken from the second book, Mandat. I. " Primum omnium, cre
dere quod unus est Deus, qui omnia creavit et consummavit, et ex nihilo
omnia
PREFACE. xlix
At the end of this letter is appended the following
Epistle :
" To the beloved brother, and our fellow-communicant*,
Serapion. Thanks be to Divine Providence for those things
which it at all times vouchsafes to us ; for it has vouchsafed
to us now also to come to the season of the festival. Having,
therefore, according to custom, written the letter respecting
the festival, I have sent it to thee, our beloved, in order that
by thy hands all the brethren also might be able to know the
day of rejoicing. But because some Meletians, being come
from Syria, have boasted that they have received what does
not belong to them, I mean, that they also have been reckoned
in the Catholic Church ;—for this reason I have sent to thee a
copy of a letter from those of our fellow-communicants who
are from Palestine, that when thou meetest with it thou mayest
know the fraud of these pretenders in this. For, because
they boasted, as I have said before, it was necessary for me to
write to the bishops who are in Syria ; and immediately those
of Palestine sent to us a reply, having fulfilled the judgment
against them in the manner which you will learn from this
omnia fecit" See Cotel. Patt. Apostol. p. 85, ed. Amstel. 2 voll. fol. 1724.
This same passage occurs more than once in the writings of Athanasius.
In his treatise De Incarnatione Verbi Dei : Aia he Ttjs (J^eAi/iGvraTijs filfiAov
rod Hoiptevos' Xlpunov vavra>v -ir'unevtrov, on et? cotiv 6 ®eos, o ra iravra
KTttras teat Karapntras, kcu iroirjiras £k tov fit] ovrof el? to e?vat. Athanas.
opera : edit. Paris. 2 voll. fol. 1698. Vol. i. p. 49. In that De decretis Nicaenae
Synodi, he speaks of it as cited by the Eusebians. 'Ev 5e rZ Hoifievt •ye^pcm-
raf eiretSr] Kai rovro nal toi fit) ov etc tov Kavovoi irpoo-Qepovtrr irpuTov iravrav :
k.t.\. ibid. p. 223. In the Epistle to the African bishops he again mentions it
as quoted by the Eusebians, ibid. p. 895. In the fragment of the thirty-ninth
Festal Letter he also speaks of the work of Hermas as not being one of the
canonical books, ibid. p. 963, and in the Syriac version, p. *J .
* Literally, " Son of our Ministry." It seems to be a translation of avWei-
rovp^Z, as in the inscription of his Epistle to Epictetus, p. 901, ibid.
0) 9
1 PREFACE.
copy. For that thou mayest not peruse the letters of all the bi
shops one after the other, I have sent thee one which is similar
in purport to all the rest, so that thou mayest know from this
even the will of them all. But I know that being convicted in
this also, they will acquire perfect odium with every man.
So much, then, respecting the pretenders. But I have also
deemed this very necessary and very urgent that I should also
make it known to your modesty—for I have written this to
every individual—that thou shouldest preach the fast of Lent
to the brethren, and persuade them to fast, on this ground, that
when all the rest of the world is fasting, we who are in Egypt
may not be derided as being the only people who do not ob
serve the fast, but take our pleasure during those days. For
if we do not fast on this account—that the Letter is then
read—it is right that we should take away this pretext also,
and that it be read before the fast of Lent ; so that, men may
not allege this as a pretext for not fasting : even when it is
read they may be instructed respecting the fast. But, oh
our beloved, whether in this manner, or whether otherwise,
persuade them and teach them to observe the fast of Lent.
For it is even disgraceful that when all the world does this,
those who are in Egypt alone should take their pleasure in
stead of fasting. For even I, being grieved on this account
that some deride us in this matter, have been thus constrained
to write to thee. When, therefore, thou receivest these let
ters, and readest and persuadest, write to me in return, our
beloved, that I also, being informed, may rejoice." In the
remainder of the letter Athanasius informs Serapion what
changes, in consequence of death or otherwise, had taken
place among the bishops of various cities, u in order," he con
tinues, " that thou mayest write to them, and receive from
them canonical letters." At the end it is stated that he
PREFACE li
wrote this letter from Rome, and that the twelfth is not
extant.*
XII.
(CC) Acyndinus, Proclus. (I) 13. (E.M) xiv Pharmuthi.
(R.M)iii Kal. April. (L.M)15. (E)7. (G)2.
" Gregorius continued to hold sway, committing many acts
of violence : for this cause he wrote no Festal Letter. When
the Arians had proclaimed it for the twenty-seventh of the
month Phamenoth, and were much derided on account of this
blunder, in the middle of the fast [of Lent], having altered
their intention, they celebrated it (Easter) with us on the
fourteenth of Pharmuthi, as it has been mentioned above.
But he (Athanasius) indicated it to the presbyters of Alex
andria by a short note, because he was unable to send the
letter as usual, on account of flight and treachery."
XIII.
(CC) Marcellinus, Probinus. (E.D)57. (1)14. (E.M)xxiv
Pharmuthi. (R.M) xiii Kal. Mai. (L.M) 16. (E) 18.
(G) 3.
u Augustamnice was divided, because Gregorius continued in
the city committing acts of oppression ; and having begun to
be ill, neither did this Pope write a Festal Letter."
It is plain that by the Pope, in this place and in the fol
lowing, the writer must mean Gregorius. At the beginning
of this letter Athanasius states that he wrote it from Rome.
XIV.
(CC)Constantius3d, Constans 2d. (E.D)58. (1)15. (E.M)
* By an oversight in mistaking this letter to Serapion immediately follow
ing the eleventh for the twelfth Festal Letter, I have erroneously stated, at
p. ill., that the twelfth was contained among the fragments of the manuscript
brought from Egypt by Dr. Tattam.
lii PREFACE.
xvi Pharmuthi. (R.M) iii Id. April. (L.M) 16. (E) 29.
(G) 4.
"Because Gregorius was in the city, being very ill, the
Pope was not able to send." A note at the end of this letter
states that the fifteenth and sixteenth were missing.
XV.
(CC) Placidus, Romulus. (1)1. (E. M) i Pharmuthi. (R.M)
vi Kal. April. (L.M) 15. (E) 11. (G) 5.
" In this year there was a Synod in Sardica ; and when the
Arians were arrived at Philippopolis they returned, because
Philagrius gave them this counsel there. Indeed they were
blamed in every place, and were even anathematized by the
Church of the Romans. And when they had written a recanta
tion to the Pope Athanasius, Ursacius and Valens were put to
shame. There was an agreement made in Sardica respecting
Easter, and they consented to a decision for fifty* years, which,
according to custom, the Romans and Alexandrians announce
in every place. Then he wrote a Festal Letter."
* Before the end of this period of fifty years we find Theophilus publishing
his table for a hundred years, A.D. 380 ; which, continuing in effect till the
days ofLeo I., was attacked by him as incorrect. See "Observations in Veterum
Patrum et Pontificum Prologos et Epistolas Paschales." 4to. Amst. 1 734, pp. 65.
111. I cannot refrain from quoting a passage from the author of this work in
this place, which entirely coincides with the conclusion at which I had arrived
myself long before I read this passage. " Ego, quod attinet occasionem harum
epistolarum, rem mecum sic reputo. Leo Papa, pertsesus authoritatis Patri-
archarum Alexandrinorum, qui in materia Paschali praevalebant, et ipsi quasi
legem dabant, et eum anno Christi 444 coegerant Pascha contra regulas Lati-
norum indicere, putabat se occasionem jam nactum esse in Paschate anni
Christi 455 reprehendendi Alexandrinos, et rem eo deducendi, ut illi cogerentur
a suis placitis desistere, et se Latinis in celebratione Paschatis conformare."
Ibid. p. 119.
PREFACE. liii
XVI.
(CC) Leontius, Sallustius. (I) 2. (E.M) xx Pharmuthi.
(R.M) xvii Kal. Mai. (L.M) 19. (E) 21. (G) 6.
" As Athanasius was returning from the Synod, he cele
brated Easter this year at Naissus." He gave only a short
indication of the day on which Easter was to be observed to
the presbyters at Alexandria, but was not able to send to the
country."
XVII.
(CC) Amantius, Albinus. (E.D) 61. (1)3. (E.M) xii Phar
muthi. (R.M) vii Id. April. (L.M) 19.* (E) 3. (G) 1.
" This year he made a journey to Aquileia, and there cele
brated Easter. He indicated briefly the day of Easter to the
presbyters in Alexandria, but not to the country."
As this is the shortest letter in the whole collection I
translate it here.
" Athanasius to the presbyters and deacons of Alexandria,
and brethren beloved, salutation in Christ. According to cus
tom I give you notice respecting Easter, my beloved, that you
also may give notice to the districts t of those who are at a dis
tance, agreeably to the usual practice. Therefore,after this pre
sent festival, I mean this which is on the twentieth of the month
Pharmuthi J, the ensuing Easter-day will be the vii1" of April,
* The Introduction has 18.
t The word , which I have rendered by ' districts,' I can find in no
Lexicon. It seems to be borrowed from ^£ , and would then signify a dis
trict under a Shaikh. It may perhaps, from the analogy of the signification,
mean 'presbyteries.'
I From this it appears that Athanasius gave notice at Easter in the year of
our Lord 344 upon what day Easter was to be observed in A.D. 345, and
not immediately after the Epiphany, as stated by Cassian. See note x. p. xxxvi.
above.
liv PKEFACE.
or, according to the Alexandrians, on the twelfth of Phar-
muthi. Give, therefore, this notice in all those districts
1 Easter-day will be the, viitt of April or, according to the
Alexandrians, on the twelfth of Pharmuthi.' That ye may be
in health in Christ I pray, my brethren beloved."
XVIII.
(CC) Constantius 4th, Constans 3d. (E.D)62. (1)4. (E.M)
iv Pharmuthi. (R.M) iii Kal. April. (L.M) 21.* (E) 14.
(G) 2.
" Gregory having died on the second of Epiphi,he (Athana-
sius) returned from Rome and Italy, and entered into the
city and the Church. And he was judged deserving of a
wonderful reception, all the people, and those in authority,
going to meet him for a hundred miles, on the twenty-fourth
of Paophi. He continued to be honoured. He had previ
ously sent the Festal Letter for this year to the presbyters in
a few words."
XIX.
(CC) Rufinus,Eusebius. (E.D) 63. (1)5. (E. M) xvii Phar
muthi. (R.M) i Id. April. (L.M) 15. (E) 25. (G) 3.
" He wrote this letter while he was at Alexandria, giving
indication of some things which he had not been able to do
before." After having given notice of the festival of Easter,
and added the salutation as usual at the end of the letter, he
subjoins the following information, which I have translated,
as supplying some curious facts respecting the state of the
bishops under the patriarchate of Athanasius.
"I have also, as a thing necessary, given diligence to in
form you respecting the appointment of the bishops which
* The Introduction has 24.
PREFACE, lv
has taken place for our blessed fellow-communicants, in order
that you may know to whom you may write, and from whom
receive letters. In Syene, therefore, Nilammon is appointed,
in the room of Nilammon of the same name. In Latos*,
Mases, in the room of Ammonius. In Coptos, Psenosiris, in
the room of Theodorus. In Panos, because Artemidorus has
requested it on account of his old age and infirmity of body,
Arius is appointed in conjunction with him. In Hypsele,
Arsenius, having become reconciled to the Church. In
Lycos, Eudaemon, in the room of Plusianus. In Antinous,
Orion, in the room of Ammonius and Tyranus. In Oxyryn-
chus, Theodorus, in the room of Pelagius. In Nilopolis,
Amatas and Isaac, having been reconciled to each other, in
the room of Theon. In Arsenoites, Andreas, in the room of
Silvanus. In Prosopontis, Tranadelphus, in the room of
Serapammon. In Diosphacus, which is on the river's side,
Theodorus, in the room of Serapammon. In Saiton, Paph-
nutius, in the room of Nemesion. In Xois, Theodorus, in
the room of Anubion ; and there is also with him Isidorus,
having become reconciled to the Church. In Sethroites,
Orion, in the room of Potammon. In Clysma, Tityanus,
in the room of Jacob; and there is with him also Paulus,
having been reconciled to the Church."
XX.
(CC)Philippus, Salia. (E.D)64. (1)6. (E.M) viii Phar-
muthi. (R.M) iii Non. April. (L.M) 18. (E) 6. (G)4.
" He sent this also while he was residing in Alexandria."
* Latos, that is Latopolis, as Panos for Panopolis, and Lycos for Lycopolis.
We ought perhaps to read Prosopis for Prosopontis, Triadelphus for Tranadel
phus, Diospolis for Diosphacus, &c. ; but the orthography of these proper
names is too irregular to admit of certainty and accuracy in recognising them,
and is rendered still more doubtful by the manuscript, which scarcely dis
tinguishes between the J and * .
Ivi •PREFACE.
This letter, which is the last that I have found, is imper
fect. The chronological data for the remaining years must
therefore be supplied from the Introduction only.
XXI.
(CC) Limenius, Catullinus. (1)7. (E.M) xxx Phamenoth.
(R.M) vii Kal. April. (L.M) 19. (E) 17. (G) 6.
" But because the Romans refused, for they said they had
a tradition from the Apostle Peter not to pass the twenty-
sixth day of Pharmuthi, nor the thirtieth of Phamenoth, on
the twenty-first day of the moon ******
vii Kal. April. " He sent this letter also while he was residing
in Alexandria."
XXII.
(C C) Sergius, Nigrianus. (I) 8. (E. M) xiii Pharmuthi.
(R.M) vi Id. April. (L.M) 19. (E) 28. (G)7.
" In this year Constans was slain by Magnentius, and Con-
stantius held the empire alone. And then he wrote to the
Pope (Athanasius) not to fear any thing in consequence of the
death of Constans, but to place his confidence upon him as
he had upon the other when he was alive."
XXIII.
The consulate after that of Sergius and Nigrianus. (I) 9.
(E.M) v Pharmuthi. (R.M) i Kal. April. (L.M) 18.
(E)9. (G)l.
XXIV.
(CC) Constantius Augustus 5th, Constantius Caesar 1st.
(1)10. (E.M) xxiv Pharmuthi. (R.M) xiii Kal. Mai.
(L.M) 18. (E) 20. (G) 3.
" Gallus was proclaimed Caesar, who changed his name to
Constantius."
PREFACE. Ivii
XXV.
(CC) Constantius Augustus 6th, Constantius Caesar 2d.
(1)11. (E.M)xviPharmuthi. (R. M) iii Id. April. (L.M)
21. (E)l. (G)4.
" In this year Serapion, bishop of Thmuis, and Triadelphus
of Nicion*, and Petrus and Astricius, presbyters, and others,
were sent to the emperor Constantius, because they were
afraid of the injury of the Arians. They returned without
effecting their object. In this year Montanus the Silentiarius
from the palace entered ; and when there had been a tumult
he returned ineffectual."
XXVI.
(CC) Constantius Augustus 7th, Constantius Caesar 3d.
(1)12. (E.M)ivPharmuthi. (R.M) vi Kal. April. (L.M)
17. (E) 12. (G) 5.
XXVII.
(CC) Arbetion, Lollianus. (I) 13. (E.M) xxi Pharmuthi.
(R.M)xvi Kal. Mai. (L.M) 18. (E) 23. (G) 6.
" In this year Diogenes, the secretary of the emperor, came,
being desirous of seizing upon the bishop, but he also re
turned in vain and ineffective."
XXVIII.
(CC) Constantinus Augustus 8th, Julianus Caesar 1st. (I) 14.
(E.M) xii Pharmuthi. (R.M) vii Id. April. (L.M) 17.
(E)4. (G)l.
" In this year Syrianus Dux, when he caused a great tumult
in the church on the thirteenth of Mechir, having entered
into the church of Theonas with his forces on the night of the
* This seems to be Nicii, the on at the end of the word being probably the
termination of the genitive case, which the Syrian translator has retained here,
as he seems to have done in other instances of proper names.
(P) h
Iviii PREFACE.
fourteenth, was not able to take him, for he escaped in a
wonderful manner."
XXIX.
(C C) Constantinus Augustus 9th, Julianus Caesar 2d. (I) 15.
(E.M) xxvii Phamenoth. (R.M) x Kal. April. (L.M) 17.
(E)15. (G)2.
" Then Georgius entered on the thirtieth of Mechir, and
carried things with a high hand with violence. But Athana-
sius the bishop was fled. And he was searched for in the
city with much affliction, many undergoing dangers on this
account. Therefore no Festal Letter was written."
XXX.
(CC) Tatianus, Cerealis. (I) 1. (E.M) xvii Pharmuthi.
(R.M)i Id. April. (L.M) 17. (E) 26. (G)3.
" The bishop Athanasius was in Alexandria concealed ;
but Georgius departed on the fifth of Paophi, having been
driven away by the multitude. On this account the Pope
was not able to send a Festal Letter this year also."
XXXI.
(CC) Eusebius, Hypatius. (I) 2. (E.M) xix Pharmuthi.
(R. M) i Non. April. (L.M) 20. (E) 7. (G) 4.
" Neither this year did the Pope write."
XXXII.
(CC) Constantius Augustus 10th, Julianus Caesar 3d. (1)3.
(E. M) xxviii Pharmuthi. (R. M) ix Kal. Mai. (L. M) 2 1 .
(E)18. (G)6.
" The Governor (Faustinus) and Artemius having entered
into a common house and a little cell in search for Athanasius
PHEFACE. lix
the bishop, bitterly tormented Eudemonis, a perpetual virgin.
On this account he did not write this year."
XXXIII.
(CC) Taurus, Florentius. (I) 4. (E.M) xiii Pharmuthi.
(R.M)vi Id. April. (L.M) 17. (E) 29. (G)7.
" Neither was he able to send this. But in this year Con-
stantius died ; and when Julianus held the empire alone there
was respite from the persecution against the orthodox : but
the orders of Julianus in every place were, that the orthodox
churchmen should be left alone who had been persecuted in
the time of Constantius."
XXXIV.
(CC) Mamertinus, Nevitta. (1)5. (E.M) xv Pharmuthi.
, (R.M)i Kal. April. (L.M) 25. (E) 10. (G) 1.
" In this year, in the month Mechir, Athanasius the bishop
returned from his flight to the Church, at the command of
Julianus Augustus, who released all the bishops and clergy
who were in exile, as it has been said above. This year,
then, he wrote."
XXXV.
(C C) Julianus Augustus 4th, Sallustius. (I) 6. (E. M) xxv
Pharmuthi. (R.M)xiiKal.Mai. (L.M) 20. (E)21. (G)2.
Athanasius having fled to Thebais, when he heard of the
death of the emperor Julian returned to Alexandria secretly
by night. And when, on the eighth of Thoth, he embarked
at Hierapolis of the east, he met the emperor Jovianus, and
was sent onward also by him with much honour. He sent
this Festal Letter when he was persecuted from Memphis to
Thebais to all the country, it having been delivered according
to custom.
lx PREFACE.
XXXVI.
(C C) Jovianus Augustus, Varronianus. (1) 7. (E. M) ix Phar-
muthi. (R.M)i Non. April. (L.M) 16. (E)3. (G) 4.
"In this year the Pope (Athanasius) entered the city of
Alexandria and the Church on the twenty-fifth of Mechir.
But he sent the Festal Letter, according to custom, from
Antioch, to all the bishops who were in all the province."
XXXVII.
(CC) Valentinianus 1st, Valens 1st. (I) 8. (E.M) i Phar-
muthi. (R.M) v Kal. April. (L.M) 19. (E) 14. (G) 5.
" We took the Caesareum ; but then again the Pope (Atha
nasius), having been persecuted by accusers, withdrew to the
garden of the New River ; and after a few days Barasides the
secretary came to him with the governor, and made him
enter into the Church. And there having been an earth
quake on the twenty-seventh of Epiphi, the river turned from
the east and destroyed many persons, and much damage was
done."
XXXVIII.
(CC) Gracianus 1st, Dagalaiphus. (I) 9. (E.M) xxi Phar-
muthi. (R.M) xvi Kal. Mai. (L.M) 20. (E) 25. (G) 6.
" The heathen having made an attack on the twenty-seventh
of the month Epiphi, the Cassareum was burnt: many of
the citizens, therefore, were in great affliction, and those who
had been the cause were condemned and exiled."
XXXIX.
(CC) Lupicinus, Jovinus. (I) 10. (E.M) xvi Pharmuthi.
(R.M) Kal. April. (L.M) 16. (E) 6. (G) 7.
" This year, when Lucius attempted to enter on the twenty-
sixth of the month Thoth, and he was concealed during the
PREFACE. Ixi
night in a house which was by the side of the church, and
Tatianus the governor, and Trajanus Dux brought him forth,
he went out of the city and escaped in a wonderful manner,
while the mob sought to kill him. In this year he wrote,
framing a canon* respecting the Holy Scriptures."
XL.
(CC) Valentinianus 2d, Valens 2d. (I) 11. (E. M) xxv Phar-
muthi. (R.M) xii Kal. Mai. (L.M)16. (E) 17. (G) 2.
" He began to build the Caesareum anew, having been
honoured with a royal mandate on the sixth of the month
Pachon, through Trajanus Dux, who also discovered those
who had burnt it ; and immediately he cleared away the rub
bish caused by the fall and the fire, and afterwards, in the
same month Pachon, began the building also."
XLI.
(CC) Valentinianus, son of Augustus 1st, Victor. (I) 12.
(E.M) xxviif Pharmuthi. (R.M) i Id. April. (L.M) 15.
(E)28. (G)3.
" The Pope Athanasius began to build in Mendedeus J the
church which is called after his own name on the twenty-
fifth of the month Thoth, at the commencement of the eighty-
fifth year of the era of Diocletian."
XLII.
(CC) Valentinianus 3d, Valens 3d. (I) 13. (E.M) ii Phar
muthi. (R.M) iv Kal. April. (L.M) 15. (E) 9. (G) 4.
" The Pope completed the church called after his own
* He refers to the portion of this epistle which has been already mentioned
as cited by Theodorus Balsamon, and of which the Syriac version is printed
at page ■ ~" .
t This ought to be xvii. J Perhaps Mendesium.
Ixii PREFACE.
name at the end of the eighty-sixth year of the era of Diocle
tian, in which also he completed the dedication on the four
teenth of Messori."
XLIII.
(CC) Gratianus 2d, Probus. (I) 14. (E.M) xxii Pharmu-
thi. (R.M) xv Kal. Mai. (L.M) 16. (E) 20. (G) 5.
XLIV.
(CC) Modestus, Arintheus. (I) 15. (E.M) xiii Pharmuthi.
(R.M) vi Id. April. (L.M) 19. (E) 1. (G) not 1.
XLV.
(CC) Valentinianus 4th, Valens 4th. (I) 1. (E.M) v
Pharmuthi, (R.M) i Kal. April. (L.M) 21. (E) 12.
(G)l.
" When this was finished, he departed this life in a won
derful manner on the seventh of the month Pachon. Here
end the chapters, that is to say, the heads of the Festal Let
ters of Saint Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria."
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